Patent Application
20090068260
The present invention relates to extended release pharmaceutical compositions comprising a beta blocker such as, but not limited to metoprolol succinate, as an active ingredient, and methods of preparing the extended release pharmaceutical compositions.
Metoprolol succinate is a beta1-selective (cardioselective) adrenoceptor blocking agent, for oral administration, available as extended release tablets. In the prior art, metoprolol succinate has apparently been formulated to provide a controlled and predictable release of metoprolol for once-daily administration. The tablets reportedly comprise a multiple unit system containing metoprolol succinate in a multitude of controlled release pellets. Each pellet supposedly acts as a separate drug delivery unit and is designed to deliver metoprolol continuously over the dosage interval. The tablets contain 23.75, 47.5, 95 and 190 mg of metoprolol succinate equivalent to 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg of metoprolol tartrate, respectively. Its chemical name is (±)1-(isopropylamino)-3-[p-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy]-2-propanol succinate (2:1) (salt). Its structural formula is apparently:
An extended release tablet of Metoprolol succinate is currently being marketed as TOPROL XL®, as a beta1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent. According to the prescribing information TOPROL XL® is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, the long term treatment of angina pectoris, and the treatment of stable symptomatic (NYHA Class II or III) heart failure of ischemic, hypertensive or cardiomyopathic origin. In general, commercially available metoprolol succinate E.R. tablets contain in addition to the active pharmaceutical ingredient the following inactive ingredients: silicon dioxide, cellulose compounds, sodium stearyl fumarate, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide, and paraffin.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,640 a composition and method to produce such composition is described which apparently requires beads that are selected from the group consisting of glass and silicon dioxide and which are insoluble in water, physiological fluids and liquids commonly used for intravenous infusion. These beads are covered with one or more pharmaceutically active compounds and a release controlling polymeric membrane covering the active layer.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,745 apparently describes more specifically a controlled release preparation comprising a plurality of beads having a soluble component comprising at least 95% weight/weight of a metoprolol salt which salt has a solubility of less than 600 mg/ml in water at 25° C. The controlling polymeric membrane is described apparently as consisting essentially of ethylcellulose, or a mixture of ethylcellulose and hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose. In the examples in U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,745 the metoprolol salt is apparently applied on silicon dioxide beads, which beads are sized between 150 μm-250 μm.
Both U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,640 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,745 apparently describe a method for producing coated beads and tablets. The beads are understood to be covered with a metoprolol salt layer. This metoprolol salt layer is applied onto the beads after mixing the salt with methylene chloride and ethanol. An additional rate controlling layer is then applied after using methylene chloride and isopropyl alcohol as solvents. Methylene chloride however is described in the “GUIDANCE FOR INDUSTRY, Q3C—Tables and List”, published by the Food and Drug Administration as a solvent with “inherent toxicity”. Further, the beads, as described above, can be compressed into tablets. The additives described are pharmaceutical acceptable excipients for preparation in a wet granulation process.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,246,714 also apparently describes a composition and method for the preparation of beads containing a pharmaceutically active ingredient compressed into tablets. Again, the use of toxic solvents, the use of additives to produce a tablet mass with the beads for preparation in a wet granulation process are described.
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a diuretic, available as a tablet in combination with metoprolol succinate for the treatment of hypertension. Its chemical name is 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide-1,1-dioxide. Its structural formula is apparently:
An extended release tablet containing metoprolol succinate and hydrochlorothiazide was approved by the FDA and will be marketed as DUTOPROL®. According to the prescribing information DUTOPROL® is indicated for the management of hypertension. In general, commercially available metoprolol succinate ER/HCTZ tablets contain in addition to the active pharmaceutical ingredients the following inactive ingredients: silicon dioxide, cellulose compounds, corn starch, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium stearyl fumarate, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide, iron oxide, and paraffin.
Compositions containing a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent and a diuretic have been known to experience difficulties in processing. In particular, it has been difficult to obtain blend uniformity. For example, powder blends suitable for compression do not flow properly, e.g. segregation is observed during the blending process as well as during discharge from a blender. It has also been common to observe non-uniform tablet weights during tableting.
One embodiment of the present invention relates to an extended release composition, comprising a plurality of pellets, each comprising a beta blocker agent and pharmaceutical acceptable excipients. Some preferred embodiments provide a composition and a method of preparation thereof that do not incorporate the use of inherent toxic solvents. Moreover, preferred tablets are prepared using a direct compression process, instead of using a wet granulation process, while still producing a uniform product. The production process is, hence, shortened, and machinery such as a high speed high shear mixer and a milling apparatus are not required. The use of commercially available excipients such as sugar spheres further allows for the reduction of production costs and time.
One embodiment of the present invention provides a suitable extended release composition comprising a beta blocker and various excipients. In some preferred embodiments there is provided an extended release pharmaceutical composition that can be prepared comprising an inert core, an active pharmaceutical ingredient layer, and a controlled/extended release coating layer, without using inherently toxic solvents.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition for extended release comprising pellets coated with an active pharmaceutical ingredient wherein each coated pellet comprises
a) an inert core comprising at least about 50% (w/w) of soluble substance;
b) a drug layer comprising the active pharmaceutical ingredient, which layer covers the inert core; and
c) a controlled release layer thereon.
Preferably, a sub-coat layer covers an initial core/sphere forming the inert core. In addition, the pharmaceutical composition preferably comprises a plurality of pellets. Further, the pharmaceutical composition is preferably prepared without the use of inherently toxic solvents.
An embodiment of the present invention also provides a method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising pellets coated with an active pharmaceutical ingredient comprising the steps of
a) providing an inert core comprising at least 50% (w/w) of soluble substance;
b) applying a drug layer comprising the active pharmaceutical ingredient onto the inert core forming a drug coated pellet;
c) coating the drug coated pellet with a controlled release layer forming a coated pellet.
Preferably, the method further comprises the step of coating an initial core/sphere with a sub-coat forming the inert core before applying a drug layer onto the inert core. Further, the method of preparing the pharmaceutical composition preferably does not use any inherently toxic solvents. Moreover, the method may further comprise the steps of d) mixing the coated pellets with one or more excipients to form a final blend; and e) tableting the final blend. Preferably, the final blend is tableted using a direct compression method.
The present invention also encompasses a method of treating patients with a beta1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition for extended release comprising pellets coated with an active pharmaceutical ingredient wherein each coated pellet comprises;
a) an inert core comprising at least 50% (w/w) of soluble substance;
b) a layer comprising the active pharmaceutical ingredient, which layer covers the inert core; and
c) a controlled release layer thereon.
Preferably, the method comprises treatment of patients suffering from hypertension, angina pectoris or stable symptomatic (NYHA Class II or III) heart failure of ischemic, hypertensive or cardiomyopathic origin.
One embodiment of the present invention provides an extended release tablet comprising metoprolol succinate pellets and pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binders, film coating polymers, plasticizers, starch, glidants, and disintegrants.
As used herein the term “initial core” refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable core for use in pharmaceutical formulations which core is inert and which is commercially available and has not been modified by for example a treatment applying a sub-coat onto the core. Further, as used herein the term “inert core” refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable core for use in pharmaceutical formulations which is inert, is commercially available and which may be modified by for example a treatment, as in the present invention, applying a sub-coat onto the core. In addition, as used herein the term “soluble substances” refers to substances which may completely dissolve in an aqueous environment such as the gastrointestinal tract of a patient.
In one embodiment of the present invention there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for extended release comprising pellets coated with an active pharmaceutical ingredient wherein each coated pellet comprises
a) an inert core comprising at least 50% (w/w) of soluble substance;
b) a drug layer comprising the active pharmaceutical ingredient, which layer covers the inert core; and
c) a controlled release layer thereon.
Preferably, a sub-coat layer covers an initial core/sphere forming the inert core. In addition, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention preferably comprises a plurality of coated pellets, coated with a first layer comprising the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), drug, and a second controlled release layer. More preferably, the API (drug) is metoprolol or one of its pharmaceutical acceptable salts, each pellet thus comprising an inert core, a drug layer and a rate controlling film coating. Metoprolol succinate is the most preferred API. Moreover, the pharmaceutical composition is preferably prepared without the use of inherently toxic solvents. The drug layer is preferably applied as a suspension of finely divided solid API rather than a solution.
In another embodiment there is provided a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention wherein the release rate of drug from the pellets part of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a tabletted or encapsulated composition of a multitude of pellets is controlled by the amount or the percentage of the initial core/spheres of the pellets. Preferably, the amount of initial core is from about 15% to about 30% by weight of the controlled release coated pellets before tableting or capsule filling. More preferably, the amount of initial core is about 22% of the extended release coated pellet before tableting or capsule filling. In addition, the amount of inert core (as a combination of an initial core and sub-coat as described below) is preferably from about 20% to about 35% by weight of the controlled release coated pellets before tableting or capsule filling. More preferably, the amount of inert core is about 27% of the extended release coated pellet before tableting.
In another embodiment there is provided a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention wherein the inert core is strengthened by applying a sub-coat on the initial core/sphere of the present invention. In pharmaceutical compositions wherein pellets comprising the drug are compressed into tablets the drug pellets are mixed with powder excipients to form a tableting blend. However, the size of the drug coated pellets, often larger than the particle size of the powder excipients, can cause a lack of uniformity of the tableting blend. The preferred uniformity of the tableting blend is such that the average assay of ten samples of the tableting blend each weighing the equivalent of one tablet lies within the range of 90 to 110 percent of the label dose and the relative standard deviation of the individual assays is less than or equal to 5 percent. The size of the drug pellets is therefore preferably small. When layering a large amount of drug on a small initial core a high degree of stress is exerted on the initial core. This stress may cause attrition particularly when the inert core comprises sugar spheres. To provide a higher degree of physical strength of the inert core without changing the dissolution rate of drug coated pellets, a sub-coat is applied on an initial core/sphere. Preferably, the amount of the sub-coat is from about 10% to about 40% of the total weight of the sub-coated inert core, more preferably the amount of sub-coat is from about 15% to about 30% of the total weight of the sub-coated inert core, most preferably the amount of sub-coat is about 16% to about 20% of the total weight of the sub-coated inert core.
In one embodiment there is provided a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention wherein the release rate of drug from the part of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a multitude of pellets is controlled by the ratio of hydrophilic to hydrophobic plasticizers in the controlled release layer. The controlled release layer in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention preferably comprises a hydrophobic film coating polymer such as for example ethylcellulose or polymethacrylates in combination with at least two plasticizers, at least one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic plasticizer. Preferably, the ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic plasticizer in the controlled release layer of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is from 3:1 to 1:3, more preferably the ratio is 1:1.
