Patent Application
20050122185
A pair of conductive lines are coupled when they are spaced apart, but spaced closely enough together for energy flowing in one to be induced in the other. The amount of energy flowing between the lines is related to the dielectric medium the conductors are in and the spacing between the lines. Even though electromagnetic fields surrounding the lines are theoretically infinite, lines are often referred to as being closely or tightly coupled, loosely coupled, or uncoupled, based on the relative amount of coupling.
Couplers are electromagnetic devices formed to take advantage of coupled lines, and may have four ports, one associated with each end of two coupled lines. A main line has an input connected directly or indirectly to an input port. The other end is connected to the direct port. The other or auxiliary line extends between a coupled port and an isolated port. A coupler may be reversed, in which case the isolated port becomes the input port and the input port becomes the isolated port. Similarly, the coupled port and direct port have reversed designations.
Directional couplers are four-port networks that may be simultaneously impedance matched at all ports. Power may flow from one or the other input port to the corresponding pair of output ports, and if the output ports are properly terminated, the ports of the input pair are isolated. A hybrid is generally assumed to divide its output power equally between the two outputs, whereas a directional coupler, as a more general term, may have unequal outputs. Often, the coupler has very weak coupling to the coupled output, which reduces the insertion loss from the input to the main output. One measure of the quality of a directional coupler is its directivity, which is the ratio of the desired coupled output to the isolated port output.
Adjacent parallel transmission lines couple both electrically and magnetically. The coupling is inherently proportional to frequency, and the directivity can be high if the magnetic and electric couplings are equal. Longer coupling regions increase the coupling between lines, until the vector sum of the incremental couplings no longer increases, and the coupling will decrease with increasing electrical length in a sinusoidal fashion. In many applications it is desired to have a constant coupling over a wide band. Symmetrical couplers exhibit inherently a 90-degree phase difference between the coupled output ports, whereas asymmetrical couplers have phase differences that approach zero-degrees or 180-degrees.
Unless ferrite or other high permeability materials are used, greater than octave bandwidths at higher frequencies are generally achieved through cascading couplers. In a uniform long coupler the coupling rolls off when the length exceeds one-quarter wavelength, and only an octave bandwidth is practical for ±0.3 dB coupling ripple. If three equal length couplers are connected as one long coupler, with the two outer sections being equal in coupling and much weaker than the center coupling, a wideband design results. At low frequencies all three couplings add. At higher frequencies the three sections can combine to give reduced coupling at the center frequency, where each coupler is one-quarter wavelength. This design may be extended to many sections to obtain a very large bandwidth.
Two characteristics exist with the cascaded coupler approach. One is that the coupler becomes very long and lossy, since its combined length is more than one-quarter wavelength long at the lowest band edge. Further, the coupling of the center section gets very tight, especially for 3 dB multi-octave couplers. A cascaded coupler of X:1 bandwidth is about X quarter wavelengths long at the high end of its range. As an alternative, the use of lumped, but generally higher loss, elements has been proposed.
An asymmetrical coupler with a continuously increasing coupling that abruptly terminates at the end of the coupled region will behave differently from a symmetrical coupler. Instead of a constant 90-degree phase difference between the output ports, close to zero or 180 degrees phase difference can be realized. If only the magnitude of the coupling is important, this coupler can be shorter than a symmetric coupler for a given bandwidth, perhaps two-thirds or three-fourths the length these couplers, other than lumped element versions, are designed using an analogy between stepped impedance couplers and transformers. As a result, the couplers are made in stepped sections that each have a length of one-fourth wavelength of a center design frequency, and may be several sections long. The coupler sections may be combined into a smoothly varying coupler. This design theoretically raises the high frequency cutoff, but it does not reduce the length of the coupler.
A coupler is disclosed that includes first and second mutually coupled spirals disposed on opposite sides of a dielectric substrate. The substrate may be formed of one or more layers and the coils may have a number of turns appropriate for a given application. Conductors forming the spirals may be opposite each other on the substrate and each spiral may include one or more portions on each side of the substrate.
