Patent Grant
11499250
Included are elastic fibers prepared by a solution-spinning process such as spandex including polyurethaneurea compositions that have a cross-section including at least two separate regions with definable boundaries wherein at least one region defined by the boundaries of the cross-section includes a polyurethaneurea composition.
Historically, highly functional elastomeric multiple component (multicomponent) fibers have been sought through melt processable polymers such as thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyesters, polyolefins, and polyamides. However, these structures lack sufficient recovery power, suffer from low thermal resistance, or give large permanent set when extended beyond certain levels. A preferred and well-known polymer class with superior recovery, thermal resistance, and low set are the polyurethane-urea based systems generically classified as spandex or elastane. However, due to strong intermolecular bonding, fibers from this class must be formed from extruded polymer solutions with a hot inert gas for solvent recovery.
Elastic fibers such as spandex (also known as elastane) are used today in a wide variety of products. Examples include hosiery, swimwear, clothing, hygiene products such as diapers, among many others. The polyurethaneurea compositions that are used to prepare spandex fibers have some limitations that have led to modifications such as including additives or altering the polymer composition to prevent degradation and to enhance dyeability, among many others.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,626,960 huntite and hydromagnesite additives are included which reduce degradation over time due to exposure to chlorine.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0165200A1 provides a specific polyurethaneurea composition which includes an increased number of amine ends which increases the dyeability of the spandex fiber.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,682 provides a polyurethaneurea composition including quaternary amines as additives that increases the dyeability of the spandex fiber.
While each of these spandex compositions provides additional functionality to the fiber, this can be at the expense of favorable properties of the fiber. For example, altering the spandex composition or including additives can reduce the elasticity of the fiber or increase the likelihood that the fiber will break during processing or have some other negative effect.
Therefore, there is a need for new spandex fibers that will maintain the favorable properties of the fiber, such as elasticity, while also providing other benefits that increase the functionality of the fiber, particularly in end use products such as garments, swimwear, and hosiery.
The present invention relates to products and process for production of multicomponent spandex fibers with enhanced functionality.
In some embodiments are elastic multiple component fibers including a cross-section, wherein at least a first region of the cross-section comprises a polyurethaneurea composition; and comprising a second region. In some embodiments the first region and second region include different compositions.
In some embodiments are elastic multiple component solution-spun fibers including a cross-section, wherein at least a first region of the cross-section comprises a polyurethane or polyurethaneurea composition; and including a second region.
In some embodiments are elastic bicomponent fibers including a sheath-core cross-section, a core region including a polyurethane or polyurethaneurea composition and a sheath region including a polyurethane or polyurethaneurea composition, wherein the core region and the sheath region are compositionally different.
In some embodiments is an article including an elastic multiple component fiber including a cross-section, wherein at least one region of the cross-section includes a polyurethaneurea composition.
In some embodiments are processes for preparing multiple component fibers. One process includes:
(b) combining the compositions through distribution plates and orifices to form filaments having a cross-section;
(c) extruding the filaments through a common capillary; and
(d) removing solvent from the filaments;
wherein the cross-section includes a boundary between the polymer compositions.
Also included are elastic multiple component fibers including a cross-section, wherein at least one region of the cross-section includes a polyurethane or polyurethaneurea composition and at least one region of the fiber is solution-spun.
In another embodiment is an elastic bicomponent fiber including a side-by-side cross-section having a first region and a second region each including a compositionally different polyurethaneurea.
The term “multiple component fiber” as used herein means a fiber having at least two separate and distinct regions of different compositions with a discernable boundary, i.e., two or more regions of different compositions that are continuous along the fiber length. This is in contrast to polyurethane or polyurethaneurea blends wherein more than one composition is combined to form a fiber without distinct and continuous boundaries along the length of the fiber. The terms “multiple component fiber” and “multicomponent fiber” are synonymous and are used interchangeably herein.
The term “compositionally different” is defined as two or more compositions including different polymers, copolymers or blends or two or more compositions having one or more different additives, where the polymer included in the compositions may be the same or different. Two compared compositions are also “compositionally different” where they include different polymers and different additives.
The terms “boundary,” “boundaries,” and “boundary region” are used to describe the point of contact between different regions of the multicomponent fiber cross-section. This point of contact is “well-defined” where there is minimal or no overlap between the compositions of the two regions. Where overlap does exist between two regions, the boundary region will include a blend of the two regions. This blended region may be a separate homogenously blended section with separate boundaries between the blended boundary region and each of the other two regions. Alternatively, the boundary region may include a gradient of higher concentration of the composition of the first region adjacent to the first region to a higher concentration of the composition of the second region adjacent to the second region.
