BENZIMIDAZOLE AND RELATED ANALOGS FOR INHIBITING YAP/TAZ-TEAD

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to novel compounds, to said compounds for use as a medicine, more in particular for the prevention or treatment of diseases mediated by activity of YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription, yet more in particular for the prevention or treatment of cancer or fibrosis. The present disclosure also relates to a method for the prevention or treatment of said diseases comprising the use of the novel compounds.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure relates to novel compounds. The present disclosure also relates to the compounds for use as a medicine, more in particular for the prevention or treatment of diseases mediated by activity of YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription, such as, for example, for the prevention or treatment of cancer or fibrosis. Methods for the prevention or treatment of the diseases comprising the use of the novel compounds are also disclosed herein.

The present disclosure furthermore relates to pharmaceutical compositions or combination preparations of the novel compounds, as well as to the compositions or preparations for use as a medicine, for example, for the prevention or treatment of diseases mediated by activity of YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription, such as the prevention or treatment of cancer or fibrosis. Processes for the preparation of the compounds are also disclosed herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Hippo signaling is critical to restrict organ size through inactivation of the YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcriptional complex. In several aggressive solid cancers, Hippo signaling is inactivated through loss-of-function mutations or deletions in the genes encoding the upstream regulators (e.g. NF2, MST1/2 or LATS1/2), unleashing constitutive YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcriptional activity leading to unbridled tumor growth and metastasis. Knock-out, knockdown or pharmacologic inactivation of YAP/TAZ-TEAD is sufficient to impair YAP/TAZ-dependent tumorigenesis. The YAP/TAZ-TEAD complex can be pharmacologically inactivated through targeted disruption of the YAP/TAZ-TEAD protein-protein interaction interface, or through an allosteric autopalmitoylation pocket in TEAD.

The main physiologic function of the Hippo pathway is to restrict tissue growth in adult tissue and modulate cell proliferation, differentiation and migration in developing organs. The core of the Hippo pathway consists of a kinase cascade, transcription coactivators and DNA-binding partners. In mammals, the Ste20-like kinases, MST1/2 (homologs of Drosophila Hippo) phosphorylate and activate Large Tumor Suppressor 1/2 (LATS1/2). NF2 is a scaffold for the core Hippo kinases, promoting LATS1/2 activation by tethering MST1/2 to LATS1/2 (Lallemand et al., 2003, Genes Dev., 17, 1090-1100; Yin et al., 2013, Dev. Cell, 19, 27-38). The LATS kinases will in turn phosphorylate and inactivate two highly homologous transcriptional coactivators: Yes-associated Protein (YAP) and Transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) by cytoplasmic sequestration via 14-3-3 and by ubiquitin-mediated degradation induced by β-TRCP E3 ligase. When the Hippo pathway is inactive, YAP and TAZ translocate in the nucleus to bind to the TEAD transcription factor family to induce expression of a specific signature promoting matrix remodeling, cell proliferation, survival and migration. TEAD1-4 can also bind to VGLL4 in the nucleus and act as a transcriptional repressor. VGLL4 is not structurally related to YAP/TAZ, but competes with YAP/TAZ based on a partially overlapping binding site on TEAD (Johnson et al., 2014, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 13, 63-79).

TEADs are evolutionarily conserved proteins required for cardiogenesis, myogenesis, and for the development of the neural crest, notochord, and trophoectoderm. In mammals, there are four genes encoding four homologous members of the TEAD family named TEAD1-4. Each TEAD gene has a distinct but not mutually exclusive expression pattern. All TEAD family members are controlled by YAP/TAZ.

In fruit flies, loss of function of Hippo or Warts kinases (MST1/2 or LATS1/2 in mammals), or overexpression of Yorkie (the Drosophila homolog of YAP and TAZ), results in a dramatic overgrowth of the cuticle, as a result of dysregulated cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis, leading to increased organ size. In mice, YAP overexpression, loss of MST1/2 or LATS1/2 kinase activities, or loss of NF2 leads to TEAD target gene up-regulation and progenitor cell expansion, resulting in liver and cardiac overgrowth and ultimately cancer formation in the liver, the small intestine and in skin. In contrast, a serine to alanine mutation at position 94 in YAP, that is unable to bind to TEAD, is not oncogenic (Zhao et al., 2008, Genes Dev., 22, 1962-1971). Likewise, a dominant-negative TEAD mutant that is unable to bind DNA, overcomes YAP-driven liver tumorigenesis. In addition, NF2 mutant liver carcinoma was greatly suppressed by heterozygous loss of Yap (Zhang et al., 2010, Dev. Cell, 19, 27-38). Finally, verteporfin, a small molecule that inhibits YAP-TEAD association significantly suppressed the oncogenic activity of YAP in these models (Liu-Chittenden et al., 2012, Genes Dev., 26, 1300-1305).

Gene amplification of YAP1 (encoding for YAP) and WWTR1 (encoding for TAZ) as well as constitutive nuclear localization of YAP/TAZ have been reported in many human solid malignancies, including liver, lung, breast, skin, colon and ovarian cancer and YAP/TAZ promote the acquisition of several important cancer cell phenotypes, such as proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, invasion, and immune-suppression (e.g. by attracting myeloid derived suppressor cells (Wang et al., 2016, Cancer Discov., 6, 80-95)). In addition, gene fusions with YAP1 have been identified in several cancer types including ependymomas, vascular cancers, cervical carcinomas and porocarcinomas, which results in constitutive activation of YAP-TEAD, and are oncogenic in mice (Szulzewsky et al., 2020, Genes Dev., 34: 1-14). In addition, several germline or somatic mutations in components of the Hippo pathway associated with various cancer types have been discovered in targeted and whole-genome sequencing studies. The best studied example is the NF2 locus, mutated with a high frequency in neurofibromatosis. Loss of NF2 and LATS2 are also frequently observed in schwannomas. Another tumor type that is commonly (in about 70% of all cases) associated with constitutive YAP-TEAD activation through genetic inactivation of NF2, LATS1/2, MST1/2 or SAV1, is malignant mesothelioma (Bueno et al., 2016, Nat Genet 48, 407-416.). Recent studies have shown that several mesothelioma cell lines with NF2 loss-of-function mutations exhibit a decrease in YAP phosphorylation and an increase in YAP-TEAD reporter activity. The YAP-TEAD transcription and viability of NF2 mutant mesothelioma cell lines (but not WT mesothelioma) are sensitive to YAP siRNA (an effect which can be rescued by overexpression of siRNA resistant YAP) and to treatment with verteporfin, a YAP antagonist (Zhang et al., 2017, J. Cell Mol. Med., 21: 2663-2676).

Nuclear YAP has also emerged as a critical mediator of WNT dependent colorectal tumorigenesis. YAP-TEAD mediated transcription of genes involved in proliferation and stem cell renewal cooperate with WNT driven beta-catenin, and YAP is required for formation of adenomas following APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) inactivation (Azzolin et al., 2014 Cell, 158, 157-170; Gregorieff et al., 2015, Nature, 526, 715-718.). Recently, TIAM1, was identified as a suppressor of aggressive, metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) by antagonizing YAP-TEAD transcription, again highlighting the role of YAP-TEAD in CRC (Diamantopoulou et al., 2017 Cancer Cell, 31, 621-634).

In summary, YAP/TAZ activation has been shown to drive tumorigenesis and YAP/TAZ is hyperactivated in many different types of cancer in humans (often through loss-of-function mutations in upstream negative regulators). Genetic deletion or pharmacologic inhibition of YAP/TAZ has been shown to suppress tumor development and progression in different types of cancer. Therefore, it is believed that deregulation of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway is a major event in the development of a wide range of cancer types and malignancies. Hence, pharmacological targeting of the Hippo cascade through inhibition of YAP, TAZ, TEAD, and/or the YAP/TAZ-TEAD protein-protein interaction would be a valuable approach for the treatment of cancers that harbor functional alterations of this pathway.

YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation has also been shown to play an important role in other diseases than cancer, namely such as in fibrosis and certain congenital disorders. A hallmark of fibrosis is the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), including cross-linked collagen fibres, which results in the stiffening of tissues and eventually in dysfunctioning of affected organs. ECM stiffening promotes the nuclear activity of YAP/TAZ in cancer-associated fibroblasts, and fibroblasts of the liver, kidney, lung and skin (Mannaerts et al., 2015, J. Hepatol., 63, 679-688; Piersma et al., 2015, Am. J. Pathol., 185, 3326-3337). Nuclear YAP/TAZ promotes fibrotic cellular phenotypes, such as myofibroblast differentiation and increased matrix remodeling. Several genes that encode key secreted factors implicated in fibrosis are direct YAP/TAZ-TEAD targets. These genes include well-characterized pro-fibrotic factors, such as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of collagen cross-linking enzymes. Several lines of evidence support YAP/TAZ as contributors to fibrotic disease in vivo. These include reports of elevated YAP/TAZ levels and transcriptional activity in fibroblasts as well as in alveolar and respiratory epithelium of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (Gokey et al., 2018 JCI Insight 3: e98738). Increased nuclear YAP has also been observed in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, which are chronic fibrotic disorders of liver injury. Expression of YAP or TAZ in the duct cells of the liver drives fibrosis progression that parallels fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (Machado et al., 2015, J. Hepatol., 63, 962-970). Collectively, these studies suggest that targeting aberrant YAP/TAZ activity in fibrotic diseases may hold promise for therapy.

Neurofibromatosis type 2 is characterized by nervous system tumors including schwannomas, meningiomas, and ependymomas. Neurofibromatosis type 2 is an inheritable disorder caused by the inactivation of NF2 (Striedinger et al., 2008, Neoplasia 10, 1204-1210). Loss of NF2 leads to constitutive activation of YAP/TAZ-TEAD. The Sturge-Weber syndrome is a congenital eurocutaneous disorder characterized by a port-wine stain affecting the skin in the distribution of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, abnormal capillary venous vessels in the leptomeninges of the brain and choroid, glaucoma, seizures, stroke, and intellectual disability. The Sturge—Weber syndrome and port-wine stains are caused by a somatic activating mutation in GNAQ which leads to activation of YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription (Shirley et al., 2013, NEJM, 368, 1971-1979). Therefore, several congenital disorders, characterized by constitutive YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation could be treated with inhibitors of YAP/TAZ-TEAD.

A few publications describe inhibitors of the YAP-TEAD transcriptional activation. Inventiva highlighted YAP-TEAD protein-protein interaction inhibitors in WO 2020/070181, WO 2018/185266, and WO 2017/064277. The General Hospital Corporation, Boston described autopalmitoylation inhibitors in WO 2017/053706. Vivace Therapeutics, Inc. disclosed non-fused tricyclic (WO 2018/204532), benzosulfonyl (WO 2019/040380), benzocarbonyl (WO 2019/113236), oxadiazole (WO 2019/222431), and bicyclic (WO 2020/097389) compounds that modulate the interaction between YAP/TAZ and TEAD. The Regents of the University of California and Vivace Therapeutics, Inc. described tricyclic compounds that inhibit the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway in WO 2013/188138 and WO 2017/058716, respectively. Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd. revealed alpha,beta-unsaturated amide compounds that display anti-cancer activity in WO 2018/235926 and US 2019/0010136. Genentech, Inc. disclosed carboxamide and sulfonamide derivatives useful as inhibitors of the YAP-TEAD protein-protein interaction in WO 2019/232216 and WO 2020/051099. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. highlighted inhibitors of TEAD transcription factors in WO 2020/081572. The Trustees of Indiana University described small-molecules that bind within the hydrophobic palmitate-binding pocket of TEADs in WO 2020/087063. Wenchao Lu, et al. published vinylsulfonamides as covalent TEAD autopalmitoylation inhibitors (2019, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 184, p.111767). Korean Research Institute of Chemical Technology disclosed benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one derivatives that inhibit YAP-TEAD binding in WO 2020/096416.

However, there is still a need for new, alternative and/or better therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of diseases mediated by the YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation, such as cancer and fibrosis among potentially other indications. Therapeutics with enhanced potency, less side-effects, a higher activity, a lower toxicity or better pharmacokinetic or -dynamic properties or combinations thereof would be very welcome.

The present disclosure provides a class of novel compounds which can be used as inhibitors of the YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation mediated diseases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure is based on the finding that at least one of the above-mentioned problems can be solved by the below described class of compounds.

The present disclosure provides new compounds which have been shown to possess inhibitory activity on the YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription. The present disclosure furthermore demonstrates that these compounds efficiently inhibit the activity of YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription. Therefore, these compounds constitute a useful class of new potent compounds that can be used in the treatment and/or prevention of Hippo mediated disorders in animals, mammals and humans, more specifically for the treatment and/or prevention of (i) cancer, more specifically, for example, lung cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, oesophageal cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, liver cancer (including, but not limited to, cholangiocarcinoma), skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, brain cancer and prostate cancer, mesotheliomas, and/or sarcomas, (ii) fibrosis, and (iii) YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation related congenital disorders, among others.

In some aspects, the compounds described herein can be used in the treatment and/or prevention of Hippo mediated disorders in animals, mammals and humans, more specifically for the treatment and/or prevention of, for example, acoustic neuroma, acute leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia (monocytic, myeloblastic, adenocarcinoma, angiosarcoma, astrocytoma, myelomonocytic and promyelocytic), acute T-cell leukemia, basal cell carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, chondrosarcoma, chordoma, choriocarcinoma, chronic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, colorectal cancer, craniopharyngioma, cystadenocarcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, dysproliferative changes (dysplasias and metaplasias), embryonal carcinoma, endometrial cancer, endotheliosarcoma, ependymoma, epithelial carcinoma, erythroleukemia, esophageal cancer, estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer, essential thrombocythemia, Ewing's tumor, fibrosarcoma, follicular lymphoma, germ cell testicular cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, gliosarcoma, heavy chain disease, hemangioblastoma, hepatoma, hepatocellular cancer, hormone insensitive prostate cancer, leiomyosarcoma, leukemia, liposarcoma, lymphagioendotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's), malignancies and hyperproliferative disorders of the bladder, breast, colon, lung, ovaries, pancreas, prostate, skin and uterus, lymphoid malignancies of T-cell or B-cell origin, medullary carcinoma, medulloblastoma, melanoma, meningioma, mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, myelogenous leukemia, myeloma, myxosarcoma, neuroblastoma, NUT midline carcinoma (NMC), non-small cell lung cancer, oligodendroglioma, oral cancer, osteogenic sarcoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, papillary carcinoma, pinealoma, polycythemia vera, rectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, seminoma, small cell lung carcinoma, solid tumors (carcinomas and sarcomas), small cell lung cancer, stomach cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, synovioma, sweat gland carcinoma, thyroid cancer, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, testicular tumors, uterine cancer and Wilms' tumor.

The present disclosure furthermore relates to the use of such compounds as medicines and to their use for the manufacture of medicaments, more in particular for treating and/or preventing YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation mediated diseases, in particular (i) cancer, more specifically, for example, lung cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, oesophageal cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, liver cancer (including but not limited to cholangiocarcinoma), skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, brain cancer and prostate cancer, mesotheliomas, and/or sarcomas and (ii) fibrosis in animals or mammals, more in particular in humans.

The present disclosure also relates to methods for the preparation of the compounds described herein and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, e.g., in an effective amount.

In some embodiments, the disclosure relates to the compounds of the invention for use as a medicine, to the use of such compounds as medicines and to their use for the manufacture of medicaments, more in particular for treating and/or preventing YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation mediated diseases more specifically for the treatment and/or prevention of, e.g., acoustic neuroma, acute leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia (monocytic, myeloblastic, adenocarcinoma, angiosarcoma, astrocytoma, myelomonocytic and promyelocytic), acute T-cell leukemia, basal cell carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, chondrosarcoma, chordoma, choriocarcinoma, chronic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, colorectal cancer, craniopharyngioma, cystadenocarcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, dysproliferative changes (dysplasias and metaplasias), embryonal carcinoma, endometrial cancer, endotheliosarcoma, ependymoma, epithelial carcinoma, erythroleukemia, esophageal cancer, estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer, essential thrombocythemia, Ewing's tumor, fibrosarcoma, follicular lymphoma, germ cell testicular cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, gliosarcoma, heavy chain disease, hemangioblastoma, hepatoma, hepatocellular cancer, hormone insensitive prostate cancer, leiomyosarcoma, leukemia, liposarcoma, lymphagioendotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's), malignancies and hyperproliferative disorders of the bladder, breast, colon, lung, ovaries, pancreas, prostate, skin and uterus, lymphoid malignancies of T-cell or B-cell origin, medullary carcinoma, medulloblastoma, melanoma, meningioma, mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, myelogenous leukemia, myeloma, myxosarcoma, neuroblastoma, NUT midline carcinoma (NMC), non-small cell lung cancer, oligodendroglioma, oral cancer, osteogenic sarcoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, papillary carcinoma, pinealoma, polycythemia vera, rectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, seminoma, small cell lung carcinoma, solid tumors (carcinomas and sarcomas), small cell lung cancer, stomach cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, synovioma, sweat gland carcinoma, thyroid cancer, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, testicular tumors, uterine cancer and Wilms' tumor.

The present disclosure also relates to a method of treatment or prevention of TEAD activation mediated disorders in humans by the administration of one or more such compounds, optionally in combination with one or more other medicines, to a patient in need thereof.

The present disclosure also relates to methods of preparing the compounds described herein comprising, e.g., the steps for synthesis of the compounds described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

The term “YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation mediated diseases” refers to diseases in which hippo signaling is inactivated and whereby YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation is contributing, driving, sustaining, enabling or the like such disease. This might be through loss-of-function mutations or deletions in the genes encoding the upstream regulators of YAP/TAZ-TEAD (e.g. NF2, MST1/2,LATS1/2, FAT1 or SAV1), unleashing constitutive YAP-TEAD transcriptional activity leading to unbridled tumor growth and metastasis of some cancers. This might also be through YAP1 or WWTR1 (TAZ) gene amplifications, gene fusions or activating mutations, or YAP/TAZ overexpression or hyperactivity, among others. YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation mediated diseases therefore refers to cancer, but also includes fibrosis and certain congential disorders. Cancers that are included in YAP/TAZ-TEAD mediated diseases are, without being limited thereto, lung cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, oesophageal cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, liver cancer (including but not limited to cholangiocarcinoma), skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, brain cancer and prostate cancer, mesotheliomas, and/or sarcomas. Also inlcdued are (i) squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, cervix, ovaries, head and neck, oesophagus, and/or skin, or (ii) cancers that originate from neuroectoderm-derived tissues, such as ependymomas, meningiomas, schwannomas, peripheral nerve-sheet tumors and/or neuroblastomas, or (iii) vascular cancers, such as epithelioid haemangioendotheliomas. Fibrotic diseases or fibrosis that is included in YAP/TAZ-TEAD mediated diseases are, without being limited thereto, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis and heart fibrosis. Congenital disorders that are included in YAP/TAZ-TEAD mediated diseases are, without being limited thereto, Sturge-Weber syndrome and Neurofibromatosis type 2.

YAP/TAZ-TEAD mediated diseases also includes cancers that have developed resistance to prior treatments such has EGFR inhibitors, MEK inhibitors, AXL inhibitors, B-RAF inhibitors, RAS inhibitors and others.

The term “treat” or “treating” as used herein is intended to refer to administration of a compound or composition to a subject for the purpose of effecting a therapeutic benefit or prophylactic benefit through inhibition of the YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription. Treating includes reversing, ameliorating, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, lessening the severity of, or preventing a disease, disorder, or condition, or one or more symptoms of such disease, disorder or condition mediated through YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription. By “therapeutic benefit” is meant eradication, amelioration, reversing, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of or lessening the severity of the underlying disorder being treated. Also, a therapeutic benefit is achieved with the eradication or amelioration of one or more of the physiological symptoms associated with the underlying disorder such that an improvement is observed in the patient, notwithstanding that the patient is afflicted with the underlying disorder in some embodiments. For prophylactic benefit, in some embodiments, the compositions are administered to a patient at risk of developing a particular disease, or to a patient reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though a diagnosis of this disease has not been made.

The term “subject” as used herein, refers to an animal, for example a mammal, such as a human, a patient, who has been the object of treatment, observation or experiment or who is in need of such treatment.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein, means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician, which includes alleviation or partial alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.

The term “composition” as used herein is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the therapeutically effective amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.

The term “antagonist” or “inhibitor” as used herein in reference to inhibitors of the YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation, refers to a compound capable of producing, depending on the circumstance, a functional antagonism of YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation.

It is to be noticed that the term “comprising”, used in the claims, should not be interpreted as being restricted to the means listed thereafter; it does not exclude other elements or steps.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from this disclosure, in one or more embodiments. Where an indefinite or definite article is used when referring to a singular noun e.g. “a” or “an”, “the”, this includes a plural of that noun unless something else is specifically stated.

Similarly it should be appreciated that in the description of exemplary embodiments of the disclosure, various features of the disclosure are sometimes grouped together in a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure and aiding in the understanding of one or more of the various inventive aspects.

In each of the following definitions, the number of carbon atoms represents the maximum number of carbon atoms generally optimally present in the substituent or linker; it is understood that where otherwise indicated in the present application, the number of carbon atoms represents the optimal maximum number of carbon atoms for that particular substituent or linker.

The term “leaving group” or “LG” as used herein means a chemical group which is susceptible to be displaced by a nucleophile or cleaved off or hydrolyzed in basic or acidic conditions. In a particular embodiment, a leaving group is selected from a halogen atom (e.g., C1, Br, I) or a sulfonate (e.g., mesylate, tosylate, triflate).

The term “protecting group” refers to a moiety of a compound that masks or alters the properties of a functional group or the properties of the compound as a whole. The chemical substructure of a protecting group varies widely. One function of a protecting group is to serve as intermediates in the synthesis of the parental drug substance. Chemical protecting groups and strategies for protection/deprotection are well known in the art. See, e.g., “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry”, Theodora W. Greene (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1991. Protecting groups are often utilized to mask the reactivity of certain functional groups, to assist in the efficiency of desired chemical reactions, e.g. making and breaking chemical bonds in an ordered and planned fashion. Protection of functional groups of a compound alters other physical properties besides the reactivity of the protected functional group, such as the polarity, lipophilicity (hydrophobicity), and other properties which can be measured by common analytical tools. Chemically protected intermediates may themselves be biologically active or inactive.

Protected compounds may also exhibit altered, and in some cases, optimized properties in vitro and in vivo, such as passage through cellular membranes and resistance to enzymatic degradation or sequestration. In this role, protected compounds with intended therapeutic effects may be referred to as prodrugs. Another function of a protecting group is to convert the parental drug into a prodrug, whereby the parental drug is released upon conversion of the prodrug in vivo. Because active prodrugs may be absorbed more effectively than the parental drug, prodrugs may possess greater potency in vivo than the parental drug. Protecting groups are removed either in vitro, in the instance of chemical intermediates, or in vivo, in the case of prodrugs. With chemical intermediates, it is not particularly important that the resulting products after deprotection, e.g. alcohols, be physiologically acceptable, although in general it is more desirable if the products are pharmacologically innocuous.

The term “alkyl” or “C_1-18 alkyl” as used herein means C₁-C₁₈ normal, secondary, or tertiary, linear, branched or straight hydrocarbon with no site of unsaturation. Examples are methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl (n-propyl), 2-propyl (iPr), 1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl(i-Bu), 2-butyl (s-Bu), 2-dimethyl-2-propyl (t-Bu), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl), 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2-methyl-3-pentyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-pentadecyl, n-hexadecyl, n-heptadecyl, n-octadecyl, n-nonadecyl, and n-icosyl. In particular embodiments, the term alkyl refers to C_1-12alkyl (C_1-12 hydrocarbons), yet more in particular to C_1-9alkyl (C_1-9 hydrocarbons), yet more in particular to C_1-6alkyl (C_1-6 hydrocarbons) as further defined herein above.

The term “haloalkyl” as a group or part of a group, refers to an alkyl group having the meaning as defined above wherein one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are each replaced with a halogen as defined herein. Non-limiting examples of such haloalkyl groups include chloromethyl, 1-bromoethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl and the like.

The term “alkoxy” or “alkyloxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —OR^b wherein R^b is C_1-6alkyl as defined herein above. Non-limiting examples of suitable C_1-6alkoxy include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentyloxy and hexyloxy.

The term “haloalkoxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula —O—R^o, wherein R^o is haloalkyl as defined herein. Non-limiting examples of suitable haloalkoxy include fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, 2-chloroethoxy, 2,2-difluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxy, trichloromethoxy, 2-bromoethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy 3,3,3-trichloropropoxy, 4,4,4-trichlorobutoxy.

The term “cycloalkyl” or “C_3-18 cycloalkyl” as used herein and unless otherwise stated means a saturated hydrocarbon monovalent group having from 3 to 18 carbon atoms consisting of or comprising a C_3-10 monocyclic or C_7-18 polycyclic saturated hydrocarbon, such as for instance cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopropylethylene, methylcyclopropylene, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclooctylmethylene, norbornyl, fenchyl, trimethyltricycloheptyl, decalinyl, adamantyl and the like. In particular embodiments, the term cycloalkyl refers to C_3-12cycloalkyl (saturated cyclic C_3-12hydrocarbons), yet more in particular to C_3-9cycloalkyl (saturated cyclic C_3-9hydrocarbons), still more in particular to C_3-6 cycloalkyl (saturated cyclic C_3-6hydrocarbons) as further defined herein above. For the avoidance of doubt, fused systems of a cycloalkyl ring with a heterocyclic ring are considered as heterocycle irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of a cycloalkyl ring with an aryl ring are considered as aryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of a cycloalkyl ring with a heteroaryl ring are considered as heteroaryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure.

The term “alkenyl” or “C_2-18alkenyl” as used herein is C₂-C₁₈ normal, secondary or tertiary, linear, branched or straight hydrocarbon with at least one site (usually 1 to 3, preferably 1) of unsaturation, namely a carbon-carbon, sp2 double bond. Examples include, but are not limited to: ethylene or vinyl (—CH═CH₂), allyl (—CH₂CH═CH₂), and 5-hexenyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH═CH₂). The double bond may be in the cis or trans configuration. In particular embodiments, the term alkenyl refers to C_2-12alkenyl (C_2-12hydrocarbons), yet more in particular to C_2-9 alkenyl (C_2-9 hydrocarbons), still more in particular to C_2-6 alkenyl (C_2-6hydrocarbons) as further defined herein above with at least one site (usually 1 to 3, preferably 1) of unsaturation, namely a carbon-carbon, sp2 double bond.

The term “alkenyloxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —OR^d wherein R^d is alkenyl as defined herein above.

The term “cycloalkenyl” as used herein refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbon group having from 5 to 18 carbon atoms with at least one site (usually 1 to 3, preferably 1) of unsaturation, namely a carbon-carbon, sp2 double bond and consisting of or comprising a C_5-10 monocyclic or C_7-18 polycyclic hydrocarbon. Examples include, but are not limited to: cyclopentenyl (—C₅H₇), cyclopentenylpropylene, methylcyclohexenylene and cyclohexenyl (—C₆H₉). The double bond may be in the cis or trans configuration. In particular embodiments, the term cycloalkenyl refers to C_5-12 cycloalkenyl (cyclic C_5-12 hydrocarbons), yet more in particular to C_5-9 cycloalkenyl (cyclic C_5-9 hydrocarbons), still more in particular to C_5-6 cycloalkenyl (cyclic C_5-6 hydrocarbons) as further defined herein above with at least one site of unsaturation, namely a carbon-carbon, sp2 double bond. For the avoidance of doubt, fused systems of a cycloalkenyl ring with a heterocyclic ring are considered as heterocycle irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of a cycloalkenyl ring with an aryl ring are considered as aryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of a cycloalkenyl ring with a heteroaryl ring are considered as heteroaryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure.

The term “alkynyl” or “C_2-18alkynyl” as used herein refers to C₂-C₁₈ normal, secondary, tertiary, linear, branched or straight hydrocarbon with at least one site (usually 1 to 3, preferably 1) of unsaturation, namely a carbon-carbon, sp triple bond. Examples include, but are not limited to: ethynyl (—C≡CH), 3-ethyl-cyclohept-1-ynylene, and 1-propynyl (propargyl, —CH₂C≡CH). In particular embodiments, the term alkynyl refers to C_2-12 alkynyl (C_2-12 hydrocarbons), yet more in particular to C_2-9 alkynyl (C_2-9 hydrocarbons) yet more in particular to C_2-6 alkynyl (C_2-6 hydrocarbons) as further defined herein above with at least one site (usually 1 to 3, preferably 1) of unsaturation, namely a carbon-carbon, sp triple bond.

The term “alkynyloxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —OR^e wherein R^e is alkynyl as defined herein above.

The term “cycloalkynyl” as used herein refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbon group having from 5 to 18 carbon atoms with at least one site (usually 1 to 3, preferably 1) of unsaturation, namely a carbon-carbon, sp triple bond and consisting of or comprising a C_5-10 monocyclic or C_7-18 polycyclic hydrocarbon. Examples include, but are not limited to: cyclohept-1-yne, 3-ethyl-cyclohept-1-ynylene, 4-cyclohept-1-yn-methylene and ethylene-cyclohept-1-yne. In particular embodiments, the term cycloalkynyl refers to C_5-10 cycloalkynyl (cyclic C_5-10 hydrocarbons), yet more in particular to C_5-9 cycloalkynyl (cyclic C_5-9 hydrocarbons), still more in particular to C_5-6 cycloalkynyl (cyclic C_5-6 hydrocarbons) as further defined herein above with at least one site (usually 1 to 3, preferably 1) of unsaturation, namely a carbon-carbon, sp triple bond. For the avoidance of doubt, fused systems of a cycloalkynyl ring with a heterocyclic ring are considered as heterocycle irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of a cycloalkynyl ring with an aryl ring are considered as aryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of a cycloalkynyl ring with a heteroaryl ring are considered as heteroaryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure.