The inert core of each of the pellets in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises from about 50% to about 100% (per weight) of soluble substance. Preferably the inert core comprises from about 70% to about 90% (per weight) of soluble substances. A preferred initial core of the present invention comprises a sugar sphere. Sugar spheres have been used in the pharmaceutical industry as excipients. Such sugar spheres used in pharmaceutical compositions generally contain not more than 92% of sucrose, calculated on the dried basis, the remainder consisting of maize starch. Commonly sugar spheres with a core size larger than 500 μm are used. The core size of the inert cores in the present invention, preferably a sugar sphere, is between about 50 μm and about 500 μm, preferably between about 100 μm and about 400 μm, more preferably from about 250 μm to about 350 μm.
In the present invention the inert core preferably comprises an initial core/sphere that is sub-coated with a layer of a plasticized film coating polymer. This sub-coating of an initial core/sphere provides physical strength to the inert core of the present invention. The film coating polymer may be a hydrophobic or a hydrophilic polymer, or a combination of the two. Suitable film coating polymers can be cellulose derivative polymers or polymethacrylate polymers. Further, hydrophobic polymers or hydrophilic plasticizers, or a combination of several plasticizers can be used to plasticize the film coating polymers. These compounds of the polymeric sub-coat are mixed with solvents prior to their application onto the initial core/sphere. Suitable solvents for use in mixing the polymeric sub-coating compounds are selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone and purified water. For example a mixture of ethanol, acetone and water is preferred for use in mixing a mixture of the preferred sub-coating compounds EthylCellulose (as a film coating polymer), and plasticizers DiButyl Sebacate and Polyethylene Glycol (EC, DBS and PEG).
Preferably, the initial core/sphere is a sugar sphere which is sub coated with a mixture of polymers such as cellulose derivatives e.g. ethylcellulose and triethyl citrate, polyethylene glycol, dibutyl sebacate, and dibutyl phthalate, and wherein the sub-coating layer on the initial core/sphere does not alter the release rate of the drug for the pharmaceutical composition. A preferred sub-coat on the sugar spheres comprises ethyl cellulose as a hydrophobic film coating polymer and a combination of two or more plasticizers, at least one hydrophilic and at least one hydrophobic plasticizer. Suitable plasticizers may include for example polyethylene glycols, citrate esters, dibutyl sebacate, diethyl phthalate, and triacetin. Preferred plasticizers are polyethylene glycol and dibutyl sebacate as the hydrophilic and hydrophobic plasticizers respectively. Preferably, the sub-coat comprises about 75% to about 85% ethyl cellulose, about 10% to about 20% polyethylene glycol and about 3% to about 7% dibutyl sebacate by weight of the sub-coat. More preferably, the sub-coat comprises 80% ethyl cellulose, 15% polyethylene glycol and 5% dibutyl sebacate by weight of the sub-coat.
A beta blocker, such as metoprolol or its acceptable pharmaceutical salt is applied on the inert core. No use of “Class 2” solvents (as defined by the FDA) is required to apply the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), drug, onto the inert core forming a drug coated pellet. The FDA defines “Class 2” solvents as having inherent toxicity. The active ingredient is dispersed in water, preferably together with an acceptable binder excipient such as, but not limited to, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose derivatives polymers, or starch.
Furthermore, as it is an aspect of the instant invention that the drug substance is applied as a dispersion rather than a solution, it is preferred that the drug substance has physical properties that will allow a high yield in preparing drug coated pellets. Therefore, the drug substance has a particle size distribution such that the d(0.9) value is less than about 80 μm. Preferably, the d(0.9) value for the particle size distribution of the drug substance is less than about 50 μm, more preferably less then about 30 μm. As a result, a concentrated dispersion for application can be produced which may shorten the production time. Preferably, the drug substance or active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), is metoprolol or one of its pharmaceutically acceptable salts. More preferably, the drug substance is metoprolol succinate.
Moreover, the drug coated pellets comprise from about 40% to about 90% (per weight) of the drug layer, preferably from about 50% to about 80% (per weight), more preferably from about 55% to about 75% (per weight).
The last layer applied on the pellets is a layer which controls the release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Pellets of the present invention that have been coated with a controlled release layer have a size between about 200 μm and about 800 μm. Preferably, the controlled release layer coated pellets have a size ranging from about 300 μm to about 700 μm, more preferably from about 400 μm to about 600 μm.
In addition, the controlled release layer comprises water soluble and insoluble components. Such components may be film forming polymers and plasticizers. For example, a film comprising a polymeric layer is applied onto the drug coated pellets. The film comprises at least one film coating polymer and can be plasticized with one or more plasticizers. These plasticizers may differ from each other in their degree of solubility (hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity). By changing the ratio between the plasticizers and the film coating polymer, or the ratio between the different plasticizers (if more than one is used), one can control the rate of the release of the drug from the pellets. The controlled release layer in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention preferably comprises a hydrophobic film coating polymer such as for example ethylcellulose and a combination of at least two plasticizers, at least one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic plasticizer. Preferably, the ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic plasticizer in the controlled release layer of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is from 3:1 to 1:3, more preferably the ratio is 1:1.
Furthermore, the controlled release layer comprises at least about 70% water insoluble compounds (per weight of the controlled release layer). Preferably, the controlled release layer comprises at least about 80% and more preferably at least about 90% water insoluble compounds (per weight of the controlled release layer). Suitable water insoluble compounds are for example cellulose derived polymers. These controlled release layer compounds are mixed with solvents prior to their application onto the drug coated pellets. Suitable solvents for use in mixing the controlled release layer compounds are selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone and purified water. A mixture of ethanol, acetone and water is preferred for use in mixing the controlled release layer compounds especially where the controlled release layer compounds are a mixture of ethylcellulose, dibutyl sebacate and polyethylene glycol. Generally, the drug pellets coated with a controlled release layer of the invention comprise a residual amount of such solvent.
In order to compress these pellets, preferably a plurality of pellets, into tablets or filled into capsules, an additional mass should be incorporated forming a final blend. These additives can be granulated in one of the conventional granulation methods. However, the present invention preferably provides a set of additives, for example a powder mixture that can be directly compressed into tablets. Such powder mixture serves as a filler, cushioning, disintegrant, glidant, and lubricant mixture. Furthermore, the ratio of controlled release drug coated pellets to additives in the final (e.g. tableting) blend of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is of particular importance to prepare a uniform product e.g. tablets. The preferred uniformity of the product (uniformity of content by assay) e.g. tablets resulting from this final blend is such that the average assay of ten unit doses (e.g tablets) lies within the range of 90 to 110 percent of the label dose and the relative standard deviation of the individual assays for the doses is less than or equal to 6 percent. In fact, a combination of factors such as the use of additives/powder mixtures with a relatively large particle size and a predetermined controlled release drug coated pellet to additive ratio results in a uniform product.
To prepare such uniform product, preferably at least 50% (by weight) of the powder mixture has particle sizes between about 30 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 80 μm to about 600 μm, more preferably from about 100 μm to about 300 μm. More preferably, at least 65% (by weight) of the powder mixture has particle sizes between about 30 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 80 μm to about 600 μm, more preferably from about 100 μm to about 300 μm. Most preferably, at least 80% (by weight) of the powder mixture has particle sizes between about 30 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 80 μm to about 600 μm, most preferably from about 100 μm to about 300 μm.
Furthermore, the amount of controlled release drug coated pellets in the final tableting blend is preferably from about 20% to about 60% (by weight) in order to prepare such uniform product. More preferably, the amount of controlled release drug coated pellet in the final tableting blend is from about 30% to about 50% (by weight), most preferably from about 35% to about 45% (by weight).
Suitable powder mixtures comprise, but are not limited to, mixtures of two or more of the following compounds; Starlac® (a spray-dried compound consisting of 85% alpha-lactose monohydrate and 15% maize starch dry matter available from Meggle), Cellactose® (a spray-dried compound consisting of 75% alpha-lactose monohydrate and 25% cellulose powder dry matter available from Meggle), Parteck® (A Directly Compressible Sorbitol available from Merck KGaA), Crospovidone, Silicon Dioxide, Magnesium Stearate, Talc, Zinc Stearate, Polyoxyethylene Stearate, Stearic Acid, sodium stearyl fumarate and Cellulose derivatives.
Finally, the tablet may be cosmetically coated with commercially available tablet film coating products such as for example Opadry® available from Colorcon.
In one embodiment of the present invention there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for extended release comprising pellets coated with a beta1 specific adrenoceptor blocking agent wherein each coated pellet comprises
a) an inert core of sugar spheres coated with a plasticized film sub-coat of a hydrophobic film coating polymer plasticized with a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic plasticizer,
b) a drug layer comprising a beta1 specific adrenoceptor blocking agent and a binder, and
c) a controlled release layer comprising a plasticized film coat of a hydrophobic film coating polymer plasticized with a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic plasticizer, and wherein the pellets are mixed with a final tableting blend comprising a powder mixture of two or more of fillers, disintegrants, glidants and lubricants.
Preferably, this pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises:
In another embodiment the present invention provides a method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising coated pellets comprising the steps of
a) providing an inert core comprising from about 50% to about 100% (w/w) of soluble substance;
b) applying a drug layer comprising the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) onto the inert core forming a drug coated pellet;
c) coating the drug coated pellet with a controlled release layer forming a coated pellet.
Preferably, a sub-coat layer covers an initial core/sphere forming the inert core. The initial core/sphere is preferably a sugar sphere and the amount of initial core/sphere is preferably from about 15% to about 25% by weight of the coated pellet. More preferably, the amount of initial core is about 22% of the coated pellet. In addition, the method preferably prepares a pharmaceutical composition comprising a plurality of coated pellets. Preferably, the API (drug) is metoprolol or one of its pharmaceutical acceptable salts, each pellet thus comprising an inert core, a drug layer and a rate controlling film coating. Metoprolol succinate is the most preferred API. Moreover, the pharmaceutical composition is preferably prepared without the use of inherently toxic solvents.
The method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention preferably further comprises sub-coating an initial core/sphere forming an inert core. Sub-coating an initial core/sphere comprises mixing a film coating polymer with one or more plasticizers in a solvent forming a coating mixture. Such mixture may be a solution, suspension or slurry for applying a coating layer on a surface. The coating mixture is applied to the initial core/sphere forming a sub-coated initial core/sphere which is used as an inert core in the present invention. The film coating polymer may be a hydrophobic or a hydrophilic polymer, or a combination of the two. Suitable film coating polymers can be cellulose derivative polymers or polymethacrylate polymers, preferably ethylcellulose. The amount of ethylcellulose is preferably from about 75% to about 85% more preferably about 80% of the total amount of the weight of the sub-coat. Further, hydrophobic polymers or hydrophilic plasticizers, or a combination of several plasticizers can be used to plasticize the film coating polymers. These compounds of the polymeric sub-coat are mixed with solvents prior to their application onto the initial core/sphere. Suitable solvents for use in mixing the polymeric sub-coating compounds are selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone and purified water. A mixture of ethanol, acetone and water is preferred for use in mixing the polymeric sub-coating compounds.
