Embodiments of the present invention may relate to signal generators. More particularly, embodiments of the present invention may relate to the generation of body bias signals for driving circuits.
Adaptive body bias may be used after fabrication to improve a bin split in processors and to reduce a variation in frequency and leakage caused by process variations. In performing adaptive body bias, a unique body bias voltage may be set to maximize the frequency of the processor subject to leakage and total power constraints and the type of transistor technology in use. Body bias voltages may be applied to processors and other circuits that use P-type metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistors, N-type metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistors, or both.
Two types of body bias voltages may be used to control the frequency of a processor, namely forward body bias (FBB) voltages and reverse body bias (RBB) voltages. A forward body bias (FBB) voltage may reduce a threshold voltage of transistors, increase a drive current and increase circuit speed. At the same time, forward body bias may improve short-channel effects of the transistors. On the other hand, a reverse body bias (RBB) voltage may increase the threshold voltage, reduce the speed and also reduce the leakage current of the transistors. Body bias may therefore be used to control standby leakage of a processor while at a same time obtaining a maximum speed during active mode.
Body bias may be applied to either NMOS or PMOS transistors, or both. Applying body bias to NMOS transistors in a non-triple well process may present additional complexities since voltages lower than 0 volts may be required and the body of the NMOS devices (i.e., the p-substrates) may be shared among the transistors. Therefore, if a body bias higher than 0 volts is applied, any transistor coupled to a negative voltage may become forward biased by a large amount and may cause functionality and/or power consumption problems.
The circuitry for applying adaptive body bias may include two blocks, namely a central bias generator (CBG) and a local bias generator (LBG). The central bias generator may generate a reference voltage that is process, voltage and temperature independent. This voltage may represent the desired body bias to apply to NMOS and/or PMOS transistors in the processor core or other locations.
On the other hand, many local bias generators may be distributed throughout a processor die. The local bias generators may translate the reference voltage from the CBG into local block supply voltages and then drive these voltages to the transistors or other devices in each respective block. The translation may ensure that if a local block supply voltage changes, the body bias will change at substantially a same time so that a constant bias is maintained. For example, for NMOS body bias, the body voltage may track variations in a local block ground (Vss). On the other hand, for PMOS body bias, the body voltage may track variations in a local block voltage (Vcc). The LBGs may also provide drive strength to meet impedance requirements and minimize noise on transistor bodies.
The foregoing and a better understanding of the present invention may become apparent from the following detailed description of arrangements and example embodiments and the claims when read in connection with the accompanying drawings, all forming a part of the disclosure of this invention. While the foregoing and following written and illustrated disclosure focuses on disclosing arrangements and example embodiments of the invention, it should be clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and the invention is not limited thereto.
The following represents brief descriptions of the drawings in which like reference numerals represent like elements and wherein:
In the following detailed description, like reference numerals and characters may be used to designate identical, corresponding or similar components in differing figure drawings. Further, in the detailed description to follow, example sizes/models/values/ranges may be given although the present invention is not limited to the same. Well-known power/ground connections to integrated circuits (ICs) and other components may not be shown within the FIGs. for simplicity of illustration and discussion. Further, arrangements and embodiments may be shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the invention, and also in view of the fact that specifics with respect to implementation of such block diagram arrangements may be dependent upon the platform within which the present invention is to be implemented. That is, the specifics are well within the purview of one skilled in the art. Where specific details are set forth in order to describe example embodiments of the invention, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that the invention can be practiced without these specific details.
Further, arrangements and embodiments may be described with respect to signal(s) and/or signal line(s). The identification of a signal (or signal line) may correspond to a single signal (or a single signal line) or may be a plurality of signals (or plurality of signal lines). Additionally, the terminology of signal(s) and signal line(s) may be used interchangeably. A signal(s) may also be described as a voltage(s) such as on a signal line. Further, while values or signals may be described as HIGH (“1”) or LOW (“0”), these descriptions of HIGH and LOW are intended to be relative to the discussed arrangement and/or embodiment. That is, a value or signal may be described as HIGH in one arrangement although it may be LOW if provided in another arrangement, such as with a change in logic. The terms HIGH and LOW may be used in an intended generic sense. Embodiments and arrangements may be implemented with a total/partial reversal of the HIGH and LOW signals by a change in logic.
Embodiments of the present invention may provide a bias generator (or bias generator unit) that includes a central bias generator, a local bias generator and a charge pump that allows a forward body bias and a reverse body bias to be applied to NMOS and PMOS transistors.