As used herein, “solvent” refers to an organic solvent such as dimethylacetamide (DMAC), dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methyl pyrrolidone.
The term “solution-spinning” as used herein includes the preparation of a fiber from a solution which can be either a wet-spun or dry-spun process, both of which are common techniques for fiber production.
In some embodiments of the present invention are multi-component, or bicomponent fibers including a solution-spun polyurethaneurea composition, which is also referred to as spandex or elastane. The compositions for the different regions of the multi-component fibers include different polyurethaneurea compositions in that the polymer is different, the additives are different, or both the polymer and additives are different. By providing a multiple component fiber, a variety of different benefits can be realized. For example, reduced cost due to use of additives or a more expensive polyurethaneurea composition in only one region of the fiber while maintaining comparable properties. Also, improved fiber properties can be realized by the introduction of new additives that would be incompatible with a conventional monocomponent spandex yarn or through a synergistic effect of combining two compositions.
In order to help insure suitability of the spandex fiber to yarn processing, fabric manufacturing, and consumer satisfaction when contained in a garment, a number of additional properties can be adjusted. Spandex compositions are well-known in the art and may include many variations such as those disclosed in Monroe Couper, Handbook of Fiber Science and Technology: Volume III, High Technology Fibers Part A. Marcel Dekker, INC: 1985, pages 51-85. Some examples of those are listed here.
Spandex fiber may contain a delusterant such as TiO2, or another other particle with at refractive index different from the base fiber polymer, at levels of 0.01-6% by weight. A lower level is also useful when a bright or lustrous look is desired. As the level is increased the surface friction of the yarn may change which can impact friction at surfaces the fiber contacts during processing.
The fiber breaking strength as measured in grams of force to break per unit denier (tenacity in grams/denier) may be adjusted from 0.7 to 1.2 grams/denier dependent on molecular weight and/or spinning conditions.
The denier of the fiber may be produced from 5-2000 based on the desired fabric construction. A spandex yarn of denier 5-30 denier may have a filament count of between 1 and 5, and a yarn of denier 30-2000 may have a filament count from 20 to 200. The fiber may be used in fabrics of any sort (wovens, warp knits, or weft knits) in a content from 0.5% to 100% depending on the desired end use of the fabric.
The spandex yarn may be used alone or it may be plied, twisted, co-inserted, or mingled with any other yarn such as those suitable for apparel end uses, as recognized by the FTC (Federal Trade Commission). This includes, but is not limited to, fibers made from nylon, polyester, multi-component polyester or nylon, cotton, wool, jute, sisal, help, flax, bamboo, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyfluorocarbons, rayon, cellulosics of any kind, and acrylic fibers.
The spandex fiber may have a lubricant or finish applied to it during the manufacturing process to improve downstream processing of the fiber. The finish may be applied in a quantity of 0.5 to 10% by weight.
The spandex fiber may contain additives to adjust the initial color of the spandex or to prevent or mask the effects of yellowing after exposure to elements that can initiate polymer degradation such as chlorine, fumes, UV, NOx, or burnt gas. A spandex fiber may be made to have a “CIE” whiteness in the range of 40 to 160.
Polyurethaneurea and Polyurethane Compositions
Polyurethaneurea compositions useful for preparing fiber or long chain synthetic polymers that include at least 85% by weight of a segmented polyurethane. Typically, these include a polymeric glycol or polyol which is reacted with a diisocyanate to form an NCO-terminated prepolymer (a “capped glycol”), which is then dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, or N-methylpyrrolidone, and then reacted with a difunctional chain extender. Polyurethanes are formed when the chain extenders are diols (and may be prepared without solvent). Polyurethaneureas, a sub-class of polyurethanes, are formed when the chain extenders are diamines. In the preparation of a polyurethaneurea polymer which can be spun into spandex, the glycols are extended by sequential reaction of the hydroxy end groups with diisocyanates and one or more diamines. In each case, the glycols must undergo chain extension to provide a polymer with the necessary properties, including viscosity. If desired, dibutyltin dilaurate, stannous octoate, mineral acids, tertiary amines such as triethylamine, N,N′-dimethylpiperazine, and the like, and other known catalysts can be used to assist in the capping step.
Suitable polyol components include polyether glycols, polycarbonate glycols, and polyester glycols of number average molecular weight of about 600 to about 3,500. Mixtures of two or more polyols or copolymers can be included.