Suitable plasticizers for use in sub-coating an initial core/sphere are selected from polyethylene glycol, dibutyl sebacate, and dibutyl phthalate. Preferred plasticizers are polyethylene glycol and dibutyl sebacate as the hydrophilic and hydrophobic plasticizers respectively. Preferred amounts of plasticizers used in the method are about 10% to about 20% polyethylene glycol and 3% to about 7% dibutyl sebacate by weight of the sub-coat. More preferably, about 15% polyethylene glycol and 5% dibutyl sebacate as plasticizer in the method of the present invention.
In the method of the present invention, preparing a pharmaceutical composition for extended release comprising coated pellets the particle size distribution of the drug substance is an important factor in binding the drug substance to the inert core. Preferably, the drug substance has a particle size distribution such that the d(0.9) value is less than about 80 μm. More preferably, the d(0.9) value for the particle size distribution of the drug substance is less than about 50 μm, most preferably less then about 30 μm. To form a dispersion, the drug substance, a binder, and a solvent mixture are mixed to homogeneity. The solvent mixture comprises one or more of the solvents from the group, water, ethanol, acetone and isopropyl alcohol. Preferably, the solvent mixture is water. As a result, a thick or concentrated dispersion can be produced which may shorten the production time of applying the drug layer to the pellets. This dispersion of the drug substance, preferably a dispersion of metoprolol succinate, is then sprayed onto the inert core to form a drug coated pellet.
On these drug coated pellets a controlled release layer is applied in the method of the present invention. The compounds which make up the controlled release layer are mixed with solvents prior to their application onto the drug coated pellets to form a coating mixture. Suitable solvents for use in mixing the controlled release layer compounds are selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone and purified water, in order to achieve a high yield process, with a reasonable manufacturing time. A mixture of ethanol, acetone and water is preferred for use in mixing the controlled release layer compounds when these are a combination of ethyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol and dibutyl sebacate. The coating mixture is then sprayed onto the drug coated pellets forming controlled release drug coated pellets. This controlled release layer comprises water soluble and insoluble components. Such components may be film forming polymers and plasticizers. For example, a film comprising a polymeric layer is applied onto the drug coated pellets as the controlled release layer. The film comprises at least one film coating polymer and can be plasticized with one or more plasticizers. The controlled release layer in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention preferably comprises a hydrophobic film coating polymer such as for example ethylcellulose and a combination of at least two plasticizers, at least one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic plasticizer. Preferably, the ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic plasticizer in the controlled release layer of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is from 3:1 to 1:3, more preferably the ratio is 1:1.
The method of the present invention may further comprise the steps of
d) mixing the coated pellets with a powder mixture of one or more excipients forming a final tableting blend;
e) pressing the final tableting blend into tablets; and
f) optionally film coating the tablets with a commercially available cosmetic tablet film coating.
Preferably, the final tableting blend in the method of the present invention is pressed into tablets using a direct compression procedure. In order to create a uniform blend for tableting, a particular ratio within the composition between the part of the coated pellets to the powder part is selected. The amount of coated pellets in the final tableting blend is preferably selected from about 20% to about 60% (by weight) in order to prepare such uniform product. More preferably, the amount of coated pellet in the final tableting blend is from about 30% to about 50% (by weight), most preferably from about 35% to about 45% (by weight).
In addition, the particle size distribution influences significantly the uniformity of the final blend and the final pharmaceutical product. The preferred uniformity of the tableting blend is such that the average assay of ten samples of the tableting blend each weighing the equivalent of one tablet lies within the range of 90 to 110 percent of the label dose and the relative standard deviation of the individual assays is less than or equal to 5 percent. To prepare such uniform product in the method of the present invention, preferably at least 50% (by weight) of the powder mixture has a particle size distribution between about 30 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 80 μm to about 600 μm, more preferably from about 100 μm to about 300 μm. More preferably, at least 65% (by weight) of the powder mixture has a particle size distribution between about 30 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 80 μm to about 600 μm, more preferably from about 100 μm to about 300 μm. Most preferably, at least 80% (by weight) of the powder mixture has a particle size distribution between about 30 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 80 μm to about 600 μm, most preferably from about 100 μm to about 300 μm.
In a preferred method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention, the method comprises the following steps;
a) providing sugar spheres as initial cores;
b) coating the sugar spheres with a sub-coat comprising mixing a film of a hydrophobic polymer, a soluble (hydrophilic) plasticizer, and an insoluble (hydrophobic) plasticizer with a solvent mixture of e.g. acetone, ethanol 95%, and water and spraying the mixture onto the sugar spheres to create a sub-coat on the sugar spheres resulting in an inert core;
c) coating the sub-coated sugar spheres (inert cores) with a drug layer comprising mixing the drug, preferably metoprolol succinate, and a binder, preferably povidone (PVP K-30) with preferably water, forming an aqueous dispersion and applying the dispersion onto the sub-coated pellets (inert cores) forming drug coated pellets;
d) applying a third layer on the drug coated pellets comprising dissolving a hydrophobic film coating polymer, an hydrophilic plasticizer and an hydrophobic plasticizer in a solvent mixture of e.g. acetone, ethanol 95%, and water forming a mixture and spraying the mixture onto the drug coated pellets to create controlled release drug coated pellets;
e) mixing the controlled release drug coated pellets with a powder mixture of one or more excipients forming a final blend;
f) compressing the final blend into tablets or filling the final blend into capsules; and
g) optionally film coating the tablets for cosmetic purposes.
In this method of preparing a pharmaceutical composition the hydrophobic polymer is preferably ethyl cellulose (EC), the soluble/hydrophilic plasticizer is preferably polyethylene glycol (PEG), and the insoluble/hydrophobic plasticizer is preferably dibutyl sebacate (DBS). Further, in preparing a mixture for coating the sugar spheres with a sub-coat, and the drug coated pellets with a controlled release layer, ethyl cellulose is preferably first dissolved in acetone and ethanol 95%, then PEG and DBS are added, followed by adding water and mixing the solution till it is homogenized. Preferably, the spraying of a solution or dispersion onto sugar spheres or drug coated pellets in the method of the present invention uses a fluidized bed coater with a Wurster insertion. Furthermore, the binder, used in coating the sub-coated sugar spheres with a drug layer, facilitates binding of the drug to the inert core of sub-coated sugar spheres. Moreover, in this method of the present invention the ratio of powder mixture to controlled release drug coated pellets in the final tableting blend is preferably from about 20% to about 60% (by weight), more preferably from about 30% to about 50% (by weight), most preferably from about 35% to about 45% (by weight). As a result a uniform final tableting blend and tablets are produced.
In another embodiment the present invention also provides a method of treating patients with a beta1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition for extended release, comprising pellets coated with an active pharmaceutical ingredient wherein each coated pellet comprises; a) an inert core comprising from about 50% to about 100% (w/w) of soluble substance; b) a layer comprising the active pharmaceutical ingredient, which layer covers the inert core; and c) a controlled release layer thereon. Preferably, the method comprises treatment of patients suffering from hypertension, angina pectoris or stable symptomatic (NYHA Class II or III) heart failure of ischemic, hypertensive or cardiomyopathic origin.
Formulations of a Beta-1-Adrenoceptor Blocking and a Diuretic
The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent and a diuretic, and methods of preparing the same. Preferably, these pharmaceutical compositions are in the form of compressed tablets and exhibit satisfactory uniformity of content. The compositions are preferably for extended release of active ingredient.
Some preferred embodiments of the present invention relate to compressed tablets having improved uniformity of content, and processes for preparing the same which preferably avoid the disadvantages of the prior art.
One embodiment of the present invention provides a suitable pharmaceutical composition comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, a diuretic and one or more excipients having a required blend uniformity. The present invention also provides various processes for preparing such compositions.
Preferably, the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent is metoprolol succinate and the diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide.
In a first aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, a diuretic, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients wherein the diuretic is granulated. In such a tablet, the diuretic may be wet granulated or dry granulated.
The present invention also provides a process for preparing a tablet comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, a diuretic, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients comprising the steps of:
(i) Granulating a diuretic optionally with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable granulation excipients to obtain a granulate;
(ii) Blending the granulate with a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to obtain a blend;
(iii) Compressing the blend to obtain a tablet or filling the blend into a capsule to obtain filled capsules.
In a second aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet comprising beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent/diuretic coated pellets and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients wherein said pellets comprise an inert core, a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, a controlled/extended release layer and a layer comprising a diuretic.
The present invention also provides a process for preparing a pharmaceutical tablet comprising the steps of:
(i) Applying a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent onto a pellet comprising an inert core;
(ii) applying a controlled/extended release layer.
(iii) applying a layer comprising a diuretic over the extended/controlled release layer of the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent pellets.
(iv) blending the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent/diuretic coated pellet with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to obtain a blend; and
(v) compressing the blend to obtain a tablet or filling the blend into a capsule to obtain filled capsules.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet comprising:
(i) beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellets comprising an inert core, a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, and a controlled/extended release layer;
(ii) Diuretic coated pellets comprising an inert core and a layer comprising a diuretic; and
(iii) One or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
The present invention also provides a process for preparing a pharmaceutical tablet comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, a diuretic, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients comprising:
(i) blending one or more beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellets comprising an inert core, a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, and a controlled/extended release layer with one or more diuretic coated pellets comprising an inert core and a layer comprising a diuretic to obtain a blend with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and
(ii) Compressing the blend to obtain a tablet or filling the blend into a capsule to obtain filled capsules.
In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and a coating comprising a diuretic.
The present invention also provides a process for preparing a pharmaceutical tablet comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent and diuretic comprising coating a tablet composition comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients with a layer comprising a diuretic.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method of managing hypertension in a patient comprising administering to a patient in need thereof any pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
Preferably, the method comprises treatment of patients suffering from hypertension, angina pectoris or stable symptomatic (NYHA Class II or III) heart failure of ischemic, hypertensive or cardiomyopathic origin.
In a further aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention for use in therapy preferably for use in treating hypertension, angina pectoris or stable symptomatic (NYHA Class II or III) heart failure of ischemic, hypertensive or cardiomyopathic origin.
In a first aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, a diuretic and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients wherein the diuretic is granulated. In such a tablet, the diuretic may be wet granulated or dry granulated.
The granulated diuretic preferably comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable granulation excipients, i.e. excipients employed in the granulation step for preparing the granulated diuretic. Suitable excipients include, but are not limited to fillers, binders, lubricants, glidants, cushioning agents and disintegrants. Specific examples of each group of excipient are given below. However, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, colloidal silicon dioxide, starch, lactose and/magnesium stearate are particularly preferred for use in the granulation step. In a dry granulated diuretic, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, colloidal silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate are preferred. In a wet granulated diuretic, microcrystalline cellulose and povidone are preferred.