The term “alkylene” as used herein each refer to a saturated, branched or straight chain hydrocarbon group of 1-18 carbon atoms (more in particular C_1-12, C_1-9 or C_1-6 carbon atoms), and having two monovalent group centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkane. Typical alkylene include, but are not limited to: methylene (—CH₂—), 1,2-ethyl (—CH₂CH₂—), 1,3-propyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—), 1,4-butyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—), and the like.

The term “alkenylene” as used herein each refer to a branched or straight chain hydrocarbon of 2-18 carbon atoms (more in particular C_2-12, C_2-9 or C_2-6 carbon atoms) with at least one site (usually 1 to 3, preferably 1) of unsaturation, namely a carbon-carbon, sp2 double bond, and having two monovalent centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkene.

The term “alkynylene” as used herein each refer to a branched or straight chain hydrocarbon of 2-18 carbon atoms (more in particular C_2-12, C_2-9 or C_2-6 carbon atoms) with at least one site (usually 1 to 3, preferably 1) of unsaturation, namely a carbon-carbon, sp triple bond, and having two monovalent centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkyne.

The term “heteroalkyl” as used herein refers to an alkyl wherein one or more carbon atoms are replaced by one or more atoms selected from the group comprising oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur atom. The term heteroalkyl thus comprises —O—R^b, —NR^o—R^b, —R^a—O—R^b, and —S—R^b, wherein R^a is alkylene, R^b is alkyl, and R^o is hydrogen or alky as defined herein. In particular embodiments, the term refers to C_1-12heteroalkyl, C_1-9heteroalkyl or C_1-6heteroalkyl. In some embodiments heteroalkyl is selected from the group comprising alkyloxy, alkyl-oxy-alkyl, (mono or di)alkylamino, (mono or di-)alkyl-amino-alkyl, alkylthio, and alkyl-thio-alkyl.

The term “heteroalkenyl” as used herein refers to an acyclic alkenyl wherein one or more carbon atoms are replaced by one or more atoms selected from oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur atom. The term heteroalkenyl thus comprises —O—R^d, —NH—(R^d), —N(R^d))₂, —N(R^b)(R^d), and —S—R^d wherein R^b is alkyl and R^d is alkenyl as defined herein. In particular embodiments, the term refers to C_2-12heteroalkenyl, C_2-9heteroalkenyl or C_2-6heteroalkenyl. In some embodiments heteroalkenyl is selected from the group comprising alkenyloxy, alkenyl-oxy-alkenyl, (mono or di-)alkenylamino, (mono or di-)alkenyl-amino-alkenyl, alkenylthio, and alkenyl-thio-alkenyl.

The term “heteroalkynyl” as used herein refers to an acyclic alkynyl wherein one or more carbon atoms are replaced by an oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur atom. The term heteroalkynyl thus comprises but is not limited to —O—R^d, —N(R^d)₂, NHR^d, —N(R^b)(R^e), —N(R^d)(R^e), and —S—R^d wherein R^b is alkyl, R^e is alkynyl and R^d is alkenyl as defined herein. In particular embodiments, the term refers to C_2-12heteroalkynyl, C_2-9heteroalkynyl or C_2-6heteroalkynyl. In some embodiments the term heteroalkynyl is selected from the group comprising alkynyloxy, alkynyl-oxy-alkynyl, (mono or di-)alkynylamino, (mono or di-)alkynyl-amino-alkynyl, alkynylthio, alkynyl-thio-alkynyl,

The term “heteroalkylene” as used herein refers to an alkylene wherein one or more carbon atoms are replaced by one or more oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur atoms.

The term “heteroalkenylene” as used herein refers to an alkenylene wherein one or more carbon atoms are replaced by one or more oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur atoms.

The term “heteroalkynylene” as used herein refers to an alkynylene wherein one or more carbon atoms are replaced by one or more oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur atom.

The term “aryl” as used herein means an aromatic hydrocarbon of 6-20 carbon atoms derived by the removal of hydrogen from a carbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system. Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to 1 ring, or 2 or 3 rings fused together, derived from benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, and the like. In particular embodiments, the term aryl refers to a 6-14 carbon atoms membered aromatic cycle, yet more in particular refers to a 6-10 carbon atoms membered aromatic cycle. Fused systems of an aryl ring with a cycloalkyl ring, or a cycloalkenyl ring, or a cycloalkynyl ring, are considered as aryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of an aryl ring with a heterocycle are considered as heterocycle irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Thus, indoline, dihydrobenzofurane, dihydrobenzothiophene and the like are considered as heterocycle according to the disclosure. Fused systems of an aryl ring with a heteroaryl ring are considered as heteroaryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure.

The term “aryloxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —OR^g wherein R^g is aryl as defined herein above.

The term “arylalkyl” or “arylalkyl-” as used herein refers to an alkyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, typically a terminal or sp3 carbon atom, is replaced with an aryl. Typical arylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethan-1-yl, 2-phenylethen-1-yl, naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylethyl, and the like. The arylalkyl group comprises 6 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g. the alkyl moiety of the arylalkyl group is 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the aryl moiety is 6 to 14 carbon atoms.

The term “arylalkyloxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —O—R^a—R^g wherein R^g is aryl, and R^a is alkylene as defined herein above.

The term “arylalkenyl” or “arylalkenyl-” as used herein refers to an alkenyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, is replaced with an aryl. The arylalkenyl group comprises 6 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g. the alkenyl moiety of the arylalkenyl group is 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the aryl moiety is 6 to 14 carbon atoms.

The term “arylalkynyl” or “arylalkynyl-” as used herein refers to an alkynyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, is replaced with an aryl. The arylalkynyl group comprises 6 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g. the alkynyl moiety of the arylalkynyl group is 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the aryl moiety is 6 to 14 carbon atoms.

The term “arylheteroalkyl” or “arylheteroalkyl-” as used herein refers to a heteroalkyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, typically a terminal or sp3 carbon atom, is replaced with an aryl. The arylheteroalkyl group comprises 6 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g. the heteroalkyl moiety of the arylheteroalkyl group is 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the aryl moiety is 6 to 14 carbon atoms. In some embodiments arylheteroalkyl is selected from the group comprising aryl-O-alkyl, arylalkyl-O-alkyl, aryl-NH-alkyl, aryl-N(alkyl)₂, arylalkyl-NH-alkyl, arylalkyl-N-(alkyl)₂, aryl-S-alkyl, and arylalkyl-S-alkyl.

The term “arylheteroalkenyl” or “arylheteroalkenyl-” as used herein refers to a heteroalkenyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, is replaced with an aryl. The arylheteroalkenyl group comprises 6 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g. the heteroalkenyl moiety of the arylheteroalkenyl group is 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the aryl moiety is 6 to 14 carbon atoms. In some embodiments arylheteroalkenyl is selected from the group comprising aryl-O-alkenyl, arylalkenyl-O-alkenyl, aryl-NH-alkenyl, aryl-N(alkenyl)₂, arylalkenyl-NH-alkenyl, arylalkenyl-N-(alkenyl)₂, aryl-S-alkenyl, and arylalkenyl-S-alkenyl.

The term “arylheteroalkynyl” or “arylheteroalkynyl-” as used herein refers to a heteroalkynyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, is replaced with an aryl. The arylheteroalkynyl group comprises 6 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g. the heteroalkynyl moiety of the arylheteroalkynyl group is 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the aryl moiety is 6 to 14 carbon atoms. In some embodiments arylheteroalkynyl is selected from the group comprising aryl-O-alkynyl, arylalkynyl-O-alkynyl, aryl-NH-alkynyl, aryl-N(alkynyl)₂, arylalkynyl-NH-alkynyl, arylalkynyl-N-(alkynyl)₂, aryl-S-alkynyl, and arylalkynyl-S-alkynyl.

The term “heterocycle” or “heterocyclyl” as used herein refer to non-aromatic, fully saturated or partially unsaturated ring system of 3 to 18 atoms including at least one N, O, S, or P (for example, 3 to 7 member monocyclic, 7 to 11 member bicyclic, or comprising a total of 3 to 10 ring atoms). Each ring of the heterocycle or heterocyclyl may have 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and/or S, where the N and S heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized and the N heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized; and wherein at least one carbon atom of heterocyclyl can be oxidized to form at least one C═O. The heterocycle may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring or ring system, where valence allows. The rings of multi-ring heterocyclyls or heterocycles may be fused, bridged and/or joined through one or more spiro atoms. Fused systems of a heterocycle or heterocyclyl with an aryl ring are considered as heterocycle or heterocyclyl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of a heterocycle or heterocyclyl with a heteroaryl ring are considered as heteroaryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Non limiting exemplary heterocycles or heterocyclic groups include piperidinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyrrolidinyl, aziridinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, 2-imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl imidazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, succinimidyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, chromanyl (also known as 3,4-dihydrobenzo[b]pyranyl), 2H-pyrrolyl, 1-pyrrolinyl, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, 3-pyrazolinyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, 3-dioxolanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 2,5-dioximidazolidinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, indolinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-4-yl, thiomorpholin-4-ylsulfoxide, thiomorpholin-4-ylsulfone, 1,3-dioxolanyl, 1,4-oxathianyl, 1,4-dithianyl, 1,3,5-trioxanyl, 1H-pyrrolizinyl, tetrahydro-1,1-dioxothiophenyl, N-formylpiperazinyl, and morpholin-4-yl. The term “aziridinyl” as used herein includes aziridin-1-yl and aziridin-2-yl. The term “oxyranyl” as used herein includes oxyranyl-2-yl. The term “thiiranyl” as used herein includes thiiran-2-yl. The term “azetidinyl” as used herein includes azetidin-1-yl, azetidin-2-yl and azetidin-3-yl. The term “oxetanyl” as used herein includes oxetan-2-yl and oxetan-3-yl. The term “thietanyl” as used herein includes thietan-2-yl and thietan-3-yl. The term “pyrrolidinyl” as used herein includes pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl and pyrrolidin-3-yl. The term “tetrahydrofuranyl” as used herein includes tetrahydrofuran-2-yl and tetrahydrofuran-3-yl. The term “tetrahydrothiophenyl” as used herein includes tetrahydrothiophen-2-yl and tetrahydrothiophen-3-yl. The term “succinimidyl” as used herein includes succinimid-1-yl and succininmid-3-yl. The term “dihydropyrrolyl” as used herein includes 2,3-dihydropyrrol-1-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-yl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl, 2,5-dihydropyrrol-1-yl, 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-3-yl and 2,5-dihydropyrrol-5-yl. The term “2H-pyrrolyl” as used herein includes 2H-pyrrol-2-yl, 2H-pyrrol-3-yl, 2H-pyrrol-4-yl and 2H-pyrrol-5-yl. The term “3H-pyrrolyl” as used herein includes 3H-pyrrol-2-yl, 3H-pyrrol-3-yl, 3H-pyrrol-4-yl and 3H-pyrrol-5-yl. The term “dihydrofuranyl” as used herein includes 2,3-dihydrofuran-2-yl, 2,3-dihydrofuran-3-yl, 2,3-dihydrofuran-4-yl, 2,3-dihydrofuran-5-yl, 2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl, 2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl, 2,5-dihydrofuran-4-yl and 2,5-dihydrofuran-5-yl. The term “dihydrothiophenyl” as used herein includes 2,3-dihydrothiophen-2-yl, 2,3-dihydrothiophen-3-yl, 2,3-dihydrothiophen-4-yl, 2,3-dihydrothiophen-5-yl, 2,5-dihydrothiophen-2-yl, 2,5-dihydrothiophen-3-yl, 2,5-dihydrothiophen-4-yl and 2,5-dihydrothiophen-5-yl. The term “imidazolidinyl” as used herein includes imidazolidin-1-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl and imidazolidin-4-yl. The term “pyrazolidinyl” as used herein includes pyrazolidin-1-yl, pyrazolidin-3-yl and pyrazolidin-4-yl. The term “imidazolinyl” as used herein includes imidazolin-1-yl, imidazolin-2-yl, imidazolin-4-yl and imidazolin-5-yl. The term “pyrazolinyl” as used herein includes 1-pyrazolin-3-yl, 1-pyrazolin-4-yl, 2-pyrazolin-1-yl, 2-pyrazolin-3-yl, 2-pyrazolin-4-yl, 2-pyrazolin-5-yl, 3-pyrazolin-1-yl, 3-pyrazolin-2-yl, 3-pyrazolin-3-yl, 3-pyrazolin-4-yl and 3-pyrazolin-5-yl. The term “dioxolanyl” also known as “1,3-dioxolanyl” as used herein includes dioxolan-2-yl, dioxolan-4-yl and dioxolan-5-yl. The term “dioxolyl” also known as “1,3-dioxolyl” as used herein includes dioxol-2-yl, dioxol-4-yl and dioxol-5-yl. The term “oxazolidinyl” as used herein includes oxazolidin-2-yl, oxazolidin-3-yl, oxazolidin-4-yl and oxazolidin-5-yl. The term “isoxazolidinyl” as used herein includes isoxazolidin-2-yl, isoxazolidin-3-yl, isoxazolidin-4-yl and isoxazolidin-5-yl. The term “oxazolinyl” as used herein includes 2-oxazolinyl-2-yl, 2-oxazolinyl-4-yl, 2-oxazolinyl-5-yl, 3-oxazolinyl-2-yl, 3-oxazolinyl-4-yl, 3-oxazolinyl-5-yl, 4-oxazolinyl-2-yl, 4-oxazolinyl-3-yl, 4-oxazolinyl-4-yl and 4-oxazolinyl-5-yl. The term “isoxazolinyl” as used herein includes 2-isoxazolinyl-3-yl, 2-isoxazolinyl-4-yl, 2-isoxazolinyl-5-yl, 3-isoxazolinyl-3-yl, 3-isoxazolinyl-4-yl, 3-isoxazolinyl-5-yl, 4-isoxazolinyl-2-yl, 4-isoxazolinyl-3-yl, 4-isoxazolinyl-4-yl and 4-isoxazolinyl-5-yl. The term “thiazolidinyl” as used herein includes thiazolidin-2-yl, thiazolidin-3-yl, thiazolidin-4-yl and thiazolidin-5-yl. The term “isothiazolidinyl” as used herein includes isothiazolidin-2-yl, isothiazolidin-3-yl, isothiazolidin-4-yl and isothiazolidin-5-yl. The term “thiazolinyl” as used herein includes 2-thiazolinyl-2-yl, 2-thiazolinyl-4-yl, 2-thiazolinyl-5-yl, 3-thiazolinyl-2-yl, 3-thiazolinyl-4-yl, 3-thiazolinyl-5-yl, 4-thiazolinyl-2-yl, 4-thiazolinyl-3-yl, 4-thiazolinyl-4-yl and 4-thiazolinyl-5-yl. The term “isothiazolinyl” as used herein includes 2-isothiazolinyl-3-yl, 2-isothiazolinyl-4-yl, 2-isothiazolinyl-5-yl, 3-isothiazolinyl-3-yl, 3-isothiazolinyl-4-yl, 3-isothiazolinyl-5-yl, 4-isothiazolinyl-2-yl, 4-isothiazolinyl-3-yl, 4-isothiazolinyl-4-yl and 4-isothiazolinyl-5-yl. The term “piperidyl” also known as “piperidinyl” as used herein includes piperid-1-yl, piperid-2-yl, piperid-3-yl and piperid-4-yl. The term “dihydropyridinyl” as used herein includes 1,2-dihydropyridin-1-yl, 1,2-dihydropyridin-2-yl, 1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl, 1,2-dihydropyridin-4-yl, 1,2-dihydropyridin-5-yl, 1,2-dihydropyridin-6-yl, 1,4-dihydropyridin-1-yl, 1,4-dihydropyridin-2-yl, 1,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl, 1,4-dihydropyridin-4-yl, 2,3-dihydropyridin-2-yl, 2,3-dihydropyridin-3-yl, 2,3-dihydropyridin-4-yl, 2,3-dihydropyridin-5-yl, 2,3-dihydropyridin-6-yl, 2,5-dihydropyridin-2-yl, 2,5-dihydropyridin-3-yl, 2,5-dihydropyridin-4-yl, 2,5-dihydropyridin-5-yl, 2,5-dihydropyridin-6-yl, 3,4-dihydropyridin-2-yl, 3,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl, 3,4-dihydropyridin-4-yl, 3,4-dihydropyridin-5-yl and 3,4-dihydropyridin-6-yl. The term “tetrahydropyridinyl” as used herein includes 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridin-2-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridin-5-yl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridin-6-yl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-2-yl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-5-yl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-6-yl, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-2-yl, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-5-yl and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridin-6-yl. The term “tetrahydropyranyl” also known as “oxanyl” or “tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl”, as used herein includes tetrahydropyran-2-yl, tetrahydropyran-3-yl and tetrahydropyran-4-yl. The term “2H-pyranyl” as used herein includes 2H-pyran-2-yl, 2H-pyran-3-yl, 2H-pyran-4-yl, 2H-pyran-5-yl and 2H-pyran-6-yl. The term “4H-pyranyl” as used herein includes 4H-pyran-2-yl, 4H-pyran-3-yl and 4H-pyran-4-yl. The term “3,4-dihydro-2H-pyranyl” as used herein includes 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-yl and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl. The term “3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl” as used herein includes 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-3-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-4-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-yl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-yl. The term “tetrahydrothiophenyl”, as used herein includes tetrahydrothiophen-2-yl, tetrahydrothiophenyl-3-yl and tetrahydrothiophenyl-4-yl. The term “2H-thiopyranyl” as used herein includes 2H-thiopyran-2-yl, 2H-thiopyran-3-yl, 2H-thiopyran-4-yl, 2H-thiopyran-5-yl and 2H-thiopyran-6-yl. The term “4H-thiopyranyl” as used herein includes 4H-thiopyran-2-yl, 4H-thiopyran-3-yl and 4H-thiopyran-4-yl. The term “3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyranyl” as used herein includes 3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-2-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-5-yl and 3,4-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-6-yl. The term “3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyranyl” as used herein includes 3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-2-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-3-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-4-yl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-5-yl and 3,6-dihydro-2H-thiopyran-6-yl. The term “piperazinyl” also known as “piperazidinyl” as used herein includes piperazin-1-yl and piperazin-2-yl. The term “morpholinyl” as used herein includes morpholin-2-yl, morpholin-3-yl and morpholin-4-yl. The term “thiomorpholinyl” as used herein includes thiomorpholin-2-yl, thiomorpholin-3-yl and thiomorpholin-4-yl. The term “dioxanyl” as used herein includes 1,2-dioxan-3-yl, 1,2-dioxan-4-yl, 1,3-dioxan-2-yl, 1,3-dioxan-4-yl, 1,3-dioxan-5-yl and 1,4-dioxan-2-yl. The term “dithianyl” as used herein includes 1,2-dithian-3-yl, 1,2-dithian-4-yl, 1,3-dithian-2-yl, 1,3-dithian-4-yl, 1,3-dithian-5-yl and 1,4-dithian-2-yl. The term “oxathianyl” as used herein includes oxathian-2-yl and oxathian-3-yl. The term “trioxanyl” as used herein includes 1,2,3-trioxan-4-yl, 1,2,3-trioxan-5-yl, 1,2,4-trioxan-3-yl, 1,2,4-trioxan-5-yl, 1,2,4-trioxan-6-yl and 1,3,4-trioxan-2-yl. The term “azepanyl” as used herein includes azepan-1-yl, azepan-2-yl, azepan-3-yl and azepan-4-yl. The term “homopiperazinyl” as used herein includes homopiperazin-1-yl, homopiperazin-2-yl, homopiperazin-3-yl and homopiperazin-4-yl. The term “indolinyl” as used herein includes indolin-1-yl, indolin-2-yl, indolin-3-yl, indolin-4-yl, indolin-5-yl, indolin-6-yl, and indolin-7-yl. The term “quinolizinyl” as used herein includes quinolizidin-1-yl, quinolizidin-2-yl, quinolizidin-3-yl and quinolizidin-4-yl. The term “isoindolinyl” as used herein includes isoindolin-1-yl, isoindolin-2-yl, isoindolin-3-yl, isoindolin-4-yl, isoindolin-5-yl, isoindolin-6-yl, and isoindolin-7-yl. The term “3H-indolyl” as used herein includes 3H-indol-2-yl, 3H-indol-3-yl, 3H-indol-4-yl, 3H-indol-5-yl, 3H-indol-6-yl, and 3H-indol-7-yl. The term “quinolizinyl” as used herein includes quinolizidin-1-yl, quinolizidin-2-yl, quinolizidin-3-yl and quinolizidin-4-yl. The term “quinolizinyl” as used herein includes quinolizidin-1-yl, quinolizidin-2-yl, quinolizidin-3-yl and quinolizidin-4-yl. The term “tetrahydroquinolinyl” as used herein includes tetrahydroquinolin-1-yl, tetrahydroquinolin-2-yl, tetrahydroquinolin-3-yl, tetrahydroquinolin-4-yl, tetrahydroquinolin-5-yl, tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl, tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl and tetrahydroquinolin-8-yl. The term “tetrahydroisoquinolinyl” as used herein includes tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-3-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-5-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-6-yl, tetrahydroisoquinolin-7-yl and tetrahydroisoquinolin-8-yl. The term “chromanyl” as used herein includes chroman-2-yl, chroman-3-yl, chroman-4-yl, chroman-5-yl, chroman-6-yl, chroman-7-yl and chroman-8-yl. The term “1H-pyrrolizine” as used herein includes 1H-pyrrolizin-1-yl, 1H-pyrrolizin-2-yl, 1H-pyrrolizin-3-yl, 1H-pyrrolizin-5-yl, 1H-pyrrolizin-6-yl and 1H-pyrrolizin-7-yl. The term “3H-pyrrolizine” as used herein includes 3H-pyrrolizin-1-yl, 3H-pyrrolizin-2-yl, 3H-pyrrolizin-3-yl, 3H-pyrrolizin-5-yl, 3H-pyrrolizin-6-yl and 3H-pyrrolizin-7-yl.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic ring system of 5 to 18 atoms including at least one N, O, S, or P, containing 1 or 2 rings which can be fused together or linked covalently, each ring typically containing 5 to 6 atoms; at least one of said rings is aromatic, where the N and S heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized and the N heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized, and wherein at least one carbon atom of said heteroaryl can be oxidized to form at least one C═O. Fused systems of a heteroaryl ring with a cycloalkyl ring, or a cycloalkenyl ring, or a cycloalkynyl ring, are considered as heteroaryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of a heteroaryl ring with a heterocycle are considered as heteroaryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Fused systems of a hetero aryl ring with an aryl ring are considered as heteroaryl irrespective of the ring that is bound to the core structure. Non-limiting examples of such heteroaryl, include: triazol-2-yl, pyridinyl, 1H-pyrazol-5-yl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxatriazolyl, thiatriazolyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazinyl, dioxinyl, thiazinyl, triazinyl, imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazolyl, thieno[3,2-b]furanyl, thieno[3,2-b]thiophenyl, thieno[2,3-d][1,3]thiazolyl, thieno[2,3-d]imidazolyl, tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridinyl, indolyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, 1,3-benzoxazolyl, 1,2-benzisoxazolyl, 2,1-benzisoxazolyl, 1,3-benzothiazolyl, 1,2-benzoisothiazolyl, 2,1-benzoisothiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, 1,2,3-benzoxadiazolyl, 2,1,3-benzoxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-benzothiadiazolyl, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazolyl, benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one, 2,3-dihydro-benzofuranyl, thienopyridinyl, purinyl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl, 6-oxo-pyridazin-1(6H)-yl, 2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl, 6-oxo-pyridazin-1(6H)-yl, 2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl; in some embodiments, said heteroaryl group is selected from the group comprising pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, isoxazolyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, s-triazinyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, furyl, thienyl, triazolyl and thiazolyl; in some embodiments, said heteroaryl group is selected from the group comprising pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl and benzimidazolyl.