However, the arrangement shown in
Another type of bias generator may include an operational amplifier structure in a feedback configuration. This circuit may operate from a higher supply voltage than the local block VCC and may be able to apply any bias value from forward body bias to reverse body bias. Tracking with the local VCC may be automatically performed through the feedback structure. While this circuit may not have all the drawbacks of the design shown in
The central bias generator unit 10 may generate reference and bias voltages (VREF, VBIAS) that are used in deriving local biasing voltages for each of the functional blocks. These voltages may be generated in a manner that is process, voltage, and temperature independent.
The central bias generator unit 10 may be configured to generate one or more reference and body bias voltages based on the requirements of the intended application of the chip or host system and the type of transistor technology used in the local functional blocks. In terms of relative placement, the central bias generator unit 10 may be located on the same chip as the local bias generators or the central bias generator unit 10 may be located off-chip.
In operation, the output of the variable resistor 11 may set the bias voltage VBIAS generated by the CBG unit. As this resistance changes, the bias voltage VBIAS changes relative to the fixed reference voltage VREF. The bias and reference voltages are then output to the local bias generators such as shown in
The local bias generator unit 20 may include one or more local bias generators, each of which may include a single-stage circuit that operates to ensure that a constant bias voltage (e.g., VBP1 or VBPN as shown in
As shown in
However, applying reverse body bias to NMOS transistors in a standard (non-triple-well) process may involve additional complexities since voltages lower than 0 volts may be required and NMOS transistors may have their bodies (i.e., the p-substrate) shared by all the transistors on the processor die. Therefore, if a body bias higher than 0 volts is applied, any transistor coupled to a negative voltage may become forward-biased by a large amount and may cause functionality and/or power consumption problems.
The reference generator 210 may output various signals (such as reference voltage signals) to the central bias generator 230 to be used to provide a proper body bias signal from the LBG 270. For example, the reference generator 210 may output a reference signal (or voltage) along a signal line 212, a reference signal (or voltage) along a signal line 214 and a reference signal (or voltage) along a signal line 216.
The central bias generator 230 may include a variable resistor 232, an operational amplifier 234 and a feedback path 236 that includes a resistor 238. The variable resistor 232 may, for example, be formed from an R-2R resistor network coupled to input a variable reference voltage into an inverting terminal of the amplifier 234. The non-inverting terminal of the amplifier 234 may be coupled to receive a reference signal along the signal line 214 from the reference generator 210. The variable resistor 232 may provide a range of resistances with a given step size (such as determined by a number of legs in a resistor ladder network). The amplifier 234 may be driven by supply voltages VCC and VCP, for example. The feedback path 236 may include the resistor 238 that determines an output bias voltage Vcbg in combination with the variable resistor 232.
The output of the variable resistor 232 may set the bias voltage Vcbg generated by the CBG 230. As this resistance changes, the bias voltage Vcbg may change relative to a reference voltage Vref output from the reference generator 210 along the signal line 216. The bias and reference voltages may be output to the LBG 270.
The LBG 270 may receive signals from other components of the bias generator unit 200. For example, the LBG 270 may receive the bias voltage Vcbg output from the amplifier 234 of the CBG 230. The LBG 270 may also receive the reference voltage Vref from the reference generator 210 along the signal line 216. Still further, the LBG 270 may also receive a reference voltage (or reference potential) Vcp output (or provided) from the charge pump 220 along a signal line 222.
The LBG 270 may be a source-follower design that tracks the bias voltage Vcbg with a fixed voltage drop that may be provided by a difference between the reference voltage Vref and the reference potential Vcp. The embodiment shown in
The charge pump 220 and the reference generator 210 allow the bias generator unit 200 to be used to apply both forward body bias and reverse body bias to transistors (such as NMOS and PMOS transistors). The reference voltage Vcp of the charge pump 220 may be coupled to ground terminals of the CBG 230 and the LBG 270 (as well as other LBGs). Based on the reference voltage Vcp output from the charge pump 220, the reference generator 210 outputs voltages along the signal lines 212, 214 and 216. These output voltages may be offset from the reference voltage Vcp by different amounts. The amount of offset may be predetermined. In this example embodiment, the offsets from Vcp for each of the outputs from the reference generator 210 may be 0.2 volts, 0.7 volts and 1.2 volts. Other offsets are also within the scope of the present invention.
The charge pump 220 may output a reference voltage Vcp depending on whether forward body bias or reverse body bias is to be applied. If a forward body bias is desired, an enable input signal to the charge pump 220 may be a certain logic value that results in an output reference voltage Vcp of 0.0 volts, for example. On the other hand, if a reverse body bias is desired, the enable input signal to the charge pump 220 may be a different logic value that results in an output reference voltage Vcp of −0.5 volts. As one example, the charge pump 220 may be either enabled or disabled based on an input signal to the charge pump.
