Biaxially oriented polypropylene film having improved migration values

The invention relates to a biaxially oriented, at least single-ply polypropylene film having improved global migration, to a process for its production and to its use.
Biaxially oriented polypropylene films have achieved an important position in the packaging industry, in particular in the packaging of foods and tobacco, owing to their excellent applicational and processing properties. At present, this market segment accounts for about 70% of the amount produced. In addition, boPP films are used in technical applications. Emphasis should be placed on metallization, lamination and use of the film as electrical insulation in the production of capacitors.
The properties of the boPP films which are relevant to use are determined principally by the biaxial orientation. boPP have high mechanical strengths, a good barrier action, good dimensional stability at elevated temperature, a sparkling appearance and excellent flat lying as a consequence of an excellent thickness profile.
In addition to these advantageous properties, it must be guaranteed/ensured, when the films are used in the food and tobacco industry, that a global migration of 10 mg/dm.sup.2 of film is not exceeded by the films in accordance with the German Foodstuffs Regulation (BGV) of Apr. 10, 1992 or EC directive 90/128/EC, which has been adopted into German law via the BGV of Apr. 10, 1992.
The global migration from the films is measured in contact with various substances. These are distilled water, 3% acetic acid, 15% ethyl alcohol and rectified olive oil. At film thicknesses below 100 .mu.m, contact of the film with the extractant is on one side, and for film thickness above this value, the measurement is carried out with contact on both sides. The basic conditions for carrying out the measurements are 10 days at a temperature of 40.degree. C. The measurements of the migration values are carried out in accordance with DIN EN V 1186-2 and DIN EN V 1186-3.
Examples of substances which are capable of ready migration in polypropylene are low-molecular-weight, non-crystalline or low-crystalline polypropylene or other low-molecular-weight substances, such as waxes, additives, such as stabilizers, internal and external lubricants, antistatics and inorganic and organic particles.
Migration with respect to the three first-mentioned extractants (distilled water, acetic acid or alcohol) is usually of minor importance. Migration with respect to fat or rectified olive oil (which is of equal importance) can be problematic. The oil or fat penetrates into the polypropylene (principally into the amorphous regions, opens these regions, dissolves the corresponding substances which are capable of migration, and extracts them therefrom.
Since migration is the determination of absolute values, the film thickness is naturally also of importance in addition to the content of substances capable of migration. The amount of substances capable of migration increases proportionally with the film thickness.
It is known from the prior art that, in particular, waxes are problematic and tend toward migration in oil or fat. Migration measurements show that in general, under said test conditions, all the wax present in the film migrates completely into the test material, which means that only certain wax concentrations are allowable. EP 0 627 305 describes a hydrocarbon-containing multilayer polypropylene film which has improved migration behavior compared with the prior art. This is achieved by the fact that the resin compatible with the polypropylene has a mean molecular weight of greater than 1,500 g/mol.
The Wolff 5-ply patent likewise describes a hydrocarbon-containing multilayer polypropylene film which has improved migration behavior and an improved water vapor barrier action. The improved migration is achieved in this application by constructing the film in 5 plies, where the base ply comprises polypropylene and hydrocarbon resin, the two intermediate plies contain a highly isotactic polypropylene, and the top plies can be, for example, heat-sealable plies. The intermediate plies comprising highly isotactic polypropylene serve as barrier ply against migration of the hydrocarbon resins into the extractant, in particular into fats or rectified oils.
The polypropylene films are unsatisfactory with respect to migration, in particular migration into oils or fats.
The object of the present invention was to provide a biaxially oriented polypropylene film which is distinguished by improved migration values, in particular with respect to fats and rectified oils. The film must be capable of being produced so that it runs reliably and withstands the process at production speeds of up to 400 m/min. Other physical film properties which are required with regard to the use thereof as packaging film and/or as laminating film must not be adversely affected. The film should have a high gloss, no optical defects in the form of specks or bubbles, good scratch resistance, trouble-free running even with low film thickness on high-speed packaging machines and, in the case of transparent film types, little haze of the film.
This object is achieved according to the invention by a biaxially oriented polypropylene film having at least one base ply which contains polypropylene, wherein the polypropylene used in the base ply is one whose characteristic features are that
the mean isotactic block length of the polypropylene molecule between two structural chain defects is, as a statistical average, greater than 40,
the n-heptane-insoluble fraction of the polypropylene has a chain isotactic index of at least 95%, measured by means of .sup.13 C-NMR spectroscopy,
the ratio of the weight average M.sub.w to the number average M.sub.n as a molecular weight distribution of less than 4 and
the n-heptane-soluble fraction of the polypropylene is less than 1% and
the global migration of the film, measured according to DIN EN V 1186-3 is less than 5.
Preferred embodiments of the invention are additionally explained below.