The term “pyrrolyl” (also called azolyl) as used herein includes pyrrol-1-yl, pyrrol-2-yl and pyrrol-3-yl. The term “furanyl” (also called “furyl”) as used herein includes furan-2-yl and furan-3-yl (also called furan-2-yl and furan-3-yl). The term “thiophenyl” (also called “thienyl”) as used herein includes thiophen-2-yl and thiophen-3-yl (also called thien-2-yl and thien-3-yl). The term “pyrazolyl” (also called 1H-pyrazolyl and 1,2-diazolyl) as used herein includes pyrazol-1-yl, pyrazol-3-yl or 1H-pyrazol-5-yl, pyrazol-4-yl and pyrazol-5-yl. The term “imidazolyl” as used herein includes imidazol-1-yl, imidazol-2-yl, imidazol-4-yl and imidazol-5-yl. The term “oxazolyl” (also called 1,3-oxazolyl) as used herein includes oxazol-2-yl, oxazol-4-yl and oxazol-5-yl. The term “isoxazolyl” (also called 1,2-oxazolyl), as used herein includes isoxazol-3-yl, isoxazol-4-yl, and isoxazol-5-yl. The term “thiazolyl” (also called 1,3-thiazolyl),as used herein includes thiazol-2-yl, thiazol-4-yl and thiazol-5-yl (also called 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl and 5-thiazolyl). The term “isothiazolyl” (also called 1,2-thiazolyl) as used herein includes isothiazol-3-yl, isothiazol-4-yl, and isothiazol-5-yl. The term “triazolyl” as used herein includes triazol-2-yl, 1H-triazolyl and 4H-1,2,4-triazolyl, “1H-triazolyl” includes 1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl, 1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl, 1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl, 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl, 1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl and 1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl. “4H-1,2,4-triazolyl” includes 4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl, and 4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl. The term “oxadiazolyl” as used herein includes 1,2,3-oxadiazol-4-yl, 1,2,3-oxadiazol-5-yl, 1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl, 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl, 1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl and 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl. The term “thiadiazolyl” as used herein includes 1,2,3-thiadiazol-4-yl, 1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl, 1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl, 1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl, 1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl (also called furazan-3-yl) and 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl. The term “tetrazolyl” as used herein includes 1H-tetrazol-1-yl, 1H-tetrazol-5-yl, 2H-tetrazol-2-yl, and 2H-tetrazol-5-yl. The term “oxatriazolyl” as used herein includes 1,2,3,4-oxatriazol-5-yl and 1,2,3,5-oxatriazol-4-yl. The term “thiatriazolyl” as used herein includes 1,2,3,4-thiatriazol-5-yl and 1,2,3,5-thiatriazol-4-yl. The term “pyridinyl” (also called “pyridyl”) as used herein includes pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-3-yl and pyridin-4-yl (also called 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl and 4-pyridyl). The term “pyrimidyl” as used herein includes pyrimid-2-yl, pyrimid-4-yl, pyrimid-5-yl and pyrimid-6-yl. The term “pyrazinyl” as used herein includes pyrazin-2-yl and pyrazin-3-yl. The term “pyridazinyl as used herein includes pyridazin-3-yl and pyridazin-4-yl. The term “oxazinyl” (also called “1,4-oxazinyl”) as used herein includes 1,4-oxazin-4-yl and 1,4-oxazin-5-yl. The term “dioxinyl” (also called “1,4-dioxinyl”) as used herein includes 1,4-dioxin-2-yl and 1,4-dioxin-3-yl. The term “thiazinyl” (also called “1,4-thiazinyl”) as used herein includes 1,4-thiazin-2-yl, 1,4-thiazin-3-yl, 1,4-thiazin-4-yl, 1,4-thiazin-5-yl and 1,4-thiazin-6-yl. The term “triazinyl” as used herein includes 1,3,5-triazin-2-yl, 1,2,4-triazin-3-yl, 1,2,4-triazin-5-yl, 1,2,4-triazin-6-yl, 1,2,3-triazin-4-yl and 1,2,3-triazin-5-yl. The term “imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazolyl” as used herein includes imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoi-2-yl, imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazol-3-yl, imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazol-5-yl and imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazol-6-yl. The term “thieno[3,2-b]furanyl” as used herein includes thieno[3,2-b]furan-2-yl, thieno[3,2-b]furan-3-yl, thieno[3,2-b]furan-4-yl, and thieno[3,2-b]furan-5-yl. The term “thieno[3,2-b]thiophenyl” as used herein includes thieno[3,2-b]thien-2-yl, thieno[3,2-b]thien-3-yl, thieno[3,2-b]thien-5-yl and thieno[3,2-b]thien-6-yl. The term “thieno[2,3-d][1,3]thiazolyl” as used herein includes thieno[2,3-d][1,3]thiazol-2-yl, thieno[2,3-d][1,3]thiazol-5-yl and thieno[2,3-d][1,3]thiazol-6-yl. The term “thieno[2,3-d]imidazolyl” as used herein includes thieno[2,3-d]imidazol-2-yl, thieno[2,3-d]imidazol-4-yl and thieno[2,3-d]imidazol-5-yl. The term “tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridinyl” as used herein includes tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-5-yl, tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-6-yl, tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-7-yl, and tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine-8-yl. The term “indolyl” as used herein includes indol-1-yl, indol-2-yl, indol-3-yl,-indol-4-yl, indol-5-yl, indol-6-yl and indol-7-yl. The term “indolizinyl” as used herein includes indolizin-1-yl, indolizin-2-yl, indolizin-3-yl, indolizin-5-yl, indolizin-6-yl, indolizin-7-yl, and indolizin-8-yl. The term “isoindolyl” as used herein includes isoindol-1-yl, isoindol-2-yl, isoindol-3-yl, isoindol-4-yl, isoindol-5-yl, isoindol-6-yl and isoindol-7-yl. The term “benzofuranyl” (also called benzo[b]furanyl) as used herein includes benzofuran-2-yl, benzofuran-3-yl, benzofuran-4-yl, benzofuran-5-yl, benzofuran-6-yl and benzofuran-7-yl. The term “isobenzofuranyl” (also called benzo[c]furanyl) as used herein includes isobenzofuran-1-yl, isobenzofuran-3-yl, isobenzofuran-4-yl, isobenzofuran-5-yl, isobenzofuran-6-yl and isobenzofuran-7-yl. The term “benzothiophenyl” (also called benzo[b]thienyl) as used herein includes 2-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 3-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 4-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 5-benzo[b]thiophenyl, 6-benzo[b]thiophenyl and -7-benzo[b]thiophenyl (also called benzothien-2-yl, benzothien-3-yl, benzothien-4-yl, benzothien-5-yl, benzothien-6-yl and benzothien-7-yl). The term “isobenzothiophenyl” (also called benzo[c]thienyl) as used herein includes isobenzothien-1-yl, isobenzothien-3-yl, isobenzothien-4-yl, isobenzothien-5-yl, isobenzothien-6-yl and isobenzothien-7-yl. The term “indazolyl” (also called 1H-indazolyl or 2-azaindolyl) as used herein includes 1H-indazol-1-yl, 1H-indazol-3-yl, 1H-indazol-4-yl, 1H-indazol-5-yl, 1H-indazol-6-yl, 1H-indazol-7-yl, 2H-indazol-2-yl, 2H-indazol-3-yl, 2H-indazol-4-yl, 2H-indazol-5-yl, 2H-indazol-6-yl, and 2H-indazol-7-yl. The term “benzimidazolyl” as used herein includes benzimidazol-1-yl, benzimidazol-2-yl, benzimidazol-4-yl, benzimidazol-5-yl, benzimidazol-6-yl and benzimidazol-7-yl. The term “1,3-benzoxazolyl” as used herein includes 1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl, 1,3-benzoxazol-4-yl, 1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl, 1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl and 1,3-benzoxazol-7-yl. The term “1,2-benzisoxazolyl” as used herein includes 1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl, 1,2-benzisoxazol-4-yl, 1,2-benzisoxazol-5-yl, 1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl and 1,2-benzisoxazol-7-yl. The term “2,1-benzisoxazolyl” as used herein includes 2,1-benzisoxazol-3-yl, 2,1-benzisoxazol-4-yl, 2,1-benzisoxazol-5-yl, 2,1-benzisoxazol-6-yl and 2,1-benzisoxazol-7-yl. The term “1,3-benzothiazolyl” as used herein includes 1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl, 1,3-benzothiazol-4-yl, 1,3-benzothiazol-5-yl, 1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl and 1,3-benzothiazol-7-yl. The term “1,2-benzoisothiazolyl” as used herein includes 1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl, 1,2-benzisothiazol-4-yl, 1,2-benzisothiazol-5-yl, 1,2-benzisothiazol-6-yl and 1,2-benzisothiazol-7-yl. The term “2,1-benzoisothiazolyl” as used herein includes 2,1-benzisothiazol-3-yl, 2,1-benzisothiazol-4-yl, 2,1-benzisothiazol-5-yl, 2,1-benzisothiazol-6-yl and 2,1-benzisothiazol-7-yl. The term “benzotriazolyl” as used herein includes benzotriazol-1-yl, benzotriazol-4-yl, benzotriazol-5-yl, benzotriazol-6-yl and benzotriazol-7-yl. The term “1,2,3-benzoxadiazolyl” as used herein includes 1,2,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl, 1,2,3-benzoxadiazol-5-yl, 1,2,3-benzoxadiazol-6-yl and 1,2,3-benzoxadiazol-7-yl. The term “2,1,3-benzoxadiazolyl” as used herein includes 2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl, 2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-5-yl, 2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-6-yl and 2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-7-yl. The term “1,2,3-benzothiadiazolyl” as used herein includes 1,2,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl, 1,2,3-benzothiadiazol-5-yl, 1,2,3-benzothiadiazol-6-yl and 1,2,3-benzothiadiazol-7-yl. The term “2,1,3-benzothiadiazolyl” as used herein includes 2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4-yl, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-5-yl, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-6-yl and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-7-yl. The term “thienopyridinyl” as used herein includes thieno[2,3-b]pyridinyl, thieno[2,3-c]pyridinyl, thieno[3,2-c]pyridinyl and thieno[3,2-b]pyridinyl. The term “purinyl” as used herein includes purin-2-yl, purin-6-yl, purin-7-yl and purin-8-yl. The term “imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl”, as used herein includes imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-4-yl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-5-yl, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl and imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-7-yl. The term “1,3-benzodioxolyl”, as used herein includes 1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl, 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl, 1,3-benzodioxol-6-yl, and 1,3-benzodioxol-7-yl. The term “quinolinyl” as used herein includes quinolin-2-yl, quinolin-3-yl, quinolin-4-yl, quinolin-5-yl, quinolin-6-yl, quinolin-7-yl and quinolin-8-yl. The term “isoquinolinyl” as used herein includes isoquinolin-1-yl, isoquinolin-3-yl, isoquinolin-4-yl, isoquinolin-5-yl, isoquinolin-6-yl, isoquinolin-7-yl and isoquinolin-8-yl. The term “cinnolinyl” as used herein includes cinnolin-3-yl, cinnolin-4-yl, cinnolin-5-yl, cinnolin-6-yl, cinnolin-7-yl and cinnolin-8-yl. The term “quinazolinyl” as used herein includes quinazolin-2-yl, quinazolin-4-yl, quinazolin-5-yl, quinazolin-6-yl, quinazolin-7-yl and quinazolin-8-yl. The term “quinoxalinyl” as used herein includes quinoxalin-2-yl, quinoxalin-5-yl, and quinoxalin-6-yl.

Heteroaryl and heterocycle or heterocyclyl as used herein includes, by way of example and not limitation, these groups described in Paquette, Leo A. “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; Katritzky, Alan R., Rees, C. W. and Scriven, E. “Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry” (Pergamon Press, 1996); and J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1960) 82:5566.

The term “heterocyclyloxy” or “heterocycleoxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —O—Rⁱ wherein Rⁱ is heterocyclyl as defined herein above. The term “heterocyclylalkyloxy” or “heterocycleoxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —O—R^a—Rⁱ wherein Rⁱ is heterocyclyl, and R^a is alkyl as defined herein above.

The term “heteroaryloxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —O—R^k wherein R^k is heteroaryl as defined herein above.

The term “heteroarylalkyloxy”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —O—R^a—Rⁱ wherein Rⁱ is heteroaryl, and R^a is alkyl as defined herein above.

The term “heterocyclyl-alkyl” or “heterocycle-alkyl” as a group or part of a group, refers to an alkyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, typically a terminal or sp3 carbon atom, is replaced with a heterocyclyl. A non-limiting example of a heterocyclyl-alkyl or heterocycle-alkyl group is 2-piperidinyl-methylene. The heterocyclyl-alkyl or heterocycle-alkyl group can comprise 6 to 20 atoms, e.g. the alkyl moiety is 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the heterocyclyl moiety is 3 to 14 atoms.

The term “heterocyclyl-alkenyl” or “heterocycle-alkenyl” as a group or part of a group refers to an alkenyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, is replaced with an heterocyclyl. The heterocyclyl-alkenyl or heterocycle-alkenyl group can comprise 6 to 20 atoms, e.g. the alkenyl moiety is 2 to 6 carbon atoms and the heterocyclyl moiety is 3 to 14 atoms.

The term “heterocyclyl-alkynyl” or “heterocycle-alkynyl” as a group or part of a group refers to an alkynyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, is replaced with a heterocyclyl. The heterocyclyl-alkynyl or heterocycle-alkynyl group can comprise 6 to 20 atoms, e.g. the alkynyl moiety can comprise 2 to 6 carbon atoms and the heterocyclyl moiety can comprise 3 to 14 atoms.

The term “heterocyclyl-heteroalkyl” or “heterocycle-heteroalkyl” as a group or part of a group refers to a heteroalkyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, typically a terminal or sp3 carbon atom, is replaced with a heterocyclyl. The heterocyclyl-heteroalkyl or heterocycle-heteroalkyl group can comprise 6 to 20 atoms, e.g. the heteroalkyl moiety can comprise 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the heterocyclyl moiety can comprise 3 to 14 atoms. In some embodiments heterocyclyl-heteroalkyl or heterocycle-heteroalkyl is selected from the group comprising heterocyclyl-O-alkyl, heterocyclylalkyl-O-alkyl, heterocyclyl-NH-alkyl, heterocyclyl-N(alkyl)₂, heterocyclylalkyl-NH-alkyl, heterocyclylalkyl-N-(alkyl)₂, heterocyclyl-S-alkyl, and heterocyclylalkyl-S-alkyl.

The term “heterocyclyl-heteroalkenyl” or “heterocycle-heteroalkenyl” as a group or part of a group refers to a heteroalkenyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, is replaced with a heterocyclyl. The heterocyclyl-heteroalkenyl or heterocycle-heteroalkenyl group can comprise 6 to 20 atoms, e.g. the heteroalkenyl moiety can comprise 2 to 6 carbon atoms and the heterocyclyl moiety can comprise 3 to 14 atoms. In some embodiments heterocyclyl-heteroalkenyl or heterocycle-heteroalkenyl is selected from the group comprising heterocyclyl-O-alkenyl, heterocyclylalkyl-O-alkenyl, heterocyclyl-NH-alkenyl, heterocyclyl-N(alkenyl)₂, heterocyclylalkyl-NH-alkenyl, heterocyclylalkyl-N-(alkenyl)₂, heterocyclyl-S-alkenyl, and heterocyclylalkenyl-S-alkenyl.

The term “heterocyclyl-heteroalkynyl” or “heterocycle-heteroalkynyl” as a group or part of a group refers to a heteroalkynyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, is replaced with a heterocyclyl. The heterocyclyl-heteroalkynyl or heterocycle-heteroalkynyl group can comprise 6 to 20 atoms, e.g. the heteroalkynyl moiety can comprise 2 to 6 carbon atoms and the heterocyclyl moiety can comprise 3 to 14 atoms. In some embodiments heterocyclyl-heteroalkynyl is selected from the group comprising heterocyclyl-O-alkynyl, heterocyclylalkynyl-O-alkynyl, heterocyclyl-NH-alkynyl, heterocyclyl-N(alkynyl)₂, heterocyclylalkynyl-NH-alkynyl, heterocyclylalkynyl-N-(alkynyl)₂, heterocyclyl-S-alkynyl, and heterocyclylalkynyl-S-alkynyl.

The term “heteroaryl-alkyl” as a group or part of a group refers to an alkyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, typically a terminal or sp3 carbon atom, is replaced with a heteroaryl. An example of a heteroaryl-alkyl group is 2-pyridyl-methylene. The heteroaryl-alkyl group can comprise 6 to 20 atoms, e.g. the alkyl moiety of the heteroaryl-alkyl group can comprise 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the heteroaryl moiety can comprise 5 to 14 atoms.

The term “heteroaryl-alkenyl” as a group or part of a group refers to an alkenyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, is replaced with an heteroaryl. The heteroaryl-alkenyl group can comprise 6 to 20 atoms, e.g. the alkenyl moiety of the heteroaryl-alkenyl group can comprise 2 to 6 carbon atoms and the heteroaryl moiety can comprise 5 to 14 atoms.

The term “heteroaryl-alkynyl” as a group or part of a group as used herein refers to an alkynyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, is replaced with a heteroaryl. The heteroaryl-alkynyl group comprises 6 to 20 atoms, e.g. the alkynyl moiety of the heteroaryl-alkynyl group is 2 to 6 carbon atoms and the heteroaryl moiety is 5 to 14 atoms.

The term “heteroaryl-heteroalkyl” as a group or part of a group as used herein refers to a heteroalkyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, typically a terminal or sp3 carbon atom, is replaced with a heteroaryl. The heteroaryl-heteroalkyl group comprises 7 to 20 atoms, e.g. the heteroalkyl moiety of the heteroaryl-heteroalkyl group is 2 to 6 carbon atoms and the heteroaryl moiety is 5 to 14 atoms. In some embodiments heteroaryl-heteroalkyl is selected from the group comprising heteroaryl-O-alkyl, heteroarylalkyl-O-alkyl, heteroaryl-NH-alkyl, heteroaryl-N(alkyl)₂, heteroarylalkyl-NH-alkyl, heteroarylalkyl-N-(alkyl)₂, heteroaryl-S-alkyl, and heteroarylalkyl-S-alkyl.

The term “heteroaryl-heteroalkenyl” as a group or part of a group as used herein refers to a heteroalkenyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, is replaced with an heteroaryl. The heteroaryl-heteroalkenyl group comprises 8 to 20 atoms, e.g. the heteroalkenyl moiety of the heteroaryl-heteroalkenyl group is 3 to 6 carbon atoms and the heteroaryl moiety is 5 to 14 atoms. In some embodiments heteroaryl-heteroalkenyl is selected from the group comprising heteroaryl-O-alkenyl, heteroarylalkenyl-O-alkenyl, heteroaryl-NH-alkenyl, heteroaryl-N(alkenyl)₂, heteroarylalkenyl-NH-alkenyl, heteroarylalkenyl-N-(alkenyl)₂, heteroaryl-S-alkenyl, and heteroarylalkenyl-S-alkenyl.

The term “heteroaryl-heteroalkynyl” as a group or part of a group as used herein refers to a heteroalkynyl in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, is replaced with a heteroaryl. The heteroaryl-heteroalkynyl group comprises 8 to 20 atoms, e.g. the heteroalkynyl moiety of the heteroaryl-heteroalkynyl group is 2 to 6 carbon atoms and the heteroaryl moiety is 5 to 14 atoms. In some embodiments heteroaryl-heteroalkynyl is selected from the group comprising heteroaryl-O-alkynyl, heteroarylalkynyl-O-alkynyl, heteroaryl-NH-alkynyl, heteroaryl-N(alkynyl)₂, heteroarylalkynyl-NH-alkynyl, heteroarylalkynyl-N-(alkynyl)₂, heteroaryl-S-alkynyl, and heteroarylalkynyl-S-alkynyl.

By way of example, carbon bonded heteroaryl or heterocyclic rings (or heterocycles) can be bonded at position 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridine, position 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridazine, position 2, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyrimidine, position 2, 3, 5, or 6 of a pyrazine, position 2, 3, 4, or 5 of a furan, tetrahydrofuran, thiophene, pyrrole or tetrahydropyrrole, position 2, 4, or 5 of an oxazole, imidazole or thiazole, position 3, 4, or 5 of an isoxazole, pyrazole, or isothiazole, position 2 or 3 of an aziridine, position 2, 3, or 4 of an azetidine, position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of a quinoline or position 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of an isoquinoline. Still more typically, carbon bonded heteroaryls and heterocyclyls include 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 5-pyridyl, 6-pyridyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl, 6-pyridazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 6-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 3-pyrazinyl, 5-pyrazinyl, 6-pyrazinyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, or 5-thiazolyl. By way of example, nitrogen bonded heterocyclic rings are bonded at position 1 of an aziridine, azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, imidazole, imidazolidine, 2-imidazoline, 3-imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline, 2-pyrazoline, 3-pyrazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indole, indoline, 1H-indazole, position 2 of a isoindole, or isoindoline, position 4 of a morpholine, and position 9 of a carbazole, or B-carboline. Still more typically, nitrogen bonded heteroaryls or heterocyclyls include 1-aziridyl, 1-azetedyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 1-imidazolyl, 1-pyrazolyl, and 1-piperidinyl.

As used herein and unless otherwise stated, the terms “alkoxy”, “cyclo-alkoxy”, “aryloxy”, “arylalkyloxy”, “heteroaryloxy” “heterocyclyloxy”, “alkylthio”, “cycloalkylthio”, “arylthio”, “arylalkylthio”, “heteroarylthio” and “heterocyclylthio” refer to substituents wherein an alkyl group, respectively a cycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl (each of them such as defined herein), are attached to an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom through a single bond, such as but not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, thioethyl, thiomethyl, phenyloxy, benzyloxy, mercaptobenzyl and the like. The same definitions will apply for alkenyl and alkynyl instead of alkyl.

The term “alkylthio”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —S—R^b wherein R^b is alkyl as defined herein above. Non-limiting examples of alkylthio groups include methylthio (—SCH₃), ethylthio (—SCH₂CH₃), n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, isobutylthio, sec-butylthio, tert-butylthio and the like.

The term “alkenylthio”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —S—R^d wherein R^d is alkenyl as defined herein above.

The term “alkynylthio”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —S—R^e wherein R^e is alkynyl as defined herein above.

The term “arylthio”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —S—R^g wherein R^g is aryl as defined herein above.

The term “arylalkylthio”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —S—R^a—R^g wherein R^a is alkylene and R^g is aryl as defined herein above.

The term “heterocyclylthio”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —S—Rⁱ wherein Rⁱ is heterocyclyl as defined herein above.

The term “heteroarylthio”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —S—R^k wherein R^k is heteroaryl as defined herein above.

The term “heterocyclylalkylthio”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —S—R^a—Rⁱ wherein R^a is alkylene and Rⁱ is heterocyclyl as defined herein above.

The term “heteroarylalkylthio”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group having the formula —S—R^a—R^k wherein R^a is alkylene and R^k is heteroaryl as defined herein above.

The term “mono- or di-alkylamino”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula —N(R^o)(R^b) wherein R^o is hydrogen, or alkyl, R^b is alkyl. Thus, alkylamino include mono-alkyl amino group (e.g. mono-alkylamino group such as methylamino and ethylamino), and di-alkylamino group (e.g. di-alkylamino group such as dimethylamino and diethylamino). Non-limiting examples of suitable mono- or di-alkylamino groups include n-propylamino, isopropylamino, n-butylamino, i-butylamino, sec-butylamino, t-butylamino, pentylamino, n-hexylamino, di-n-propylamino, di-i-propylamino, ethylmethylamino, methyl-n-propylamino, methyl-1-propylamino, n-butylmethylamino, i-butylmethylamino, t-butylmethylamino, ethyl-n-propylamino, ethyl-1-propylamino, n-butylethylamino, i-butylethylamino, t-butylethylamino, di-n-butylamino, di-i-butylamino, methylpentylamino, methylhexylamino, ethylpentylamino, ethylhexylamino, propylpentylamino, propylhexylamino, and the like.

The term “mono- or di-arylamino”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula —N(R^q)(R^r) wherein R^q and R^r are each independently selected from hydrogen, aryl, or alkyl, wherein at least one of R^q or R^r is aryl.

The term “mono- or di-heteroarylamino”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula —N(R^u)(R^v) wherein R^u and R^v are each independently selected from hydrogen, heteroaryl, or alkyl, wherein at least one of R^u or R^v is heteroaryl as defined herein.

The term “mono- or di-heterocyclylamino”, as a group or part of a group, refers to a group of formula —N(R^w)(R^x) wherein R^w and R^x are each independently selected from hydrogen, heterocyclyl, or alkyl, wherein at least one of R^w or R^x is heterocyclyl as defined herein.

As used herein and unless otherwise stated, the term halogen means any atom selected from the group consisting of fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) and iodine (I).

The terminology regarding a chemical group “which optionally includes one or more heteroatoms, said heteroatoms being selected from the atoms consisting of O, S, and N” as used herein, refers to a group where one or more carbon atoms are replaced by an oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur atom and thus includes, depending on the group to which is referred, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, cycloheteroalkyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, cycloheteroalkynyl, heteroaryl, arylheteroalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylheteroalkyl, arylheteroalkenyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylheteroalkenyl, heteroarylheteroalkenyl, arylheteroalkynyl, heteroarylalkynyl, heteroarylheteroalkynyl, among others. This term therefore comprises, depending on the group to which is referred, as an example alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, alkyl-O-alkylene, alkenyl-O-alkylene, arylalkoxy, benzyloxy, heteroaryl-heteroalkyl, heterocyclyl-heteroalkyl, heteroaryl-alkoxy, heterocyclyl-alkoxy, among others. As an example, the terminology “alkyl which optionally includes one or more heteroatoms, said heteroatoms being selected from the atoms consisting of O, S, and N” therefore refers to heteroalkyl, meaning an alkyl which comprises one or more heteroatoms in the hydrocarbon chain, whereas the heteroatoms may be positioned at the beginning of the hydrocarbon chain, in the hydrocarbon chain or at the end of the hydrocarbon chain. Examples of heteroalkyl include methoxy, methylthio, ethoxy, propoxy, CH₃—O—CH₂—, CH₃—S—CH₂—, CH₃—CH₂—O—CH₂—, CH₃—NH—, (CH₃)₂—N—, (CH₃)₂—CH₂—NH—CH₂—CH₂—, among many other examples. As an example, the terminology “arylalkylene which optionally includes one or more heteroatoms in the alkylene chain, said heteroatoms being selected from the atoms consisting of O, S, and N” therefore refers to arylheteroalkylene, meaning an arylalkylene which comprises one or more heteroatoms in the hydrocarbon chain, whereas the heteroatoms may be positioned at the beginning of the hydrocarbon chain, in the hydrocarbon chain or at the end of the hydrocarbon chain. “Arylheteroalkylene” thus includes aryloxy, arylalkoxy, aryl-alkyl-NH— and the like and examples are phenyloxy, benzyloxy, aryl-CH₂—S—CH₂—, aryl—CH₂—O—CH₂—, aryl—NH—CH₂— among many other examples. The same counts for “heteroalkenylene”, “heteroalkynylene”, and other terms used herein when referred to “which optionally includes one or more heteroatoms, said heteroatoms being selected from the atoms consisting of O, S, and N”.

The terminology regarding a chemical group “wherein optionally two or more hydrogen atoms on a carbon atom or heteroatom of said group can be taken together to form a═O or ═S” as used herein, refers to a group where two or more hydrogen atoms on a carbon atom or heteroatom of said group are taken together to form═O or ═S. As an example, the terminology refers to “an alkyl wherein optionally two or more hydrogen atoms on a carbon atom or heteroatom of said alkyl can be taken together to form a═O or ═S”, includes among other examples CH₃—C(O)—CH₂—, CH₃—C(O)—, CH₃—C(S)—CH₂—, CH₃—S(O)₂—CH₂— and (CH₃)₂—CH₂—C(O)—CH₂—CH₂—.

The combination for a group “which optionally includes one or more heteroatoms, said heteroatoms being selected from the atoms consisting of O, S, and N” and “wherein optionally two or more hydrogen atoms on a carbon atom or heteroatom of said group can be taken together to form a═O or ═S” can combine the two aspects described herein above and includes, if the group referred to is alkyl, among other examples CH₃—C(O)O—, CH₃—C(O)O—CH₂—, CH₃—NH—C(O)—, CH₃—C(O)—NH—CH₃—NH—C(O)—CH₂—, CH₃—NH—C(S)—CH₂—, CH₃—NH—C(S)—NH—CH₂—, CH₃—NH—S(O)₂— and CH₃—NH—S(O)₂—NH—CH₂—.

The term “single bond” as used herein for a linking group i.e. in a way that a certain linking group is selected from a single bond, etc. in the formulas herein, refers to a molecule wherein the linking group is not present and therefore refers to compounds with a direct linkage via a single bond between the two moieties being linked by the linking group.

As used herein with respect to a substituting group, and unless otherwise stated, the terms “substituted” such as in “substituted alkyl”, “substituted alkenyl”, substituted alkynyl”, “substituted aryl”, “substituted heteroaryl”, “substituted heterocyclyl”, “substituted arylalkyl”, “substituted heteroaryl-alkyl”, “substituted heterocyclyl-alkyl” and the like refer to the chemical structures defined herein, and wherein the said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, group and/or the said aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents (preferable 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6), meaning that one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with at least one substituent. Typical substituents include, but are not limited to and in a particular embodiment said substituents are being independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, amino, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkenyloxy, alkynyl, alkynyloxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, arylalkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, cycloalkyl-alkyl, cycloalkylalkenyl, cycloalkylalkynyl, heteroaryl-alkyl, heterocyclyl-alkyl, heteroaryl-alkenyl, heterocyclyl-alkenyl and heteroaryl-alkynyl, heterocyclyl-alkynyl, —X, —Z, —O⁻, —OZ, ═O, —SZ, —S⁻, ═S, —NZ₂, —N⁺Z₃, ═NZ, ═N—OZ, —CX₃ (e.g. trifluoromethyl), —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —N═C═O, —N═C═S, —NO, —NO₂, ═N₂, —N₃, —NZC(O)Z, —NZC(S)Z, —NZC(O)O⁻, —NZC(O)OZ, —NZC(S)OZ, —NZC(O)NZZ, NZC(NZ)Z, NZC(NZ)NZZ, —C(O)NZZ, —C(NZ)Z, —S(O)₂O⁻, —S(O)₂OZ, —S(O)₂Z, —OS(O)₂OZ, —OS(O)₂Z, —OS(O)₂O⁻, —S(O)₂NZZ, —S(O)(NZ)Z, —S(O)Z, —OP(O)(OZ)₂, —P(O)(OZ)₂, —P(O)(O⁻)₂, —P(O)(OZ)(O⁻), —P(O)(OH)₂, —C(O)Z, —C(O)X, —C(S)Z, —C(O)OZ, —C(O)O⁻, —C(S)OZ, —C(O)SZ, —C(S)SZ, —C(O)NZZ, —C(S)NZZ, —C(NZ)NZZ, —OC(O)Z, —OC(S)Z, —OC(O)O⁻, —OC(O)OZ, —OC(S)OZ, wherein each X is independently a halogen selected from F, Cl, Br, or I; and each Z is independently —H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, cycloalkyl, protecting group or prodrug moiety, while two Z bonded to a nitrogen atom can be taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded to form a heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl. Alkyl(ene), alkenyl(ene), and alkynyl(ene) groups may also be similarly substituted.

Any substituent designation that is found in more than one site in a compound of this disclosure shall be independently selected.

Substituents optionally are designated with or without bonds. Regardless of bond indications, if a substituent is polyvalent (based on its position in the structure referred to), then any and all possible orientations of the substituent are intended.

As used herein and unless otherwise stated, the term “solvate” includes any combination which may be formed by a derivative of this disclosure with a suitable inorganic solvent (e.g. hydrates) or organic solvent, such as but not limited to alcohols, ketones, esters, ethers, nitriles and the like.

The term “heteroatom(s)” as used herein means an atom selected from nitrogen, which can be quaternized; oxygen; and sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone.

The term “hydroxy” as used herein means —OH.

The term “carbonyl” as used herein means carbon atom bonded to oxygen with a double bond, i.e., C═O.

The term “amino” as used herein means the —NH₂ group.

The present disclosure provides novel compounds which have been shown to possess YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription inhibitory activity. The present disclosure furthermore demonstrates that these compounds efficiently inhibit TEAD activation and thereby inhibit YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription activation. Therefore, these compounds constitute a useful class of new potent compounds that can be used in the treatment and/or prevention of YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation mediated diseases in subjects, more specifically for the treatment and/or prevention of cancer and fibrosis, among other diseases.

The present disclosure furthermore relates to the compounds for use as medicines and to their use for the manufacture of medicaments for treating and/or preventing cancer or fibrosis. The present disclosure relates to the compounds for use as medicines for treating and/or preventing YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation mediated diseases such as, e.g. cancer or fibrosis in animals, mammals, more in particular in humans. The disclosure also relates to methods for the preparation of all such compounds and to pharmaceutical compositions comprising them in an effective amount. The present disclosure also relates to a method of treatment or prevention of cancer or fibrosis in humans by the administration of one or more such compounds, optionally in combination with one or more other medicines, to a patient in need thereof. The present disclosure also relates to the compounds for veterinary use and to their use as medicines for the prevention or treatment of diseases in a non-human mammal, such as cancer and fibrosis in non-human mammals.