Examples of polyether polyols that can be used include those glycols with two or more hydroxy groups, from ring-opening polymerization and/or copolymerization of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, trimethylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, and 3-methyltetrahydrofuran, or from condensation polymerization of a polyhydric alcohol, such as a diol or diol mixtures, with less than 12 carbon atoms in each molecule, such as ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol 1,6-hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol and 1,12-dodecanediol. A linear, bifunctional polyether polyol is preferred, and a poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol of molecular weight of about 1,700 to about 2,100, such as Terathane® 1800 (INVISTA of Wichita, Kans.) with a functionality of 2, is one example of a specific suitable polyol. Co-polymers can include poly(tetramethylene-co-ethyleneether) glycol.
Examples of polyester polyols that can be used include those ester glycols with two or more hydroxy groups, produced by condensation polymerization of aliphatic polycarboxylic acids and polyols, or their mixtures, of low molecular weights with no more than 12 carbon atoms in each molecule. Examples of suitable polycarboxylic acids are malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, undecanedicarboxylic acid, and dodecanedicarboxylic acid. Examples of suitable polyols for preparing the polyester polyols are ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol 1,6-hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol and 1,12-dodecanediol. A linear bifunctional polyester polyol with a melting temperature of about 5° C. to about 50° C. is an example of a specific polyester polyol.
Examples of polycarbonate polyols that can be used include those carbonate glycols with two or more hydroxy groups, produced by condensation polymerization of phosgene, chloroformic acid ester, dialkyl carbonate or diallyl carbonate and aliphatic polyols, or their mixtures, of low molecular weights with no more than 12 carbon atoms in each molecule. Examples of suitable polyols for preparing the polycarbonate polyols are diethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol and 1,12-dodecanediol. A linear, bifunctional polycarbonate polyol with a melting temperature of about 5° C. to about 50° C. is an example of a specific polycarbonate polyol.
The diisocyanate component can also include a single diisocyanate or a mixture of different diisocyanate including an isomer mixture of diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) containing 4,4′-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) and 2,4′-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate). Any suitable aromatic or aliphatic diisocyanate can be included. Examples of diisocyanates that can be used include, but are not limited to, 1-isocyanato-4-[(4-isocyanatophenyl)methyl]benzene, 1-isocyanato-2-[(4-cyanatophenyl)methyl]benzene, bis(4-isocyanatocyclohexyl)methane, 5-isocyanato-1-(isocyanatomethyl)-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexane, 1,3-diisocyanato-4-methyl-benzene, 2,2′-toluenediisocyanate, 2,4′-toluenediisocyanate, and mixtures thereof. Examples of specific polyisocyanate components include Mondur® ML (Bayer), Lupranate® MI (BASF), and Isonate® 50 O,P′ (Dow Chemical), and combinations thereof.
A chain extender may be either water or a diamine chain extender for a polyurethaneurea. Combinations of different chain extenders may be included depending on the desired properties of the polyurethaneurea and the resulting fiber. Examples of suitable diamine chain extenders include: hydrazine; 1,2-ethylenediamine; 1,4-butanediamine; 1,2-butanediamine; 1,3-butanediamine; 1,3-diamino-2,2-dimethylbutane; 1,6-hexamethylenediamine; 1,12-dodecanediamine; 1,2-propanediamine; 1,3-propanediamine; 2-methyl-1,5-pentanediamine; 1-amino-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-aminomethylcyclohexane; 2,4-diamino-1-methylcyclohexane; N-methylamino-bis(3-propylamine); 1,2-cyclohexanediamine; 1,4-cyclohexanediamine; 4,4′-methylene-bis(cyclohexylamine); isophorone diamine; 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine; meta-tetramethylxylenediamine; 1,3-diamino-4-methylcyclohexane; 1,3-cyclohexane-diamine; 1,1-methylene-bis(4,4′-diaminohexane); 3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane; 1,3-pentanediamine (1,3-diaminopentane); m-xylylene diamine; and Jeffamine® (Texaco).
When a polyurethane is desired, the chain extender is a diol. Examples of such diols that may be used include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-trimethylene diol, 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,5-pentanediol, 2-methyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,4-bis(hydroxyethoxy)benzene, and 1,4-butanediol and mixtures thereof.
A blocking agent which is a monofunctional alcohol or a monofunctional dialkylamine may optionally be included to control the molecular weight of the polymer. Blends of one or more monofunctional alcohols with one or more dialkylamine may also be included.