According to the invention, the film may be multilayer or single-ply and is then composed only of the based ply described below. For the purposes of the present invention, the base ply is that ply which has the greatest thickness of all plies present. In general, the base ply in multilayer embodiments accounts for at least 40%, preferably 50 to 98%, of the total film thickness. In the multilayer embodiment, the film has, on its base ply, at least one top ply or if required top plies on both sides, which form the outer plies of the film. In a further multilayer embodiment, the film has on its base ply at least one intermediate ply or if required intermediate plies on both sides.
The base ply of the film contains in general at least 85-100% by weight, preferably 90-99% by weight, in particular 90-95% by weight, based in each case on the base ply of a propylene polymer described below, which differs substantially in structure from the conventional isotactic propylene polymers which are usually used in the base ply of boPP films. These structural difference can be achieved by the preparation of the propylene polymers by means of novel metallocene catalysts.
A feature of this structural difference is a mean isotactic block length of propylene polymer between two structural chain defects of at least 40, preferably at least 60 and in particular at least 70 propylene units.
The polypropylene used according to the invention may be characterized by means of further parameters which are associated with the particular structure of the polymer.
In addition to a defined mean isotactic block length, the polypropylene is distinguished by a particularly low n-heptane-soluble fraction which is in general less than 1.0% by weight, preferably >0 to 0.6% by weight and in particular is in the range from 0.5 to 0.005% by weight, based in each case on the weight of the starting polymer.
The n-heptane-insoluble fraction of the propylene polymer is in general highly isotactic. The chain isotactic index, determined by means of .sup.13 C-NMR spectroscopy, of the n-heptane-insoluble fraction is at least 95%, preferably at least 96% and in particular at least 97 to 99%.
The molecular weight distribution is a further suitable parameter for characterizing the polymer structure. It is advantageously comparatively narrow. The ratio of the weight average M.sub.W to the number average M.sub.n is preferably less than 4, especially less than 3. It is in particular in the range from 1.5 to 2.7.
It was completely surprising that, in spite of the extremely low n-heptane-soluble fraction, the high chain isotactic index and the very narrow molecular weight distribution, these novel polypropylenes can be stretched to give biaxially oriented polypropylene films. Furthermore, it was very surprising that the films produced from the novel polymer have substantially improved migration properties.
The propylene polymer having the structure described above contains in general at least 90% by weight, preferably 94 to 100% by weight, in particular 98 to 100% by weight, of propylene units. The corresponding comonomer content of not more than 10% by weight or 0 to 6% by weight or 0 to 2% by weight comprises, where present, in general ethylene. The data in % by weight are based in each case on the propylene polymer. The melting point is in general in the range from 140 to 175.degree. C., preferably from 150 to 165.degree. C. and in particular from 155 to 162.degree. C., and the melt flow index (measurement according to DIN 53 735 at 21.6 N load and 230.degree. C.) is 1.0 to 30 g/10 min, preferably from 1.5 to 20 g/10 min and in particular 2.0 to 16 g/10 min.
The polypropylene described above can advantageously be prepared by processes known per se in which metallocene catalysts are used. The preparation of these polypropylenes is not the subject of the present invention. The corresponding processes have already been described in EP-A-0 302 424, EP-A-0 336 128 and EP-A-0 336 127 and EP-A-0 576 970, which are hereby incorporated by reference.
It has been found that the structural differences of the polypropylene which are due to its preparation by means of a metallocene catalyst are advantageous for the migration values of the film produced therefrom. The global migration is significantly lower in films having a base ply comprising metallocene PP than in the case of films comprising general purpose PP.
The conventional Ziegler-Natta catalysts have a plurality of different polymerization-active centers, each of which prepares a different polymer. This leads to chains having very different molecular weights. In practice, both waxy polymers having chain lengths M.sub.n of less than 10,000 and ultra high molecular weight polymers having an M.sub.n greater than 1,000,000 are obtained. At the same time, the active centers vary in their stereo specificity. The spectrum ranges from completely unspecific centers through syndiospecific centers to isospecific centers, the latter in turn having different isospecificity. This leads to a product mixture comprising atactic polypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene and isotactic polypropylene having different crystallinities, i.e. having different melting points. Syndiotactic polypropylene leads to warping of the film, atactic polypropylene to exudation (migration) and a reduction in the film hardness and isotactic polypropylene is a material having different melting points, i.e. is not a uniform product.
Small fluctuations in the polymerization conditions lead to fluctuations in the composition of the three characteristic chain types, i.e. once again to a different product which cannot b uniquely characterized.