In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula I:

• • or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, wherein:
    • X¹ is selected from the group consisting of C and N;
    • X² is selected from the group consisting of C and N;
    • X³ is selected from the group consisting of —CR³═, —CR⁴═, and —N═;
    • X⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —CR³═, —CR⁴═, and —N═;
    • R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen
      • (ii) —(CH₂)_n—NZ²Z³,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) halogen,
        • (b) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        • (d) cyano,
        • (e) —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • (f) —OZ¹,
        • (g) —NZ²Z³,
        • (h) —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • (i) —C(═O)Z⁴,
        • (j) —S(═O)Z⁴, and
        • (k) —S(═O)NZ²Z³,
      • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted 4- to 10-membered heterocycle, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) halogen,
        • (b) cyano,
        • (c) —OZ¹,
        • (d) —SZ¹,
        • (e) —NZ²Z³,
        • (f) —C(═O)Z⁴,
        • (g) —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • (h) —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • (i) —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴,
        • (j) —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • (k) —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • (l) —S(═O)₂Z⁸,
        • (m) —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        • (n) —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        • (o) —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        • (p) —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        • (q) —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴,
        • (r) —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        • (s) —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        • (t) —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        • (u) —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        • (v) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (w) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and
        • (x) C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl,
      • (v) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) halogen,
        • (b) —OZ¹,
        • (c) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (d) cyano,
        • (e) —C(═O)Z¹,
        • (f) —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • (g) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
      • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein zero or more of the heteroaryl carbons can be oxidized to form a C═O, and one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) halogen,
        • (b) cyano,
        • (c) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        •  i. halogen,
        •  ii. cyano,
        •  iii. —OZ¹,
        •  iv. —SZ¹,
        •  v. —NZ²Z³
        •  vi. —C(═O)Z⁴
        •  vii. —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  viii. —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        •  ix. —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴,
        •  x. —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  xi. —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        •  xii. —S(═O)₂Z⁸,
        •  xiii. —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        •  xiv. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        •  xv. —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        •  xvi. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        •  xvii. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴,
        •  xviii. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        •  xix. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        •  xx. —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        •  xxi. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        •  xxii. C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        •  xxiii. C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        •  xxiv. C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and
        •  xxv. 4- to 10-membered heterocycle
        • (d) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        • (e) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, —OZ¹, and —NZ²Z³,
        • (f) —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • (g) —NZ²Z³,
        • (h) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, —OZ¹, —SZ¹, —NZ²Z³, —C(═O)Z⁴, —C(═O)OZ⁴, —C(═O)NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,—S(═O)₂Z⁸, —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,—NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
        • (i) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        •  i. halo,
        •  ii. —OZ¹,
        •  iii. cyano,
        •  iv. C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        •  v. unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl,
        • wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl, hydroxy, and —NZ³Z⁴,
        •  vi. —C(═O)NZ³Z⁴,
        •  vii. —NZ³Z⁴,
        •  viii. and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        •  wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, —OZ¹, —SZ¹, —NZ²Z³, —C(═O)Z⁴, —C(═O)OZ⁴, —C(═O)NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³, —S(═O)₂Z⁸, —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,—NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
        •  ix. unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, —OZ¹, —SZ¹, —NZ²Z³, —C(═O)Z⁴, —C(═O)OZ⁴, —C(═O)NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,—S(═O)₂Z⁸, —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
        •  x. unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, —OZ¹, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, and C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        •  xi. unsubstituted or substituted 4- to 10-membered heterocycle, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl, and C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        •  xii. —OZ¹,
        •  xiii. —NZ⁵S(═O)Z⁴,
        •  xiv. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴, and
        •  xv. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        • (j) unsubstituted or substituted 4- to 10-membered heterocycle, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • i. halogen,
        • ii. cyano,
        • iii. —OZ¹,
        • iv. —SZ¹,
        •  v. —NZ²Z³
        •  vi. —C(═O)Z⁴
        •  vii. —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  viii. —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        •  ix. —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴,
        •  x. —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  xi. —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        •  xii. —S(═O)₂Z⁸,
        •  xiii. —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        •  xiv. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        •  xv. —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        •  xvi. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        •  xvii. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴,
        •  xviii. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        •  xix. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        •  xx. —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        •  xxi. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        •  xxii. C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        •  xxiii. C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and
        •  xxiv. C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl,
        •  xxv. —OZ¹,
        •  xxvi. —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  xxvii. —S(═O)₂Z¹, and
        •  xxviii. —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴;
      • (vii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        •  i. halogen,
        •  ii. cyano,
        •  iii. —OZ¹,
        •  iv. —SZ¹,
        •  v. —NZ²Z³
        •  vi. —C(═O)Z⁴
        •  vii. —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  viii. —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        •  ix. —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴,
        •  x. —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  xi. —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        •  xii. —S(═O)₂Z⁸,
        •  xiii. —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        •  xiv. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        •  xv. —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        •  xvi. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        •  xvii. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴,
        •  xviii. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        •  xix. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        •  xx. —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        •  xxi. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        •  xxii. C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        •  xxiii. C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        •  xxiv. C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and
        •  xxv. 4- to 10-membered heterocycle
      • (viii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        •  i. halogen,
        •  ii. cyano,
        •  iii. —OZ¹,
        •  iv. —SZ¹,
        •  v. —NZ²Z³
        •  vi. —C(═O)Z⁴
        •  vii. —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  viii. —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        •  ix. —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴,
        •  x. —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  xi. —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        •  xii. —S(═O)₂Z⁸,
        •  xiii. —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        •  xiv. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        •  xv. —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        •  xvi. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        •  xvii. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴,
        •  xviii. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        •  xix. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        •  xx. —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        •  xxi. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        •  xxii. C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        •  xxiii. C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        •  xxiv. C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and
        •  xxv. 4- to 10-membered heterocycle
        • (b) —NZ²Z³
        • (c) —OZ¹,
        • (d) —C(═O)OZ⁴, and
        • (e) —S(═O)₂Z¹;
    • n is 0 or 1;
    • R² is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) —(CH₂)_n—NZ²Z³,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) halogen,
        • (b) —OZ¹,
        • (c) —C(═O)Z¹,
        • (d) cyano,
        • (e) C₁-C₆ alkyl, and
        • (f) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) halogen,
        • (b) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        • (d) cyano,
        • (e) —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • (f) —OZ¹,
        • (g) —NZ²Z³,
        • (h) —C(═O)OZ⁴,
    • each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) halogen,
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (iii) cyano,
      • (iv) —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
      • (v) —OZ¹,
      • (vi) —NZ²Z³,
      • (vii) —C(═O)OZ⁴,
      • (viii) hydrogen, and
      • (ix) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
    • each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) halogen,
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (iii) cyano,
      • (iv) —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
      • (v) —OZ¹,
      • (vi) —NZ²Z³
      • (vii) —C(═O)OZ⁴,
      • (viii) hydrogen, and
      • (ix) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
    • each Z¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • a. halogen,
        • b. cyano,
        • c. —OZ⁹,
        • d. —SZ⁹,
        • e. —NZ²Z³,
        • f. —C(═O)Z⁴,
        • g. —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • h. —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • i. —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴,
        • j. —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • k. —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • I. —S(═O)₂Z⁸
        • m. —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        • n. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        • o. —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        • p. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        • q. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴,
        • r. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        • s. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        • t. —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        • u. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        • v. C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • w. C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        • x. C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and
        • y. 4- to 10-membered heterocycle,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, —OZ⁹, —SZ⁹, —NZ²Z³, —C(═O)Z⁴, —C(═O)OZ⁴, —C(═O)NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,—S(═O)₂Z⁸, —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ²Z³ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (v) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ²Z³ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (vi) C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ²Z³ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (vii) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ²Z³ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle, and
      • (viii) —NZ²Z³;
    • each Z² and Z³ are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (v) unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (vii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OZ⁹,
        • (b) —C(═O)OZ⁴,
      • (viii) —S(═O)₂Z⁴, and
      • (ix) —(C═O)Z⁴;
    • each Z⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (v) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (vii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle, and
      • (viii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle;
    • each Z⁵, Z⁶ and Z⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ alkyl, and
      • (iii) C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl;
    • each Z⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ²Z³ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (iv) halogen, and
      • (v) —OZ⁹.
    • each Z⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • a. halogen,
        • b. cyano,
        • c. —OH,
        • d. —O(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • e. —O(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl),
        • f. —O(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl),
        • g. —O(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl),
        • h. —O(C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl),
        • i. —O(C₁-C₆ haloalkyl),
        • j. —SH,
        • k. —S(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • I. —S(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl),
        • m. —S(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl),
        • n. —S(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl),
        • o. —O(C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl),
        • p. —S(C₁-C₆ haloalkyl),
        • q. —NH₂,
        • r. —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl),
        • s. —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl),
        • t. —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl),
        • u. —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl),
        • v. —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl),
        • w. —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • x. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂,
        • y. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂,
        • z. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂,
        • aa. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)₂,
        • bb. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂,
        • cc. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂,
        • dd. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • ee. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl),
        • ff. —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl),
        • gg. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl),
        • hh. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl),
        • ii. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • jj. —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl),
        • kk. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl),
        • II. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl),
        • mm. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • nn. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl),
        • oo. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl),
        • pp. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • qq. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl),
        • rr. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • ss. —C(═O)Z⁴,
        • tt. —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • uu. —C(═O)NZ¹⁰Z¹¹
        • vv. —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴,
        • ww. —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • xx. —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ¹⁰Z¹¹,
        • yy. —S(═O)₂Z⁸,
        • zz. —S(═O)₂NZ¹⁰Z¹¹
        • aaa. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        • bbb. —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        • ccc. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ¹⁰Z¹¹,
        • ddd. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴,
        • eee. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ¹⁰Z¹¹,
        • fff. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        • ggg. —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        • hhh. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ¹⁰Z¹¹,
        • iii. C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • jjj. C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        • kkk. C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and
        • III. 4- to 10-membered heterocycle,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, —OZ¹, —SZ¹, —NZ¹⁰Z¹¹, —C(═O)Z⁴, —C(═O)OZ⁴, —C(═O)NZ¹⁰Z¹¹, —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,—S(═O)₂Z⁸, —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ¹⁰Z¹¹, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ¹⁰ Z¹¹ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (v) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ¹⁰ Z¹¹ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ¹⁰ Z¹¹ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (vii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ¹⁰ Z¹¹ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle, and
      • (viii) —NZ⁸Z⁹
    • each of Z^1′ and Z¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl,
      • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl
      • (v) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl,
      • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl, and
      • (vii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.

In another embodiment, the disclosure provides the compound of Formula I, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, wherein:

• • X¹ is selected from the group consisting of C and N;
  • X² is selected from the group consisting of C and N;
  • X³ is selected from the group consisting of —CR³═ and —CH═;
  • X⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —CR³═ and —CH═;
  • R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:
    • (i) —(CH₂)_n—NZ²Z³,
    • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) —OH, and
      • (b) —C(═O)OH,
    • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted 4- to 10-membered heterocycle, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) —OH, and
      • (b) —C(═O)OH,
    • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) —OH,
      • (b) —C(═O)Z¹, and
      • (c) —C(═O)OH,
    • (v) unsubstituted or substituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) —OH,
      • (b) —C(═O)OH, and
      • (c) —S(═O)₂Z¹,
    • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) —OH, and
      • (b) —C(═O)OH,
    • (vii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) —OH,
      • (b) —C(═O)OH, and
      • (c) —S(═O)₂Z¹;
  • n is 0 or 1;
  • R² is selected from the group consisting of:
    • (i) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (b) halogen, and
      • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
    • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (b) halogen, and
      • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
  • R³ is selected from the group consisting of:
    • (a) hydrogen, and
      • (b) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
  • each Z¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
    • (i) hydrogen,
    • (ii) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
    • (iii) C₂-C₆ alkenyl, and
    • (iv) —NZ²Z³;
  • each Z² and Z³ are independently selected from the group consisting of:
    • (i) hydrogen,
    • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) —OH, and
      • (b) —C(═O)OH,
    • (iii) —S(═O)₂Z⁴,
    • (iv) —(C═O)Z⁴;
  • each Z⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
    • (i) C₁-C₆ alkyl, and
    • (ii) C₂-C₆ alkenyl.

In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula II:

• • or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, wherein:
    • R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) —(CH₂)_n—NZ²Z³,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH, and
        • (b) —C(═O)OH,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted 4- to 10-membered heterocycle, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH, and
        • (b) —C(═O)OH,
      • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH,
        • (b) —C(═O)Z¹, and
        • (c) —C(═O)OH,
      • (v) unsubstituted or substituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH,
        • (b) —C(═O)OH, and
        • (c) —S(═O)₂Z¹,
      • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH, and
        • (b) —C(═O)OH,
      • (vii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH,
        • (b) —C(═O)OH, and
        • (c) —S(═O)₂Z¹;
    • n is 0 or 1;
    • R² is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (b) halogen, and
        • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (b) halogen, and
        • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
    • R³ is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen, and
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
    • each Z¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (iii) C₂-C₆ alkenyl, and
      • (iv) —NZ²Z³;
    • each Z² and Z³ are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH,
        • (b) —C(═O)OH,
      • (iii) —S(═O)₂Z⁴, and
      • (iv) —(C═O)Z⁴;
    • each Z⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) C₁-C₆ alkyl, and
      • (ii) C₂-C₆ alkenyl.

In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula III:

• • or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, wherein:
    • R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) —(CH₂)_n—NZ²Z³,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH, and
        • (b) —C(═O)OH,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted 4- to 10-membered heterocycle, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH, and
        • (b) —C(═O)OH,
      • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH,
        • (b) —C(═O)Z¹, and
        • (c) —C(═O)OH,
      • (v) unsubstituted or substituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH,
        • (b) —C(═O)OH, and
        • (c) —S(═O)₂Z¹,
      • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH, and
        • (b) —C(═O)OH,
      • (vii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH,
        • (b) —C(═O)OH, and
        • (c) —S(═O)₂Z¹;
    • n is 0 or 1;
    • R² is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (b) halogen, and
        • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (b) halogen, and
        • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
    • R³ is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen, and
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
    • each Z¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (iii) C₂-C₆ alkenyl, and
      • (iv) —NZ²Z³;
    • each Z² and Z³ are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH, and
        • (b) —C(═O)OH,
      • (iii) —S(═O)₂Z⁴, and
      • (iv) —(C═O)Z⁴;
    • each Z⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) C₁-C₆ alkyl, and
      • (ii) C₂-C₆ alkenyl.

In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, selected from the group consisting of:

• N-((3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)acrylamide;
• N-((1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)acrylamide;
• N-((1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)propionamide;
• N-((1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide;
• N-((3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)propionamide;
• N-((3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide;
• (E)-3-(3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)acrylic acid;
• (E)-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid;
• N-((6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)acrylamide;
• N-((6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)acetamide;
• N-((6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide;
• trans-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid;
• 2-hydroxy-4-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)benzaldehyde;
• 3-hydroxy-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid;
• 2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acetic acid;
• 1-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)azetidine-2-carboxylic acid;
• 1-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid;
• cis-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid;
• cis-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid;
• trans-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid;
• (1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)glycine;
• (E)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid;
• 3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)propanoic acid;
• N-methyl-N—(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)glycine;
• 5-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one;
• N—((1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)acrylamide;
• (E)—N-methyl-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)ethene-1-sulfonamide;
• 3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one;
• 5-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one; and
• 3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)isoxazol-5(4H)-one.

In another embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, selected from the group consisting of:

• (E)-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid; and
• (E)—N-methyl-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)ethene-1-sulfonamide.

Preferred or particular statements (features) and embodiments of the compounds of this disclosure are set herein below. Each statement, aspect and embodiment of the disclosure so defined may be combined with any other statement, aspect and/or embodiment, unless clearly indicated to the contrary. In particular, any feature indicated as being preferred, particular or advantageous may be combined with any other features or statements indicated as being preferred, particular or advantageous. Hereto, the present disclosure is in particular captured by any one or any combination of one or more of the below numbered statements and embodiments, with any other statement, aspect and/or embodiment (which are not numbered).

Embodiment 1. A compound of Formula I:

• • or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, wherein:
    • X¹ is selected from the group consisting of C and N;
    • X² is selected from the group consisting of C and N;
    • X³ is selected from the group consisting of —CR³═, —CR⁴═, and —N═;
    • X⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —CR³═, —CR⁴═, and —N═;
    • R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (ix) hydrogen
      • (x) —(CH₂)_n—NZ²Z³,
      • (xi) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) halogen,
        • (b) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        • (d) cyano,
        • (e) —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • (f) —OZ¹,
        • (g) —NZ²Z³,
        • (h) —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • (i) —C(═O)Z⁴,
        • (j) —S(═O)Z⁴, and
        • (k) —S(═O)NZ²Z³,
      • (xii) unsubstituted or substituted 4- to 10-membered heterocycle, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) halogen,
        • (b) cyano,
        • (c) —OZ¹,
        • (d) —SZ¹,
        • (e) —NZ²Z³,
        • (f) —C(═O)Z⁴,
        • (g) —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • (h) —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • (i) —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴,
        • (j) —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • (k) —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • (1) —S(═O)₂Z⁸,
        • (m) —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        • (n) —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        • (o) —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        • (p) —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        • (q) —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴,
        • (r) —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        • (s) —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        • (t) —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        • (u) —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        • (v) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (w) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and
        • (x) C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl,
      • (xiii) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) halogen,
        • (b) —OZ¹,
        • (c) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (d) cyano,
        • (e) —C(═O)Z¹,
        • (f) —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • (g) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
      • (xiv) unsubstituted or substituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein zero or more of the heteroaryl carbons can be oxidized to form a C═O, and one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) halogen,
        • (b) cyano,
        • (c) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        •  i. halogen,
        •  ii. cyano,
        •  iii. —OZ¹,
        •  iv. —SZ¹,
        •  v. —NZ²Z³
        •  vi. —C(═O)Z⁴
        •  vii. —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  viii. —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        •  ix. —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴,
        •  x. —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  xi. —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        •  xii. —S(═O)₂Z⁸,
        •  xiii. —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        •  xiv. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        •  xv. —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        •  xvi. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        •  xvii. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴,
        •  xviii. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        •  xix. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        •  xx. —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        •  xxi. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        •  xxii. C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        •  xxiii. C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        •  xxiv. C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and
        •  xxv. 4- to 10-membered heterocycle
        • (d) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        • (e) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl, halogen, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, —OZ¹, and —NZ²Z³,
        • (f) —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • (g) —NZ²Z³,
        • (h) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, —OZ¹, —SZ¹, —NZ²Z³, —C(═O)Z⁴, —C(═O)OZ⁴, —C(═O)NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,—S(═O)₂Z⁸, —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,—NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
        • (i) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        •  i. halo,
        •  ii. —OZ¹,
        •  iii. cyano,
        •  iv. C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        •  v. unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl, hydroxy, and —NZ³Z⁴,
        •  vi. —C(═O)NZ³Z⁴,
        •  vii. —NZ³Z⁴,
        •  viii. and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, —OZ¹, —SZ¹, —NZ²Z³, —C(═O)Z⁴, —C(═O)OZ⁴, —C(═O)NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³, —S(═O)₂Z⁸, —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,—NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
        •  ix. unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, —OZ¹, —SZ¹, —NZ²Z³, —C(═O)Z⁴, —C(═O)OZ⁴, —C(═O)NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,—S(═O)₂Z⁸, —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
        •  x. unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halo, —OZ¹, C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, hydroxy, and C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        •  xi. unsubstituted or substituted 4- to 10-membered heterocycle, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆ alkyl, and C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        •  xii. —OZ¹,
        •  xiii. —NZ⁵S(═O)Z⁴,
        •  xiv. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴, and
        •  xv. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        • (j) unsubstituted or substituted 4- to 10-membered heterocycle, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        •  i. halogen,
        •  ii. cyano,
        •  iii. —OZ¹,
        •  iv. —SZ¹,
        •  v. —NZ²Z³
        •  vi. —C(═O)Z⁴
        •  vii. —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  viii. —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        •  ix. —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴,
        •  x. —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  xi. —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        •  xii. —S(═O)₂Z⁸,
        •  xiii. —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        •  xiv. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        •  xv. —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        •  xvi. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        •  xvii. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴,
        •  xviii. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        •  xix. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        •  xx. —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        •  xxi. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        •  xxii. C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        •  xxiii. C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, and
        •  xxiv. C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl,
        •  xxv. —OZ¹,
        •  xxvi. —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  xxvii. —S(═O)₂Z¹, and
        •  xxviii. —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴;
      • (xv) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        •  i. halogen,
        •  ii. cyano,
        •  iii. —OZ¹,
        • iv.  —SZ¹,
        • v.  —NZ²Z³
        • vi.  —C(═O)Z⁴
        • vii.  —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • viii.  —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • ix.  —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴,
        • x.  —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • xi.  —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • xii.  —S(═O)₂Z⁸,
        • xiii.  —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        • xiv.  —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        • xv.  —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        • xvi.  —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        • xvii.  —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴,
        • xviii.  —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        • xix.  —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        • xx.  —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        • xxi.  —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        • xxii.  C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • xxiii.  C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        • xxiv.  C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and
        • xxv.  4- to 10-membered heterocycle
      • (xvi) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (f) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        •  i. halogen,
        •  ii. cyano,
        •  iii. —OZ¹,
        •  iv. —SZ¹,
        •  v. —NZ²Z³
        •  vi. —C(═O)Z⁴
        •  vii. —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  viii. —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        •  ix. —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴,
        •  x. —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴,
        •  xi. —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        •  xii. —S(═O)₂Z⁸,
        •  xiii. —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        •  xiv. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        •  xv. —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        •  xvi. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        •  xvii. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴,
        •  xviii. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        •  xix. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        •  xx. —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        •  xxi. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        •  xxii. C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        •  xxiii. C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        •  xxiv. C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and
        •  xxv. 4- to 10-membered heterocycle
        • (g) —NZ²Z³
        • (h) —OZ¹,
        • (i) —C(═O)OZ⁴, and
        • (j) —S(═O)₂Z¹;
    • n is 0 or 1;
    • R² is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (iv) —(CH₂)_n—NZ²Z³,
      • (v) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) halogen,
        • (b) —OZ¹,
        • (c) —C(═O)Z¹,
        • (d) cyano,
        • (e) C₁-C₆ alkyl, and
        • (f) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
      • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) halogen,
        • (b) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        • (d) cyano,
        • (e) —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • (f) —OZ¹,
        • (g) —NZ²Z³,
        • (h) —C(═O)OZ⁴,
    • each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (x) halogen,
      • (xi) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (xii) cyano,
      • (xiii) —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
      • (xiv) —OZ¹,
      • (xv) —NZ²Z³,
      • (xvi) —C(═O)OZ⁴,
      • (xvii) hydrogen, and
      • (xviii) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
    • each R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (x) halogen,
      • (xi) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (xii) cyano,
      • (xiii) —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
      • (xiv) —OZ¹,
      • (xv) —NZ²Z³
      • (xvi) —C(═O)OZ⁴,
      • (xvii) hydrogen, and
      • (xviii) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
    • each Z¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (ix) hydrogen,
      • (x) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • a. halogen,
        • b. cyano,
        • c. —OZ⁹,
        • d. —SZ⁹,
        • e. —NZ²Z³,
        • f. —C(═O)Z⁴,
        • g. —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • h. —C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • i. —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴,
        • j. —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • k. —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,
        • I. —S(═O)₂Z⁸
        • m. —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        • n. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        • o. —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        • p. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        • q. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴,
        • r. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³,
        • s. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        • t. —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        • u. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³,
        • v. C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • w. C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        • x. C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and
        • y. 4- to 10-membered heterocycle,
      • (xi) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, —OZ⁹, —SZ⁹, —NZ²Z³, —C(═O)Z⁴, —C(═O)OZ⁴, —C(═O)NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,—S(═O)₂Z⁸, —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (xii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ²Z³ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (xiii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ²Z³ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (xiv) C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ²Z³ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (xv) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ²Z³ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle, and
      • (xvi) —NZ²Z³;
    • each Z² and Z³ are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (v) unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl) —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (vii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (c) —OZ⁹,
        • (d) —C(═O)OZ⁴,
      • (viii) —S(═O)₂Z⁴, and
      • (ix) —(C═O)Z⁴;
    • each Z⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (v) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (vii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle, and
      • (viii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NH₂, —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl), —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl), —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl), and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle;
    • each Z⁵, Z⁶ and Z⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ alkyl, and
      • (iii) C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl;
    • each Z⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ²Z³ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (iv) halogen, and
      • (v) —OZ⁹.
    • each Z⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • a. halogen,
        • b. cyano,
        • c. —OH,
        • d. —O(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • e. —O(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl),
        • f. —O(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl),
        • g. —O(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl),
        • h. —O(C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl),
        • i. —O(C₁-C₆ haloalkyl),
        • j. —SH,
        • k. —S(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • I. —S(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl),
        • m. —S(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl),
        • n. —S(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl),
        • o. —O(C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl),
        • p. —S(C₁-C₆ haloalkyl),
        • q. —NH₂,
        • r. —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl),
        • s. —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl),
        • t. —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl),
        • u. —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl),
        • v. —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl),
        • w. —NH(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • x. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)₂,
        • y. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)₂,
        • z. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)₂,
        • aa. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)₂,
        • bb. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)₂,
        • cc. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂,
        • dd. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • ee. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl),
        • ff. —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl),
        • gg. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl),
        • hh. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl),
        • ii. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • jj. —N((unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl),
        • kk. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl),
        • ll. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl),
        • mm. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • nn. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl),
        • oo. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl),
        • pp. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • qq. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkenyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl),
        • rr. —N(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl)(unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl),
        • ss. —C(═O)Z⁴,
        • tt. —C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • uu. —C(═O)NZ¹⁰Z¹¹
        • vv. —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴,
        • ww. —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴,
        • xx. —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ¹⁰Z¹¹,
        • yy. —S(═O)₂Z⁸,
        • zz. —S(═O)₂NZ¹⁰Z¹¹,
        • aaa. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        • bbb. —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        • ccc. —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ¹⁰Z¹¹,
        • ddd. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴,
        • eee. —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ¹⁰ Z¹¹,
        • fff. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴,
        • ggg. —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴,
        • hhh. —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ¹⁰ Z¹¹,
        • iii. C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • jjj. C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
        • kkk. C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and
        • lll. 4- to 10-membered heterocycle,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, —OZ¹, —SZ¹, —NZ¹⁰Z¹¹, —C(═O)Z⁴, —C(═O)OZ⁴, —C(═O)NZ¹⁰Z¹¹, —NZ⁵C(═O)Z⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)OZ⁴, —NZ⁵C(═O)NZ²Z³,—S(═O)₂Z⁸, —S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —S(═Z⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)₂NZ²Z³, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═NZ⁶)(═NZ⁷)Z⁴, —NZ⁵S(═O)(═NZ⁶)NZ¹⁰Z¹¹, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ¹⁰ Z¹¹ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (v) unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ¹⁰ Z¹¹ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ¹⁰ Z¹¹ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle,
      • (vii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of halogen and unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of —NZ¹⁰Z¹¹ and 4- to 8-membered heterocycle, and
      • (viii) —NZ³Z⁹
    • each of Z^1′ and Z¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl,
      • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl
      • (v) unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkyl,
      • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted C₃—C cycloalkenyl, and
      • (vii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ haloalkyl.

Embodiment 2. The compound of Embodiment 1, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, wherein:

• • X¹ is selected from the group consisting of C and N;
  • X² is selected from the group consisting of C and N;
  • X³ is selected from the group consisting of —CR³═ and —CH═;
  • X⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —CR³═ and —CH═;
  • R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:
    • (i) —(CH₂)_n—NZ²Z³,
    • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) —OH, and
      • (b) —C(═O)OH,
    • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted 4- to 10-membered heterocycle, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) —OH, and
      • (b) —C(═O)OH,
    • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) —OH,
      • (b) —C(═O)Z¹, and
      • (c) —C(═O)OH,
    • (v) unsubstituted or substituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) —OH,
      • (b) —C(═O)OH, and
      • (c) —S(═O)₂Z¹,
    • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) —OH, and
      • (b) —C(═O)OH,
    • (vii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) —OH,
      • (b) —C(═O)OH, and
      • (c) —S(═O)₂Z¹;
  • n is 0 or 1;
  • R² is selected from the group consisting of:
    • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (b) halogen, and
      • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
    • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (a) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (b) halogen, and
      • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
  • R³ is selected from the group consisting of:
    • (c) hydrogen, and
      • (d) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
  • each Z¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
    • (i) hydrogen,
    • (ii) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
    • (iii) C₂-C₆ alkenyl, and
    • (iv) —NZ²Z³;
  • each Z² and Z³ are independently selected from the group consisting of:
    • (i) hydrogen,
    • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (c) —OH, and
      • (d) —C(═O)OH,
    • (iii) —S(═O)₂Z⁴,
    • (iv) —(C═O)Z⁴;
  • each Z⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
    • (i) C₁-C₆ alkyl, and
    • (ii) C₂-C₆ alkenyl.

Embodiment 3. A compound of Formula II:

• • or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, wherein:
    • R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) —(CH₂)_n—NZ²Z³,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH, and
        • (b) —C(═O)OH,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted 4- to 10-membered heterocycle, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH, and
        • (b) —C(═O)OH,
      • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH,
        • (b) —C(═O)Z¹, and
        • (c) —C(═O)OH,
      • (v) unsubstituted or substituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH,
        • (b) —C(═O)OH, and
        • (c) —S(═O)₂Z¹,
      • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH, and
        • (b) —C(═O)OH,
      • (vii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH,
        • (b) —C(═O)OH, and
        • (c) —S(═O)₂Z¹;
    • n is 0 or 1;
    • R² is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (b) halogen, and
        • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (b) halogen, and
        • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
    • R³ is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen, and
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
    • each Z¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (iii) C₂-C₆ alkenyl, and
      • (iv) —NZ²Z³;
    • each Z² and Z³ are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH, and
        • (b) —C(═O)OH,
      • (iii) —S(═O)₂Z⁴,
      • (iv) —(C═O)Z⁴;
    • each Z⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) C₁-C₆ alkyl, and
      • (ii) C₂-C₆ alkenyl.

Embodiment 4. A compound of Formula III:

• • or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, wherein:
    • R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) —(CH₂)_n—NZ²Z³,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH, and
        • (b) —C(═O)OH,
      • (iii) unsubstituted or substituted 4- to 10-membered heterocycle, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH, and
        • (b) —C(═O)OH,
      • (iv) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH,
        • (b) —C(═O)Z¹, and
        • (c) —C(═O)OH,
      • (v) unsubstituted or substituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH,
        • (b) —C(═O)OH, and
        • (c) —S(═O)₂Z¹,
      • (vi) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH, and
        • (b) —C(═O)OH,
      • (vii) unsubstituted or substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) —OH,
        • (b) —C(═O)OH, and
        • (c) —S(═O)₂Z¹;
    • n is 0 or 1;
    • R² is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) unsubstituted or substituted C₆-C₁₀ aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (b) halogen, and
        • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (a) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
        • (b) halogen, and
        • (c) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
    • R³ is selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen, and
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ haloalkyl;
    • each Z¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) C₁-C₆ alkyl,
      • (iii) C₂-C₆ alkenyl, and
      • (iv) —NZ²Z³;
    • each Z² and Z³ are independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (i) hydrogen,
      • (ii) unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of:
        • (c) —OH, and
        • (d) —C(═O)OH,
      • (iii) —S(═O)₂Z⁴,
      • (iv) —(C═O)Z⁴;
    • each Z⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of:
      • (iii) C₁-C₆ alkyl, and
      • (iv) C₂-C₆ alkenyl.