In a preferred embodiment, the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent is included in the tablet in the form of coated pellets. Each coated pellet comprises an inert core, a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, and a controlled/extended release coating layer. Preferably, each coated pellet comprises an inert core, a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent which layer covers the inert core, and a controlled release layer thereon. Further details of suitable coated pellets are provided below in the paragraphs titled “Beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellets”.
The pharmaceutical tablets of the invention also contain one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Suitable excipients are discussed below.
The Unit Dose might be in the form of a capsule or a tablet, preferably a compressed tablet.
In a preferred embodiment, the tablet further comprises a cosmetic coating.
The present invention also provides a process for preparing a tablet comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, a diuretic, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients comprising the steps of:
(i) Granulating a diuretic optionally with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable granulation excipients to obtain a granulate;
(ii) Blending the granulate with a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to obtain a blend;
(iii) Compressing the blend to obtain a tablet or filling the blend into a capsule to obtain filled capsules.
This provides a process for preparing a pharmaceutical tablet or a filled capsule according to any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention as described above.
Step (i) of the above process preferably involves a wet granulation process or a dry granulation process.
In a dry granulation step, the diuretic is dry granulated to form uniform granules. For example, the diuretic may be blended with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable granulation excipients before compressing the resulting blend into slugs. The slugs may then be milled, e.g. in a Quadrcomill equipped with a 0.075′ screen, to obtain a dry granulated diuretic. Suitable granulation excipients include, but are not limited to, fillers, binders, lubricants, cushioning agents and disintegrants. Preferred excipients in a dry granulation step include, but are not limited to, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, colloidal silicon dioxide, and/or magnesium stearate.
In a wet granulation step, the diuretic is wet granulated to form uniform granules. For example, the diuretic may be blended with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable granulation excipients in a granulation solution, e.g. in a high shear mixer, before the wet granules are then preferably dried, e.g. in a fluidized bed dryer at an inlet temperature of between about 50° C. and 80° C., more preferably between about 60° C. and about 70° C., and optionally milled, e.g. using an oscillating mill. Suitable excipients include, but are not limited to, fillers, binders, lubricants, cushioning agents and disintegrants. Preferred excipients in a wet granulation step include, but are not limited to, microcrystalline cellulose and/or povidone. The granulation solution is preferably an aqueous solution, more preferably an aqueous solution of povidone.
In the blending step (ii), the granulated diuretic is blended with a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Preferably, the blending step is carried out in a diffusion blender.
In a preferred embodiment, the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent is included as discussed above in the form of coated pellets. Each coated pellet comprising an inert core, a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, and a controlled/extended release layer. Preferably, each coated pellet comprises an inert core, a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent which layer covers the inert core, and a controlled release layer thereon.
The Unit Dose might be in the form of a capsule or a tablet, preferably a compressed tablet.
The process may further comprise applying a cosmetic coating to the compressed tablet.
In a second aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet comprising beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent/diuretic coated pellets and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients wherein said pellets comprise an inert core, a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, a controlled/extended release layer and optionally a layer comprising a diuretic.
The layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent and the layer comprising a diuretic may be different layers or may be the same layer.
Preferably, each coated pellet comprises an inert core, a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent which layer covers the inert core, a controlled release layer, which layer covers the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent layer, and a layer comprising a diuretic thereon.
The layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent may further comprise a binder such as, but not limited to, povidone.
The layer comprising a diuretic may further comprise a binder such as, but not limited to, povidone.
The pharmaceutical tablets of the invention also contain one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Suitable excipients are discussed below.
The Unit Dose might be in the form of a capsule or a tablet, preferably a compressed tablet.
In a preferred embodiment, the tablet further comprises a cosmetic coating.
The present invention also provides a process for preparing a pharmaceutical tablet comprising the steps of:
(i) Applying a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent and a controlled/extended release layer onto a pellet comprising an inert core;
(ii) Applying a layer comprising a diuretic over the controlled/extended release beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent pellets.
(iii) Blending the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent/diuretic coated pellet with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to obtain a blend; and
(iv) Compressing the blend to obtain a tablet or filling the blend into a capsule to obtain filled capsules.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the process may involve the following steps:
(i) applying a layer comprising a diuretic onto a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellet, said coated pellet comprising an inert core, a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, and a controlled/extended release layer, to obtain a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent/diuretic coated pellet;
(ii) Blending the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent/diuretic coated pellet with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to obtain a blend; and
(iii) Compressing the blend to obtain a tablet or filling blend into a capsule to obtain filled capsules.
These processes provide methods for preparing a pharmaceutical tablet according to any embodiment according to the second aspect of the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment, the layer comprising a diuretic may be applied using a solution or a dispersion comprising a diuretic. Preferably, the layer is applied using an aqueous dispersion comprising a diuretic and optionally a binder. Preferred binders include, but are not limited to, povidone and hydroxypropyl cellulose. For example, the diuretic dispersion may be applied using a bottom spray fluidized bed coater. The inlet temperature of said coater is preferably between about 50° C. and 70° C., more preferably between about 55° C. and 65° C. The diuretic layer may also be applied in the same way as employed in the preparation of diuretic coated pellets described below.
The layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent may be applied in line with the procedures outlined below under the paragraphs titled “Beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellets”.
In the blending step (ii), the pellets are blended with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Preferably, the blending step is carried out in a diffusion blender.
The Unit Dose might be in the form of a capsule or a tablet, preferably a compressed tablet. The process may further comprise applying a cosmetic coating to the compressed tablet.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet comprising:
(i) beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellets comprising an inert core, a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, and a controlled/extended release layer;
(ii) Diuretic coated pellets comprising an inert core and a layer comprising a diuretic; and
(iii) One or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
Suitable beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellets are described below under the paragraphs titled “Beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellets”.
Suitable diuretic coated pellets are similar to the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellets discussed below. Such suitable diuretic coated pellets are described in more detail here.
Diuretic coated pellets comprise an inert core, and a layer comprising a diuretic.
In a preferred embodiment, each diuretic coated pellet comprises:
a) An inert core, preferably comprising at least 50% (w/w) of soluble substance; and
b) A drug layer comprising the diuretic, which layer covers the inert core.
Preferably, a sub-coat layer covers an initial core/sphere forming the inert core. In addition, the pharmaceutical tablets of the present invention preferably comprise a plurality of coated pellets, coated with a layer comprising the diuretic. Each pellet thus comprising an inert core, and a drug layer. More preferably, the diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). Moreover, the coated pellets and the pharmaceutical tablets are preferably prepared without the use of inherently toxic solvents. The diuretic is preferably applied as a suspension of finely divided solid diuretic rather than as a solution.
In another embodiment, the inert core is strengthened by applying a sub-coat on the initial core/sphere. The drug pellets may be mixed with powder excipients to form a tableting blend. However, the size of the drug coated pellets is often larger than the particle size of the powder excipients which can cause a lack of uniformity of the tableting blend. The preferred uniformity of the tableting blend is such that the average assay of ten samples of the tableting blend each weighing the equivalent of one tablet lies within the range of 90 to 110 percent of the label dose and the relative standard deviation of the individual assays is less than or equal to 5 percent. The size of the drug pellets is therefore preferably small. When layering a large amount of drug on a small initial core a high degree of stress is exerted on the initial core. This stress may cause attrition particularly when the inert core comprises sugar spheres. To provide a higher degree of physical strength of the inert core without changing the dissolution rate of drug coated pellets, a sub-coat is applied on an initial core/sphere. Preferably, the amount of the sub-coat is from about 10% to about 40% of the total weight of the sub-coated inert core, more preferably the amount of sub-coat is from about 15% to about 30% of the total weight of the sub-coated inert core, most preferably the amount of sub-coat is about 16% to about 20% of the total weight of the sub-coated inert core.
Preferably, the inert core of each of the pellets in the pharmaceutical tablets or capsules of the present invention comprises from about 50% to about 100% (per weight) of soluble substance. More preferably, the inert core comprises from about 70% to about 90% (per weight) of soluble substances. A preferred initial core comprises a sugar sphere. Sugar spheres have been used in the pharmaceutical industry as excipients. Such sugar spheres used in pharmaceutical compositions generally contain not more than 92% of sucrose, calculated on the dried basis, the remainder consisting of maize starch. Commonly sugar spheres with a core size larger than 500 μm are used. The core size of the inert cores in the present invention, preferably a sugar sphere, is between about 50 μm and about 500 μm, preferably between about 100 μm and about 400 μm, more preferably from about 250 μm to about 355 μm. A preferred range particle size distributions of the inert core material suitable for use is given at follows
The inert core preferably comprises an initial core/sphere that is sub-coated with a layer of a plasticized film coating polymer. This sub-coating of an initial core/sphere provides physical strength to the inert core. The film coating polymer may be a hydrophobic or a hydrophilic polymer, or a combination of the two. Suitable film coating polymers can be cellulose derivative polymers or polymethacrylate polymers. Further, hydrophobic polymers or hydrophilic plasticizers, or a combination of several plasticizers can be used to plasticize the film coating polymers. These compounds of the polymeric sub-coat are mixed with solvents prior to their application onto the initial core/sphere. Suitable solvents for use in mixing the polymeric sub-coating compounds are selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone and purified water. For example a mixture of ethanol, acetone and water is preferred for use in mixing a mixture of the preferred sub-coating compounds EthylCellulose (as a film coating polymer), and plasticizers DiButyl Sebacate and Polyethylene Glycol (EC, DBS and PEG).
Preferably, the initial core/sphere is a sugar sphere which is sub coated with a mixture of polymers such as cellulose derivatives e.g. ethylcellulose and triethyl citrate, polyethylene glycol, dibutyl sebacate, and dibutyl phthalate, and wherein the sub-coating layer on the initial core/sphere does not alter the release rate of the drug for the pharmaceutical composition. A preferred sub-coat on the sugar spheres comprises ethyl cellulose as a hydrophobic film coating polymer and a combination of two or more plasticizers, at least one hydrophilic and at least one hydrophobic plasticizer. Suitable plasticizers may include for example polyethylene glycols, citrate esters, dibutyl sebacate, diethyl phthalate, and triacetin. Preferred plasticizers are polyethylene glycol and dibutyl sebacate as the hydrophilic and hydrophobic plasticizers respectively. Preferably, the sub-coat comprises about 75% to about 85% ethyl cellulose, about 10% to about 20% polyethylene glycol and about 3% to about 7% dibutyl sebacate by weight of the sub-coat. More preferably, the sub-coat comprises 80% ethyl cellulose, 15% polyethylene glycol and 5% dibutyl sebacate by weight of the sub-coat.
A diuretic is applied onto the inert core. No use of “Class 2” solvents (as defined by the FDA) is required to apply the diuretic drug, onto the inert core forming a drug coated pellet. The FDA defines “Class 2” solvents as having inherent toxicity. The diuretic is dispersed in water, preferably together with an acceptable binder excipient such as, but not limited to, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose derivatives polymers, or starch.