On the other hand, the metallocene catalysts have a polymerization center which can be uniquely characterized to respective desirable polymer types by variation of the metallocene-ligand sphere. The distribution of the chain length is uniform. The M.sub.w /M.sub.n is small and between 1.7 and 4.0, preferably between 1.8 and 3.0 and very particularly between 2.0 and 2.7 (Schultz-Florey distribution). Furthermore, the active centers also have a uniform stereospecificity, which leads to chains having a uniform melting point or chains having uniform stereospecific structure. Thus, polymer chains which differ only slightly in their mean isotactic block lengths are formed. This is also reflected in a uniform melting point.
The base ply of the film according to the invention can, if required, contain conventional additives in respective effective amounts in addition to the metallocene propylene polymer described above. Conventional additives are antiblocking agents, neutralizing agents, stabilizers, antistatic agents and/or lubricants.
Preferred antistatic agents are alkali metal alkane-sulfonates, polyether-modified, i.e. ethoxylated and/or propoxylated polydiorganosiloxanes (polydialkylsiloxanes, polyalkylphenylsiloxanes and the like) and/or the essentially straight-chain and saturated aliphatic, tertiary amines which have an aliphatic radical having 10 to 20 carbon atoms and are substituted by .omega.-hydroxy-(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4)-alkyl groups, N,N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-alkylamines having 10 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms, in the alkyl radical being particularly suitable. The effective amount of antistatic agent is in the range from 0.05 to 0.5% by weight. Furthermore, glyceryl monostearate is preferably used as an antistatic agent, in an amount of 0.03% to 0.5%.
Suitable antiblocking agents are inorganic additives, such as silica, calcium carbonate, magnesium silicate, aluminum silicate, calcium phosphate and the like, and/or incompatible organic polymers, such as polyamides, polyesters, polycarbonates and the like, preferably benzoguanamine/formaldehyde polymers, silica and calcium carbonate. The effective amount of antiblocking agent is in the range from 0.1 to 2% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 0.8% by weight. The mean particle size is between 1 and 6 .mu.m, in particular 2 and 5 .mu.m, particles having a spherical shape, as described in EP-A-0 236 945 and DE-A-38 01 535, being particularly suitable.
Lubricants are higher aliphatic amides, higher aliphatic ester, waxes and metal soaps as well as polydimethylsiloxanes. The effective amount of lubricant is in the range from 0.01 to 3% by weight, preferably 0.02 to 1% by weight. The addition of higher aliphatic amides in the range from 0.01 to 0.25% by weight to the base ply is particularly suitable. A particularly suitable aliphatic amide is erucamide. The addition of polydimethylsiloxanes in the range from 0.02 to 2.0% by weight is preferred, in particular polydimethylsiloxanes having a viscosity from 5,00 to 1,000,000 mm.sup.2 /s.
The stabilizers used can be the conventional compounds having a stabilizing action for ethylene polymers, propylene polymers and other .alpha.-olefin polymers. The added amount thereof is between 0.05 and 2% by weight. Phenolic stabilizers, alkali metal stearates/alkaline earth metal stearates and/or alkali metal carbonates/alkaline earth metal carbonates are particularly suitable. Phenolic stabilizers in an amount from 0.1 to 0.6% by weight, in particular 0.15 to 0.3% by weight, and with a molecular mass of more than 500 g/mol are preferred. Pentaerythrityl tetrakis-3-(3,5-di-tertiary-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate or 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tertiary-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)benzene are particularly advantageous.
Neutralizing agents are preferably dihydrotalcite, calcium stearate and/or calcium carbonate having a mean particle size of at more 0.7 .mu.m, an absolute particle size of less than 10 .mu.m and a specific surface area of at least 40 m.sup.2 /g.
In a preferred multilayer embodiment, the polypropylene film according to the invention comprises at least one top ply or if necessary top plies on both sides, composed of polymers of .alpha.-olefins having 2 to 10 carbon atoms. In general, the top ply contains at least 70% by weight, preferably 80 to 100% by weight, in particular 90 to 98% by weight, of the .alpha.-olefinic polymers, based in each case on the weight of the top ply and any additives in effective amounts in each case.
Examples of such .alpha.-olefinic polymers are
a propylene homopolymer or
a copolymer of
ethylene and propylene or
ethylene and 1-butylene or
propylene and 1-butylene or
a terpolymer of
ethylene and propylene and 1-butylene or
a mixture of two or more of the stated homo-, co- and terpolymers or
a blend of two or more of the state homo-, co- and terpolymers, if necessary mixed with one or more of the stated homo-, co- and terpolymers,
in particular a propylene homopolymer or
a random ethylene/propylene copolymer having
an ethylene content of 1 to 10% by weight, preferably 2.5 to 8% by weight, or
a random propylene/1-butylene copolymer having
a butylene content of 2 to 25% by weight, preferably 4 to 20% by weight,
based in each case on the total weight of the copolymer, or
a random ethylene/propylene/1-butylene terpolymer having
an ethylene content of 1 to 10% by weight, preferably 2 to 6% by weight, and
a 1-butylene content of 2 to 20% by weight, preferably 4 to 20% by weight,
based in each case on the total weight of the terpolymer, or
a blend of an ethylene/propylene/1-butylene terpolymer and a propylene/1-butylene copolymer
having an ethylene content of 0.1 to 7% by weight
and a propylene content of 50 to 90% by weight
and a 1-butylene content of 10 to 40% by weight,
based in each case on the total weight of the polymer blend, being preferred.