Embodiment 5. A compound, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, selected from the group consisting of:

• N—((3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)acrylamide;
• N—((1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)acrylamide;
• N—((1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)propionamide;
• N—((1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide;
• N—((3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)propionamide;
• N—((3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide;
• (E)-3-(3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)acrylic acid;
• (E)-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid;
• N-((6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)acrylamide;
• N-((6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)acetamide;
• N-((6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide;
• trans-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid;
• 2-hydroxy-4-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)benzaldehyde;
• 3-hydroxy-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid;
• 2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acetic acid;
• 1-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)azetidine-2-carboxylic acid;
• 1-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid;
• cis-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid;
• cis-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid;
• trans-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid;
• (1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)glycine;
• (E)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid;
• 3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)propanoic acid;
• N-methyl-N(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)glycine;
• 5-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one;
• N-((1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)acrylamide;
• (E)—N-methyl-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)ethene-1-sulfonamide;
• 3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one;
• 5-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one; and
• 3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)isoxazol-5(4H)-one.

Embodiment 6. A compound, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, selected from the group consisting of:

• (E)-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid; and
• (E)—N-methyl-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)ethene-1-sulfonamide.

Embodiment 7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-5, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Embodiment 8. The compound of any one of Embodiments 1-6, or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 6, for use as a medicine.

Embodiment 9. The compound of any one of Embodiments 1-6, or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 7, for use in the prevention or treatment of a YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation mediated disorder in an animal, mammal or human.

Embodiment 10. The compound of Embodiment 9, or a pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 9, wherein the YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation mediated disorders is selected from the group comprising cancer, fibrosis and YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation mediated congenital disorders.

Embodiment 11. The compound of Embodiment 9, or a pharmaceutical composition according to Embodiment 9, wherein the YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation mediated disorders is selected from lung cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, oesophageal cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, liver cancer (including but not limited to cholangiocarcinoma), skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, brain cancer and prostate cancer, mesotheliomas, and/or sarcomas.

Embodiment 12. The compound of Embodiment 9, or a pharmaceutical composition according to Embodiment 9, wherein the YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation mediated disorders is selected from acoustic neuroma, acute leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia (monocytic, myeloblastic, adenocarcinoma, angiosarcoma, astrocytoma, myelomonocytic and promyelocytic), acute T-cell leukemia, basal cell carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, chondrosarcoma, chordoma, choriocarcinoma, chronic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, colorectal cancer, craniopharyngioma, cystadenocarcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, dysproliferative changes (dysplasias and metaplasias), embryonal carcinoma, endometrial cancer, endotheliosarcoma, ependymoma, epithelial carcinoma, erythroleukemia, esophageal cancer, estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer, essential thrombocythemia, Ewing's tumor, fibrosarcoma, follicular lymphoma, germ cell testicular cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, gliosarcoma, heavy chain disease, hemangioblastoma, hepatoma, hepatocellular cancer, hormone insensitive prostate cancer, leiomyosarcoma, leukemia, liposarcoma, lymphagioendotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's), malignancies and hyperproliferative disorders of the bladder, breast, colon, lung, ovaries, pancreas, prostate, skin and uterus, lymphoid malignancies of T-cell or B-cell origin, medullary carcinoma, medulloblastoma, melanoma, meningioma, mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, myelogenous leukemia, myeloma, myxosarcoma, neuroblastoma, NUT midline carcinoma (NMC), non-small cell lung cancer, oligodendroglioma, oral cancer, osteogenic sarcoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, papillary carcinoma, pinealoma, polycythemia vera, rectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, seminoma, small cell lung carcinoma, solid tumors (carcinomas and sarcomas), small cell lung cancer, stomach cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, synovioma, sweat gland carcinoma, thyroid cancer, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, testicular tumors, uterine cancer and Wilms' tumor.

Embodiment 13. A method for the prevention or treatment of a YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation mediated disorder in an animal, mammal or human comprising administering to said animal, mammal or human in need for such prevention or treatment an effective dose of the compounds of any one of Embodiments 1-6.

Embodiment 14. The method of Embodiment 13 further comprising administering one or more additional medicines selected from the group consisting of EGFR inhibitors, MEK inhibitors, AXL inhibitors, B-RAF inhibitors, and RAS inhibitors.

More generally, the disclosure relates to the compounds of the formulae described herein and embodiments, statements and aspects thereof being useful as agents having biological activity or as diagnostic agents. Any of the uses mentioned with respect to the present disclosure may be restricted to a non-medical use, a non-therapeutic use, a non-diagnostic use, or exclusively an in vitro use, or a use related to cells remote from an animal.

Compounds of the present disclosure are small molecule YAP/TAZ-TEAD inhibitors. Small molecule YAP/TAZ-TEAD inhibitors are useful, e.g., for the treatment of cancer, including with no limitations, lung cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, oesophageal cancer, kidney cancer, bladder cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, liver cancer (including but not limited to cholangiocarcinoma), skin cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, brain cancer and prostate cancer, mesotheliomas, and/or sarcomas. In other embodiments, small molecule YAP/TAZ-TEAD inhibitors are useful for the treatment of cancers characterized by squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, cervix, ovaries, head and neck, oesophagus, and/or skin. In other embodiments, small molecule YAP/TAZ-TEAD inhibitors are useful for the treatment of cancers that originate from neuroectoderm-derived tissues, such as ependymomas, meningiomas, schwannomas, peripheral nerve-sheet tumors and/or neuroblastomas. In other embodiments, small molecule YAP/TAZ-TEAD inhibitors are useful for the treatment of vascular cancers, such as epithelioid haemangioendotheliomas, or for the treatment of supratentorial ependymomas or porocarcinomas. In some embodiments, the solid tumors have gain-of-function gene amplifications, gene fusions or activating mutations in the YAP1 or WWTR1 (TAZ) genes. In some embodiments the solid tumors have loss-of-function mutations or deletions in the NF2, LATS1/2, BAP1, FAT1, SAV1, and/or MST1/2 genes. In some embodiments solid tumors have gain-of-function mutations in the GNAQ and/or GNA11 genes, e.g. in uveal melanoma. In some embodiments, solid cancer are characterized by constitutive nuclear presence of YAP and/or TAZ. In some embodiments, solid cancers are characterized by the overexpression of YAP/TAZ-TEAD signature genes, including but not limited to CTGF, CYR61, AMOTL2, and/or ANKRD1.

Small molecule YAP/TAZ-TEAD inhibitors may also be useful to treat cancers that have developed resistance to prior treatments. This may include, for instance, the treatment of cancers that have developed resistance to chemotherapy, or to targeted therapy. In some embodiments, this may include the treatment of cancers that have developed resistance to inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases, such as EGFR (afatinib, erlotinib hydrochloride, osimertinib, gefitinib, dacomitinib, neratinib, canertinib, cetuximab) or AXL (crizotinib, cabozantinib, gilteritinib, sitravatinib, bemcentinib, dubermatinib), to components of the RAS-MAPK signaling cascade, including inhibitors of RAS itself (such as AMG510, MRTX849, B11701963, ARS1620), inhibitors of B-RAF (sorafinib tosylate, dabrafenib, vemurafenib, regorafenib), or MEK1/2 (trametinib, selumetinib, cobimetinib, mirdametinib).

Small molecule YAP/TAZ-TEAD inhibitors may also be useful when combined, upon simultaneous administration, or subsequent administration, with other agents used for the treatment of cancer. This may include, for instance, the co-treatment with inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies targeting receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGFR (afatinib, erlotinib hydrochloride, osimertinib, gefitinib, dacomitinib, neratinib, canertinib, cetuximab) or AXL (crizotinib, cabozantinib, gilteritinib, sitravatinib, bemcentinib, dubermatinib), to components of the RAS-MAPK signaling cascade, including inhibitors of RAS itself (such as AMG510, MRTX849, B11701963, ARS1620), inhibitors of B-RAF (sorafinib tosylate, dabrafenib, vemurafenib, regorafenib), or MEK1/2 (trametinib, selumetinib, cobimetinib, mirdametinib).

Small molecule YAP/TAZ-TEAD inhibitors may also be useful to treat a metastasized cancer. In some instances, the metastasized cancer is selected from metastasized uveal melanoma, mesothelioma, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, glioma, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, medulloblastoma, ovarian cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, head and neck cancer, prostate cancer, and meningioma.

In some embodiments, the cancer treated could be malignant pleural mesothelioma or lung cancer.

In some embodiments, the compounds of the disclosure can be used for the treatment of acoustic neuroma, acute leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia (monocytic, myeloblastic, adenocarcinoma, angiosarcoma, astrocytoma, myelomonocytic and promyelocytic), acute T-cell leukemia, basal cell carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma, bladder cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, bronchogenic carcinoma, cervical cancer, chondrosarcoma, chordoma, choriocarcinoma, chronic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, craniopharyngioma, cystadenocarcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, dysproliferative changes (dysplasias and metaplasias), embryonal carcinoma, endometrial cancer, endotheliosarcoma, ependymoma, epithelial carcinoma, erythroleukemia, esophageal cancer, estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer, essential thrombocythemia, Ewing's tumor, fibrosarcoma, follicular lymphoma, germ cell testicular cancer, glioma, glioblastoma, gliosarcoma, heavy chain disease, hemangioblastoma, hepatoma, hepatocellular cancer, hormone insensitive prostate cancer, leiomyosarcoma, leukemia, liposarcoma, lung cancer, lymphagioendotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's), malignancies and hyperproliferative disorders of the bladder, breast, colon, lung, ovaries, pancreas, prostate, skin and uterus, lymphoid malignancies of T-cell or B-cell origin, medullary carcinoma, medulloblastoma, melanoma, meningioma, mesothelioma, multiple myeloma, myelogenous leukemia, myeloma, myxosarcoma, neuroblastoma, NUT midline carcinoma (NMC), non-small cell lung cancer, oligodendroglioma, oral cancer, osteogenic sarcoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, papillary adenocarcinomas, papillary carcinoma, pinealoma, polycythemia vera, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, sarcoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, seminoma, skin cancer, small cell lung carcinoma, solid tumors (carcinomas and sarcomas), small cell lung cancer, stomach cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, synovioma, sweat gland carcinoma, thyroid cancer, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, testicular tumors, uterine cancer and Wilms' tumor.

Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Small molecule YAP/TAZ-TEAD inhibitors may also be useful to treat malignant pleural mesothelioma, as a single agent, or in combination with inhibitors such as pemetrexed disodium, raltitrexed, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, gemcitabine, doxorubicin, or monoclonal anitbodies such as bevacizumab. Combinations with checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, and/or nivolumab. Combinations with cell therapy, for instance, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T therapy or CAR NK therapy, which may, for instance, use mesothelin (MSLN) as an antigen. Combinations with monoclonal antibodies that, for instance, recognize mesothelin as an antigen, for instance BMS-986148, BAY 94-9343, amatuximab, and/or LMB-100.

Lung Cancer

Small molecule YAP/TAZ-TEAD inhibitors may also be useful to treat lung cancer, as a single agent, or in combination with inhibitors such as afatinib, bevacizumab, cabozantinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, erlotinib hydrochloride, osimertinib, ramucirumab, gefitinib, alectinib, trastuzumab, cetuximab, ipilimumab, trametinib, dabrafenib, vemurafenib, dacomitinib, tivantinib, and/or onartuzumab. Combinations with checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, and/or nivolumab. Combinations with cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, paclitaxel protein bound, docetaxel, gemcitabine, vinorelbine, etoposide, nintedanib, vinblastine, pemetrexed, afatinib, bevacizumab, cabozantinib, ceritinib, crizotinib, erlotinib hydrochloride, osimertinib, ramucirumab, gefitinib, necitumumab, alectinib, trastuzumab, cetuximab, ipilimumab, trametinib, dabrafenib, vemurafenib, dacomitinib, tivantinib, onartuzumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, and/or nivolumab

In some embodiments, small molecule YAP/TAZ-TEAD inhibitors are useful, e.g., for the treatment of congenital disorders. In some embodiments, the congenital disease is mediated by activation of transcriptional coactivator with PDZ binding motif/Yes—associated protein transcription coactivator (TAZ/YAP). In some embodiments, the congenital disease is characterized by a mutant Ga-protein. In some embodiments, the mutant Ga-protein is selected from G12, G13, Gq, G11, Gi, Go, and Gs. In some embodiments, the congenital disease is characterized by loss-of-function mutations or deletions in the NF2 gene. Exemplary congenital diseases include, but are not limited to, Sturge-Weber Syndrome, Port-Wine stain, and Neurofibromatosis. In some embodiments the congenital disease is Neurofibromatosis, including but not limited to Neurofibromatosis type 2.

In some embodiments, small molecule YAP/TAZ-TEAD inhibitors are useful, e.g., for the treatment of fibrotic disorders, such as fibrosis of the liver, the lung, the kidney, the heart or the skin. In some embodiments, fibrosis can be treated in the context of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic kidney disease, and/or myocardial infarction injury.

The compounds of the disclosure can inhibit YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription activation. The compounds have been shown to inhibit YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription activity in cellular models and in an animal model. The compounds have also been shown to have an inhibitory effect on cancer cell lines that are dependent on YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription activity and on the growth of cancer in a xenograft cancer model.

The compounds of the disclosure can optionally be bound covalently to an insoluble matrix and used for affinity chromatography (separations, depending on the nature of the groups of the compounds, for example compounds with pendant aryl are useful in hydrophobic affinity separations).

When using one or more derivatives of the formulae as defined herein:

• • the active ingredients of the compound(s) may be administered to the animal or mammal (including a human) to be treated by any means well known in the art, i.e. orally, intranasally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intradermally, intravenously, intra-arterially, parenterally or by catheterization.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the preparation of the compound(s), especially for the treatment of diseases mediated by activity of YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription in humans and other mammals (such as cancer, fibrosis and certain congenital disorders), preferably is a YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription inhibiting amount of the compounds of the formulae, statements, aspects and embodiments as defined herein and corresponds to an amount which ensures a plasma level that is able to inhibit the YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation and is between 1 μg/ml and 100 mg/ml.

Suitable dosages of the compounds or compositions of the disclosure should be used to treat or prevent the targeted diseases in a subject. Depending upon the pathologic condition to be treated and the patient's condition, the said effective amount may be divided into several sub-units per day or may be administered at more than one day intervals.

According to a particular embodiment of the disclosure, the compounds of the disclosure may be employed in combination with other therapeutic agents for the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases mediated by activity of YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription in humans and other mammals (such as cancer, fibrosis and certain congenital disorders). The disclosure therefore relates to the use of a composition comprising:

• • (a) one or more compounds of the formulae and aspects, statements and embodiments herein, and
  • (b) one or more further therapeutic or preventive agents that are used for the prevention or treatment of cancer or fibrosis as biologically active agents in the form of a combined preparation for simultaneous, separate or sequential use.The compound or composition can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to the one or more additional therapeutic agents, which are different from the compound described herein and may be useful as, e.g., combination therapies.

Examples of such further therapeutic agents for use in combinations include agents that are inhibitors of:

• • EGFR (such as afatinib, erlotinib hydrochloride, osimertinib, gefitinib, dacomitinib, neratinib, canertinib, cetuximab),
  • AXL (such as crizotinib, cabozantinib, gilteritinib, sitravatinib, bemcentinib, dubermatinib),
  • “components of the RAS-MAPK signaling cascade, including inhibitors of RAS itself (such as AMG510, MRTX849, B11701963, ARS1620),
  • “B-RAF (such as sorafinib tosylate, dabrafenib, vemurafenib, regorafenib), or
  • MEK1/2 (trametinib, selumetinib, cobimetinib, mirdametinib).

The pharmaceutical composition or combined preparation according to this disclosure may contain the compounds of the present disclosure over a broad content range depending on the contemplated use and the expected effect of the preparation. Generally, the content of the derivatives of the present disclosure of the combined preparation is within the range of 0.1 to 99.9% by weight, preferably from 1 to 99% by weight, more preferably from 5 to 95% by weight.

Those of skill in the art will also recognize that the compounds of the disclosure may exist in many different protonation states, depending on, among other things, the pH of their environment. While the structural formulae provided herein depict the compounds in only one of several possible protonation states, it will be understood that these structures are illustrative only, and that the disclosure is not limited to any particular protonation state—any and all protonated forms of the compounds are intended to fall within the scope of the disclosure.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” as used herein means the therapeutically active non-toxic salt forms which the compounds of formulae herein are able to form. Therefore, the compounds of this disclosure optionally comprise salts of the compounds herein, especially pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic salts containing, for example, Na⁺, Li⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. Such salts may include those derived by combination of appropriate cations such as alkali and alkaline earth metal ions or ammonium and quaternary amino ions with an acid anion moiety, typically a carboxylic acid. The compounds of the disclosure may bear multiple positive or negative charges. The net charge of the compounds of the disclosure may be either positive or negative. Any associated counter ions are typically dictated by the synthesis and/or isolation methods by which the compounds are obtained. Typical counter ions include, but are not limited to ammonium, sodium, potassium, lithium, halides, acetate, trifluoroacetate, etc., and mixtures thereof. It will be understood that the identity of any associated counter ion is not a critical feature of the disclosure, and that the disclosure encompasses the compounds in association with any type of counter ion. Moreover, as the compounds can exist in a variety of different forms, the disclosure is intended to encompass not only forms of the compounds that are in association with counter ions (e.g., dry salts), but also forms that are not in association with counter ions (e.g., aqueous or organic solutions). Metal salts typically are prepared by reacting the metal hydroxide with a compound of this disclosure. Examples of metal salts which are prepared in this way are salts containing Li⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺. A less soluble metal salt can be precipitated from the solution of a more soluble salt by addition of the suitable metal compound. In addition, salts may be formed from acid addition of certain organic and inorganic acids to basic centers, typically amines, or to acidic groups. Examples of such appropriate acids include, for instance, inorganic acids such as hydrohalogen acids, e.g. hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like; or organic acids such as, for example, acetic, propanoic, hydroxyacetic, 2-hydroxypropanoic, 2-oxopropanoic, lactic, pyruvic, oxalic (i.e. ethanedioic), malonic, succinic (i.e. butanedioic acid), maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, cyclohexanesulfamic, salicylic (i.e. 2-hydroxybenzoic), p-aminosalicylic and the like. Furthermore, this term also includes the solvates which the compounds of formulae herein as well as their salts are able to form, such as for example hydrates, alcoholates and the like. Finally, it is to be understood that the compositions herein comprise compounds of the disclosure in their unionized, as well as zwitterionic form, and combinations with stoichiometric amounts of water as in hydrates.

Also included within the scope of this disclosure are the salts of the parental compounds with one or more amino acids, especially the naturally-occurring amino acids found as protein components. The amino acid typically is one bearing a side chain with a basic or acidic group, e.g., lysine, arginine or glutamic acid, or a neutral group such as glycine, serine, threonine, alanine, isoleucine, or leucine.

The compounds of the disclosure also include physiologically acceptable salts thereof. Examples of physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds of the disclosure include salts derived from an appropriate base, such as an alkali metal (for example, sodium), an alkaline earth (for example, magnesium), ammonium and NX₄⁺ (wherein X is C₁-C₄ alkyl). Physiologically acceptable salts of an hydrogen atom or an amino group include salts of organic carboxylic acids such as acetic, benzoic, lactic, fumaric, tartaric, maleic, malonic, malic, isethionic, lactobionic and succinic acids; organic sulfonic acids, such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids; and inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric and sulfamic acids. Physiologically acceptable salts of a compound containing a hydroxy group include the anion of said compound in combination with a suitable cation such as Na+ and NX₄+(wherein X typically is independently selected from H or a C₁-C₄ alkyl group). However, salts of acids or bases which are not physiologically acceptable may also find use, for example, in the preparation or purification of a physiologically acceptable compound. All salts, whether or not derived form a physiologically acceptable acid or base, are within the scope of the present disclosure.

As used herein and unless otherwise stated, the term “enantiomer” means each individual optically active form of a compound of the disclosure, having an optical purity or enantiomeric excess (as determined by methods standard in the art) of at least 80% (e.g. at least 90% of one enantiomer and at most 10% of the other enantiomer), preferably at least 90% and more preferably at least 98%.

The term “isomers” as used herein means all possible isomeric forms, including tautomeric and stereochemical forms, which the compounds of formulae herein may possess, but not including position isomers. Typically, the structures shown herein exemplify only one tautomeric or resonance form of the compounds, but the corresponding alternative configurations are contemplated as well. Unless otherwise stated, the chemical designation of compounds denotes the mixture of all possible stereochemically isomeric forms, said mixtures containing all diastereomers and enantiomers (since the compounds of formulae herein may have at least one chiral center) of the basic molecular structure, as well as the stereochemically pure or enriched compounds. More particularly, stereogenic centers may have either the R- or S-configuration, and multiple bonds may have either cis- or trans-configuration.

Pure isomeric forms of the said compounds are defined as isomers substantially free of other enantiomeric or diastereomeric forms of the same basic molecular structure. In particular, the term “stereoisomerically pure” or “chirally pure” relates to compounds having a stereoisomeric excess of at least about 80% (e.g. at least 90% of one isomer and at most 10% of the other possible isomers), preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 94% and most preferably at least 97%. The terms “enantiomerically pure” and “diastereomerically pure” should be understood in a similar way, having regard to the enantiomeric excess, respectively the diastereomeric excess, of the mixture in question. Separation of stereoisomers is accomplished by standard methods known to those in the art. One enantiomer of a compound of the disclosure can be separated substantially free of its opposing enantiomer by a method such as formation of diastereomers using optically active resolving agents (“Stereochemistry of Carbon Compounds,” (1962) by E. L. Eliel, McGraw Hill; Lochmuller, C. H., (1975) J. Chromatogr., 113:(3) 283-302). Separation of isomers in a mixture can be accomplished by any suitable method, including: (1) formation of ionic, diastereomeric salts with chiral compounds and separation by fractional crystallization or other methods, (2) formation of diastereomeric compounds with chiral derivatizing reagents, separation of the diastereomers, and conversion to the pure enantiomers, or (3) enantiomers can be separated directly under chiral conditions. Under method (1), diastereomeric salts can be formed by reaction of enantiomerically pure chiral bases such as brucine, quinine, ephedrine, strychnine, a-methyl-b-phenylethylamine (amphetamine), and the like with asymmetric compounds bearing acidic functionality, such as carboxylic acid and sulfonic acid. The diastereomeric salts may be induced to separate by fractional crystallization or ionic chromatography. For separation of the optical isomers of amino compounds, addition of chiral carboxylic or sulfonic acids, such as camphorsulfonic acid, tartaric acid, mandelic acid, or lactic acid can result in formation of the diastereomeric salts. Alternatively, by method (2), the substrate to be resolved may be reacted with one enantiomer of a chiral compound to form a diastereomeric pair (Eliel, E. and Wilen, S. (1994) Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 322). Diastereomeric compounds can be formed by reacting asymmetric compounds with enantiomerically pure chiral derivatizing reagents, such as menthyl derivatives, followed by separation of the diastereomers and hydrolysis to yield the free, enantiomerically enriched compound. A method of determining optical purity involves making chiral esters, such as a menthyl ester or Mosher ester, a-methoxy-a-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl acetate (Jacob III. (1982) J. Org. Chem. 47:4165), of the racemic mixture, and analyzing the NMR spectrum for the presence of the two atropisomeric diastereomers. Stable diastereomers can be separated and isolated by normal- and reverse-phase chromatography following methods for separation of atropisomeric naphthyl-isoquinolines (Hoye, T., WO 96/15111).Under method (3), a racemic mixture of two asymmetric enantiomers is separated by chromatography using a chiral stationary phase. Suitable chiral stationary phases are, for example, polysaccharides, in particular cellulose or amylose derivatives. Commercially available polysaccharide based chiral stationary phases are ChiralCel™ CA, OA, OB5, OC5, OD, OF, OG, OJ and OK, and Chiralpak™ AD, AS, OP(+) and OT(+). Appropriate eluents or mobile phases for use in combination with said polysaccharide chiral stationary phases are hexane and the like, modified with an alcohol such as ethanol, isopropanol and the like. (“Chiral Liquid Chromatography” (1989) W. J. Lough, Ed. Chapman and Hall, New York; Okamoto, (1990) “Optical resolution of dihydropyridine enantiomers by High-performance liquid chromatography using phenylcarbamates of polysaccharides as a chiral stationary phase”, J. of Chromatogr. 513:375-378).

The terms cis and trans are used herein in accordance with Chemical Abstracts nomenclature and include reference to the position of the substituents on a ring moiety. The absolute stereochemical configuration of the compounds of the formulae described herein may easily be determined by those skilled in the art while using well-known methods such as, for example, X-ray diffraction.

The present disclosure also includes isotopically labelled compounds, which are identical to those recited in the formulas recited herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that may be incorporated into compounds of the present disclosure include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine and chlorine, such as ²H, ³H, ¹³C, ¹¹C, ¹⁴C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁸O, ¹⁷O ³¹P, ³²P, ³⁵S, ¹⁸F, and ³⁶Cl, respectively. Compounds of the present disclosure and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of said compounds or which contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this disclosure. Certain isotopically labeled compounds of the present disclosure, for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as ³H and ¹⁴C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i.e., ³H, and carbon-14, i.e., ¹⁴C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., ²H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances. Isotopically labelled compounds of the formulas of this disclosure may generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the examples and preparations described herein, by substituting a readily available isotopically labelled reagent for a non-isotopically labelled reagent. Also encompassed within the disclosure are modifications of the compounds of formula (I) or other formulas, embodiments, aspects or parts thereof or metabolites thereof using PROTAC technology (Schapira M. et al, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2019, 18(12), 949-963).

Specifically, the PROTAC technology designs a bifunctional small molecule, one end of which is a compound of the general formula (I) or other formulas, embodiments, aspects or parts thereof or metabolites thereof, and the other end of which is connected with a ligand of E3 ubiquitin ligase through a connecting chain, to form a target-induced protein degradation complex. Because this degradation has a catalytic effect, a lower dosage can achieve efficient degradation. The compound of the general formula (I) or other formulas, embodiments, aspects or parts thereof or metabolites thereof can be connected via a linker arm (e.g. long-chain ethylene glycol with the length of 2-10, long-chain propylene glycol with the length of 2-10 and long-chain fatty alkane with the length of 2-10) to a ligand of E3 ubiquitin ligase such as e.g. thalidomide analogs.

The compounds of the disclosure may be formulated with conventional carriers and excipients, which will be selected in accord with ordinary practice. Tablets will contain excipients, glidants, fillers, binders and the like. Aqueous formulations are prepared in sterile form, and when intended for delivery by other than oral administration generally will be isotonic. Formulations optionally contain excipients such as those set forth in the “Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients” (1986) and include ascorbic acid and other antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA, carbohydrates such as dextrin, hydroxyalkylcellulose, hydroxyalkylmethylcellulose, stearic acid and the like.

Subsequently, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein means any material or substance with which the active ingredient is formulated in order to facilitate its application or dissemination to the locus to be treated, for instance by dissolving, dispersing or diffusing the said composition, and/or to facilitate its storage, transport or handling without impairing its effectiveness. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be a solid or a liquid or a gas which has been compressed to form a liquid, e.g. the compositions of this disclosure can suitably be used as concentrates, emulsions, solutions, granulates, dusts, sprays, aerosols, suspensions, ointments, creams, tablets, pellets or powders.

Suitable pharmaceutical carriers for use in the said pharmaceutical compositions and their formulation are well known to those skilled in the art, and there is no particular restriction to their selection within the present disclosure. They may also include additives such as wetting agents, dispersing agents, stickers, adhesives, emulsifying agents, solvents, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents (for example phenol, sorbic acid, chlorobutanol), isotonic agents (such as sugars or sodium chloride) and the like, provided the same are consistent with pharmaceutical practice, e.g. carriers and additives which do not create permanent damage to mammals. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may be prepared in any known manner, for instance by homogeneously mixing, coating and/or grinding the active ingredients, in a one-step or multi-steps procedure, with the selected carrier material and, where appropriate, the other additives such as surface-active agents. may also be prepared by micronisation, for instance in view to obtain them in the form of microspheres usually having a diameter of about 1 to 10 gm, namely for the manufacture of microcapsules for controlled or sustained release of the active ingredients.