Examples of monofunctional alcohols useful with the present invention include at least one member selected from the group consisting of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic primary and secondary alcohols with 1 to 18 carbons, phenol, substituted phenols, ethoxylated alkyl phenols and ethoxylated fatty alcohols with molecular weight less than about 750, including molecular weight less than 500, hydroxyamines, hydroxymethyl and hydroxyethyl substituted tertiary amines, hydroxymethyl and hydroxyethyl substituted heterocyclic compounds, and combinations thereof, including furfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)succinimide, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)morpholine, methanol, ethanol, butanol, neopentyl alcohol, hexanol, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanemethanol, benzyl alcohol, octanol, octadecanol, N,N-diethylhydroxylamine, 2-(diethylamino)ethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, and 4-piperidineethanol, and combinations thereof.
Examples of suitable mono-functional dialkylamine blocking agents include: N,N-diethylamine, N-ethyl-N-propylamine, N,N-diisopropylamine, N-tert-butyl-N-methylamine, N-tert-butyl-N-benzylamine, N,N-dicyclohexylamine, N-ethyl-N-isopropylamine, N-tert-butyl-N-isopropylamine, N-isopropyl-N-cyclohexylamine, N-ethyl-N-cyclohexylamine, N,N-diethanolamine, and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine.
Non-Polyurethaneurea Polymers
Other polymers that are useful with the multiple component and/or bicomponent fibers of the present invention include other polymers which are soluble or can be included in particulate form. The soluble polymers may be dissolved in the polyurethaneurea solution or coextruded with the solution spun polyurethaneurea composition. The result of co-extrusion can be a bicomponent or multiple component fiber having a side-by-side, concentric sheath-core, or eccentric sheath-core cross-section where one component is polyurethaneurea solution and the other component contains another polymer. Examples of other soluble polymers include polyurethanes (as described above), polyamides, acrylics, and polyaramides, among others.
Other polymers that are useful with the multiple component and/or bicomponent fibers of the present invention include other semicrystalline insoluble polymers included as a particulate form. Useful polyamides include nylon 6, nylon 6/6, nylon 10, nylon 12, nylon 6/10, and nylon 6/12. Useful polyolefins include polymers prepared from C2 to C20 monomers. This includes copolymers and terpolymers such as ethylene-propylene copolymers. Examples of useful polyolefin copolymers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,867,260 to Datta et al., incorporated herein by reference.
Fiber Cross-Section Configurations
A variety of different cross-sections are useful with the invention of some embodiments. These include bicomponent or multiple component concentric or eccentric sheath-core and bicomponent or multiple component side-by-side. Examples of different cross-sections are shown in
All fiber cross-sections shown in
Each of the sheath-core and side-by-side cross-sections includes a boundary area between at least two compositionally different polyurethaneurea compositions. The boundary appears be a well-defined boundary in each of these figures, but the boundary may include a blended region. Where the boundary includes a blended region, the boundary itself is a distinct region which is a blend of the compositions of the first and second (or third, fourth, etc.) regions. This blend may be either a homogenous blend or may include a concentration gradient from the first region to the second region.
Additives
Classes of additives that may be optionally included in polyurethaneurea compositions are listed below. An exemplary and non-limiting list is included. However, additional additives are well-known in the art. Examples include: anti-oxidants, UV stabilizers, colorants, pigments, cross-linking agents, phase change materials (paraffin wax), antimicrobials, minerals (i.e., copper), microencapsulated additives (i.e., aloe vera, vitamin E gel, aloe vera, sea kelp, nicotine, caffeine, scents or aromas), nanoparticles (i.e., silica or carbon), nano-clay, calcium carbonate, talc, flame retardants, antitack additives, chlorine degradation resistant additives, vitamins, medicines, fragrances, electrically conductive additives, dyeability and/or dye-assist agents (such as quaternary ammonium salts). Other additives which may be added to the polyurethaneurea compositions include adhesion promoters, anti-static agents, anti-creep agents, optical brighteners, coalescing agents, electroconductive additives, luminescent additives, lubricants, organic and inorganic fillers, preservatives, texturizing agents, thermochromic additives, insect repellants, and wetting agents, stabilizers (hindered phenols, zinc oxide, hindered amine), slip agents (silicone oil) and combinations thereof.