The propylene homopolymer used in the top ply has a melting point of 140.degree. C. or higher, preferably 150 to 165.degree. C. Isotactic homopolypropylene having an n-heptane-soluble fraction of 6% by weight or less, based on the isotactic homopolypropylene, is preferred. The homopolymer has in general a melt flow index of 1.0 g/10 min to 20 g/10 min.
The copolymers and terpolymers preferably used in the top ply and described above have in general a melt flow index of 1.5 to 30 g/10 min. The melting point is preferably in the range from 120 to 140.degree. C. The blend of copolymer and terpolymer, described above, has a melt flow index of 5 to 9 g/10 min and a melting point of 120 to 150.degree. C. All melt flow indices stated above are measured at 230.degree. C. and under a force of 21.6 N (DIN 53 735).
In a dull embodiment, the top ply additionally contains a high density polyethylene (HDPE) which is mixed or blended with the top ply polymers described above. The composition and details of the dull top plies are described, for example, in EP 0 563 796 or EP 0 622 185, which are incorporated herein by reference.
The top ply or plies may also contain the metallocene-catalyzed propylene polymer described above for the base ply.
If required, the additives described above for the base ply, such as antistatic agents, antiblocking agents, lubricants, neutralizing agents and stabilizers, may be added to the top ply or top plies. The stated amounts in these above embodiments are based on the corresponding weight of the top ply. In a preferred embodiment, the top ply or plies contains or contain a combination of antiblocking agent, preferably SiO.sub.2, and lubricant, preferably polydimethylsiloxane.
The film according to the invention comprises at least the base ply described above, preferably at least one top ply. Depending on its intended use, the film may have a further top ply on the opposite side. If required, an intermediate ply or intermediate plies can be applied on one or both sides between the base ply and the top ply or plies.
Preferred embodiments of the polypropylene film according to the invention are three-ply. The structure, thickness and composition of a second top ply can be chosen independently of the top ply already present, and the second top ply may likewise contain one of the polymers or polymer mixtures which are described above but which need not be identical to that of the first top ply. The second top ply may, however, also contain other conventional top ply polymers.
The thickness of the top ply or plies is generally greater than 0.1 .mu.m and is preferably in the range from 0.1 to 10 .mu.m, preferably in the range from 0.3 to 3 .mu.m, in particular 0.4 to 1.5 .mu.m, and top plies on both sides may be of equal or different thickness.
The intermediate ply or intermediate plies may comprise the .alpha.-olefinic polymers described for the top plies. In a preferred embodiment, the intermediate ply or intermediate plies comprises or comprise the propylene polymer described for the base ply. The intermediate ply or intermediate plies may contain the conventional additives described for the individual plies. The thickness of the intermediate ply or intermediate plies is generally greater than 0.3 .mu.m and is preferably in the range from 1.0 to 15 .mu.m, in particular 1.5-10 .mu.m.
The total thickness of the polypropylene film according to the invention may vary within wide limits and depends on the intended use. It is preferably 4 to 100 .mu.m, in particular 5-60 .mu.m, preferably 6-30 .mu.m, the base ply accounting for about 40 to 100% of the total film thickness.
The invention furthermore relates to a process for producing the polypropylene film according to the invention by the coextrusion process known per se.
In this process, the melt or melts corresponding to the ply or to the individuals plies of the film is or are co-extruded through a flat die, the film thus obtained is drawn off on one or more rollers for solidification, the film is then biaxially stretched (oriented) and the biaxially stretched film is thermofixed and, if required, corona-treated or flame-treated on the surface ply intended for treatment.
The biaxial stretching (orientation) is generally carried out successively, the successive biaxial stretching, in which stretching is first carried out longitudinally (in the machine direction) and then transversely (perpendicular to the machine direction), being preferred.
Firstly, the polymer or the polymer mixture of the individual plies is compressed and liquefied in an extruder, as is usual in the coextrusion process, and the additives added if required may already be present in the polymer or in the polymer mixture. The melts are then simultaneously forced through a slot die (flat film die), and the extruded multilayer film is drawn off on one or more draw-off rollers, during which it cools and solidifies.