Suitable surface-active agents, also known as emulgent or emulsifier, to be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present dislclosure are non-ionic, cationic and/or anionic materials having good emulsifying, dispersing and/or wetting properties. Suitable anionic surfactants include both water-soluble soaps and water-soluble synthetic surface-active agents. Suitable soaps are alkaline or alkaline-earth metal salts, unsubstituted or substituted ammonium salts of higher fatty acids (C₁₀-C₂₂), e.g. the sodium or potassium salts of oleic or stearic acid, or of natural fatty acid mixtures obtainable from coconut oil or tallow oil. Synthetic surfactants include sodium or calcium salts of polyacrylic acids; fatty sulphonates and sulphates; sulphonated benzimidazole derivatives and alkylarylsulphonates. Fatty sulphonates or sulphates are usually in the form of alkaline or alkaline-earth metal salts, unsubstituted ammonium salts or ammonium salts substituted with an alkyl or acyl group having from 8 to 22 carbon atoms, e.g. the sodium or calcium salt of lignosulphonic acid or dodecylsulphonic acid or a mixture of fatty alcohol sulphates obtained from natural fatty acids, alkaline or alkaline-earth metal salts of sulphuric or sulphonic acid esters (such as sodium lauryl sulphate) and sulphonic acids of fatty alcohol/ethylene oxide adducts. Suitable sulphonated benzimidazole derivatives preferably contain 8 to 22 carbon atoms. Examples of alkylarylsulphonates are the sodium, calcium or alcoholamine salts of dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid or dibutyl-naphthalenesulphonic acid or a naphthalene-sulphonic acid/formaldehyde condensation product. Also suitable are the corresponding phosphates, e.g. salts of phosphoric acid ester and an adduct of p-nonylphenol with ethylene and/or propylene oxide, or phospholipids. Suitable phospholipids for this purpose are the natural (originating from animal or plant cells) or synthetic phospholipids of the cephalin or lecithin type such as e.g. phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerine, lysolecithin, cardiolipin, dioctanylphosphatidyl-choline, dipalmitoylphoshatidyl-choline and their mixtures.

Suitable non-ionic surfactants include polyethoxylated and polypropoxylated derivatives of alkylphenols, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, aliphatic amines or amides containing at least 12 carbon atoms in the molecule, alkylarenesulphonates and dialkylsulphosuccinates, such as polyglycol ether derivatives of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic alcohols, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and alkylphenols, said derivatives preferably containing 3 to 10 glycol ether groups and 8 to 20 carbon atoms in the (aliphatic) hydrocarbon moiety and 6 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety of the alkylphenol. Further suitable non-ionic surfactants are water-soluble adducts of polyethylene oxide with poylypropylene glycol, ethylenediaminopolypropylene glycol containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, which adducts contain 20 to 250 ethyleneglycol ether groups and/or 10 to 100 propyleneglycol ether groups. Such compounds usually contain from 1 to 5 ethyleneglycol units per propyleneglycol unit. Representative examples of non-ionic surfactants are nonylphenol-polyethoxyethanol, castor oil polyglycolic ethers, polypropylene/polyethylene oxide adducts, tributylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, polyethyleneglycol and octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol. Fatty acid esters of polyethylene sorbitan (such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate), glycerol, sorbitan, sucrose and pentaerythritol are also suitable non-ionic surfactants.

Suitable cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium salts, particularly halides, having 4 hydrocarbon groups optionally substituted with halo, phenyl, substituted phenyl or hydroxy; for instance quaternary ammonium salts containing as N-substituent at least one C_8-22alkyl (e.g. cetyl, lauryl, palmityl, myristyl, oleyl and the like) and, as further substituents, unsubstituted or halogenated lower alkyl, benzyl and/or hydroxy-lower alkyl.

A more detailed description of surface-active agents suitable for this purpose may be found for instance in “McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual” (MC Publishing Crop., Ridgewood, New Jersey, 1981), “Tensid-Taschenbucw’, 2 d ed. (Hanser Verlag, Vienna, 1981) and “Encyclopaedia of Surfactants, (Chemical Publishing Co., New York, 1981).

Compounds of the disclosure and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts (hereafter collectively referred to as the active ingredients) may be administered by any route appropriate to the condition to be treated, suitable routes including oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including ocular, buccal and sublingual), vaginal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural). The preferred route of administration may vary with for example the condition of the recipient.

While it is possible for the active ingredients to be administered alone it is preferable to present them as pharmaceutical formulations. The formulations, both for veterinary and for human use, of the present disclosure comprise at least one active ingredient, as above described, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers therefore and optionally other therapeutic ingredients. The carrier(s) optimally are “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. The formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural) administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

Formulations of the present disclosure suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; as solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. The active ingredient may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.

A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein. For infections of the eye or other external tissues e.g. mouth and skin, the formulations are optionally applied as a topical ointment or cream containing the active ingredient(s) in an amount of, for example, 0.075 to 20% w/w (including active ingredient(s) in a range between 0.1% and 20% in increments of 0.1% w/w such as 0.6% w/w, 0.7% w/w, etc), preferably 0.2 to 15% w/w and most preferably 0.5 to 10% w/w. When formulated in an ointment, the active ingredients may be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base. Alternatively, the active ingredients may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base. If desired, the aqueous phase of the cream base may include, for example, at least 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol, e.g. an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane 1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol (including PEG400) and mixtures thereof. The topical formulations may desirably include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the active ingredient through the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethylsulfoxide and related analogs.

The oily phase of the emulsions of this disclosure may be constituted from known ingredients in a known manner. While the phase may comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), it desirably comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil. Optionally, a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a stabilizer. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat. Together, the emulsifier(s) with or without stabilizer(s) make up the so-called emulsifying wax, and the wax together with the oil and fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations.

The choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired cosmetic properties, since the solubility of the active compound in most oils likely to be used in pharmaceutical emulsion formulations is very low. Thus the cream should optionally be a non-greasy, non-staining and washable product with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers. Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the last three being preferred esters. These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required. Alternatively, high melting point lipids such as white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils can be used.

Formulations suitable for topical administration to the eye also include eye drops wherein the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent for the active ingredient. The active ingredient is optionally present in such formulations in a concentration of 0.5 to 20%, advantageously 0.5 to 10% particularly about 1.5% w/w. Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.

Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising for example cocoa butter or a salicylate. Formulations suitable for nasal administration wherein the carrier is a solid include a coarse powder having a particle size for example in the range 20 to 500 microns (including particle sizes in a range between 20 and 500 microns in increments of 5 microns such as 30 microns, 35 microns, etc), which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, e.g. by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose. Suitable formulations wherein the carrier is a liquid, for administration as for example a nasal spray or as nasal drops, include aqueous or oily solutions of the active ingredient. Formulations suitable for aerosol administration may be prepared according to conventional methods and may be delivered with other therapeutic agents.

Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.

Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.

Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit daily sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of an active ingredient.

It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above the formulations of this disclosure may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.

Compounds of the disclosure can be used to provide controlled release pharmaceutical formulations containing as active ingredient one or more compounds of the disclosure (“controlled release formulations”) in which the release of the active ingredient can be controlled and regulated to allow less frequency dosing or to improve the pharmacokinetic or toxicity profile of a given disclosed compound. Controlled release formulations adapted for oral administration in which discrete units comprising one or more compounds of the disclosure can be prepared according to conventional methods.

Additional ingredients may be included in order to control the duration of action of the active ingredient in the composition. Control release compositions may thus be achieved by selecting appropriate polymer carriers such as for example polyesters, polyamino acids, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, protamine sulfate and the like. The rate of drug release and duration of action may also be controlled by incorporating the active ingredient into particles, e.g. microcapsules, of a polymeric substance such as hydrogels, polylactic acid, hydroxymethylcellulose, polymethyl methacrylate and the other above-described polymers. Such methods include colloid drug delivery systems like liposomes, microspheres, microemulsions, nanoparticles, nanocapsules and so on. Depending on the route of administration, the pharmaceutical composition may require protective coatings.

Pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectionable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation thereof. Typical carriers for this purpose therefore include biocompatible aqueous buffers, ethanol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol and the like and mixtures thereof.

In view of the fact that, when several active ingredients are used in combination, they do not necessarily bring out their joint therapeutic effect directly at the same time in the mammal to be treated, the corresponding composition may also be in the form of a medical kit or package containing the two ingredients in separate but adjacent repositories or compartments. In the latter context, each active ingredient may therefore be formulated in a way suitable for an administration route different from that of the other ingredient, e.g. one of them may be in the form of an oral or parenteral formulation whereas the other is in the form of an ampoule for intravenous injection or an aerosol.

Another embodiment of this disclosure relates to various precursor or “pro-drug” forms of the compounds of the present disclosure. It may be desirable to formulate the compounds of the present disclosure in the form of a chemical species which itself is not significantly biologically-active, but which when delivered to the animal, mammal or human will undergo a chemical reaction catalyzed by the normal function of the body of the fish, inter alia, enzymes present in the stomach or in blood serum, said chemical reaction having the effect of releasing a compound as defined herein. The term “pro-drug” thus relates to these species which are converted in vivo into the active pharmaceutical ingredient.

The pro-drugs of the compounds of the present disclosure can have any form suitable to the formulator, for example, esters are non-limiting common pro-drug forms. In the present case, however, the pro-drug may necessarily exist in a form wherein a covalent bond is cleaved by the action of an enzyme present at the target locus. For example, a C—C covalent bond may be selectively cleaved by one or more enzymes at said target locus and, therefore, a pro-drug in a form other than an easily hydrolysable precursor, inter alia an ester, an amide, and the like, may be used. The counterpart of the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the pro-drug can have different structures such as an amino acid or peptide structure, alkyl chains, sugar moieties and others as known in the art.

For the purpose of the present disclosure the term “therapeutically suitable pro-drug” is defined herein as “a compound modified in such a way as to be transformed in vivo to the therapeutically active form, whether by way of a single or by multiple biological transformations, when in contact with the tissues of the animal, mammal or human to which the pro-drug has been administered, and without undue toxicity, irritation, or allergic response, and achieving the intended therapeutic outcome “.

More specifically the term “prodrug”, as used herein, relates to an inactive or significantly less active derivative of a compound such as represented by the structural formulae herein described, which undergoes spontaneous or enzymatic transformation within the body in order to release the pharmacologically active form of the compound. For a comprehensive review, reference is made to Rautio J. et al. (“Prodrugs: design and clinical applications” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 2008, doi: 10.1038/nrd2468).

The compounds of the disclosure can be prepared while using a series of chemical reactions well known to those skilled in the art, altogether making up the process for preparing said compounds and exemplified further. The processes described further are only meant as examples and by no means are meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

EXAMPLES

General Syntheses

Abbreviations that may be used in the instant specification, particularly in the schemes and examples, are as follows: AIBN—Azobisisobutyronitrile, aq—Aqueous solution, ACN—acetonitrile, Ac₂O—Acetic anhydride, AcOH—Acetic acid, AcCl—Acetyl chloride, B₂Pin₂-Bis(pinacolato)diboron, BF₃·OEt₂—Boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, BINAP—(2,2′- bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl), Boc—tert-butyloxycarbonyl, Boc₂O—Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, BrettPhos—2-(Dicyclohexylphosphino)_3,6-dimethoxy-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl, BrettPhos Pd G3-[(2-Di-cyclohexylphosphino-3,6-dimethoxy-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)-2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II) methanesulfonate, tBuOH—tert-Butanol, CDI—1,1′-Carbonyldiimidazole, Conc—Concentrated, mCPBA—meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid, CMBP—(Tributylphosphoranylidene)acetonitrile, Cu(OAc)₂Copper(II)acetate, d—day, DBU—1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, DCM —Dichloromethane, DCE—1,2-Dichloroethane, DIAD—Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate, DIPEA—Diisopropyl ethyl amine, DMA—N,N-Dimethylacetamide, DMAP—N,N-Dimethylpyridin-4-amine, DMEM—Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium, DMF—N,N-Dimethylformamide, DMF-DMA—N,N-Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal, DMP—Dess-Martin periodinane, DMSO—Dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO-d₆—Deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide, DPPA—Diphenyl phosphoryl azide, EDA—Ethyl diazoacetate, EDC-1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide, Et₃N-Triethylamine, Et₃SiH—Triethylsilane, EtOH—Ethanol, EtOAc—Ethyl acetate, Et₂O—Diethyl ether, Eq.—Equivalent, FA—Formic acid, g—gram, h—Hour, HATU—O—(7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate, HCl—Hydrogen chloride, HEPES-4(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid, HPLC—High performance liquid chromatography, IPA-2-propanol, LAH—Lithium aluminum hydride, LG—Leaving group, L—liter, LC/MS—liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, Me₃Sl—Trimethylsulfonium iodide, MeOH—Methanol, MsCI—Methanesulfonyl chloride, min—Minute, mg—Milligram, mL—Milliliter, m/z—Mass-to-charge ratio, NBS—N-Bromosuccinimide, n-BuLi—n-butyllithium, Pd(amphos)Cl₂-Bis(di-tert-butyl(4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphine)dichloropalladium(II), PCy₃-Tricyclohexylphosphine, Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂-Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)dichloride, Pd(PPh₃)₄-Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, Pd₂(dba)₃-Tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium, Pd(dppf)Cl₂-(1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium(II) dichloride, Pd(dppf)Cl₂.DCM-(1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)dichloropalladium(II), complex with DCM, Pd(OAc)₂-Palladium(II) acetate, PPh₃-Triphenylphosphine, ppm—Parts per million, Pet ether—Petroleum ether, PMA—phosphomolybdic acid in EtOH, Raney Ni—Raney nickel, Rf—Retention factor, RLU—Relative light unit, RT—Room temperature, sat—Saturated, SCX —Strong cation exchange, S-phos-2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl, TBAF —Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, TBN—tert-Butyl nitrite, TEA—Triethylamine, THF—Tetrahydrofuran, THP—Tetrahydropyranyl, TFA—Trifluoroacetic acid, TFAA—Trifluoroacetic anhydride, TLC—Thin layer chromatography, TMS—Trimethylsilyl, TMSN₃—Trimethylsilyl azide, T₃P—Propanephosphonic acid anhydride, TPP—Triphenylphosphine, UPLC—ultra high performance liquid chromatography, UV—ultraviolet light, Xanthphos-4,5Bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene, XPhos-2-Dicyclohexyl-phosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl, XPhos-Pd-G2-Chloro(2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropyl-1,1′-biphenyl)[2-(2′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl)]palladium(II), ZnEt₂-Diethylzinc.

Compounds of the present invention may be prepared according to the general procedure outlined in Scheme 1.

In another embodiment, compounds of the present invention may also be synthesized according to the general procedure outlined in Scheme 2.

Alternatively, compounds of the present invention may also be synthesized according to the general procedure outlined in Scheme 3

The general schemes depicted above should be considered as non-limiting examples. It will be understood that compounds of the invention may be obtained through other methods which are known to people skilled in the art.

TABLE 1
Structures of example compounds of the disclosure and their respective codes
Cpd.
No.	Structure	Name
001		N-((3-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)acrylamide
002		N-((1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)acrylamide
003		N-((1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)propionamide
004		N-((1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3- yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide
005		N-((3-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)propionamide
006		N-((3-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-1- yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide
007		(E)-3-(3-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-1-yl)acrylic acid
008		(E)-3-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid
009		N-((6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)acrylamide
010		N-((6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)acetamide
011		N-((6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-1- yl)methyl)methanesulfonamide
012		trans-2-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
013		2-hydroxy-4-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)benzaldehyde
014		3-hydroxy-3-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid
015		2-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)acetic acid
016		1-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
017		1-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid
018		cis-2-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl) cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
019		cis-3-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid
020		trans-3-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid
021		(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)glycine
022		(E)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid
023		3-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)propanoic acid
024		N-methyl-N-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)glycine
025		5-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one
026		N-((1-(4,4- difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin- 3-yl)methyl)acrylamide
027		(E)-N-methyl-2-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)ethene-1-sulfonamide
028		3-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one
029		5-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4- triazol-3-one
030		3-(1-(4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5- a]pyridin-3-yl)isoxazol-5(4H)-one

These examples are provided for the purpose of illustrating the present disclosure and by no means should be interpreted to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

Part A: Experimental Chemistry Procedures

All starting materials which are not explicitly described were either commercially available (the details of suppliers such as for example Acros, Avocado, Aldrich, Fluka, FluoroChem, MatrixScientific, Maybridge, Merck, Sigma, etc. can be found in the SciFinder® Database for example) or the synthesis thereof has already been described precisely in the specialist literature (experimental guidelines can be found in the Reaxys® Database or the SciFinder® Database respectively, for example) or can be prepared using the conventional methods known to the person skilled in the art.

The reactions were, if necessary, carried out under an inert atmosphere (mostly argon and N₂). The number of equivalents of reagents and the amounts of solvents employed as well as the reaction temperatures and times can vary slightly between different reactions carried out by analogous methods. The work-up and purification methods were adapted according to the characteristic properties of each compound and can vary slightly for analogous methods. The yields of the compounds prepared are not optimized.

The indication “equivalents” (“eq.” or “eq” or “equiv.”) means molar equivalents, “RT” or “rt” means room temperature (23±7° C.), “M” are indications of concentration in mol/1, “sol.” means solution, “conc.” means concentrated. The mixing ratios of solvents are usually stated in the volume/volume ratio.

To perform reactions under microwave radiation a CEM Microwave (Discover SP) was employed (Heating rate: 2-6° C./sec; Temperature: 30-300° C. volume-independent infrared (IR) and 80-300° C. Fiber optic (FO) temperature measurement; Pressure: 0 435 psi, ActiVent™ technology; Power: 0-300 W; Magnetron frequency: 2450 MHz; Reaction agitation: electromagnetic stirring; Air Cooling: ≥25 psi (20 L/min flow); System control: Synergy™ software).

Key analytical characterization was carried out by means of ¹H-NMR spectroscopy and/or mass spectrometry (MS, m/z for [M+H]+ and/or [M−H]−) for all the exemplary compounds and selected intermediate products. In certain cases, where e.g. regioisomers and/or diatereomers could be/were formed during the reaction, additional analytics, such as, e.g. ¹³C NMR and NOE (nuclear overhauser effect) NMR experiments were in some cases performed.

Analytical instruments employed were e.g. for NMR analysis a BRUKER AVANCE 400 MHz (Software Topspin) or a VARIAN MR 400 MHz (VNMRJ Sofware) machine was employed. For LC/MS analysis, e.g. an Acquity UPLC H-Class, Mass: Acquity SQD2 Detector (ESI), an Acquity UPLC, Mass: Quatro premier XE Detector (ESI), an Acquity UPLC, Mass: Waters Xevo TQ-S Detector (ESI/ESCI), or an Alliance Waters 2695, Mass: Quattromicro™ (ESCI) multimode ionization was employed. Analytical HPLCs were measured e.g. on Alliance Waters 2695. Analytical SFC were performed e.g. on a PIC solution (Software: SFC PIC Lab Online), a WATERS-X5 (Software MASSLYNX), or a WATERS-UPC2 (Empower).

Preparative HPLC separations were performed e.g. on a Waters 2545 (Software Empower), a Gilson (Software Trilution), or a Shimadzu (Software LC Solution). Preparative SFC were performed e.g. on a Waters Thar SFC-80 (Software Chromscope), Waters Thar SFC-150 (Software Chromscope), Waters Thar SFC-200 (Software Chromscope), or a PIC SFC-175 (Software SFC PIC Lab Online).

Structures of example compounds that contain stereocenters are drawn and named with absolute stereochemistry, if known. In the case of unknown absolute stereochemistry the compounds can be either racemic, a mixture of diatereomers, a pure diastereomer of unknown stereochemistry, or a pure enantiomer of unknown stereochemistry. Dia 1 and Dia 2 means that diastereoisomers were separated but the stereochemistry is unknown. En 1 and En 2 means that both enantiomers were separated but the absolute configuration is unknown. No suffix given after the compound code means that a compound containing stereocenters was obtained as a racemic mixture or a mixture of diatereomers, respectively, unless the chemical name of the compound specifies the exact stereochemistry.

The LC/MS analysis mentioned in the experimental part were also performed on an Alliance 15 Waters 2695 HPLC (equipped with a PDA detector) connected to a mass spectrometer Waters Quattromicro (ESCI, multimode ionization) or Waters H-Class Acquity UPLC connected to a QDa or SQD2 mass spectrometer. The separations were performed with an Acquity BEH C18 (1.7 μm, 2.1×50 mm) column, an Acquity BEH C18 (1.7 μm, 2.1×100 mm) column, or an X-Bridge C18(3.5 μm, 4.6×75 mm) column thermostated to 30-35° C. and the PDA acquisition wavelength was set in the range of 210-400 nm (Acquisition Software: MassLynx). Elutions were carried out with the methods described in the following tables. For Method L1, L4, Solvent A: TFA LC-MS grade 0.05% in milliQ water. Solvent B: TFA LC-MS grade in ACN. Column temp=35° C. For Method L2, L5, Solvent A: FA LC-MS grade 0.05% in milliQ water. Solvent B: ACN LC-MS grade. Column temp=35° C. For Method L3 Solvent A: NH₄HCO₃ 5 mM in milliQ water. Solvent B: ACN LC-MS grade. Column temp=35°

	Solvents	Flow
HPLC		Time	A	B	(mL/
Method	System	(min)	(%)	(%)	min)	Column
L1	Waters	0.0	97	3	0.6	Acquity BEH C18
	Acquity	2.5	97	3	0.6	(0.05% TFA in
	UPLC	7.5	2	98	0.6	solvents A and B)
		9.5	2	98	0.6
		9.6	97	3	0.6
		10.0	97	3	0.6
L2	Waters	0.0	97	3	0.6	Acquity BEH C18
	Acquity	0.4	97	3	0.6	(0.05% FA in
	UPLC	2.5	2	98	0.6	solvents A and B)
		3.4	2	98	0.6
		3.5	97	3	0.6
		4.0	97	3	0.6
L3	Waters	0.0	95	5	1.3	X-Bridge C18 (5 mM
	Alliance	0.5	95	5	1.3	NH4HCO3 in solvents A
	2695	1.0	85	15	1.3	and B)
	HPLC	4.0	2	98	1.3
		7.0	2	98	1.3
		7.5	95	5	1.3
		8.0	95	5	1.3
L4	Waters	0.0	97	3	0.6	Acquity BEH C18
	Acquity	0.4	97	3	0.6	(0.05% TFA in
	UPLC	2.5	2	98	0.6	solvents A and B)
		3.4	2	98	0.6
		3.5	97	3	0.6
		4.0	97	3	0.6
L5	Waters	0.0	97	3	0.6	Acquity BEH C18
	Acquity	2.5	97	3	0.6	(0.05% FA in
	UPLC	7.5	2	98	0.6	solvents A and B)
		9.5	2	98	0.6
		9.6	97	3	0.6
		10.0	97	3	0.6

Preparative HPLC purifications mentioned in this experimental part have been carried out on a Waters 2545 (Empower software, 2996 PDA detector, 2707 autosampler), a Gilson (Software Trilution, 171 DAD detector, GX-271 autosampler), or a Shimadzu (Software LC Solution, CMB-20A detector, SIL-10AP autosampler). The separations were carried out with columns and solvents described in the following table. Gradient systems for each individual compound were employed using the solvents mentioned in the table. Detection wavelengths were fixed at 210 and 254 nm.

H1 Column: Sunfire C18 (5 μm, 19 × 250 mm); Solvent A: 0.1%
   FA in water; Solvent B: ACN; Flow: 18 mL/min.
H2 Column: Luna C18 (5 μm, 25 × 150 mm); Solvent A: 10 mM
   ammonium bicarbonate in water; Solvent B: ACN; Flow:
   22 mL/min.
H3 Column: Princeton Sphere C18 (5 μm, 21 × 250 mm); Solvent
   A: 0.1% FA in water; Solvent B: ACN; Flow: 16 mL/min.
H4 Column: X-select CSH C18 (5 μm, 25 × 250 mm); Solvent A:
   0.1% FA in water; Solvent B: ACN; Flow: 15 mL/min.
H5 Column: Luna C18 (10 μm, 25 × 150 mm); Solvent A: 0.1%
   FA in water; Solvent B: ACN; Flow: 16 mL/min.
H6 Column: X-select Phenylhexyl (5 μm, 19 × 250 mm); Solvent
   A: 0.1% FA in water; Solvent B: ACN; Flow: 16 mL/min.
H7 Column: Hydrosphere C18 (5 μm, 20 × 250 mm); Solvent
   A: 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate in water; Solvent B: ACN;
   Flow: 16 mL/min.
H8 Column: X-Bridge C18 (5 μm, 19 × 150 mm); Solvent A:
   0.1% FA in water; Solvent B: ACN; Flow: 16 mL/min.

Example 1: Synthesis of N((3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazole[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)acrylamide (Cpd. No. 001)

Step-1: A solution of pyridin-2-ylmethanamine (6.5 g, 60.10 mmol) in THF (80 mL) was treated with Et₃N (25 mL, 180.32 mmol) and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride (8.95 mL, 60.10 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 5% MeOH in DCM, Rf: 0.27. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was quenched with water (500 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×300 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (300 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford an orange solid (15 g, LC/MS: 81%). The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica) and eluted with 10% MeOH in DCM to afford N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide as an off white solid (10 g, LC/MS: 93%). (LC/MS; m/z 281.4 [M+H]+).

Step-2: A solution of N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (12.5 g, 44.64 mmol) in POCl₃ (100 mL) was heated and stirred at 110° C. for 10 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 5% MeOH in DCM, Rf: 0.57. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was quenched with cooled water (1000 mL), adjusted to pH 7-8 with NaHCO₃ powder and extracted with EtOAc (2×500 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (500 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a green solid (13 g, LC/MS: 76%). The crude product was purified by column chromatography (120 g silica column) and eluted with 20% EtOAc in pet ether to afford 3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine as a pale yellow solid (8.5 g, LC/MS: 85%). (LC/MS; m/z 263.2 [M+H]+).

Step-3: A solution of 3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine (1.0 g, 3.81 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (13 mL) was treated with a solution of bromine (0.21 mL, 4.19 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (12 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in Pet ether, Rf: 0.57. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous sodium thiosulphate (50 mL), adjusted pH to 7-8 with 2N NaOH (1.5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was triturated with n-pentane (2×20 mL) and dried under reduced pressure to afford 1-bromo-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine (Int-1) as a pale green solid (800 mg, LC/MS: 96%). (LC/MS; m/z 341.4 [M+H]⁺).

Step-4: In a glass screw-cap pressure vessel, a solution of Int-1 (800 mg, 0.14 mmol) in tBuOH (8 mL) and H₂O (8 mL) was treated with potassium N-Boc-aminomethyl trifluoroborate (669 mg, 2.82 mmol) and K₃PO₄ (1496 mg, 7.05 mmol). The reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling argon for 10 min, and then treated with Pd(OAc)₂ (53 mg, 0.23 mmol) and S-Phos (96 mg, 0.23 mmol) and sealed with a Teflon screw-cap. The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 16 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.30. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted EtOAc (2×40 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with water (20 mL) and brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (1.0 g, LC/MS: 27%). The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography (24 g silica gel column) and eluted with 30% EtOAc in pet ether to afford tert-butyl ((3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)carbamate as a pale yellow solid (280 mg, LC/MS: 96%). (LC/MS; m/z 392.1 [M+H]+).

Step-5: A solution of tert-butyl ((3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)carbamate (200 mg, 0.51 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was treated with 4M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (2.0 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 10% MeOH in DCM, Rf: 0.17. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford (3-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methanamine hydrochloride as a pale yellow solid (180 mg, LC/MS: 95%). (LC/MS; m/z 292.3 [M+H]⁺).

Step-6: A solution of (3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methanamine hydrochloride (160 mg, 0.48 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3.0 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with a solution of NaHCO₃ (205 mg, 2.44 mmol) in H₂O (0.5 mL) and a solution of acryloyl chloride (0.04 mL, 0.48 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (1.0 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 10% MeOH in DCM, Rf: 0.62. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown solid (180 mg, LC/MS: 94%). The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H₁ and the fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure to afford N—((3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazole[1, 5a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)acrylamide (Cpd. No. 001) (93.99 mg, LC/MS: 99.8%). (LC/MS; m/z 346.3 [M+H]⁺).

The following compounds were prepared in a manner similar (use of appropriate reagents and purification methods known to the person skilled in the art) to Cpd. No. 001: Cpd. No. 005 (using propionyl chloride and Et₃N in DCM in step 6), Cpd. No. 006 (using mesyl chloride and Et₃N in DCM in step 6), Cpd. No. 009, Cpd. No. 010 (using acetyl chloride and Et₃N in DCM in step 6), Cpd. No. 011 (using mesyl chloride and Et₃N in DCM in step 6).

Example 2: Synthesis of N((1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)acrylamide (Cpd. No. 002)

Step-1: A solution of pyridin-2-ylmethanamine (10 g, 92.47 mmol) in THF (200 mL) was treated with triethylamine (38.98 mL, 277.41 mmol) and ethyl 2-chloro-2-oxoacetate (12.41 mL, 110.96 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 5% MeOH in DCM. Rf: 0.44. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was diluted with water (500 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×500 mL), and the organic layer was washed with brine (250 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (12 g, LC/MS: 82%). The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel) using an eluent of 5% MeOH in DCM. The desired product fractions were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford ethyl 2-oxo-2-((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)acetate as an off white solid (10 g, LC/MS: 87%). (LC/MS; m/z 209.2 [M+H]+).

Step-2: A solution of ethyl 2-oxo-2-((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)acetate (10 g, 48.07 mmol) was treated with phosphoryl trichloride (60 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 16 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether. Rf: 0.56, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous NaHCO₃ (100 mL) at 0° C. and extracted with EtOAc (2×500 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (250 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (8 g, LC/MS: 88%). The crude product was purified by column chromatography (silica gel) using an eluent of 40% EtOAc in pet ether. The desired product fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford ethyl imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxylate as a white solid (6 g, LC/MS: 90%). (LC/MS; m/z 191.1 [M+H]⁺).

Step-3: A solution of ethyl imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxylate (6 g, 31.54 mmol) in ACN (90 mL) was treated with NBS (5.61 g, 31.546 mmol) portion wise at 0° C. The mixture was allowed to stir for 1 h at room temperature before triethylamine (6 mL) was added and the reaction progress was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether. Rf: 0.70, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (10 g), which was purified by column chromatography (silica gel) using 40% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent. The desired product fractions were collected and concentrated under vacuum to afford ethyl 1-bromoimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxylate as a white solid (8 g, LC/MS: 98%). (LC/MS; m/z 269.0 [M+H]⁺).