Furthermore, the diuretic is preferably applied as a dispersion rather than a solution, it is preferred that the diuretic has physical properties that will allow a high yield in preparing drug coated pellets. Therefore, the diuretic has a particle size distribution such that the d(0.9) value is less than about 80 μm. Preferably, the d(0.9) value for the particle size distribution of the diuretic is less than about 50 μm, more preferably less then about 30 μm. As a result, a concentrated dispersion for application can be produced which may shorten the production time. Preferably, the diuretic or active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), is hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ).
Moreover, the Diuretic drug coated pellets comprise from about 2% to about 50% (per weight) of the drug layer, preferably from about 5% to about 30% (per weight), more preferably from about 10% to about 15% (per weight).
The layer comprising a diuretic may further comprise a binder such as, but not limited to, povidone.
The pharmaceutical tablets of the invention also contain one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Suitable excipients are discussed below.
The Unit Dose might be in the form of a capsule or a tablet, preferably a compressed tablet. In a preferred embodiment, the tablet further comprises a cosmetic coating.
The present invention also provides a process for preparing a pharmaceutical tablet comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, a diuretic, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which comprises the following steps:
(i) blending one or more beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellets comprising an inert core, a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, and a controlled/extended release layer with one or more diuretic coated pellets comprising an inert core and a layer comprising a diuretic to obtain a blend with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients; and
(ii) Compressing the blend to obtain a tablet, or filling the blend into a capsule to obtain filled capsules.
This provides a process for preparing a pharmaceutical tablet according to any embodiment according to the third aspect of the present invention described above.
In a preferred embodiment, the diuretic coated pellets are prepared by applying a layer comprising a diuretic to an inert core. Preferably, the diuretic layer is applied using an aqueous dispersion of a diuretic and optionally a binder. Preferred binders include, but are not limited to, povidone. For example, the diuretic dispersion may be applied using a bottom spray fluidized bed coater. The inlet temperature of said coater is preferably between about 50° C. and 70° C., more preferably between about 55° C. and 65° C.
Preferably, the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellets are prepared in line with the procedures outlined below under the paragraphs titled “Beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellets”.
In the blending step of this process, the coated pellets are blended preferably with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Preferably, the blending is carried out in a diffusion blender.
The Unit Dose might be in the form of a capsule or a tablet, preferably a compressed tablet.
In a fourth aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical tablet comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and a coating comprising a diuretic.
The diuretic coating may further comprise a binder. Suitable binders include, but are not limited to, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and povidone.
In a preferred embodiment, the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent is included in the tablet in the form of coated pellets. Each coated pellet comprises an inert core, a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, and a controlled/extended release coating layer. Preferably, each coated pellet comprises an inert core, a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent which layer covers the inert core, and a controlled release layer thereon. Further details of suitable coated pellets are provided below in the paragraphs titled “Beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellets”.
The pharmaceutical tablets of the invention also contain one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Suitable excipients are discussed below.
The Unit Dose might be in the form of a capsule or a tablet, preferably a compressed tablet.
In a preferred embodiment, the tablet further comprises a cosmetic coating.
The present invention also provides a process for preparing a pharmaceutical tablet comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent and diuretic coating and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients within a layer comprising a diuretic. The process comprises coating a tablet composition comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients with a layer comprising a diuretic
This provides a process for preparing a pharmaceutical tablet according to any embodiment according to the fourth aspect of the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment, the diuretic coating is applied to the tablet with a binder. Suitable binders include, but are not limited to, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose and povidone.
The tablet comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent may be prepared by blending a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and compressing the resulting blend.
In such a blending step, the blending is preferably carried out in a diffusion blender.
The Unit Dose might be in the form of a capsule or a tablet, preferably a compressed tablet.
The process may further comprise applying a cosmetic coating to the compressed tablet.
In all aspects of the invention, the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent may be selected, but not limited to, from the group consisting of: acebutolol, atenolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol, esmolol, nebivolol, metoprolol and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Preferably, the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent is metoprolol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. More preferably, the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent is metoprolol succinate.
In all aspects of the invention, the diuretic may be selected, but not limited to, from the group consisting of: loop diuretics, e.g. bumetanide and furosemide, thiazide diuretics, and potassium-sparing diuretics, e.g. amiloride and triamterene. Preferably, the diuretic is a thiazide diuretic. Suitable thiazide diuretics include, but are not limited to, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), chlorothiazide, and chlorthalidone. Most preferred is hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ).
In all aspects of the invention, the pharmaceutical tablets comprise active ingredients and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Excipients are preferably blended with the active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) and subsequently compressed into a tablet or filled into a capsule (when applicable).
Excipients for use in the pharmaceutical tablets or filled capsules of the present invention include, but are not limited to, fillers, diluents, disintegrants, cushioning agents, glidants, and lubricants.
Excipients may be used when forming granulates employed in the invention described above. Additionally or alternatively, excipients may be used when applying layers to pellets. Additionally or alternatively, excipients may be used when forming blends prior to compression into tablets.
Suitable fillers and diluents include, but are not limited to, cellulose-derived materials like powdered cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose (e.g. Avicel®), microfine cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose salts and other substituted and unsubstituted celluloses; starch; pregelatinized starch; lactose; talc; waxes; sugars; sugar alcohols like mannitol and sorbitol; acrylate polymers and copolymers; dextrates; dextrin; dextrose; maltodextrin; pectin; gelatin; inorganic diluents like calcium carbonate, dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, sodium chloride and other diluents known to the pharmaceutical industry. Mixtures of suitable fillers/diluents may also be employed such as a mixture of starch and lactose (e.g. Starlac®).
Suitable disintegrants include, but are not limited to, croscarmellose sodium (e.g. Ac Di Sol®, Primellose®), crospovidone (e.g. Kollidon®, Polyplasdone®), microcrystalline cellulose, polacrilin potassium, powdered cellulose, pregelatinized starch, sodium starch glycolate (e.g. Explotab®, Primoljel®) and starch. Preferably, the disintegrant is crospovidone.
Suitable cushioning agent include, but are not limited to microcrystalline cellulose (e.g. Avicel®, ethyl cellulose, hydroethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, starch; lactose, sugars, sugar alcohols like mannitol and sorbitol; acrylate polymers and copolymers; dextrates; dextrin and dextrose. Mixtures of suitable cushioning agents may also be employed such as a mixture of starch and lactose (e.g. Starlac®).
Glidants can be added to improve the flowability of a solid composition before compaction and to improve the accuracy of dosing especially during compaction and capsule filling. Excipients that may function as glidants include colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium trisilicate, powdered cellulose, and talc. Preferably, the glidant is colloidal silicon dioxide.
A lubricant can be added to the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention to reduce adhesion and/or ease the release of the product from e.g. the dye. Suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl palmitostearate, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil, polyethylene glycol, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium stearyl fumarate, stearic acid, talc and zinc stearate. Preferably, the lubricant is magnesium stearate.
In all aspects of the invention, the present invention preferably provides a set of additives/excipients, for example a powder mixture, that can be directly compressed with the active ingredient(s) (in whatever form) into tablets. As discussed above, such powder mixtures can contain fillers, cushioning agents, disintegrants, glidants and lubricants. Preferably, suitable powder mixtures may comprise, but are not limited to, mixtures of two or more of the following compounds; Starlac® (a spray-dried compound consisting of 85% alpha-lactose monohydrate and 15% maize starch dry matter available from Meggle), Cellactose® (a spray-dried compound consisting of 75% alpha-lactose monohydrate and 25% cellulose powder dry matter available from Meggle), Parteck® (a directly compressible sorbitol available from Merck KGaA), crospovidone, silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, talc, zinc stearate, polyoxyethylene stearate, stearic acid, sodium stearyl fumarate and cellulose derivatives. A blend of Starlac®, colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, and magnesium stearate is particularly preferred.
In various aspects and embodiments of the invention, the tablets may further comprise a cosmetic coating. Suitable cosmetic coatings include, but are not limited to, commercially available tablet film coating products such as for example Opadry® available from Colorcon.
The preferred uniformity of the tableting blend employed in all aspects of the present invention according to US Pharmacopeia (USP 30) is such that the average assay of ten samples of the tableting blend each weighing the equivalent of one tablet lies within the range of 90 to 110 percent of the label dose and the relative standard deviation of the individual assays is less than or equal to 5 percent.
The tableting blend may be prepared by blending a controlled/extended release beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent pellets with the diuretic and/or with a powder mixture comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
To prepare such uniform product, preferably at least 50% (by weight) of the powder mixture has a particle size distribution between about 30 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 80 μm to about 600 μm, more preferably from about 100 μm to about 300 μm. More preferably, at least 65% (by weight) of the powder mixture has a particle size distribution between about 30 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 80 μm to about 600 μm, more preferably from about 100 μm to about 300 μm. Most preferably, at least 80% (by weight) of the powder mixture has a particle size distribution between about 30 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 80 μm to about 600 μm, most preferably from about 100 μm to about 300 μm.
In addition, preferably at least 50% (by weight) of the controlled/extended release beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent pellets has a particle size distribution between about 300 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 400 μm to about 700 μm, more preferably from about 500 μm to about 600 μm. More preferably, at least 65% (by weight) of the controlled/extended release beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent pellets has a particle size distribution between about 300 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 400 μm to about 700 μm, more preferably from about 500 μm to about 600 μm. Most preferably, at least 85% (by weight) of the controlled/extended release beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent pellets has a particle size distribution between about 300 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 400 μm to about 700 μm, most preferably from about 500 μm to about 600 μm.
Beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellets are employed in various aspects and embodiments of the invention described herein. Such a coated pellet comprises an inert core, a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, and a controlled/extended release layer.
In one embodiment, each beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellet comprises:
a) an inert core, preferably comprising at least 50% (w/w) of soluble substance;
b) a layer comprising a beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, which layer covers the inert core; and
c) a controlled release layer thereon.
Preferably, a sub-coat layer covers an initial core/sphere forming the inert core. In addition, the pharmaceutical tablets of the present invention preferably comprise a plurality of coated pellets, coated with a first layer comprising the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, and a second controlled release layer. More preferably, the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent is metoprolol or one of its pharmaceutical acceptable salts, each pellet thus comprising an inert core, a drug layer and a rate controlling film coating. Metoprolol succinate is the most preferred beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent. Moreover, the coated pellets and the pharmaceutical tablets are preferably prepared without the use of inherently toxic solvents. The beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent layer is preferably applied as a suspension of finely divided solid beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent rather than a solution.
In another embodiment, the release rate of beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent from the pellets part of the pharmaceutical tablets comprising a multitude of pellets is controlled by the amount or the percentage of the initial core/spheres of the pellets. Preferably, the amount of initial core is from about 15% to about 30% by weight of the controlled release coated pellets before tableting. More preferably, the amount of initial core is about 22% of the extended release coated pellet before tableting. In addition, the amount of inert core (as a combination of an initial core and sub-coat as described below) is preferably from about 20% to about 35% by weight of the controlled release coated pellets before tableting. More preferably, the amount of inert core is about 27% of the extended release coated pellet before tableting.