The film thus obtained is then stretched longitudinally and transversely relative to the extrusion direction, which leads to orientation of the molecular chains. The longitudinal stretching is expediently carried out with the aid of two rollers running at different speeds corresponding to the desired stretching ratio, and the transverse stretching is carried out with the aid of an appropriate tenter frame. The longitudinal stretching ratios are in the range from 3 to 9, preferably, 4.5-8.5. The transverse stretching ratios are in the range from 4 to 12, preferably 5-11, in particular 7 to 10.
The biaxial stretching of the film is followed by its heat setting (heat treatment), the film being kept for about 0.1 to 10 s at a temperature of 100 to 160.degree. C. The film is then wound up in the usual manner by means of a winding device.
It has proved to be particularly advantageous to keep the draw-off roller or rollers, by means of which the extruded film is cooled and solidified, at a temperature of 10 to 100.degree. C., preferably 20-70.degree. C., by a heating and cooling circulation.
The temperatures at which longitudinal and transverse stretching are carried out may be varied within a relatively wide range and depend on the desired properties of the film. In general, longitudinal stretching is preferably carried out at 80 to 170.degree. C., preferably 80-150.degree. C. and transverse stretching preferably at 100 to 200.degree. C., preferably 120-170.degree. C.
After the biaxial stretching, one or both surfaces of the film are preferably corona-treated or flame-treated by one of the known methods. The intensity of treatment is in general in the range from 37 to 50 mN/m, preferably 39 to 45 mN/m.
In an expedient corona treatment, the film is passed between two conductor elements serving as electrodes, such a high voltage, in most cases alternating voltage (about 5 to 20 kV and 5 to 30 kHz), being applied between the electrodes that spray discharges or corona discharges can take place. Due to the spray discharge or corona discharge, the air above the film surface is ionized and reacts with the molecules of the film surface so that polar spots are formed in the essentially nonpolar polymer matrix.
For a flame treatment with a polarized flame (cf. U.S. Pat. No. 4,622,237), a direct electric voltage is applied between a burner (negative pole) and a cooling roller. The level of the applied voltage is between 400 and 3,000 V, preferably in the range from 500 to 2,000 V. Owing to the applied voltage, the ionized atoms experience increased acceleration and impinge at higher kinetic energy on the polymer surface. The chemical bonds within the polymer molecule are more readily broken, and the formation of free radicals proceeds more rapidly. The thermal stress on the polymer is in this case far less than in the standard flame treatment, and films can be obtained in which the sealing properties of the treated side are even better than those of the untreated side.
The film according to the invention has substantially improved migration values compared with films of the prior art.
The following methods of measurement were used to characterizing the raw materials and the films;
Melt flow index
The melt flow index was measured according to DIN 53 735 at 21.6 N load and 230.degree. C.
Melting point
DSC measurement, maximum of the melting curve, heating rate 20.degree. C./min.
Water vapor and oxygen transmission
The water vapor transmission is determined according to DIN 53 122 Part 2. The oxygen barrier effect is determined according to Draft DIN 53 380 Part 3 at an atmospheric humidity of 53%.
Haze
The haze of the film was measured according to ASTM-D 1003-52.
Gloss
The gloss was determined according to DIN 67 530. The reflector value was measured as an optical characteristic of the surface of a film. Analogously to the standards ASTM-D 523-78 and ISO 2813, the angle of incidence was set at 60 or 85. At the set angle of incidence, a light beam strikes the planar test surface and is reflected or scattered by the latter. The light beams incident on the photoelectronic receiver are indicated as a proportional electric value. The measured value is dimensionless and must be quoted with the angle of incidence.
Surface tension
The surface tension was determined by means of the so-called ink method (DIN 53 364).
Printability
The corona-treated films were printed on 14 days after their production (short-term evaluation) or 6 months after their production (long-term evaluation). The ink adhesion was evaluated by means of the self-adhesive tape test. The ink adhesion was rated as moderate if little ink could be removed by means of self-adhesive tape and was rated as poor if a substantial amount of ink could be removed.
Tensile strength, elongation at break
The tensile strength and the elongation at break are determined according to DIN 53455.
Modulus of elasticity
The modulus of elasticity is determined according to DIN 53 457 or ASTM 882.
Determination of the high-temperature blocking characteristics
To measure the high-temperature blocking characteristics, two wooden blocks adhesively bonded to felt on one side and having the dimensions 72 mm.times.41 mm.times.13 mm are wrapped and sealed in the film to be measured. A weight of 200 g is placed on the wooden blocks positioned so that the felt coverings face one another, and this set-up is introduced into a heating oven preheated to 70.degree. C. and is left there for 2 hours. Thereafter, cooling is effected for 30 minutes to room temperature (21.degree. C.), the weight is removed from the wooden blocks and the upper block is pulled off the lower block by means of a mechanical apparatus. The evaluation is effected over 4 individual measurements, from which a maximum pull-off force (measured in N) is then determined. The specification is met if none of the individual measurements is above 5 N.