Step-4: In a glass screw-cap pressure vessel, a solution of ethyl 1-bromoimidazo[1,5a]pyridine-3-carboxylate (3 g, 11.19 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) and H₂O (2 mL) was treated with (4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)boronic acid (3.18 g, 16.79 mmol) and K₃PO₄ (7.12 g, 33.58 mmol). The reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling with argon for 10 min, then Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (818.50 mg, 1.11 mmol) was added, and the vessel was sealed with a Teflon screw-cap. The reaction mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 12 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether. Rf: 0.67. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×200 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (200 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (3 g, LC/MS: 81%). The crude product was purified by column chromatography using an 80 g column (silica) and the obtained pure fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure to afford ethyl 1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxylate (Int-2) as an off white solid (2 g, LC/MS: 98%). (LC/MS; m/z 335.2 [M+H]⁺).

Step-5: A solution of Int-2 (2 g, 5.98 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was treated with 2 M LAH in THF (5.98 mL, 11.96 mmol) drop wise at −10° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 30% EtOAc in pet-ether. Rf: 0.29. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous Na₂SO₄ at 0° C., filtered and washed with EtOAc (400 mL). The filtrate was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford crude (1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methanol (Int-3) as an off-white solid (1.6 g, LC/MS: 84%). (LC/MS; m/z 292.3 [M+H]⁺).

Step-6: A solution of Int-3 (900 mg, 3.07 mmol) in THF (9 mL) was treated with phthalimide (541.84 mg, 3.68 mmol), TPP (1.20 g, 4.60 mmol) followed by added DIAD (930.71 mg, 4.60 mmol) at 0° C., then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether. Rf: 0.58. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL), and the combined organic layer was washed with brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (1 g, LC/MS: 31%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 40 g column (silica) and the obtained pure fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 2-((1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione as an off white solid (400 mg, LC/MS: 94%). (LC/MS; m/z 422.2 [M+H]⁺).

Step-7: A solution of 2-((1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl )methyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (300 mg, 0.71 mmol) in EtOH (3 mL) was treated with hydrazine hydrate (114 mg, 3.56 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 10% MeOH in DCM. Rf: 0.18. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was filtered and washed with EtOH (10 mL), and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was suspended in 10% MeOH in DCM (20 mL) and filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methanamine (200 mg, LC/MS: 86%). (LC/MS; m/z 292.3 [M+H]⁺).

Step-8: A solution of (1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methanamine (200 mg, 0.68 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) and H₂O (1 mL) was treated with sodium bicarbonate (230.7 mg, 2.74 mmol) and acryloyl chloride (74.57 mg, 0.82 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 10% MeOH in DCM. Rf: 0.49. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL), extracted with EtOAc (2×40 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (200 mg, LC/MS: 77%). The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H₂. The pure fractions were concentrated and lyophilized to afford N((1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)acrylamide (Cpd. No. 002) as a pale yellow solid (79 mg, LC/MS: 99%). (LC/MS; m/z 346.2 [M+H]⁺).

The following compounds were prepared in a manner similar (use of appropriate reagents and purification methods known to the person skilled in the art) to Cpd. No. 002: Cpd. No. 003 (using propionyl chloride and Et₃N in DCM in step 8), Cpd. No. 004 (using mesyl chloride and Et₃N in DCM in step 8).

Example 3: Synthesis of (E)-3-(3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1

yl)acrylic acid (Cpd. No. 007)

Step-1: In a glass screw-cap pressure vessel, a solution of Int-1 (1.0 g, 2.94 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (15 mL) was treated with DIPEA (1.58 mL, 8.82 mmol). The reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling argon for 5 min, then X-Phos (0.280 g, 0.58 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂ (0.066 g, 0.29 mmol) and ethyl acrylate (1.56 mL, 14.70 mmol) were added and the vessel was sealed with a Teflon screw-cap. The reaction mixture was heated and stirred at 100° C. for 16 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 30% EtOAc in Pet ether, Rf: 0.49. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with water (30 mL) and brine (30 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a yellow gum (1.5 g, LC/MS: 84%). The crude compound was purified by flash chromatography using a 40 g column (silica) to afford ethyl (E)-3-(3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)acrylate as a pale yellow solid (1.0 g, LC/MS: 93%). (LC/MS; m/z 361.2 [M+H]⁺).

Step-2: A solution of ethyl (E)-3-(3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl )acrylate (1.0 g, 2.77 mmol) in THF (20 mL) and H₂O (10 mL) was treated with lithium hydroxide monohydrate (1.75 g, 41.66 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 16 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 5% MeOH in DCM, Rf: 0.21. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The remaining mixture was adjusted to pH 1-2 with saturated aqueous citric acid (20 mL) at 0° C. and the resulting solid was collected by filtration, washed with water (20 mL), and dried under vacuum to afford a pale yellow solid (400 mg, LC/MS: 86%). The crude product was suspended in ACN (15 mL) and stirred for 30 min, then the solid was collected by filtration, washed with ACN (5 mL) and dried under high vacuum to afford (E)-3-(3-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)acrylic acid (Cpd. No. 007) as a pale yellow solid (230.54 mg, LC/MS: 99%). (LC/MS; m/z 333.2 [M+H]+).

Example 4: Synthesis of (E)-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,5a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid (Cpd. No. 008)

Step-1: A solution of Int-3 (1.0 g, 3.42 mmol) in DCM (20 ml) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with DMP (1.74 g, 4.10 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase 30% EtOAc in pet-ether, Rf: 0.45, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was quenched with ice cold water (25 mL) and extracted with DCM (3×15 mL), and the combined organic layer was washed with brine (20 mL), dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to afford 1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde as a pale yellow gum (1.20 g, LC/MS: 51%). (LC/MS; m/z 291.5 [M+H]+).

Step-2: A solution of 1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carbaldehyde (1.20 g, 4.13 mmol) in DCM (25 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with ethyl 2-(triphenyl-X⁴-phosphaneyl)acetate (2.15 g, 6.20 mmol) at 0° C. and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase 30% EtOAc in pet-ether, Rf: 0.44, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was diluted with water (35 mL) and extracted with DCM (3×15 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (25 mL), dried with Na₂SO₄, and filtered, washed with DCM (15 mL) and the filtrate was concentrated to afford a pale yellow gum (1.50 g, LC/MS: 33%). The crude product was purified by normal phase chromatography using a 40 g silica column and an eluent of 15% EtOAc in Pet. ether to afford ethyl (E)-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylate as a pale yellow solid (500 mg, LC/MS: 61%). (LC/MS; m/z 361.2 [M+H]+).

Step-3: A solution of ethyl (E)-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylate (500 mg, 1.38 mmol) in THF (2 mL), MeOH (2 mL) and water (2 ml) was cooled to 0° C. and treated with LiOH·H₂O (173.70 mg, 4.14 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 4 h. Progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 70% EtOAc in pet-ether, Rf: 0.13, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was concentrated, and the residue was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with diethyl-ether (3×5 mL). The aqeous layer was acidified with 5.0 M HCl (pH: 6-5) at 5-10° C. and stirred for 30 min. The resulting solid was collected by filtration, washed with water (10 mL) and dried under vacuum to afford a yellow solid (300 mg, LC/MS: 96%). The crude product was triturated with 10% EtOH in water and stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, and the solid was collected by filtration, washed with n-pentane (20 mL) and dried under vacuum to afford (E)-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid (Cpd. No. 008) as a yellow solid (53 mg, LC/MS: 96%). (LC/MS; m/z 333.2 [M+H]+).

Example 5: Synthesis of 1-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl) azetidine-3-carboxylic acid (Cpd. No. 017)

Step-1: A solution of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine (40 g, 338.58 mmol) in DCM (400 mL) was treated with N-bromosuccinimide (60.26 g, 338.58 mmol) portion wise at −78° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h and progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 70% EtOAc in Pet Ether, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous sodium thiosulfate (300 mL) and extracted with DCM (3×150 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (25 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (50 g, LC/MS: 53%). The crude product was purified by normal phase column chromatography (silica gel) using 30% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent. The pure fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1-bromoimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine (Int-4) as an off-white solid (40 g, LC/MS: 98%). (LC/MS; m/z 197.3 [M+H]⁺).

Step-2: A solution of Int-4 (5.0 g, 25.37 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (100 mL) and H₂O (25 mL) was treated with (4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)boronic acid (6.26 g, 32.99 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (10.5 g, 76.13 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was degassed with argon for 10 min and Pd(PPh₃)₄(2.9 g, 2.53 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf=0.27, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with H₂O (150 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×80 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (5.6 g, LC/MS: 47%). The crude product was purified by normal phase column chromatography using a 120 g silica column and 70% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent. The pure fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5a]pyridine as a yellow solid (3.5 g, LC/MS: 96%). (LC/MS; m/z 263.2 [M+H]+).

Step-3: A stirred solution of 1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine (3.2 g, 12.21 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) was treated with NBS (2.8 g, 15.87 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was at stirred 0° C. for 2 h under nitrogen atmosphere and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 30% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.5, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was quenched with water (50 mL) and extracted with DCM (2×70 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (2×50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a pale yellow gum (3.5 g, LC/MS: 89%). The crude product was purified via flash chromatography using a 40 g column (silica) and 20% EtOAc in pet. ether as eluent. The pure fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 3-bromo-1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine (Int-5) as a pale yellow solid (2.2 g, LC/MS: 97%). (LC/MS; m/z 343.1 [M+H]⁺).

Step-4: A mixture of Int-5 (300 mg, 0.879 mmol) and azetidine-3-carboxylic acid (356 mg, 3.518 mmol) was treated with DBU (1.3 g, 8.794 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 120° C. for 16 h in sealed tube and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 10% MeOH in DCM, Rf: 0.24; detection: UV). The resulting solution was diluted with H₂O (30 mL), acidified with formic acid (1 mL) and extracted with 10% MeOH in DCM (50 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (30 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a pale yellow gum (400 mg, LC/MS: 56%). The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H₃ and the collected fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure and lyophilized to afford 1-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5a]pyridin-3-yl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid (Cpd. No. 017) as a pale yellow solid (51.84 mg, LC/MS: 99%). (LC/MS; m/z 362.1 [M+H]+).

Cpd. No. 016 was prepared in a manner similar (use of appropriate reagents and purification methods known to the person skilled in the art) to Cpd. No. 017.

Example 6: Synthesis of cis-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3

yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (Cpd. No. 019) and trans-3-(1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (Cpd. No. 020)

Step-1: A solution of Int-5 (1.4 g, 4.13 mmol) in THF (15 mL) was treated with tert-butyl 3oxocyclobutane-1-carboxylate (1.4 g, 8.26 mmol) followed by n-BuLi (3.5 mL, 8.26 mmol, 2.5 M in hexane) at −78° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h under nitrogen atmosphere and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 30% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf=0.50, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous NH₄Cl (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (2×20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (2 g, LC/MS: 63%). The crude product was purified via flash chromatography using a 40 g silica column and a gradient of 0-25% EtOAc in pet. ether as eluent. The pure fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 3-hydroxy-3-(1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylate (Int-6) as a brown gum (1.0 g, LC/MS: 97%). (LC/MS; m/z 433.3 [M+H]⁺).

Step-2: A solution of Int-6 (650 mg, 1.50 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was treated with Et₃SiH (2.39 mL, 15.03 mmol) and TFA (2.31 mL, 30.06 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 72 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf=0.50 and 0.33, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was triturated with pentane (2×3 mL) and dried under high vacuum to afford a brown gum (700 mg, LC/MS: 37% & 52% mixture of stereoisomers). The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H3 and the pure fractions were concentrated under reduced pressure to afford cis-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (Cpd. No. 019) as a pale yellow solid (84 mg, LC/MS: 99%) and trans-3-(1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (Cpd. No. 020) as a pale yellow solid (93 mg, LC/MS: 99%). (LC/MS; m/z 361.2 [M+H]+).

Example 7: Synthesis of 3-hydroxy-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (Cpd. No. 014)

A solution of Int-6 (100 mg, 0.231 mmol) in formic acid (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 16 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂, Rf=0.16, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, co-evaporated with toluene (20 mL), triturated with pentane (2×10 mL) and dried under high vacuum to afford a brown gum (130 mg, LC/MS: 53%). The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H3 and the pure fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 3-hydroxy-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (Cpd. No. 014) as an off white solid (26 mg, LC/MS: 99.6%). (LC/MS; m/z 377.2 [M+H]⁺).

Example 8: Synthesis of 2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acetic acid (Cpd. No. 015)

Step-1: A solution of pyridin-2-ylmethanamine (7 g, 64.73 mmol) in THF (70 mL) was treated with Et₃N (18 mL) and ethyl malonyl chloride (9.8 g, 64.73 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 100% EtOAc, Rf: 0.42. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (500 mL) and extracted with DCM (2×500 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (200 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a yellow gum (8 g, LC/MS: 52%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 120 g silica gel column and 100% EtOAc as eluent to afford ethyl 3-oxo-3-((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)propanoate as a yellow solid (6.5 g, LC/MS: 97%). (LC/MS; m/z 223.2 [M+H]⁺).

Step-2: POCl₃ (80 mL) was added to ethyl 3-oxo-3-((pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)propanoate (7.5 g, 33.74 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 24 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.78. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was quenched with cooled H₂O (1500 mL), adjusted to pH 7-8 with NaHCO₃ powder and extracted with EtOAc (2×800 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (500 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (8.5 g, LC/MS: 85%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 120 g silica gel column and 40% EtOAC in pet ether as eluent to afford ethyl 2-(imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acetate as a brown solid (3.8 g, LC/MS: 98%). (LC/MS; m/z 205.1 [M+H]⁺).

Step-3: A solution of ethyl 2-(imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acetate (3.8 g, 18.60 mmol) in DCM (80 mL) was treated with NBS (3.9 g, 22.32 mmol) at 0° C. and stirred for 1 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.69. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (200 mL) and extracted with DCM (400 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (200 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (4.5 g, LC/MS: 70%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using an 80 g silica gel column and 40% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent to afford ethyl 2-(1-bromoimidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acetate as a brown gum (3.5 g, LC/MS: 96%). (LC/MS; m/z 285.1 [M+H]⁺).

Step-4: A solution of ethyl 2-(1-bromoimidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acetate (500 mg, 1.76 mmol), (4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)boronic acid (437 mg, 2.30 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (733 mg, 5.31 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (15 mL) and H₂O (2 ml) was degassed with argon for 20 min at room temperature, followed by addition of Pd(PPh₃)₄(204 mg, 0.177 mmol). The vessel was sealed, and the mixture stirred at 100° C. for 16 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 30% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.45, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was filtrated through a pad of Celite and washed with EtOAc (50 mL). The filtrate was diluted with H₂O (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (150 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (1.0 g, LC/MS: 35%).

The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 40 g silica gel column and an eluent of 25% EtOAc in pet ether to afford ethyl 2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5a]pyridin-3-yl)acetate as a pale brown solid (180 mg, LC/MS: 96%). (LC/MS; m/z 349.2 [M+H]⁺).

Step-5: A solution of ethyl 2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acetate (180 mg, 0.45 mmol) in THF (5 mL) and H₂O (2 mL) was treated with LiOH·H₂O (96 mg, 2.29 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.25, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was acidified with formic acid and the precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (80 mg, LC/MS: 97%). The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H₁ and the collected fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure and lyophilized to afford 2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5a]pyridin-3-yl)acetic acid (Cpd. No. 015) as an off white solid (33.71 mg, LC/MS: 96%). (LC/MS; m/z 321.2 [M+H]⁺).

Example 9: Synthesis of (1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)glycine (Cpd. No. 021)

Step-1: A solution of pyridin-2-ylmethanamine (5 g, 0.04 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was treated with ethyl 2-isocyanatoacetate (5.9 g, 0.04) at 0° C. and stirred at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction progress was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 100% EtOAc, Rf: 0.70. detection: UV). The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was triturated with n-pentane (100 mL) and dried under vacuum to afford ethyl ((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyl)glycinate as a white solid (9 g, LC/MS: 99%). (LC/MS; m/z 238.1 [M+H]⁺).

Step-2: POCl₃ (90 mL) was added to ethyl ((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyl)glycinate (9 g, 7.58 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h. The reaction progress was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.63. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was quenched with cooled H₂O (2000 mL), adjusted to pH 7-8 with NaHCO₃ powder and extracted with DCM (2×2000 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (500 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (10 g, LC/MS: 85%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 120 g silica gel column and 40% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent to afford ethyl imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylglycinate as a brown solid (3.2 g, LC/MS: 96%). (LC/MS; m/z 220.1 [M+H]⁺).

Step-3: A solution of ethyl imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-ylglycinate (2 g, 0.009 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) was treated with Boc₂O (2.98 g, 0.013 mmol), DMAP (1.1 g, 0.009 mmol) and Et₃N (2.76 g, 0.027 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 30% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.69. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (250 mL) and extracted with DCM (2×500 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (2.1 g, LC/MS: 27%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using an 80 g silica gel column and 25% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent to afford ethyl N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-N-(imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-yl)glycinate as a brown gum (1.6 g, LC/MS: 95%). (LC/MS; m/z 320.2 [M+H]+).

Step-4: A solution of ethyl N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-N-(imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)glycinate (1.6 g, 5.016 mmol) in DCM (40 mL) was treated with NBS (892.74 mg, 5.016 mmol) at −78° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 30% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.69. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (100 mL) and extracted with DCM (200 mL), washed with brine (100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (1.7 g, LC/MS: 59%). The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography using a 120 g silica gel column and 25% EtOAC in pet ether as eluent to afford ethyl N—(1-bromoimidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)glycinate as a brown gum (1.3 g, LC/MS: 99%). (LC/MS; m/z 398.1 [M+H]+).

Step-5: A solution of ethyl N—(1-bromoimidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)glycinate (1.5 g, 4.020 mmol), (4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)boronic acid (993 mg, 5.22 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (1.7 g, 12.06 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (28 mL) and H₂O (2 ml) was degassed with argon for 20 min at room temperature, followed by addition of Pd(PPh₃)₄(465 mg, 0.402 mmol). The reaction vessel was sealed, and the mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 30% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.48, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (250 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×500 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a yellow gum (1.7 g, LC/MS: 58%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 120 g silica gel column and 25% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent to afford ethyl N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-N(1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)glycinate as a yellow gum (1.2 g, LC/MS: 97%). (LC/MS; m/z 464.4 [M+H]+).

Step-6: A solution of ethyl N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-N—(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5a]pyridin-3-yl)glycinate (600 mg, 1.295 mmol) in DCM (8 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and 4 M HCl in 1,4-dioxane (7 mL) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 30% EtOAc in Pet ether, Rf: 0.36, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was washed with n-pentane (10 mL) and dried under vacuum to afford ethyl (1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)glycinate (350 mg, LC/MS: 97%). (LC/MS; m/z 364.2 [M+H]⁺).

Step-7: A solution of ethyl (1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)glycinate (250 mg, 0.688 mmol) in THF (7 mL) and H₂O (2 mL) was treated with LiOH·H₂O (144 mg, 3.44 mmol)) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.26, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was acidified with formic acid (2 mL) and the precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (30 mg, LC/MS: 93%). The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H₄ and the collected fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford (1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5a]pyridin-3-yl)glycine (Cpd. No. 021) as a yellow solid (26.56 mg, LC/MS: 96%). (LC/MS; m/z 336.1 [M+H]+). Cpd. No. 024 was prepared in a manner similar (use of appropriate reagents and purification methods known to the person skilled in the art) to Cpd. No. 021 by employing ethyl N-(chlorocarbonyl)-N-methylglycinate and Et₃N in DCM in step 1, using Pd(dppf)Cl₂-DCM as catalyst in step 5, and omitting step 3 and step 6).

Example 10: Synthesis of (E)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid (Cpd. No. 022)

Step-1: A solution of formic acid (70 mL) and Ac₂O (30 mL) were mixed at room temperature and heated to 60° C. for 3 h. The resulting mixture was added to (5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methanamine hydrochloride (4.8 g, 22.57 mmol) at room temperature and stirred at 90° C. for 8 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in hexane, Rf: 0.39, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with water (30 mL), neutralized with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford N—((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)formamide as a brown liquid (2.4 g, LC/MS: 72%). (LC/MS; m/z 205.1 [M+H]+).

Step-2: A stirred solution of N—((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)formamide (2.4 g, 11.75 mmol) in POCl₃ (30 mL) was heated to reflux for 16 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in hexane, Rf: 0.62, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with EtOAc (30 mL) and water (7 mL), neutralized with solid sodium bicarbonate and extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a pale brown liquid (2.0 g, LC/MS: 62%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using silica gel and 30% EtOAc in pet. ether as eluent. The pure fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine as a pale brown solid (1.1 g, LC/MS: 85%). (LC/MS; m/z 187.2 [M+H]⁺).

Step-3: A stirred solution of 6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine (1.1 g, 5.91 mmol) in dry DCM (22 mL) was treated slowly with N-bromosuccinimide (946.65 mg, 5.319 mmol) at −78° C. and stirred for 4 h under nitrogen atmosphere at −78° C. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 10% EtOAc in hexane, Rf: 0.24, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature, quenched with water (20 mL) and extracted with DCM (2×25 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (2×20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a pale brown oil (1.3 g, LC/MS: 46%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 12 g silica column and 5% EtOAc in pet. ether as eluent. The pure fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1-bromo-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,5a]pyridine as a pale yellow solid (800 mg, LC/MS: 77%). (LC/MS; m/z 268.1 [M+H]⁺).

Step-4: In a glass screw-cap pressure vessel, 1-bromo-6-(trifluoromethyl)imidazo[1,5a]pyridine (800 mg, 3.018 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (13 mL) and water (3 mL) was treated with (4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)boronic acid (688 mg, 3.622 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (1.253 g, 9.05 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling argon for 10 min. Then Pd₂(dba)₃ (276.5 mg, 0.302 mmol) was added, and the vessel was sealed with a Teflon screw-cap. The reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 20% EtOAc in hexane, Rf: 0.34, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (2×20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a pale yellow liquid (1.1 g, LC/MS: 21%). The crude product was purified flash chromatography using a 40 g silica column and 30% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent. The pure fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 6(trifluoromethyl)-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine as a brown solid (340 mg, LC/MS: 74%). (LC/MS; m/z 331.2 [M+H]⁺).

Step-5: A stirred solution of 6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5a]pyridine (240 mg, 0.727 mmol) in DCM (14.0 mL) was treated slowly with a solution of N-bromosuccinimide (142.3 mg, 0.8 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) at −78° C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at −78° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 10% EtOAc in hexane, Rf: 0.68, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with DCM (2×65 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown solid (310 mg, LC/MS: 62%). The crude product was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using 5% EtOAc in pet. ether as eluent. The pure fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 3-bromo-6(trifluoromethyl)-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine as a pale yellow solid (210 mg, LC/MS: 81%). (LC/MS; m/z 411.2 [M+H]+).

Step-6: In a glass screw-cap pressure vessel, a solution of 3-bromo-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine (290 mg, 0.709 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (5.0 mL) was treated with ethyl acrylate (212.9 mg, 2.126 mmol), X-phos (33.51 mg, 0.071 mmol) and DIPEA (320 mg, 2.48 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling argon for 5 min, Pd(OAc)₂ (8 mg, 0.035 mmol) was added and the vessel was sealed with a Teflon screw-cap. The reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 20% EtOAc, Rf: 0.65, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (15 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a pale brown liquid (210 mg, LC/MS: 67%). The crude product was purified via flash chromatography using a silica column and 4% EtOAc in pet. ether as eluent. The pure fractions were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford ethyl (E)-3-(1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylate as a pale yellow solid (140 mg, LC/MS: 95%). (LC/MS; m/z 429.3 [M+H]⁺).

Step-7: A stirred solution of ethyl (E)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylate (140 mg, 0.327 mmol) in THF (6 mL) and water (2 mL) was treated with LiOH (68.63 mg, 1.63 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 4 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 100% EtOAc, Rf: 0.2, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was concentrated, diluted with water (10 mL), neutralized with formic acid and extracted with EtOAc (2×25 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (2×20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a pale yellow solid (140 mg, LC/MS: 86%). The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H5. The pure fractions were combined, concentrated and lyophilized to afford the (E)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid as a yellow solid (Cpd. No. 022) (42 mg, LC/MS: 98%). (LC/MS; m/z

Example 11: Synthesis of 3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)propanoic acid (Cpd. No. 023)

Step-1: A solution of Int-5 (300 mg, 0.88 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) was treated with ethyl acrylate (265 mg, 2.90 mmol) and DIPEA (343 mg, 2.90 mmol). The mixture was degassed with argon for 5 min and followed by addition of X-Phos (42 mg, 0.08 mmol) and Pd(OAc)₂ (10 mg, 0.004 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h in sealed tube and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 20% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.34, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was quenched with H₂O (80 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×80 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (2×50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a pale yellow gum (300 mg, LC/MS: 86%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 40 g silica column and 15% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent to afford ethyl (E)-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a] pyridin-3-yl)acrylate (Int-7) as a yellow solid (320 mg, LC/MS: 92%). (LC/MS; m/z 361.3 [M+H]⁺).

Step-2: A solution of Int-7 (300 mg, 0.83 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was treated with NaBH₄ (57 mg, 1.66 mmol) followed by the addition of NiCl₂·6H₂O (20 mg, 0.08 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 1 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 30% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.37, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was quenched with H₂O (80 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×80 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (2×50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a pale yellow gum (150 mg, LC/MS: 73%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 40 g silica column and 15% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent to afford ethyl 3-(1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)propionate as a yellow solid (130 mg, LC/MS: 94%). (LC/MS; m/z 363.3 [M+H]+).

Step-3: A solution of ethyl 3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)propanoate (130 mg, 0.35 mmol) in THF (5 mL) and H₂O (1.5 mL) was treated with LiOH·H₂O (75 mg, 1.79 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.26, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was acidified with formic acid (1 mL) and the precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (80 mg, LC/MS: 87%). The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H₄ and the collected fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure and lyophilized to afford 3-(1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)propanoic acid (Cpd. No. 023) as a pale yellow solid (48.41 mg, LC/MS: 99%). (LC/MS; m/z 335.2 [M+H]⁺).

Example 12: Synthesis of 5-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (Cpd. No. 025)

Step-1: A solution of Int-2 (500 mg, 1.49 mmol) in ethanol (5 mL) was treated with hydrazine hydrate (748 mg, 2.99 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 30% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.28. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was diluted with H₂O (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a pale yellow solid (500 mg, LC/MS: 30%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 40 g silica gel column and 25% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent to afford 1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide as a pale yellow solid (300 mg, LC/MS: 88%). (LC/MS; m/z 321.4 [M+H]⁺).

Step-2: A solution of 1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carbohydrazide (300 mg, 0.935 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was treated with TEA (94 mg, 0.935 mmol) and cooled to 0° C. CDI (228 mg,1.40 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 100% EtOAc, Rf: 0.42. TLC detection: UV). On completion, the reaction mixture was quenched with H₂O (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (2×25 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a pale yellow gum (300 mg, LC/MS purity: 78%). The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H₃ and the collected fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure and lyophilized to afford 5-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (Cpd. No. 025) as a pale yellow solid (96.25 mg, LC/MS: 99%). (LC/MS; m/z 347.3 [M+H]⁺).

Example 13: Synthesis of N((1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)acrylamide (Cpd. No. 026)

Step-1: A solution of Int-4 (3.0 g, 15.15 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (30 mL) and water (3 mL) was treated with 2-(4,4-difluorocyclohex-1-en-1-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (4.43 g, 18.18 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (14.77 g, 45.45 mmol). The reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling argon for 10 min, Pd(dppf)ClD₂.DCM (618.11 mg, 0.75 mmol) was added and the vessel was sealed with a Teflon screw-cap. The reaction mixture was heated and stirred at 100° C. for 16 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether. Rf: 0.20 detection: UV). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered through a pad of Celite and washed with EtOAc (100 mL). The filtrate was washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (3.0 g, LC/MS: 82%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 120 g silica column and 40% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent to afford 1-(4,4-difluorocyclohex-1-en-1-yl) imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine as a brown solid (1.7 g, LC/MS: 92%). (LC/MS; m/z 235.2 [M+H]⁺).

Step-2: A solution of 1-(4,4-difluorocyclohex-1-en-1-yl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine (1.7 g, 7.25 mmol) in toluene (15 mL) and water (3 mL) was treated with B₂Pin₂ (3.67 g, 14.51 mmol), PCy₃ (203.20 mg, 0.72 mmol) and Pd(OAc)₂ (81.28 mg, 0.36 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h under H₂ atmosphere (balloon). The reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether. Rf:0.47, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was diluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (1.7 g, LC/MS: 29%). The crude product was purified by reverse phase chromatography using an 80 g C18 column and 10% water/ACN as eluent to afford 1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine as a brown solid (1.5 g, LC/MS: 97%). (LC/MS; m/z 237.2 [M+H]+).

Step-3: A solution of 1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine (1.0 g, 4.23 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was treated with NBS (452.54 mg, 2.54 mmol) at −78° C. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at −78° C. under nitrogen pressure and progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.73, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with DCM (2×50 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (50 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (1.0 g). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 40 g silica column and 40% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent to afford 3-bromo-1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine as a brown gum (320 mg, LC/MS: 86%).