In another embodiment, the inert core is strengthened by applying a sub-coat on the initial core/sphere. In pharmaceutical compositions wherein pellets comprising the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent are compressed into tablets, the coated pellets are mixed with powder excipients to form a tableting blend. However, the size of the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent coated pellets, often larger than the particle size of the powder excipients, can cause a lack of uniformity of the tableting blend. The preferred uniformity of the tableting blend is such that the average assay of ten samples of the tableting blend each weighing the equivalent of one tablet lies within the range of 90 to 110 percent of the label dose and the relative standard deviation of the individual assays is less than or equal to 5 percent. The size of the coated pellets is therefore preferably small. When layering a large amount of beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent on a small initial core a high degree of stress is exerted on the initial core. This stress may cause attrition particularly when the inert core comprises sugar spheres. To provide a higher degree of physical strength of the inert core without changing the dissolution rate of coated pellets, a sub-coat is applied on an initial core/sphere. Preferably, the amount of the sub-coat is from about 10% to about 40% of the total weight of the sub-coated inert core, more preferably the amount of sub-coat is from about 15% to about 30% of the total weight of the sub-coated inert core, most preferably the amount of sub-coat is about 16% to about 20% of the total weight of the sub-coated inert core.
In one embodiment, the release rate of drug from the part of the pharmaceutical tablet comprising a multitude of pellets is controlled by the ratio of hydrophilic to hydrophobic plasticizers in the controlled release layer. The controlled release layer in the pharmaceutical tablet of the present invention preferably comprises a hydrophobic film coating polymer such as for example ethylcellulose or polymethacrylates in combination with at least two plasticizers, at least one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic plasticizer. Preferably, the ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic plasticizer in the controlled release layer of the pharmaceutical tablet is from 3:1 to 1:3, more preferably the ratio is 1:1.
The inert core of each of the coated pellets may comprise from about 50% to about 100% (per weight) of soluble substance. Preferably, the inert core comprises from about 70% to about 90% (per weight) of soluble substances. A preferred initial core comprises a sugar sphere. Sugar spheres have been used in the pharmaceutical industry as excipients. Such sugar spheres used in pharmaceutical compositions generally contain not more than 92% of sucrose, calculated on the dried basis, the remainder consisting of maize starch. Common sugar spheres with a core size larger than 500 μm are used. The core size of the inert cores, preferably a sugar sphere, is between about 50 μm and about 500 μm, preferably between about 100 μm and about 400 μm, more preferably from about 250 μm to about 350 μm.
The inert core preferably comprises an initial core/sphere that is sub-coated with a layer of a plasticized film coating polymer. This sub-coating of an initial core/sphere provides physical strength to the inert core of the present invention. The film coating polymer may be a hydrophobic or a hydrophilic polymer, or a combination of the two. Suitable film coating polymers can be cellulose derivative polymers or polymethacrylate polymers. Further, hydrophobic polymers or hydrophilic plasticizers, or a combination of several plasticizers can be used to plasticize the film coating polymers. These compounds of the polymeric sub-coat are mixed with solvents prior to their application onto the initial core/sphere. Suitable solvents for use in mixing the polymeric sub-coating compounds are selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone and purified water. For example a mixture of ethanol, acetone and water is preferred for use in mixing a mixture of the preferred sub-coating compounds EthylCellulose (as a film coating polymer), and plasticizers DiButyl Sebacate and Polyethylene Glycol (EC, DBS and PEG).
Preferably, the initial core/sphere is a sugar sphere which is sub coated with a mixture of polymers such as cellulose derivatives e.g. ethylcellulose and triethyl citrate, polyethylene glycol, dibutyl sebacate, and dibutyl phthalate, and wherein the sub-coating layer on the initial core/sphere does not alter the release rate of the drug for the pharmaceutical tablet. A preferred sub-coat on the sugar spheres comprises ethyl cellulose as a hydrophobic film coating polymer and a combination of two or more plasticizers, at least one hydrophilic and at least one hydrophobic plasticizer. Suitable plasticizers may include for example polyethylene glycols, citrate esters, dibutyl sebacate, diethyl phthalate, and triacetin. Preferred plasticizers are polyethylene glycol and dibutyl sebacate as the hydrophilic and hydrophobic plasticizers respectively. Preferably, the sub-coat comprises about 75% to about 85% ethyl cellulose, about 10% to about 20% polyethylene glycol and about 3% to about 7% dibutyl sebacate by weight of the sub-coat. More preferably, the sub-coat comprises 80% ethyl cellulose, 15% polyethylene glycol and 5% dibutyl sebacate by weight of the sub-coat.
A beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, such as metoprolol or its acceptable pharmaceutical salt is applied on the inert core. Preferably, no use of “Class 2” solvents (as defined by the FDA) is required to apply the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), drug, onto the inert core forming a drug coated pellet. The FDA defines “Class 2” solvents as having inherent toxicity. The beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent is dispersed in water, preferably together with an acceptable binder excipient such as, but not limited to, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose derivatives polymers, or starch.
Furthermore, in an instance that the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agentis applied as dispersion rather than a solution, it is preferred that the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent has physical properties that will allow a high yield in preparing drug coated pellets. Therefore, the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent has a particle size distribution such that the d(0.9) value is less than about 80 μm. Preferably, the d(0.9) value for the particle size distribution of the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent is less than about 50 μm, more preferably less then about 30 μm. As a result, a concentrated dispersion for application can be produced which may shorten the production time. Preferably, the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent or active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), is metoprolol or one of its pharmaceutically acceptable salts. More preferably, the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agentis metoprolol succinate.
Moreover, the drug coated pellets comprise from about 40% to about 90% (per weight) of the drug layer, preferably from about 50% to about 80% (per weight), more preferably from about 55% to about 75% (per weight).
In a preferred embodiment, the last layer applied on the pellets is a layer which controls the release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. Pellets of the present invention that have been coated with a controlled release layer have a size between about 200 μm and about 800 μm. Preferably, the controlled release layer coated pellets have a size ranging from about 300 μm to about 700 μm, more preferably from about 400 μm to about 600 μm.
In addition, the controlled release layer may comprise water soluble and insoluble components. Such components may be film forming polymers and plasticizers. For example, a film comprising a polymeric layer is applied onto the drug coated pellets. The film comprises at least one film coating polymer and can be plasticized with one or more plasticizers. These plasticizers may differ from each other in their degree of solubility (hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity). By changing the ratio between the plasticizers and the film coating polymer, or the ratio between the different plasticizers (if more than one is used), one can control the rate of the release of the drug from the pellets. The controlled release layer in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention preferably comprises a hydrophobic film coating polymer such as for example ethylcellulose and a combination of at least two plasticizers, at least one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic plasticizer. Preferably, the ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic plasticizer in the controlled release layer of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is from 3:1 to 1:3, more preferably the ratio is 1:1.
Furthermore, the controlled release layer preferably comprises at least about 70% water insoluble compounds (per weight of the controlled release layer). More preferably, the controlled release layer comprises at least about 80% and more preferably at least about 90% water insoluble compounds (per weight of the controlled release layer). Suitable water insoluble compounds are for example cellulose derived polymers. These controlled release layer compounds are mixed with solvents prior to their application onto the drug coated pellets. Suitable solvents for use in mixing the controlled release layer compounds are selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone and purified water. A mixture of ethanol, acetone and water is preferred for use in mixing the controlled release layer compounds especially where the controlled release layer compounds are a mixture of ethylcellulose, dibutyl sebacate and polyethylene glycol. Generally, the drug pellets coated with a controlled release layer of the invention comprise a residual amount of such solvent.
In order to compress these pellets, preferably a plurality of pellets, into tablets, an additional mass should be incorporated forming a final blend as described above. In the present invention, these additives/excipients are preferably in the form of a powder mixture that can be directly compressed into tablets. Such a powder mixture serves as a filler, cushioning, disintegrant, glidant, and lubricant mixture. Furthermore, the ratio of controlled release drug coated pellets to additives in the final blend of the pharmaceutical tablets of the present invention is of importance to prepare a uniform product e.g. tablets. The preferred uniformity of the product (uniformity of content by assay) e.g. tablets resulting from this final blend is such that the average assay of ten unit doses (e.g tablets) lies within the range of 90 to 110 percent of the label dose and the relative standard deviation of the individual assays for the doses is less than or equal to 6 percent, preferably less than 3 percent. In fact, a combination of factors such as the use of additives/powder mixtures with a relatively large particle size and a predetermined controlled release drug coated pellet to additive ratio results in a uniform product.
To prepare such uniform product, preferably at least 50% (by weight) of the powder mixture has particle sizes between about 30 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 80 μm to about 600 μm, more preferably from about 100 μm to about 300 μm. More preferably, at least 65% (by weight) of the powder mixture has particle sizes between about 30 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 80 μm to about 600 μm, more preferably from about 100 μm to about 300 μm. Most preferably, at least 80% (by weight) of the powder mixture has particle sizes between about 30 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 80 μm to about 600 μm, most preferably from about 100 μm to about 300 μm.
Furthermore, the amount of controlled release drug coated pellets in the final tableting blend is preferably from about 20% to about 60% (by weight) in order to prepare such uniform product. More preferably, the amount of controlled release drug coated pellet in the final tableting blend is from about 30% to about 50% (by weight), most preferably from about 35% to about 45% (by weight).
The coated pellets described above may be provided via a process comprising the steps of:
a) providing an inert core, preferably comprising from about 50% to about 100% (w/w) of soluble substance;
b) applying a drug layer comprising the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent onto the inert core forming a drug coated pellet;
c) coating the drug coated pellet with a controlled release layer forming a coated pellet.
Preferably, a sub-coat layer covers an initial core/sphere forming the inert core. The initial core/sphere is preferably a sugar sphere and the amount of initial core/sphere is preferably from about 15% to about 25% by weight of the coated pellet. More preferably, the amount of initial core is about 22% of the coated pellet. In addition, the method preferably prepares a pharmaceutical composition comprising a plurality of coated pellets. Preferably, the API (drug) is metoprolol or one of its pharmaceutical acceptable salts, each pellet thus comprising an inert core, a drug layer and a rate controlling film coating. Metoprolol succinate is the most preferred API. Moreover, the pharmaceutical composition is preferably prepared without the use of inherently toxic solvents.