Molecular weight determination
The average molecular weight M.sub.w and M.sub.n (average weight M.sub.w and average number M.sub.n) and the mean inhomogeneity of the molecular mass were determined analogously to DIN 55 672, Part 1, by means of gel permeation chromatography. Instead of THF, ortho-dichlorobenzene was used as the eluant. Since the olefinic polymers to be investigated are not soluble at room temperature, the entire measurement is carried out at an elevated temperature (135.degree. C.).
Migration
The migration values with respect to distilled water, acetic acid, alcohol and rectified olive oil are determined according to DIN EN V 1186-3.
Isotactic content
The isotactic content of the homopolymer and also the isotactic content of the film can be characterized approximately by means of the insoluble fraction of the raw material or of the film in a suitable solvent. It has proven expedient to use n-heptane. Usually, a Soxhlet extraction with boiling n-heptane is carried out. In order to obtain good reproducibility, it is expedient to fill the Soxhlet apparatus with a compact instead of granules. The thickness of the compact should not exceed 500 micrometers. For the quantitative determination of the atactic content of the polymer, it is of decisive importance to ensure sufficient extraction time. As a rule, the extraction time is in the range from 8 to 24 hours.
The operation definition of the isotactic content PP.sub.iso in percent is given by the ratio of the weights of the dried n-heptane-insoluble fraction to the sample weight:
PP.sub.iso =100.times.(n-heptane-insoluble fraction/sample weight)
An analysis of the dried n-heptane extract shows that, as a rule, it does not comprise pure atactic propylene polymer. In the extraction, aliphatic and olefinic oligomers, in particular isotactic oligomers, and also possible additives, such as, for example, hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins, are also measured.
Chain isotactic index
The isotactic content PP.sub.iso defined above is not sufficient for characterizing the chain isotacticity of the polymer. It proves to be useful to determine the chain isotactic index II of the propylene polymer by means of high-resolution .sup.13 C-NMR spectroscopy, the NMR sample chosen being not the original raw material but its n-heptane-insoluble fraction. To characterize the isotacticity of polymer chains, .sup.13 C-NMR spectroscopic triad isotactic index II (triads) is used in practice.
Determination of the triad-related chain isotactic index II (triads)
The chain isotactic index II (triads) of the n-heptane-insoluble content of the polymer and of the film is determined from the .sup.13 C-NMR spectrum of said homopolymer or of said film. The intensities of triad signals which result from the methyl groups with different local environments are compared.
With regard to the evaluation of the .sup.13 C- NMR spectrum, a distinction must be made between two cases:
A) The raw material investigated is a pure propylene homopolymer without a random C.sub.2 content.
B) The raw material investigated is a propylene polymer having a low random C.sub.2 content, referred to below as C.sub.2 -C.sub.3 -copolymer.
Case A:
the chain isotactic index of the homopolymer is determined from its .sup.13 C-NMR spectrum. The intensities of the signals which result from the methyl groups with different environments are compared. In the .sup.13 C-NMR spectrum of a homopolymer, essentially three groups of signals, so-called triads, occur.
1. At a chemical shift of about 21 to 22 ppm, the "mm-triad" occurs and is assigned to the methyl groups having methyl groups directly adjacent on the left and right.
2. At a chemical shift of about 20.2 to 21 ppm, the "mr-triad" occurs and is assigned to the methyl groups having methyl groups directly adjacent on the left or right.
3. At a chemical shift of about 19.3 to 20 ppm, the "rr-triad" occurs and is assigned to the methyl groups without directly adjacent methyl groups.
The intensities of the signal groups assigned are determined as the integral of the signals. The chain isotactic index is defined as follows: ##EQU1## where J.sub.mm, J.sub.mr and J.sub.rr are the integrals of the signal groups assigned.
Case B:
FIG. 1 is a schematically enlarged representation of a .sup.13 C-NMR spectrum of an ethylene/propylene copolymer. The chemical shift of the methyl groups of interest is in the range from 19 to 22 ppm. As can be seen in FIG. 1, the spectrum of the methyl groups can be divided into three blocks. In these blocks, the CH.sub.3 groups appear in triad sequences, whose assignment to the local environments is explained in detail below:
Block 1:
CH.sub.3 groups in the PPP sequence (mm-triad) ##STR1##
Block 2:
CH.sub.3 groups in the PPP sequence (mr- or rm-triads) ##STR2## and CH.sub.3 groups in the EPP sequence (m-chain): ##STR3##
Block 3
CH.sub.3 groups in the PPP sequence (rr-triads): ##STR4##
CH.sub.3 groups in an EPP sequence (r-chain): ##STR5##
CH.sub.3 groups in an EPE sequence: ##STR6##
In the determination of the triad-related chain isotactic index II (triads) of the n-heptane-insoluble content of an ethylene/propylene copolymer, only PPP triads were considered, i.e. only those propylene units which are present between two adjacent propylene units (cf. also EP-B-0 115 940, page 3, lines 48 and 49).