The additive may provide one or more beneficial properties including: dyeability, hydrophobicity (i.e., polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)), hydrophilicity (i.e., cellulose), friction control, chlorine resistance, degradation resistance (i.e., antioxidants), adhesiveness and/or fusibility (i.e., adhesives and adhesion promoters), flame retardance, antimicrobial behavior (silver, copper, ammonium salt), barrier, electrical conductivity (carbon black), tensile properties, color, luminescence, recyclability, biodegradability, fragrance, tack control (i.e., metal stearates), tactile properties, set-ability, thermal regulation (i.e., phase change materials), nutriceutical, delustrant such as titanium dioxide, stabilizers such as hydrotalcite, a mixture of huntite and hydromagnesite, UV screeners, and combinations thereof.
Apparatus
Convenient references relating to fibers and filaments, including those of man-made bicomponent fibers, and incorporated herein by reference, are, for example:
Similar references include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,162,074 and 5,256,050 incorporated herein by reference, which describes methods and equipment for bicomponent fiber production.
Extrusion of the polymer through a die to form a fiber is done with conventional equipment such as, for example, extruders, gear pumps and the like. It is preferred to employ separate gear pumps to supply the polymer solutions to the die. When blending additives for functionality, the polymer blend is preferably mixed in a static mixer, for example, upstream of the gear pump in order to obtain a more uniform dispersion of the components. Preparatory to extrusion each spandex solution can be separately heated by a jacketed vessel with controlled temperature and filtered to improve spinning yield.
In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, two different polymer solutions are introduced to a segmented, jacketed heat exchanger operating at 40-90 C. The extrusion dies and plates are arranged according to the desired fiber configuration and illustrated in
The extrusion dies and plates described in
The bicomponent spandex fibers may also be prepared by separate capillaries to form separate filaments which are subsequently coalesced to form a single fiber.
Process of Making Fibers
The fiber of some embodiments is produced by solution spinning (either wet-spinning or dry spinning) of the polyurethane-urea polymer from a solution with conventional urethane polymer solvents (e.g., DMAc). The polyurethaneurea polymer solutions may include any of the compositions or additives described above. The polymer is prepared by reacting an organic diisocyanate with appropriate glycol, at a mole ratio of diisocyanate to glycol in the range of 1.6 to 2.3, preferably 1.8 to 2.0, to produce a “capped glycol”. The capped glycol is then reacted with a mixture of diamine chain extenders. In the resultant polymer, the soft segments are the polyether/urethane parts of the polymer chain. These soft segments exhibit melting temperatures of lower than 60° C. The hard segments are the polyurethane/urea parts of the polymer chains; these have melting temperatures of higher than 200° C. The hard segments amount to 5.5 to 9%, preferably 6 to 7.5%, of the total weight of the polymer.
In one embodiment of preparing fibers, the polymer solutions containing 30-40% polymer solids are metered through desired arrangement of distribution plates and orifices to form filaments. Distribution plates are arranged to combine polymer streams in a one of concentric sheath-core, eccentric sheath-core, and side-by-side arrangement followed by extrusion thru a common capillary. Extruded filaments are dried by introduction of hot, inert gas at 300° C.-400° C. and a gas:polymer mass ratio of at least 10:1 and drawn at a speed of at least 400 meters per minute (preferably at least 600 m/min) and then wound up at a speed of at least 500 meters per minute (preferably at least 750 m/min). All examples given below were made with 80° C. extrusion temperature in to a hot inert gas atmosphere at a take-up speed of 762 IT/min. Standard process conditions are well-known in the art.
Yarns formed from elastic fibers made in accordance with the present invention generally have a tenacity at break of at least 0.6 cN/dtex, a break elongation of at least 400%, an unload modulus at 300% elongation of at least 27 mg/dtex.
Strength and elastic properties of the spandex were measured in accordance with the general method of ASTM D 2731-72. For the examples reported in Tables below, spandex filaments having a 5 cm gauge length were cycled between 0% and 300% elongation at a constant elongation rate of 50 cm per minute. Modulus was determined as the force at 100% (M100) and 200% (M200) elongation on the first cycle and is reported in grams. Unload modulus (U200) was determined at 200% elongation on the fifth cycle and is reported in the Tables in grams. Percent elongation at break and force at break was measured on the sixth extension cycle.
Percent set was determined as the elongation remaining between the fifth and sixth cycles as indicated by the point at which the fifth unload curve returned to substantially zero stress. Percent set was measured 30 seconds after the samples had been subjected to five 0-300% elongation/relaxation cycles. The percent set was then calculated as % Set=100(Lf−Lo)/Lo, where Lo and Lf are the filament (yam) length, when held straight without tension, before (Lo) and after (Lf) the five elongation/relaxation cycles.
The features and advantages of the present invention are more fully shown by the following examples which are provided for purposes of illustration, and are not to be construed as limiting the invention in any way.