A coupler is also disclosed that includes first and second conductors formed on opposite sides of a substrate that form a coupled section. The coupled section may include an intermediate portion having a width that is more than the width of end portions. The first and second conductors each may further include an extension extending from and transverse to the respective intermediate portion. The two extensions may extend in non-overlapping relationship.
Two coupled lines may be analyzed based on odd and even modes of propagation. For a pair of identical lines, the even mode exists with equal voltages applied to the inputs of the lines, and for the odd mode, equal out-of-phase voltages this model may be extended to non-identical lines, and to multiple coupled lines. For high directivity in a 50-ohm system, for example, the product of the characteristic impedances of the odd and even modes, e.g., Zoe*Zoo is equal to Zo2, or 2500 ohms. Zo, Zoe, and Zoo are the characteristic impedances of the coupler, the even mode and the odd mode, respectively. Moreover, the more equal the velocity of propagation of the two modes are, the better the directivity of the coupler.
A dielectric above and below the coupled lines may reduce the even-mode impedance while it may have little effect on the odd mode. Air as a dielectric, having a dielectric constant of 1, may reduce the amount that the even-mode impedance is reduced compared to other dielectrics having a higher dielectric constant. However, fine conductors used to make a coupler may need to be supported.
Spirals may also increase the even-mode impedance for a couple of reasons. One reason is that the capacitance to ground may be shared among multiple conductor portions. Further, magnetic coupling between adjacent conductors raises their effective inductance. The spiral line is also smaller than a straight line, and easier to support without impacting the even mode impedance very much. However, using air as a dielectric above and below the spirals while supporting the spirals on a material having a dielectric greater than 1 may produce a velocity disparity, because the odd mode propagates largely through the dielectric between the coupled lines, and is therefore slowed down compared to propagation in air, while the even mode propagates largely through the air.
The odd mode of propagation is as a balanced transmission line. In order to have the even and odd mode velocities equal, the even mode needs to be slowed down by an amount equal to the reduction in velocity introduced by the dielectric loading of the odd mode. This may be accomplished by making a somewhat lumped delay line of the even mode. Adding capacitance to ground at the center of the spiral section produces an L-C-L low pass filter. This may be accomplished by widening the conductors in the middle or intermediate portion of the spirals. The coupling between halves of the spiral modifies the low pass structure into a nearly all-pass “T” section. When the electrical length of the spiral is large enough, such as greater than one-eighth of a design center frequency, the spiral may not be considered to function as a lumped element. As a result, it may be nearly all-pass. The delay of the nearly all pass even mode and that of the balanced dielectrically loaded odd mode may be made approximately equal over a decade bandwidth.
As the design center frequency is reduced, it is possible to use more turns in the spiral to make it more lumped and all-pass, with better behavior at the highest frequency. Physical scaling down also may allow more turns to be used at high frequencies, but the dimensions of traces, vias, and the dielectric layers may become difficult to realize.
Spiral 14 further includes an interconnection 26 interconnecting portion 14a on level 20 with portion 14b on level 22; an interconnection 28 interconnecting portion 14b on level 22 with portion 14c on level 20; an interconnection 30 interconnecting portion 18a on level 22 with portion 18b on level 20; and an interconnection 32 interconnecting portion 18b on level 20 with portion 18c on level 22. The coupling level of the coupler is affected by pacing D1 between levels 20 and 22, corresponding to the thickness of dielectric layer 24, as well as the effective dielectric constant of the dielectric surrounding the spirals, including layer 24. These dielectric layers between, above and below the spirals may be made of an appropriate material or a combination of materials and layers, including air and various solid dielectrics.