The definition of the triad isotactic index of an ethylene/propylene copolymer is:
II (triads)=100.times.(J.sub.mm /J.sub.ppp)
Calculation of the chain isotactic index of an ethylene/propylene copolymer:
1. J.sub.mm is given by the peak integral of block 1.
2. Calculate the integral (J.sub.total) of all methyl group peaks in blocks 1, 2 and 3.
3. By simple considerations, it is possible to show that J.sub.ppp =J.sub.total -J.sub.EPP -J.sub.EPE.
Sample preparation and measurement:
60 to 100 mg of polypropylene are weighed into a 10 mm NMR tube, and hexachlorobutadiens and tetrachloroethane in a ratio of about 1.5:1 are added until a fill height of about 45 mm is reached. The suspension is stored at about 140.degree. C. until (as a rule about one hour) a homogeneous solution has formed. In order to accelerate the dissolution process, the sample is stirred from time to time with a glass rod.
The .sup.13 C-NMR spectrum is recorded at an elevated temperature (as a rule 365 K) under standard measuring conditions (semiquantitatively).
Mean isotactic block length n.sub.iso
The mean isotactic block length n.sub.iso is determined from the .sup.13 C-NMR spectrum according to the formula
n.sub.iso =1+2J.sub.mm /J.sub.mr.
Preparation of the propylene polymers
The propylene polymers were prepared with the aid of metallocene catalysts by the polymerization reactions described by way of example below:

EXAMPLE 1
A dry reactor having the capacity of 150 dm.sup.3 was flushed with nitrogen and filled, at 20.degree. C., with 80 dm.sup.3 of a naptha cut having a boiling range of from 100 to 120.degree. C. The gas space was then flushed free from nitrogen by 5 flushing operations with propylene under a pressure of 2 bar and decompression.
After the addition of 50 l of liquid propylene, 64 cm.sup.3 of solution of methylaluminoxane in toluene (corresponding to 100 mmol of Al, molecular weight according to cryoscopic determination 1000 g/mol) were added and the reactor content was heated to 50.degree. C. Hydrogen content in the gas space of the reactor of 1.2% was established by metering in hydrogen and was subsequently kept constant by further metering during the entire polymerization time (checking on-line by gas chromatography).
20 mg of the metallocene rac-dimethylsilanediylbis-(2-methyl-4,6-diisopropyl-1-indenyl) zirconium dichloride were dissolved in 16 ml of a solution of methyl-aluminoxane in toluene (corresponding to 25 mmol of Al) and were added to the reactor.
The reactor was kept at 50.degree. C. for 10 hours by cooling, after which the polymerization was stopped by adding 50 dm.sup.3 (S.T.P.) of CO.sub.2 gas and the polymer formed was separated off from the suspension medium and was dried.
21.9 kg of polymer powder, corresponding to a metallocene activity of 109.5 kg PP/g metallocene *h were obtained. The polymer is characterized by the following further data:
Viscosity VN: 228 cm.sup.3 /g
Average molecular weight M.sub.w : 225 000 g/mol
M.sub.w /M.sub.n : 2.5
Melting point T.sub.m : 150.degree. C.
Melt flow index MFI: 7.0 g/10 min
Mean isotactic block length n.sub.iso : about 80
Isotactic index: about 97.5%
EXAMPLE 2
The polymerization of Example 1 was repeated, but the metallocene rac-dimethylsilanediylbis(2-methyl-4,5-benzo-1-indenyl)zirconium dichloride was used. The polymerization temperature was 60.degree. C., and polymerization was carried out for 6.5 hours. The metallocene activity in this case was 173 kg PP/g metallocene * h. The polymer is characterized by the further data as follows:
Viscosity VN: 258 cm.sup.3 /g
Average molecular weight M.sub.w : 302 000 g/mol
M.sub.w /M.sub.n : 2.3
Melting point T.sub.m : 147.degree. C.
Melt flow index MFI: 4.3 g/10 min
Mean isotactic block length n.sub.iso : about 80
Isotactic index: about 97.5%
EXAMPLE 3
The polymerization of Example 1 was repeated, but 10 mg of the metallocene rac-dimethylsilanediylbis(2- methyl-4-phenyl-1-indenyl)zirconium dichloride were used. The hydrogen concentration in the gas space of the reactor was 1.8% by volume. The metallocene activity was 227 kg PP/g metallocene * h. The polymer is characterized by the further data as follows:
Viscosity VN: 230 cm.sup.3 /g
Average molecular weight M.sub.w : 274 500 g/mol
M.sub.w /M.sub.n : 2.0
Melting point T.sub.m : 160.degree. C.