A low modulus, high elongation polymer type A (a co-polyether-based spandex) was spun as the core polymer with polymer type B (a conventional poly-tetramethylene-ether based spandex) as the sheath at varying ratios to make a 44/4 product (44 decitex/4 filament). Tensile property analysis shows a surprising improvement with higher than expected (i.e. by linear addition) elongation/tenacity and lower modulus (M200) with 25% and 50% of the co-polyether based polymer type A. The ability to combine and tailor stress-strain properties enhances fiber suitability in broader applications from a narrow selection of polymer base materials.
A hot-melt crystalline thermoplastic polyurethane adhesive (Pearlbond 122 from Merquinsa Mercados Quimicos) was prepared as a 50/50 blend with conventional polytetramethyleneether-based spandex as 35% solution in DMAC and spun as the sheath with conventional spandex core to make a 44 decitex/3 filament yarn. Overall sheath content was 20% based on fiber weight to make a bondable yarn when heated above 80° C.
Yarn fusibility was measured by mounting a 15 cm long sample on an adjustable frame in triangle shape with the vertex centered at the frame and two equal side lengths of 7.5 cm. A second filament of the same length is mounted on the frame from the opposite side such that the two yarns intersect and crossover with a single contact point. Fibers are relaxed to 5 cm, then exposed to scouring bath for one hour, rinsed, air-dried, and subsequently exposed to a dye bath for 30 minutes, rinsed, and air-dried. The frame with fibers is adjusted from 5 cm to 30 cm in length, and exposed to steam at 121° C. for 30 seconds, cooled for 3 minutes, and relaxed. Yarns are removed from the frame and transferred to tensile testing machine with each yarn clamped by one end leaving the contact point positioned between the clamps. Yarns are extended at 100%/min and the force to break the contact point is recorded as the fusing strength.
Advantage is a yarn with excellent fusing characteristics combined with high stretch/recovery performance. Example yarns can be covered with polyamide or polyester yarns and fabrics constructed on circular and warp knitting machine. The covered yarn knit in an every course, tricot construction allows fusing of the elastic yarn at each contact point of the knitted structure. Adequate fusing may also be achieved where the fusible yarn is included in alternate courses.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG MW=600 from Sigma Aldrich, Latent heat=146 J/g, Tm=16 C) was mixed as a 50/50 blend with conventional spandex polymer in a 35% DMAC solution and spun as the core section with a conventional spandex sheath to make a 44 decitex/3 filament yarn. Final additive content was 16.5% by weight of the fiber. Table 3 shows the fiber's thermal response as measured with TA instruments model 2010 and gives 10.7 Jig latent heat associated with the PEG additive in the 15-25 C temperature range. A comparison to the theoretical maximum latent heat based on PEG content yields 44% efficiency in the polyurethane urea matrix.
Example yarns can be covered with polyamide or polyester yarns or combined with natural fibers such as cotton to provide a thermally-active elastic yarn. Such yarns can be formed into fabrics by weaving or knitting to yield comfortable foundation apparel with enhanced thermal regulating characteristics.
Conductive carbon black (Conductex® 7055 Ultra® from Columbian Chemical Company) was dissolved as a 40/60 blend with conventional spandex polymer as a 35% solution in DMAC and spun as the core section with conventional spandex sheath (1:1 ratio) to produce a 44 decitex/3 filament yarn. Final carbon black content was 20% in yarn. Yarn skeins were mounted with silver-laden epoxy and electrical resistance was measured with a Fluke multimeter. Table 3 summarizes results and demonstrates 104 decrease in resistance at rest (1×) and at 2× extension.
The inventive yarns can be useful for wearable electronics and serve as a communication platform with applications in sportswear, healthcare, military and work wear. The conductive spandex provides stretch, recovery, drape and handle to fabrics and retains conventional textile behavior without stiff and rigid metal electrodes. Example yarns with conducting polymers can be integrated into traditional knit, woven, and non-woven structures.
While there have been described what are presently believed to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, those skilled in the art will realize that changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention, and it is intended to include all such changes and modifications as fall within the true scope of the invention.
This application is a divisional of Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 13/124,433 filed Jun. 23, 2011, a 371 of International Application PCT/US2009/060376, filed Oct. 12, 2009, and claims benefit of priority from Provisional Application No. 61/106,288, filed Oct. 17, 2008.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20180195208 A1 | Jul 2018 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61106288 | Oct 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13124433 | US | |
| Child | 15834223 | US |