As a result of the input reference voltage Vcp, the reference generator 210 may output a reference signal along the signal line 212 having a voltage of approximately (Vcp+1.2 volts) and the reference generator 210 may output a reference signal along the signal line 214 having a voltage of approximately (Vcp+0.7 volts). The reference generator 210 may further output a reference signal along the signal line 216 having a voltage of approximately (Vcp+0.2 volts). Example values of the voltages will be described below with respect to
The first offset (0.2 volts) may represent a drop across the LBG source-follower. This may be in a range of 0.1 volts to 0.4 volts. The difference between the second reference voltage along the signal line 214 and the reference voltage along the signal line 212 may be a maximum amount of body bias to be applied. In this example embodiment, a maximum desired bias may be +/−0.5 volts. The same offset may be required for between the reference voltage on the signal line 214 and the reference voltage on the signal line 216. Different values for the resistors in
The reference generator 210 ensures that when Vcp shifts from 0 volts to −0.5 volts, then all reference voltages along the signal lines 212, 214 and 216 shift at approximately a same time. As a result, the output body bias voltage swings from 0 volts to −0.5 volts as the resistance in the CBG 230 is varied. Therefore, by enabling or disabling the charge pump 220 and by varying the resistance in the CBG 230, any bias voltage from −0.5 volts (i.e., reverse) to 0.5 volts (i.e., forward) may be obtained.
A bias generator (shown as BG) including a central bias generator, a local bias generator, a charge pump and/or a reference generator may be included in various components of the system 500 (such as the processor 510, the graphical interface and the chip set 550) in order to provide forward body bias and/or reverse body bias in accordance with example embodiments of the present invention. For example, the bias generator may be used to control an operating frequency of the processor and/or may be used to control a reference signal supplied to any of the internal circuits (e.g., functional block FB) of the processor or any circuit coupled thereto.
In the foregoing description, the term “central” is used in connection with the central bias generator only in the sense that an output of the CGB may be distributed to provide forward body bias or reverse body bias, or both, via one or more of the local bias generators, to a number of transistors in the local functional block(s).
In the foregoing description, the local bias generator provides forward body bias and/or reverse body bias to one or more local functional blocks. The local functional blocks may include groups of circuitry (on one or more IC dies) designed to impart a certain logic or mixed signal (analog/digital) functionality to the electrical system embodied within or including generator units. The blocks may be manufactured, for example, using an entirely MOS process in which all of the active devices are FETs, a Bipolar-MOS process in which other transistors in addition to FETs are provided. The MOS process may involve the use of only PMOS or NMOS transistors, or a CMOS process may be implemented in which both transistor types are used. In general, there is some flexibility in the physical placement of the CBG, LBGs, and FUBs. In most advanced CMOS ICs, however, all three components are most likely to be formed on the same IC die for lower cost and better performance.
The functional unit blocks may, for example, include any one or more of the following types of circuits: adders, multipliers, register files, cache memory blocks, control logic, analog blocks such as phase-locked loops, clock generators, and sense amplifiers to name a few, as well as any other type of circuit that may be included in a local functional block on a circuit die.
Systems represented by the various foregoing figures can be of any type. Examples of represented systems include computers (e.g., desktops, laptops, handhelds, servers, tablets, web appliances, routers, etc.), wireless communications devices (e.g., cellular phones, cordless phones, pagers, personal digital assistants, etc.), computer-related peripherals (e.g., printers, scanners, monitors, etc.), entertainment devices (e.g., televisions, radios, stereos, tape and compact disc players, video cassette recorders, camcorders, digital cameras, MP3 (Motion Picture Experts Group, Audio Layer 3) players, video games, watches, etc.), and the like.
Any reference in this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “example embodiment,” etc., means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of such phrases in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with any embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the purview of one skilled in the art to effect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other ones of the embodiments.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to a number of illustrative embodiments thereof, it should be understood that numerous other modifications and embodiments can be devised by those skilled in the art that will fall within the spirit and scope of the principles of this invention. More particularly, reasonable variations and modifications are possible in the component parts and/or arrangements of the subject combination arrangement within the scope of the foregoing disclosure, the drawings and the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention. In addition to variations and modifications in the component parts and/or arrangements, alternative uses will also be apparent to those skilled in the art.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20060164157 A1 | Jul 2006 | US |