A plan view of a specific coupler 40, similar to coupler 10 and that realizes features discussed above, is illustrated in
Spiral 44 further includes a via 56 interconnecting portion 44a on surface 50 with portion 44b on surface 52; a via 58 interconnecting potion 44b on surface 52 with portion 44c on surface 50; a via 60 interconnecting portion 48a on surface 52 with portion 48b on surface 50; and a via 62 interconnecting portion 48b on surface 50 with portion 48c on surface 52.
Intermediate portions 44b and 48b of the spirals has a width D2, and end portions 44a, 44c, 48a and 48c have a width D3. It is seen that width D3 is nominally about half of width D2. The increased size of the conductors in the middle of the spirals provide increased capacitance compared to the capacitance along the ends of the spirals. As discussed above, this makes the coupler more like an L-C-L low pass filter. Further, it is seen that each spiral has about 7/4 turns. The increased turns over a single-turn spiral, also as discussed, make the spiral function more like a lumped element, and thereby, more of an all-pass coupler.
Coupler 40 may thus form a 50-ohm tight coupler. A symmetrical wideband coupler can then be built with 3, 5, 7, or 9 sections, with the Spiral coupler section forming the center section. The center section coupling may primarily determine the bandwidth of the extended coupler. An example of such a coupler 70 is illustrated in
Referring initially to
As shown in
First conductive layer 74 is positioned on the top surface of the center substrate 94, and second conductive layer 76 is positioned on the lower surface of the center substrate. Optionally, the conductive layers could be self-supporting, or supporting dielectric layers could be positioned above layer 74 and below layer 76.
A second dielectric layer 96 is positioned above conductive layer 74, and a third dielectric layer 98 is positioned below conductive layer 76, as shown. Layer 96 includes a solid dielectric substrate 100 and a portion of an air layer 102 positioned over first and second spirals 44 and 48. Air layer 102 in line with substrate 100 is defined by an opening 104 extending through the dielectric. Third dielectric layer 98 is substantially the same as dielectric layer 96, including a solid dielectric substrate 106 having an opening 108 for an air layer 110. Dielectric substrates 100 and 106 may be any suitable dielectric material. In high power applications, heating in the narrow traces of the spirals may be significant. An alumina or other thermally conductive material can be used for dielectric substrates 100 and 106 to support the spiral at the capacitive middle section, and to act as a thermal shunt while adding capacitance.
A circuit ground or reference potential may be provided on each side of the second and third dielectric layers by respective conductive substrates 112 and 114. Substrates 112 and 114 contact dielectric substrates 100 and 106, respectively. Conductive substrates 112 and 114 include recessed regions or cavities 116 and 118, respectively, into which air layers 102 and 110 extend. As a result the distance D4 from each conductive layer 74 and 76 to the respective conductive substrates 112 and 114, which may function as ground planes, is less than the distance D5 of air layers 102 and 110, respectively. In one embodiment of coupler 70, the distance D4 is 0.062 mils or {fraction (1/16)}th inch, and the distance D5 is 0.125 mils or ⅛th inch.
As shown particularly in
Outer coupler sections 78 and 80 are mirror images of each other. Accordingly, only coupler section 78 will be described, it being understood that the description applies equally well to coupler section 80. Coupler section 78 includes a tightly coupled portion 124 and an uncoupled portion 126. This general design is discussed in my copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/607,189 filed Jun. 25, 2003, which is incorporated herein by reference. The uncoupled portion 126 includes delay lines 128 and 130 extending in opposite directions as part of conductive layers 74 and 76, respectively. Coupled portion 124 includes overlapping conductive lines 132 and 134 connected, respectively, between port 86 and delay line 128, and between port 88 and delay line 130. Line 132 includes narrow end portions 132a and 132b, and a wider intermediate portion 132c. Line 134 includes similar end portions 134a and 134b, and an intermediate portion 134c.
Couplers having broadside coupled parallel lines, such as coupled lines 132 and 134, in the region of divergence of the coupled lines between end portions 132a and 134a and associated ports 86 and 88, exhibit inter-line capacitance. As the lines diverge, magnetic coupling is reduced by the cosine of the divergence angle and the spacing, while the capacitance simply reduces with increased spacing. Thus, the line-to-line capacitance is relatively high at the ends of the coupled region.