Step-4: A solution of 3-bromo-1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine (150 mg, 0.47 mmol) in tert-butanol (2.0 mL) and water (0.2 mL) was treated with potassium (((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)methyl)trifluoroborate (203.20 mg, 0.85 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (394.28 mg, 2.85 mmol). The reaction mixture was degassed by bubbling argon for 5 min, X-phos-Pd-G2 (74.85 mg, 0.09 mmol) was added, and the vessel was sealed with a Teflon screw-cap. The reaction mixture was heated and stirred at 110° C. for 16 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether. Rf: 0.38, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (20 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (200 mg). The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography and the pure fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl ((1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3yl)methyl)carbamate as a brown gum (40 mg, LC/MS: 92%). (LC/MS; m/z 366.3 [M+H]+).

Step-5: A solution of tert-butyl ((1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)carbamate (150 mg, 0.02 mmol) in DCM (5.0 mL) was treated with TFA (3.0 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 2 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 5% MeOH in DCM, Rf: 0.14, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was basified with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (pH 8), extracted with EtOAc (2×20 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford (1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methanamine %) as a brown gum (70 mg, LC/MS: 85%). (LC/MS; m/z 266.1 [M+H]⁺).

Step-6: A solution of (1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methanamine (70 mg, 0.26 mmol) in DCM (3.0 mL) was cooled to 0° C., treated with TEA (0.09 mL, 0.66 mmol) and followed by acryloyl chloride (28.68 mg, 0.31 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 10% MeOH in DCM, Rf: 0.26, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with DCM (2×30 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a brown gum (70 mg, LC/MS: 64%). The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H6 and the collected fraction was lyophilized to afford N—((1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)acrylamide (Cpd. No. 026) as an off white solid (12 mg, LC/MS: 64%). (LC/MS; m/z 320.3 [M+H]⁺).

Example 14: Synthesis of trans-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (Cpd. No. 012)

A stirred solution of trimethylsulfonium iodide (339 mg, 1.665 mmol) in DMSO (12.0 mL) was treated with NaH (66.60 mg, 1.665 mmol) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min and Int-7 (300 mg, 0.833 mmol) was added at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (20% EtOAc in pet. ether, Rf: 0.52, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was quenched with water (10 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure at 40° C. for 20 h to afford a brown gum (500 mg, LC/MS: 57%) The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H1 and the pure fraction was lyophilized to afford trans-2-(1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (Cpd. No. 012) as an off-white solid (65 mg, LC/MS: 99%). (LC/MS; m/z 347.3 [M+H]⁺).

Example 15: Synthesis of 2-hydroxy-4-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5a]pyridin-3-yl)benzaldehyde (Cpd. No. 013)

A solution of 2-hydroxy-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzaldehyde (200 mg, 0.80 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was treated with Int-5 (550 mg, 1.61 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (256 mg, 2.41 mmol) at room temperature and the reaction mixture was degassed with argon for 10 minutes. Pd(PPh₃)₄(9 mg, 0.008 mmol) was added at room temperature and the reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h. Progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 40% EtOAc in pet ether. Rf: 0.25. detection: UV). The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and the pad was washed with EtOAc (50 mL). The filtrate was washed with brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a yellow gum (250 mg, LC/MS: 32%). The crude product was purified by column chromatography using silica gel (4 g) and 30% EtOAc in pet ether as an eluent to afford a yellow solid (166 mg, LC/MS: 56%). The product was further purified by preparative HPLC method H1 and the collected fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 2-hydroxy-4-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)benzaldehyde (Cpd. No. 013) as a yellow solid (20 mg, LC/MS: 98%). (LC/MS; m/z 383.2 [M+H]⁺).

Example 16: Synthesis of cis-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (Cpd. No. 018)

Step-1: A solution of cis-3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,4-dione (10.0 g, 89.28 mmol) in EtOH (100 mL) was stirred at 80° C. for 4 h and the reaction was monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 100% EtOAc, Rf: 0.3, detection: PMA). The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford cis-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (10.0 g, LC/MS: 95%). (LC/MS; m/z 159.0 [M+H]⁺).

Step-2: A solution of cis-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (10 g, 63.29 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) was treated with pyridin-2-ylmethanamine (8.2 g, 75.94 mmol), DIPEA (16.3 g, 126.58 mmol) and HATU (36 g, 94.93 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 10% MeOH in DCM, Rf: 0.35, detection: UV). The resulting solution was diluted with ice cooled H₂O (500 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (1000 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (15 g, LC/MS: 27%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 120 g column (silica) and 5% MeOH in DCM as an eluent to afford ethyl cis-2-((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate as a light brown gum (10 g, LC/MS: 96%). (LC/MS; m/z 249.2 [M+H]⁺).

Step-3: A solution of ethyl cis-2-((pyridin-2-ylmethyl)carbamoyl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (10 g, 40.32 mmol) in POCl₃ (100 mL) was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 10% MeOH in DCM, Rf: 0.45, detection: UV). The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was diluted with H₂O (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×500 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (7.0 g, LC/MS: 67%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using an 80 g silica column and 3% MeOH in DCM as an eluent to afford ethyl cis-2-(imidazo[1,5-a] pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate as a light brown gum (3.0 g, LC/MS: 93%). (LC/MS; m/z 231.2 [M+H]⁺).

Step-4: A solution of ethyl cis-2-(imidazo[1,5-a] pyridin-3-yl) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (1.0 g, 4.34 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was treated with NBS (0.77 g, 4.34 mmol) at −78° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at same temperature for 1 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.5, detection: UV). The resulting solution was diluted with H₂O (100 mL) and extracted with DCM (120 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (1.0 g, LC/MS: 76%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 24 g silica column and 15% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent to afford ethyl cis-2-(1-bromoimidazo[1,5a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate as a yellow semi solid (450 mg, LC/MS: 85%). (LC/MS; m/z 309.1 [M+H]+).

Step-5: A solution of ethyl cis-2-(1-bromoimidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (450 mg, 1.46 mmol) in 1,4 dioxane (10 mL) and H₂O (1 mL) was treated with (4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)boronic acid (416 mg, 2.19 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (605 mg, 4.38 mmol).

The reaction mixture was degassed with argon for 5 min and Pd(PPh₃)₄(169 mg, 0.15 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h in sealed tube and monitored by TLC (mobile phase:50% EtOAc in Pet ether. Rf: 0.45. detection: UV). The resulting solution was diluted with H₂O (100 mL) and extracted EtOAc (120 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (500 mg, LC/MS: 49%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 12 g silica column and 20% EtOAc in Pet ether as an eluent to afford ethyl cis-2-(1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate as a yellow solid (300 mg, LC/MS: 78%). (LC/MS; m/z 376.2 [M+H]⁺).

Step-6: A solution of ethyl cis-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (350 mg, 0.93 mmol) in THF (4 mL), MeOH (0.4 mL) and H₂O (1.4 mL) was treated with LiOH·H₂O (196 mg, 4.67 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h and monitored by TLC (50% EtOAc in Pet ether, Rf: 0.2, detection: UV). The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (300 mg, LC/MS: 82%). The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H7 and the collected fraction was concentrated and lyophilized to afford cis-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid as a pale yellow solid (Cpd. No. 018) (28.46 mg, LC/MS: 99%). (LC/MS; m/z 347.3 [M+H]⁺).

Example 17: Synthesis of (E)—N-methyl-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5a]pyridin-3-yl)ethene-1-sulfonamide (Cpd. No. 027)

A solution of Int-5 (300 mg, 0.88 mmol) in 1,4 dioxane (2.5 mL) was treated with Et₃N (268.84 mg, 2.65 mmol) and degassed with argon for 5 min. PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂(62.10 mg, 0.08 mmol) and N-methylethenesulfonamide (268.64 mg, 1.06 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 16 h in a sealed tube and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in Pet ether, Rf: 0.30, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and washed with EtOAc (50 mL). The filtrate was washed with H₂O (80 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (300 mg, LC/MS: 74%). The crude product was purified by column chromatography using silica gel and a gradient of 10-15% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent to afford a pale yellow gum (300 mg, LC/MS: 78%). The product was further purified by preparative HPLC method H₆ and the collected fraction was concentrated and lyophilized to afford (E)—N-methyl-2-(1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)ethene-1-sulfonamide (Cpd. No. 027) as pale yellow solid (5.8 mg, LC/MS: 96%). (LC/MS; m/z 382.2 [M+H]+).

Example 18: Synthesis of 3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one (Cpd. No. 028)

Step-1: A solution of Int-2 (1.0 g, 2.99 mmol) was treated with 7M NH₃ in MeOH (50 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture stirred at room temperature for 16 h in a sealed tube and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.3, detection: UV). The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was triturated with n-pentane and dried under reduced pressure to afford 1-(4(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide as an off white solid (600 mg, LC/MS: 94%). (LC/MS; m/z 306.1 [M+H]⁺).

Step-2: A solution of 1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboxamide (600 mg, 1.96 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was treated with Et₃N (397 mg, 3.93 mmol) and TFAA (620 mg, 2.95 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.4, detection: UV). The resulting solution was diluted with H₂O (80 mL) and extracted with DCM (120 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (600 mg, LC/MS: 76%). The crude product was purified by flash chromatography using a 12 g silica gel column and 20% EtOAc in pet ether as eluent to afford 1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carbonitrile (Int-8) as a white solid (400 mg, LC/MS: 81%). (LC/MS; m/z 288.1 [M+H]⁺).

Step-3: A solution of Int-8 (400 mg, 1.39 mmol) in EtOH (8 mL) was treated with Et₃N (281 mg, 2.78 mmol) and NH₂OH·HCl (96 mg, 1.39 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 2 h in a sealed tube and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf=0.3, detection: UV). The resulting solution was concentrated to afford crude N-hydroxy-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboximidamide (500 mg, LC/MS: 88%). (LC/MS; m/z 321.2 [M+H]+).

Step-4: A solution of N-hydroxy-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-3-carboximidamide (450 mg, 1.40 mmol) in DCM (8 mL) was treated with DBU (641 mg, 4.21 mmol) and CDI (342 mg, 2.10 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 100% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.2, detection: UV). The resulting solution was diluted with H₂O (80 mL) and extracted with DCM (120 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (500 mg, LC/MS: 75%). The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H6 and the collected fraction was concentrated and lyophilized to afford 3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one (Cpd. No. 028) as an off white solid (182.84 mg, LC/MS: 99%). (LC/MS; m/z 347.0 [M+H]⁺).

Example 19: Synthesis of 5-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (Cpd. No. 029)

A solution of Int-8 (400 mg, 1.39 mmol) was treated with ethyl carbazate (1.45 g, 13.92 mmol) and DMAP (72.41 mg, 0.69 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 160° C. for 4 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 30% EtOAc in pet ether. Rf: 0.31, detection: UV). The reaction mixture was cooled, triturated with n-pentane and dried to afford the crude compound (100 mg, LC/MS: 57%). The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H4 and the collected fraction was concentrated and lyophilized to afford 5-(1(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (Cpd. No. 029) as an off-white solid (31.59 mg, LC/MS: 99%). (LC/MS; m/z 346.2 [M+H]+).

Example 20: Synthesis of 3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)isoxazol-5(4H)-one (Cpd. No. 030)

A solution of ethyl Int-7 (300 mg, 0.83 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was treated with Et₃N (842 mg, 8.33 mmol) and NH₂OH·HCl (172 mg, 2.50 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 16 h and monitored by TLC (mobile phase: 50% EtOAc in pet ether, Rf: 0.2, detection: UV). The resulting solution was concentrated, diluted with H₂O (50 mL) and extracted with DCM (100 mL). The organic layer was dried with over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product (300 mg, LC/MS: 36%). The crude product was purified by preparative HPLC method H8. The collected fraction was concentrated and lyophilized to afford 3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)isoxazol-5(4H)-one (Cpd. No. 030) as a pale brown solid (14.71 mg, LC/MS: 98%). (LC/MS; m/z 346.1 [M+H]⁺).

TABLE 2
Analytical data for synthesized compounds of the invention:
Cpd.	[M + H]+	LC/MS	RT	1H NMR
No.	(m/z):	Method	(min.)	(δ ppm)
001	346.3	L2	2.21	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 8.62-8.64 (m, 1H), 8.54-8.55 (d, 1H), 8.07-8.09
				(d, 2H), 7.87-7.89 (d, 2H), 7.76-7.78 (m, 1H), 6.89-6.93 (m, 1H),
				6.77-6.81 (m, 1H), 6.21-6.28 (m, 1H), 6.09-6.14 (dd, 1H), 5.57-5.60
				(dd, 1H), 4.63-4.65 (d, 2H).
002	346.2	L2	2.34	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 8.82-8.85 (t, 1H), 8.33-8.35 (d, 1H), 8.11-8.13
				(d, 2H), 8.03-8.06 (d, 1H), 7.75-7.77 (d, 2H), 7.02-7.06 (m, 1H), 6.84-
				6.87 (t, 1H), 6.14-6.27 (m, 2H), 5.63-5.66 (dd, 1H), 4.84-4.86 (d, 2H).
003	348.3	L2	2.34	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 8.48-8.51 (t, 1H), 8.30-8.32 (d, 1H), 8.11-8.13
				(d, 2H), 8.02-8.05 (d, 1H), 7.74-7.76 (d, 2H), 7.01-7.05 (m, 1H), 6.88-
				6.86 (m, 1H), 4.74-4.75 (d, 2H), 2.10-2.15 (m, 2H), 0.99-1.02 (t, 3H).
004	370.2	L2	2.35	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 8.32-8.34 (d, 1H), 8.11-8.13 (d, 2H), 8.06-8.08
				(d, 1H), 7.75-7.77 (d, 3H), 7.06-7.10 (m, 1H), 6.88-6.92 (m, 1H), 4.69
				(s, 2H), 2.99 (s, 3H).
005	348.3	L2	2.17	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 8.53-8.55 (d, 1H), 8.28-8.31 (t, 1H), 8.07-8.09
				(d, 2H), 7.87-7.89 (d, 2H), 7.74-7.76 (d, 1H), 6.88-6.91 (m, 1H), 6.76-
				6.80 (m, 1H), 4.53-4.55 (d, 2H), 2.03-2.12 (q, 2H), 0.97-1.01 (t, 3H).
006	370.2	L2	2.25	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 8.55-8.57 (d, 1H), 8.08-8.10 (d, 2H), 7.88-7.90
				(d, 2H), 7.77-7.79 (d, 1H), 7.49-7.50 (m, 1H), 6.93-6.97 (m, 1H),
				6.79-6.83 (m, 1H), 4.47-4.48 (d, 2H), 2.92 (s, 3H).
007	333.2	L2	2.30	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.08 (br. s, 1H), 8.58-8.60 (d, 1H), 8.08-8.13
				(m, 3H), 7.91-7.95 (dd, 3H), 7.14-7.17 (m, 1H), 6.90-6.93 (m, 1H),
				6.51-6.54 (d, 1H).
008	333.2	L2	2.43	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.48 (S, 1H), 8.88-8.90 (d, 1H), 8.18-8.20 (d,
				2H), 8.13-8.15 (d, 1H), 8.03-8.07 (d, 1H), 7.80-7.82 (d, 2H), 7.18-
				7.22 (t, 1H), 7.00-7.01 (t, 1H), 6.77-6.80 (d, 1H).
009	414.2	L2	2.09	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 8.71-8.74 (m, 2H), 8.10-8.12 (d, 2H), 7.97-7.99
				(m, 1H), 7.92-7.94 (d, 2H), 7.07-7.09 (dd, 1H), 6.21-6.27 (m, 1H),
				6.09-6.14 (dd, 1H), 5.57-5.61 (dd, 1H), 4.65-4.67 (d, 2H).
010	402.3	L5	5.42	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 8.73 (s, 1H), 8.45 (t, 1H), 8.10-8.12 (d, 2H), 7.92-
				7.97 (t, 3H), 7.05-7.07 (d, 1H), 4.54-4.56 (d, 2H), 1.82 (s, 3H).
011	438.3	L2	2.08	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 8.76-8.77 (s, 1H), 8.11-8.13 (d, 2H), 7.93-7.99
				(m, 3H), 7.58-7.61 (t, 1H), 7.10-7.13 (dd, 1H), 4.50-4.52 (d, 2H), 2.93
				(s, 3H).
012	347.3	L2	2.10	(DMSO-d6): δ ppm: 12.79 (s, 1H), 8.41 (d, 1H), 8.06-8.08 (m, 2H),
				7.99 (d, 1H), 7.72-7.74 (m, 1H), 7.01 (dd, 1H), 6.82 (dd, 1H), 2.83-
				2.88 (m, 1H), 2.09-2.13 (m, 1H), 1.53-1.57 (m, 1H).
013	383.2	L2	2.36	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 10.99 (s, 1H), 10.34 (s, 1H), 8.65 (d, 1H), 8.14-
				8.20 (m, 3H), 7.80-7.85 (m, 3H), 7.53-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.14-7.18 (m,
				1H), 6.93-6.97 (m, 1H).
014	377.2	L4	1.94	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 8.30 (d, 1H), 8.13-8.15 (m, 2H), 8.05 (d, 1H),
				7.75-7.77 (m, 2H), 7.05 (dd, 1H), 6.80 (dd, 1H), 3.04-3.08 (m, 2H),
				2.55-2.67 (m, 3H).
015	321.2	L2	1.84	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.9 (s, 1H), 8.25 (d, 1H), 8.09-8.11 (m, 2H),
				8.01 (d, 1H), 7.75-7.73 (m, 2H), 6.99-7.03 (m, 1H), 6.78-6.81 (m,
				1H), 4.16 (s, 2H).
016	362.1	L3	3.33	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.91 (br. s, 1H), 8.03-8.05 (m, 2H), 7.99 (d, 1H),
				7.88 (d, 1H), 7.70-7.72 (m, 2H), 6.83 (dd, 1H), 6.62 (dd, 1H), 5.02 (t,
				1H), 4.14-4.19 (m, 1H), 3.88-3.94 (m, 1H), 2.51-2.67 (m, 1H), 2.45-
				2.51 (m, 1H).
017	362.1	L3	3.44	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.67 (s, 1H), 8.05-8.10 (m, 2H), 7.71-7.86 (m,
				4H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 6.60 (s, 1H)), 4.27-4.37 (m, 4H) 3.49-3.52 (m, 1H).
018	347.3	L2	1.80	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.18 (s, 1H), 8.26 (d, 1H), 8.08-8.10 (m, 2H),
				7.98 (d, 1H), 7.72-7.74 (m, 2H), 6.99 (dd, 1H), 6.80 (dd, 1H), 2.65-
				2.70 (m, 1H), 2.14-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.72-1.76 (m, 1H), 1.51-1.56 (m,
				1H).
019	361.2	L2	1.96	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.20 (s, 1H), 8.17 (d, 1H), 8.11-8.13 (m, 2H),
				7.99 (d, 1H), 7.73-7.75 (m, 2H), 6.97-7.01 (m, 1H), 6.76-6.80 (m,
				1H), 3.90-3.99 (m, 1H), 3.15-3.24 (m, 1H), 2.61-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.45-
				2.59 (m, 2H).
020	361.2	L2	2.05	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.25 (s, 1H), 8.09-8.15 (m, 3H), 8.00 (d, 1H),
				7.74-7.76 (m, 2H), 6.99 (dd, 1H), 6.76 (dd, 1H), 4.00-4.08 (m, 1H),
				3.17-3.25 (m, 1H), 2.65-2.76 (m, 4H).
021	336.1	L5	4.87	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.58 (s, 1H), 7.96-7.99 (m, 3H), 7.79 (d, 1H),
				7.67-7.69 (m, 2H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 6.70-6.74 (m, 1H), 6.56-6.59 (m,
				1H), 4.13 (s, 2H).
022	401.2	L2	2.23	(DMSO-d6): δ ppm: 12.66 (m, 1H), 9.44 (s, 1H), 8.27-8.19 (m, 4H),
				7.84-7.83 (d, 2H), 7.31-7.29 (d, 1H), 6.88-6.85 (d, 1H).
023	335.2	L2	1.89	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.26 (s, 1H), 8.29 (d, 1H), 8.08-8.10 (m, 2H),
				7.99 (d, 1H), 7.73-7.75 (m, 2H), 6.98 (dd, 1H), 6.78 (dd, 1H), 3.21
				(t, 2H), 2.87 (t, 2H).
024	350.3	L4	2.03	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.60 (s, 1H), 7.05-8.01 (m, 3H), 7.92 (d, 1H),
				7.70-7.72 (m, 2H), 6.91 (dd, 1H), 6.71 (dd, 1H), 3.95 (s, 2H), 2.93
				(s, 3H).
025	347.3	L2	2.04	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.9 (s, 1H), 8.96 (d, 1H), 8.29 (d, 1H), 8.19-8.21
				(m, 2H), 7.82-7.84 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.37 (m, 1H), 7.20-7-24 (m, 1H).
026	320.3	L2	1.38	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 8.73 (t, 1H), 8.12 (d, 1H), 7.54 (dd, 1H), 6.61-
				6.70 (m, 2H), 6.12-6.25 (m, 2H), 5.63 (dd, 1H), 4.72 (d, 2H), 3.11-
				3.16 (m, 1H), 1.88-2.17 (m, 8H).
027	382.2	L3	4.30	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 8.89 (d, 1H), 8.14-8.20 (m, 3H), 7.80-7.84 (m,
				3H), 7.15-7.24 (m, 3H), 7.02 (dd, 1H), 2.57 (s, 3H).
028	347.0	L4	2.11	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 13.41 (s, 1H), 8.97 (d, 1H), 8.29 (d, 1H), 8.21-
				8.23 (m, 2H), 7.85-7.87 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.24 (m,
				1H).
029	346.2	L1	5.22	(DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 12.32 (s, 1H), 11.96 (s, 1H), 9.10 (d, 1H), 8.21-
				8.23 (m, 3H), 7.77-7.82 (m, 2H), 7.25 (dd, 1H), 7.11 (dd, 1H).
030	346.1	L3	3.53	(CDCl3) δ ppm: 9.10-9.12 (m, 1H), 7.99-8.03 (m, 3H), 7.73-7.76 (m,
				2H), 7.22-7.24 (m, 1H), 7.04-7.08 (m, 1H), 4.21 (s, 2H).

Part B: Experimental Biology Procedures

Example 21: Activity of compounds of the disclosure in a reporter gene assay for measuring the inhibition of YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription Hek293T cells are cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, Sodium pyruvate, Sodium bicarbonate, L-glutamine. The cells are harvested and transiently transfected with TEAD-responsive element luciferase reporter. Transfected cells are plated in 384-well plate containing pre-diluted compounds. After 24 hours incubation at 37° C./5% CO₂, assay plates were cooled to room temperature and levelled to an equal volume per well, prior to the addition of 25 uL luciferase substrate SteadyLite (Perkin Elmer)/well. The plate was shaken for 10 min at 600 rpm, centrifuged for 1 min at 500 rpm and measured with an Envision reader (PerkinElmer). The amount of relative light units produced by the TEAD reporter is used to calculate the percentage of inhibition. The percent of reporter inhibition was calculated in the presence of a positive control inhibitor (100% inhibition) versus a condition with the presence of the vehicle basal activity of the reporter (0% inhibition). The ability of a test compound to inhibit this activity was determined as: Percentage inhibition=[1-((RLU determined in the presence of vehicle—RLU determined for sample with test compound present) divided by (RLU determined in the presence of vehicle—RLU determined for sample with positive control inhibitor))] *100.

The activities of example compounds tested are depicted in Table 3. The activity ranges A, B and C refer to IC₅₀ values in the reporter gene assay as follows: “A”: IC₅₀<1 μM; “B”: 1 μM≤IC₅₀ 10 μM and “C”: IC₅₀>10 μM; NT=not tested.

TABLE 3
Activities of compounds of the disclosure in the gene reporter
assay for measuring YAP/TAZ-TEAD transcription activity
Cpd. No. IC50
001      A
002      A
003      C
004      C
005      C
006      B
007      A
008      A
009      A
010      C
011      C
012      A
013      A
014      C
015      C
016      C
017      C
018      C
019      C
020      A
021      C
022      A
023      A
024      B
025      A
026      A
027      A
028      A
029      B
030      B

Example 22: Activity of Compounds of the Disclosure in Mesothelioma Cell Line Proliferation Assays

Mesothelioma cell lines, NCI-H226 and NCI-H2052 (both sourced from the ATCC cell culture collection) are plated in 96-well plates (Corning® 96 Well White Polystyrene Microplate clear flat bottom, white polystyrene (TC-Treated)), at 1500 cells/well in full medium (RPMI 1640 ATCC modification with L-glutamine, HEPES, Phenol Red, Sodium Pyruvate, High glucose, Low sodium bicarbonate and 10% fetal bovine serum). Cells are incubated overnight at 37° C. in an incubator with 5% CO₂. Then compounds, dissolved in DMSO, are added in dose-response. Cells are incubated with compound dilutions for another 6 days at 37° C. in an incubator with 5% CO₂. Cell viability is quantitated using the ATPlite kit (Perkin-Elmer) and the luminescence is read-out using an Envision instrument (Perkin-Elmer). The amount of relative light units produced using the ATPlite kit is used to calculate percent of inhibition. The activities of some example compounds are depicted in Table 4. The activity ranges A, B and C refer to EC₅₀ values in the mesothelioma cell line proliferation assay as described as follows: “A”: EC₅₀<1 μM; “B”: 1 μM s EC₅₀>10 μM and “C”: EC₅₀>10 μM; NT: not tested.

TABLE 4
Activities of a selection of compounds in
the mesothelioma cell line proliferation assay
	EC50
Cpd. No.	H226	H2052
001	A	A
002	A	A
008	A	A
009	A	A
022	A	A
025	A	A
026	A	A
027	A	A

Claims

1. A compound of Formula I:

2. The compound of claim 1, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, wherein: X1 is selected from the group consisting of C and N;X2 is selected from the group consisting of C and N;X3 is selected from the group consisting of —CR3═ and —CH═;X4 is selected from the group consisting of —CR3═ and —CH═;Ri is selected from the group consisting of: (i) —(CH2)n—NZ2Z3,(ii) unsubstituted or substituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of: (a) —OH, and(b) —C(═O)OH,(iii) unsubstituted or substituted 4- to 10-membered heterocycle, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of: (a) —OH, and(b) —C(═O)OH,(iv) unsubstituted or substituted C6-C10 aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of: (a) —OH,(b) —C(═O)Z1, and(c) —C(═O)OH,(v) unsubstituted or substituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of: (a) —OH,(b) —C(═O)OH, and(c) —S(═O)2Z1,(vi) unsubstituted or substituted C1-C6 alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of: (a) —OH, and(b) —C(═O)OH,(vii) unsubstituted or substituted C2-C6 alkenyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of: (a) —OH,(b) —C(═O)OH, and(c) —S(═O)2Z1;n is 0 or 1;R2 is selected from the group consisting of: (i) unsubstituted or substituted C6-C10 aryl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of: (a) C1-C6 alkyl,(b) halogen, and(c) C1-C6 haloalkyl,(ii) unsubstituted or substituted C3-C6 cycloalkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of: (a) C1-C6 alkyl,(b) halogen, and(c) C1-C6 haloalkyl;R3 is selected from the group consisting of: (a) hydrogen, and (b) C1-C6 haloalkyl;each Z1 is independently selected from the group consisting of: (i) hydrogen,(ii) C1-C6 alkyl,(iii) C2-C6 alkenyl, and(iv) —NZ2Z3;each Z2 and Z3 are independently selected from the group consisting of: (i) hydrogen,(ii) unsubstituted or substituted C1-C6 alkyl, wherein one or more substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of: (a) —OH, and(b) —C(═O)OH,(iii) —S(═O)2Z4,(iv) —(C═O)Z4;each Z4 is independently selected from the group consisting of: (i) C1-C6 alkyl, and(ii) C2-C6 alkenyl.

3. A compound of Formula II:

4. A compound of Formula III:

5. The compound of claim 1, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, selected from the group consisting of: N((3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)acrylamide;N((1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)acrylamide;N((1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)propionamide;N((1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl )methyl)methanesulfonamide;N((3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)methyl)propionamide;N((3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl )methyl)methanesulfonamide;(E)-3-(3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl)acrylic acid;(E)-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid;N((6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl )methyl)acrylamide;N((6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl )methyl)acetamide;N((6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-1-yl )methyl)methanesulfonamide;trans-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid;2-hydroxy-4-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)benzaldehyde;3-hydroxy-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid;2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acetic acid;1-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)azetidine-2-carboxylic acid;1-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)azetidine-3-carboxylic acid;cis-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid;cis-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid;trans-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid;(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)glycine;(E)-3-(6-(trifluoromethyl)-1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl )acrylic acid;3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)propanoic acid;N-methyl-N—(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)glycine;5-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one;N—((1-(4,4-difluorocyclohexyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)methyl)acrylamide;(E)—N-methyl-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)ethene-1-sulfonamide;3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one;5-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one; and3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)isoxazol-5(4H)-one.

6. The compound of claim 1, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, selected from the group consisting of: (E)-3-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid; and(E)—N-methyl-2-(1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)ethene-1-sulfonamide.

7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim 1, or a stereoisomer, tautomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

8-12. (canceled)

13. A method for the prevention or treatment of a YAP/TAZ-TEAD activation mediated disorder in an animal, mammal or human comprising administering to said animal, mammal or human in need for such prevention or treatment an effective dose of the compound of claim 1.

14. The method of claim 13, further comprising administering one or more additional medicines selected from the group consisting of EGFR inhibitors, MEK inhibitors, AXL inhibitors, B-RAF inhibitors, and RAS inhibitors.