Melt flow index MFI: 4.0 g/10 min
Mean isotactic block length n.sub.iso : about 100
Isotactic index: about 98%
EXAMPLE 4
The procedure was as in Example 1, but two different hydrogen concentrations were used during the polymerization. First, a hydrogen content of 10% by volume was established in the gas space of the reactor and was kept constant by subsequent metering until the propylene pressure in the reactor had fallen to 6 bar as a result of polymerization of propylene. The hydrogen was then reduced to 1.0% by volume by briefly releasing gas, and the polymerization was continued at this hydrogen concentration.
10 mg of the metallocene rac-dimethylsilanediylbis(2-ethyl-4-phenyl-1-indenyl)zirconium dichloride were dissolved in 16 ml of solution of methylaluminoxane in tolune (corresponding to 25 mmol of Al) and were added to the reactor.
16.2 kg of polymer powder, corresponding to a metallocene activity of 162 kg PP/g metallocene * h, were obtained. The polymer is characterized by the following further data:
Viscosity VN: 245 cm.sup.3 /g
Average molecular weight M.sub.w : 358 000 g/mol
M.sub.w /M.sub.n : 3.0
Melting point T.sub.m : 161.degree. C.
Melt flow index MFI: 4.6 g/10 min
Mean isotactic block length n.sub.iso : about 100
Isotactic index: about 98%
Production of the films
EXAMPLE 5
A transparent, single-ply film having a total thickness of 40 .mu.m was produced by stepwise orientation in the longitudinal and transverse directions. The raw material used for the film was:
89.35% by weight of highly isotactic polypropylene from Hoechst AG
0.15% by weight of stabilizer
0.20% by weight of antiblocking agent having a mean particle size of 2 .mu.m
0.30% by weight of lubricant
10.00% by weight of low-molecular-weight PE wax
The polypropylene homopolymer was prepared according to Example 3. The production conditions in the individual process steps were:
Extrusion: Temperature 280.degree. C.
Longitudinal Temperature: 120.degree. C.
stretching: Longitudinal stretching ratio 4
Transverse Temperature: 160.degree. C.
stretching: Transverse stretching ratio 10
Setting: Temperature: 150.degree. C. Convergence: 15%
The film produced in this manner had the properties listed in the table (first line: Example 5).
EXAMPLE 6
A transparent, sealable three-ply film having a symmetrical structure and a total thickness of 40 .mu.m was produced by coextrusion and subsequent stepwise orientation in the longitudinal and transverse direction. The top plies each had a thickness of 0.6 .mu.m.
A-base ply:
99.85% by weight of highly isotactic polypropylene from Hoechst AG
0.15% by weight of antistatic agent
The polypropylene of the base raw material was prepared according to Example 3.
B-top plies:
98.77% by weight of a random ethylene/propylene copolymer having a C.sub.2 content of 4.5% by weight
0.33% by weight of an antiblocking agent, having a mean particle size of 2 .mu.m
0.90% by weight of a lubricant
The production conditions in the individual process steps were:
______________________________________Extrusion: Temperatures A-ply: 280.degree. C. B-ply: 280.degree. C. Longitudinal Temperature: 120.degree. C.stretching: Longitudinal stretching 3.5 ratio Transverse Temperature: 160.degree. C. stretching: Transverse stretching ratio: 10 Setting: Temperature: 150.degree. C. Convergence: 15%______________________________________
The film produced in this manner had the properties listed in the Table (Example 6).
Comparative Example 1
In comparison with Example 6, a commercial polypropylene from Hoechst AG was used. The n-heptane-soluble fraction of the film had a chain isotactic index of 93%, measured by means of .sup.13 C-NMR spectroscopy. The M.sub.w /M.sub.n was 4.5 and the n-heptane-soluble fraction was 4% by weight.
TABLE__________________________________________________________________________ Elongation at Modulus of elasticity Tensile strength break DIN 532 455 DIN 53 455 DIN 53 455 Migration behavior with respect toFilm longitudinal/ longitudinal/ longitudinal/ Haze I II III IVthickness transverse transverse transverse Gloss ASTM D 100352 DIN EN V 1186-3 .mu.m N/mm.sup.2 N/mm.sup.2 % DIN 67 530 % mg/m.sup.2__________________________________________________________________________B5 40 2600/4700 160/239 125/70 140 1.0 1 1 1 2 VB1 40 2600/4700 170/310 125/70 140 1.8 1 1 1 11__________________________________________________________________________ E = Example; CE = Comparative Example, B side: roll side B' side: corona or flame treatment side, if this treatment has been carried out I = distilled water, II = 3% acetic acid, III = 15% ethanol, IV = rectified oil

Number	Date	Country	Kind
195 19 260	May 1995	DEX
195 48 792	Dec 1995	DEX

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Biaxially oriented polypropylene film having improved migration values

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