The process of preparing a coated pellet preferably further comprises sub-coating an initial core/sphere forming an inert core. Sub-coating an initial core/sphere comprises mixing a film coating polymer with one or more plasticizers in a solvent forming a coating mixture. Such mixture may be a solution, suspension or slurry for applying a coating layer on a surface. The coating mixture is applied to the initial core/sphere forming a sub-coated initial core/sphere which is used as an inert core. The film coating polymer may be a hydrophobic or a hydrophilic polymer, or a combination of the two. Suitable film coating polymers can be cellulose derivative polymers or polymethacrylate polymers, preferably ethylcellulose. The amount of ethylcellulose is preferably from about 75% to about 85% more preferably about 80% of the total amount of the weight of the sub-coat. Further, hydrophobic polymers or hydrophilic plasticizers, or a combination of several plasticizers can be used to plasticize the film coating polymers. These compounds of the polymeric sub-coat are mixed with solvents prior to their application onto the initial core/sphere. Suitable solvents for use in mixing the polymeric sub-coating compounds are selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone and purified water. A mixture of ethanol, acetone and water is preferred for use in mixing the polymeric sub-coating compounds.
Suitable plasticizers for use in sub-coating an initial core/sphere are selected from polyethylene glycol, dibutyl sebacate, and dibutyl phthalate. Preferred plasticizers are polyethylene glycol and dibutyl sebacate as the hydrophilic and hydrophobic plasticizers respectively. Preferred amounts of plasticizers used in the process are about 10% to about 20% polyethylene glycol and 3% to about 7% dibutyl sebacate by weight of the sub-coat. More preferably, about 15% polyethylene glycol and 5% dibutyl sebacate as plasticizer in the process.
In the process of preparing coated pellets, the particle size distribution of the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent is an important factor in binding the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent to the inert core. Preferably, the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent has a particle size distribution such that the d(0.9) value is less than about 80 μm. More preferably, the d(0.9) value for the particle size distribution of the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent is less than about 50 μm, most preferably less then about 30 μm. To form a dispersion, the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, a binder, and a solvent mixture are mixed to homogeneity. The solvent mixture comprises one or more of the solvents from the group, water, ethanol, acetone and isopropyl alcohol. Preferably, the solvent mixture is water. As a result, a thick or concentrated dispersion can be produced which may shorten the production time of applying the drug layer to the pellets. This dispersion of the beta-1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent, preferably a dispersion of metoprolol succinate, is then sprayed onto the inert core to form a drug coated pellet.
In embodiments of the invention in which a controlled release layer is present, a controlled release layer is applied to these drug coated pellets. The compounds which make up the controlled release layer are mixed with solvents prior to their application onto the drug coated pellets to form a coating mixture. Suitable solvents for use in mixing the controlled release layer compounds are selected from ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone and purified water, in order to achieve a high yield process, with a reasonable manufacturing time. A mixture of ethanol, acetone and water is preferred for use in mixing the controlled release layer compounds when these are a combination of ethyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol and dibutyl sebacate. The coating mixture is then sprayed onto the drug coated pellets forming controlled release drug coated pellets. This controlled release layer comprises water soluble and insoluble components. Such components may be film forming polymers and plasticizers. For example, a film comprising a polymeric layer is applied onto the drug coated pellets as the controlled release layer. The film comprises at least one film coating polymer and can be plasticized with one or more plasticizers. The controlled release layer in the pharmaceutical composition preferably comprises a hydrophobic film coating polymer such as for example ethylcellulose and a combination of at least two plasticizers, at least one hydrophilic and one hydrophobic plasticizer. Preferably, the ratio of hydrophobic to hydrophilic plasticizer in the controlled release layer of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is from 3:1 to 1:3, more preferably the ratio is 1:1.
The coated pellets may be incorporated into a pharmaceutical tablet of the present invention employing the following further steps:
d) mixing the coated pellets with a powder mixture of one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients forming a final tableting blend;
e) pressing the final tableting blend into tablets; and
f) optionally film coating the tablets with a commercially available cosmetic tablet film coating.
Preferably, the final tableting blend is pressed into tablets using a direct compression procedure. In order to create a uniform blend for tableting, a particular ratio within the composition between the part of the coated pellets to the powder part is selected. The amount of coated pellets in the final tableting blend is preferably selected from about 20% to about 60% (by weight) in order to prepare such uniform product. More preferably, the amount of coated pellet in the final tableting blend is from about 30% to about 50% (by weight), most preferably from about 35% to about 45% (by weight).
In addition, the particle size distribution influences significantly the uniformity of the final blend and the final pharmaceutical product. The preferred uniformity of the tableting blend is such that the average assay of ten samples of the tableting blend each weighing the equivalent of one tablet lies within the range of 90 to 110 percent of the label dose and the relative standard deviation of the individual assays is less than or equal to 5 percent. To prepare such uniform product, preferably at least 50% (by weight) of the powder mixture has a particle size distribution between about 30 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 80 μm to about 600 μm, more preferably from about 100 μm to about 300 μm. More preferably, at least 65% (by weight) of the powder mixture has a particle size distribution between about 30 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 80 μm to about 600 μm, more preferably from about 100 μm to about 300 μm. Most preferably, at least 80% (by weight) of the powder mixture has a particle size distribution between about 30 μm to about 800 μm, preferably from about 80 μm to about 600 μm, most preferably from about 100 μm to about 300 μm.
In this method of preparing a pharmaceutical tablet the hydrophobic polymer is preferably ethyl cellulose (EC), the soluble/hydrophilic plasticizer is preferably polyethylene glycol (PEG), Preferably, in preparing a mixture for coating the sugar spheres with a sub-coat, and the drug coated pellets with a controlled release layer, ethyl cellulose is preferably first dissolved in acetone and ethanol 95%, then PEG and DBS are added, followed by adding water and mixing the solution till it is homogenized. Preferably, the spraying of a solution or dispersion onto sugar spheres or drug coated pellets uses a fluidized bed coater with a Wurster insertion. Furthermore, the binder, used in coating the sub-coated sugar spheres with a drug layer, facilitates binding of the drug to the inert core of sub-coated sugar spheres. Moreover, in this process the ratio of powder mixture to controlled release drug coated pellets in the final tableting blend is preferably from about 20% to about 60% (by weight), more preferably from about 30% to about 50% (by weight), most preferably from about 35% to about 45% (by weight). As a result a uniform final tableting blend and tablets are produced.
In a further aspect, the present invention also provides a method of treating a patient comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention. Preferably, the method comprises treatment of patients suffering from hypertension, angina pectoris or stable symptomatic (NYHA Class II or III) heart failure of ischemic, hypertensive or cardiomyopathic origin.
The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for treating hypertension, angina pectoris or stable symptomatic (NYHA Class II or III) heart failure of ischemic, hypertensive or cardiomyopathic origin.
The following examples are presented in order to further illustrate the invention. These examples should not be construed in any manner to limit the invention.
The following examples illustrate the parameters influencing the production of controlled release drug coated pellets for composition into the extended release pharmaceutical composition of the invention. The controlled release drug coated pellets preferably have a dissolution profile such that after 8 hours between about 20% and about 50% of the drug substance is dissolved when a sample of pellets equivalent to the desired dose is tested in the following conditions Method: Paddle @50 rpm medium: 500 ml 0.05 M, Phosphate Buffer USP pH-6.8 at 37° C.,
The dissolution profile of a pharmaceutical composition can be altered by changing the amount of initial core used in the composition. A comparatively higher total weight of the initial core will result in a faster dissolution profile. In order to obtain a specific release rate for a given formulation the amount of a specific initial core required is carefully selected.
In table 1.1 data for two formulations that differ significantly in the amount of initial core weight are shown. In table 1.2 and in
The release rate from the coated pellets of the present invention is also affected by manipulating the ratio of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic components in the rate controlling layer. The preferred rate controlling layer in the present invention comprises ethyl cellulose (EC), an hydrophilic film coating polymer, and two types of plasticizers, dibutyl sebacate (DBS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), an hydrophobic and an hydrophilic plasticizer, respectively. Changing the ratio of the EC and the plasticizer will change the release rate of the drug. In addition, changing the ratio between the two plasticizers will modify the in-vitro release rate (also known as dissolution profile) of the coated pellets.
In table 2.1 data for 2 formulations that differ only in the ratio of the plasticizers in the controlled release layer coating is given. In table 2.2 and
In pellets compressed into a tablet drug product the pellets are mixed with a powder mixture that functions as glidant, filler, disintegrant, lubricant and cushioning agent. The pellets' size is usually larger than the size of the particles of the powder mixture, hence, the particles size distribution (PSD) of the blend of the pellets together with the powder mixture is wide. Such a wide PSD often tends to result in segregation and may cause a lack of uniformity in the final product, e.g., the tablets or capsules. Moreover, high loading of drug on the pellets (per dose unit), will result in higher manifestation of this phenomenon.
In order to overcome this problem the drug is loaded onto inert core pellets which are relatively small in size. This may produce small sized pellets at the end of the process and the PSD of the overall final blend will thus be narrower. Commercially, there are a variety of pellets (initial cores) that can be coated (e.g. microcrystalline cellulose spheres, sugar spheres). When layering a large amount of drug on pellets having a small initial core, an initial core needs to be selected which can withstand a stressful process that may bring about attrition of the pellet core and even breaking of such pellet cores.
Such pellet cores can be strengthened by creating a film sub-coat, which preserves the integrity of the pellets' initial core. Such a film sub-coat may affect the release rate of the drug (also known as in-vitro dissolution profile), which may vary according to the type of such sub-coat. This phenomenon of fragility of the initial core is most pronounced when sugar spheres are used as the pellet initial core.
In the present invention a film sub-coat is applied to the initial core, which does not change the dissolution profile of the controlled release drug coated pellets. At the same time this sub-coat provides the required qualities which allows an extensive layering process to take place without attrition and breaking of the pellet initial core.
In table 3.1 data for three formulations that differ only in the percentage of the sub-coat is given. In table 3.2 and
The in vitro dissolution profile was not influenced by the amount of the sub-coat that was applied on the pellet inert core.
In order to apply a drug layer using a fluidized bed coater with a Wurster insertion (bottom spray process) a specific range of PSD for the active raw material should preferably be used.
In table 4.1 data for two experiments that differ only in the metoprolol succinate PSD is given. Also the assay results are given in table 4.1. The assay results indicate clearly that while working with metoprolol succinate with a higher d(0.9) value of d(0.9) NMT 80 μm, the process produces lower assay results as compared to the example using metoprolol succinate with d(0.9) of NMT 25 μm, although just within acceptable limits. Hence, while spraying the metoprolol succinate as a dispersion in the layering process, the PSD of the active ingredient has a d(0.9) value of not more than 80 microns and preferably not more than 25 microns.
In order to create the aforementioned sub-coat and controlled release coating films, a solution of EC, PEG and DBS was used in a bottom spray fluidized bed coater. In order to produce a reasonable process, with high yield, the solvents to be used should be carefully chosen. When the solvents used are not optimal a large percentage of the pellets agglomerate during the spraying and drying process.