This can be compensated for by reducing the dielectric constant of the center dielectric in this region, such as by drilling holes through the center dielectric at the ends of the coupled region. This, however, has limited effectiveness. For short couplers, this excess “end-effect” capacitance could be considered a part of the coupler itself, causing a lower odd mode impedance, and effectively raising the effective dielectric constant, thereby slowing the odd mode propagation.
In the embodiment shown, additional capacitance to ground is provided at the center of the coupled region by tabs 136 and 138, which extend in opposite directions from the middle of respective intermediate coupled-line portions 132c and 134c. This capacitance lowers the even mode impedance and slows the even mode wave propagation. If the even and the odd mode velocities are equalized, the coupler can have a high directivity. The reduced width of coupled line ends 132a, 132b, 134a and 134b raises the even mode impedance to an appropriate value. This also raises the odd mode impedance, so there is some optimization necessary to arrive at the correct shape of the coupled to uncoupled transition When capacitive loading at the center of the coupler is used for velocity equalization.
Tab 136 includes a broad end 136a and a narrow neck 136b, and correspondingly tab 138 includes a broad end 138a and 138b. The narrow necks cause the tabs to have little effect On the magnetic field surrounding the coupled section. The shape of the capacitive connection to the center of the coupler is thus like a balloon, or a flag, with the thin flag pole (narrow neck) attached at the center of the coupled region to one conductor on one side of the center circuit board, and to the other conductor on the other side of the circuit board, directly opposite the first flag. It is important that the flags do not couple; therefore they connect to opposite edges of the coupled lines, rather than on top of one another.
Intermediate coupler sections 82 and 84 are also mirror images of each other, so coupler section 84 is described with the understanding that section 82 has the same features. Coupler section 78 includes a tightly coupled portion 140 and an uncoupled portion 142. As seen particularly in
First and second conductive layers 74 and 76 further have various tabs extending from them, such as tabs 156 and 158 on conductive layer 74, and tabs 160 and 162 on conductive layer 76. These various tabs provide tuning of the coupler to provide desired odd and even mode impedances and substantially equal velocities of propagation of the odd and even modes.
Various operating parameters Over a frequency range of 0.2 GHz to 2.0 GHz are illustrated in
Many variations are possible in the design of a coupler including one or more of the various described features. In particular, for a 3 dB quadrature coupler, coupler sections having designs corresponding to the designs of outer coupler sections 78 and 80 can replace intermediate coupler sections 82 and 84. This design substitution can result in a somewhat reduced length and increased width for these coupler sections and have comparable operating characteristics. Other coupler sections can also be used in coupler 70, such as conventional tightly and loosely coupled sections each having a length of about one fourth the wavelength of a design frequency. Other variations may be used in a particular application, and may be in the form of symmetrical or asymmetrical couplers, and hybrid or directional couplers.
Accordingly, while inventions defined in the following claims have been particularly shown and described with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that many variations may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims. Other combinations and sub-combinations of features, functions, elements and/or properties may be claimed through amendment of the present claims or presentation of new claims in this or a related application. Such amended or new claims, whether they are directed to different combinations or directed to the same combinations, whether different, broader, narrower or equal in scope to the original claims, are also regarded as included within the subject matter of the present disclosure. The foregoing embodiments are illustrative, and no single feature or element is essential to all possible combinations that may be claimed in this or later applications. Where the claims recite “a”, or “a first” element or the equivalent thereof, such claims should be understood to include one or more such elements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements. Further, cardinal indicators, such as first, second or third, for identified elements are used to distinguish between the elements, and do not indicate a required or limited number of such elements, nor does it indicate a particular position or order of such elements.
Radio frequency couplers; coupler elements and components described in the present disclosure are applicable to telecommunications, computers, signal processing and other industries in which couplers are utilized.