In table 5.1 a few compositions of such solvent mixtures are given, as well as the amount of agglomerates formed, (determined by passing the coated pellets through a suitable screen e.g. 25 mesh). These agglomerates were eventually rejected from the batch. A mixture of acetone, alcohol and water for example should be carefully qualified when using the preferred mixture of EC, PEG and DBS in order to produce a high yield process.
As can be seen from the results in table 5.1, when using the preferred mixture of EC, PEG and DBS, the solvent mixture should comprise all of Ethanol 95%, Acetone and Water. It would appear that the use of about 10% or more e.g. 13% of water has a positive effect.
The following batch may be produced after taking into account the considerations described in examples 1-5 although the amounts below are not to be taken as absolute but rather an exemplary composition of the formulations that can be manufactured.
Sub-coated pellets: Add the ethyl cellulose to a mixture of acetone and alcohol, and mix for about 40 minutes until a clear solution is achieved. To that mixture add the polyethylene glycol 400 and dibutyl sebacate consecutively and stir the mixture for about ten minutes. Then, add purified water to the solution and stir for about twenty minutes. Spray the solution onto the sugar spheres (250-355 μm) in a bottom spray fluidized bed coater (e.g. Glatt® GPCG 1.1), with an inlet temperature of about 45-50° C., and air flow of e.g. 30-60 m3/hr to create sub-coated pellets (Inert cores).
Drug Coated Pellets: Mix together purified water and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K-30) for about 20 minutes until homogeneity is obtained. Then, add metoprolol succinate and mix the dispersion for about 30 minutes before starting the process. Apply the drug dispersion onto the sub-coated pellets (inert cores) from the previous stage in a bottom spray fluidized bed coater (e.g. Glatt® GPCG 1.1), with an inlet temperature of about 55-65° C., and e.g. air flow of 30-60 m3/hr to create drug coated pellets.
Controlled Release Drug Coated Pellets: Add ethyl cellulose to a mixture of acetone and alcohol, and mix for about 40 minutes until a clear solution is achieved. To that mixture add polyethylene glycol 400 and dibutyl sebacate consecutively and stir the mixture for about ten minutes. Then, add purified water to the solution and stir for about twenty minutes. Spray the solution onto the drug coated pellets from the previous stage in a bottom spray fluidized bed coater (e.g. Glatt® GPCG 1.1), with an inlet temperature of about 45-50° C., and air flow of e.g. 30-60 m3/hr to create Controlled Release Drug Coated Pellets
Final blend and Tableting or Capsule Filling: Mix the Controlled Release Drug Coated Pellets with syloid and half of the Starlc® quantity for 10 minutes using a dry blender (e.g. Twin Shelled “Y-cone” dry blender). Then, add the remaining quantity of Starlac® and crospovidone to the dry blender, and mix for a further 15 minutes. Finally, add magnesium stearate, and mix for a further 5 minutes to produce final blend for tableting or capsule filling.
Check the final blend for uniformity of content by assay, and ensure that the results comply with the regulatory requirements of the e.g. current USP XXIX: average assay of ten samples each equivalent to the desired dose of between 90-110%, and RSD of not more than 5%.
The final blend may be compressed in a tableting machine e.g. Sivac® tablets compressing machine to create uniform tablets, as required by the USP, or filled into appropriately sized capsules.
Several strengths of metoprolol succinate E.R. tablets can be manufactured: e.g. 190 mg, 95 mg, 47.5 mg and 23.75 mg, which are equivalent to 200 mg, 100 mg, 50 mg and 25 mg of metoprolol tartrate respectively.
Tablets manufactured by a process as exemplified above were tested for rate of dissolution. The results, the dissolution profile for these tablets, are presented in table 6.2 below.
In general tablets or capsules comprising pellets of the invention are acceptable when having the following dissolution profile
The pellets described in examples 1-3, and 6 were tested in a dissolution test wherein the pellets were dissolved in a media of 500 ml of 0.05M phosphate buffer at a pH 6.8. The dissolution procedure was carried out in an USP Apparatus II, paddle method, at 37° C. and 50 rpm. The amount of released metoprolol succinate was measured at 1, 4, 8, 20, and 24 hour time periods. The results are tabulated in the examples and graphically represented in
Extended release metoprolol succinate coated pellets according to Table 7 below (see Part I) were provided—see pellet manufacturing process below. Then, a dry granulation process was applied on the HCTZ by compressing a blend of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 112), povidone (PVP K-30), colloidal silicon dioxide (Syloid 244 FP) and magnesium stearate into slugs (see Table 7, Part TI below). The slugs were then milled in a Quadrcomill equipped with 0.075′ screen.
The milled HCTZ granules were blended using a diffusion blender with the metoprolol succinate E.R. coated pellets and Starlac® (a spray-dried compound consisting of 85% alpha-lactose monohydrate and 15% maize starch dry matter available from Meggle), colloidal silicon dioxide (Syloid 244 FP), crospovidone XL 10 (Polyplasdone), and magnesium stearate, to produce a uniform blend (see Table 7, Part III below). The uniform blend was then compressed into tablets, with a further cosmetic coating.
Tablets manufactured by a process as exemplified above were tested for rate of dissolution. The rates are graphically represented in the
The uniformity of content for metoprolol succinate and HCTZ in tablets prepared according to Example 8 were tested. Metoprolol succinate: 102.6% (RSD-1.6%). HCTZ: 106.5% (RSD-2.6%).
Metoprolol succinate E.R. coated pellets were provided in line with Example 8.
The HCTZ was granulated in a high shear mixer by mixing the HCTZ, microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 101) and an aqueous solution of povidone (PVP K-30) (see Table 8, Part II). The wet granules were then dried in a fluidized bed drier at an inlet temperature of between 60-70° C. The dried granules were then milled using an oscillating mill, equipped with a 0.8 mm screen.
The milled HCTZ granules were blended using a diffusion blender with the metoprolol succinate E.R. coated pellets and Starlac® (a spray-dried compound consisting of 85% alpha-lactose monohydrate and 15% maize starch dry matter available from Meggle), colloidal silicon dioxide (Syloid 244 FP), crospovidone XL 10 (Polyplasdone), and magnesium stearate, to produce a uniform blend (see Table 8, part III). The uniform blend was then compressed into tablets, having hardness between 7SCU and 20SCU, which allowed the tablet to be coated with a further cosmetic coating.
Extended release metoprolol succinate coated pellets according to Table 9 below (see Part I) were provided—see pellet manufacturing process below.
Then, an HCTZ drug layer was applied to the metoprolol succinate E.R. coated pellets using the following process:
Purified water was mixed with povidone (PVP K-30) for about 20 minutes until homogeneity was obtained. Then, HCTZ was added and the dispersion was mixed for about 30 minutes, before the coating process has begun (see part I, Table 9). The drug dispersion was applied on the metoprolol succinate E.R. coated pellets using a bottom spray fluidized bed coater, with an inlet temperature of about 55-65° C.
The HCTZ—metoprolol E.R. coated spheres were blended using a diffusion blender with Starlac® (a spray-dried compound consisting of 85% alpha-lactose monohydrate and 15% maize starch dry matter available from Meggle), colloidal silicon dioxide (Syloid 244 FP), crospovidone XL 10 (Polyplasdone), and magnesium stearate, to produce a uniform blend (see Table 9, part II). The uniform blend was then compressed into tablets, having hardness between 7SCU and 20SCU, which allowed the tablet to be coated with a further cosmetic coating.
Metoprolol succinate E.R. coated pellets were provided in line with Example 8.
Sub-coated pellets (inert core) were provided according to Part, Table 10 below in line with the pellet manufacturing process below. A layer of HCTZ was then applied to the sub-coated pellets using the following process:
Purified water was mixed with povidone (PVP K-30) for about 20 minutes until homogeneity was obtained. Then, HCTZ was added and the dispersion was mixed for about 30 minutes, before the coating process has begun (see Table 10, part II). The drug dispersion was applied on the subcoated pellets using a bottom spray fluidized bed coater, with an inlets temperature of about 55-65° C.
The HCTZ spheres and the metoprolol succinate E.R. coated spheres were blended using a diffusion blender with Starlac® (a spray-dried compound consisting of 85% alpha-lactose monohydrate and 15% maize starch dry matter available from Meggle), colloidal silicon dioxide (Syloid 244 FP), crospovidone XL 10 (Polyplasdone), and magnesium stearate, to produce a uniform blend (see part III, Table 10). The uniform blend was then compressed into tablets, having hardness between 7SCU and 20SCU, which allowed the tablet to be coated with a further cosmetic coating.
Tablets manufactured by a process as exemplified above were tested for rate of dissolution. The rates are graphically represented in the
The uniformity of content for metoprolol succinate and HCTZ in tablets prepared according to Example 11 were tested. Metoprolol succinate: 94.7% (RSD-4.9%). HCTZ: 92.6% (RSD-4.9%).
Metoprolol succinate E.R. tablets were provided in accordance with Example 8. Then, the tablets were coated with a mixture of HCTZ and povidone (PVP K-30).
The following preferred processes exemplify how the pellets described above may be prepared.
Sub-coated pellets: Add the ethyl cellulose to a mixture of acetone and alcohol, and mix for about 40 minutes until a clear solution is achieved. To that mixture add the polyethylene glycol 400 and dibutyl sebacate consecutively and stir the mixture for about ten minutes. Then, add purified water to the solution and stir for about twenty minutes. Spray the solution onto the sugar spheres (250-355 μm) in a bottom spray fluidized bed coater (e.g. Glatt® GPCG 1.1), with an inlet temperature of about 45-50° C., and air flow of e.g. 30-60 m3/hr to create sub-coated pellets (Inert cores).
Drug Coated Pellets: Mix together purified water and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K-30) for about 20 minutes until homogeneity is obtained. Then, add metoprolol succinate and mix the dispersion for about 30 minutes before starting the process. Apply the drug dispersion onto the sub-coated pellets (inert cores) from the previous stage in a bottom spray fluidized bed coater (e.g. Glatt® GPCG 1.1), with an inlet temperature of about 55-65° C., and e.g. air flow of 30-60 m3/hr to create drug coated pellets.
Controlled Release Drug Coated Pellets: Add ethyl cellulose to a mixture of acetone and alcohol, and mix for about 40 minutes until a clear solution is achieved. To that mixture add polyethylene glycol 400 and dibutyl sebacate consecutively and stir the mixture for about ten minutes. Then, add purified water to the solution and stir for about twenty minutes. Spray the solution onto the drug coated pellets from the previous stage in a bottom spray fluidized bed coater (e.g. Glatt® GPCG 1.1), with an inlet temperature of about 45-50° C., and air flow of e.g. 30-60 m3/hr to create controlled release drug coated pellets.
The present application is a Continuation-in-Part Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/437,192 filed May 18, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/776,706 filed on Feb. 24, 2006. The present application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/932,207, filed May 29, 2007. All of these provisional applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60776706 | Feb 2006 | US | |
| 60932207 | May 2007 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11437192 | May 2006 | US |
| Child | 12129535 | US |
