Bicyclomycin as an animal growth promotant

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates to a new animal growth promotant. More particularly, it relates to a new animal feed composition which comprises bicyclomycin as an effective ingredient, and to methods for promoting the growth of animals and improving the rate of weight gain of animals and improving the efficiency of feed utilization by animals, which comprise the oral administration of the animal feed composition comprising bicyclomycin to animals.
Bicyclomycin to be used in this invention is a well known antibiotic having antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria, having the following chemical structure [cf. The Journal of Antibiotic, 569-593, 25 (1972)]. ##STR1##
For many years, animal science industry has tried to provide an animal growth promotant, and some antibiotics have been developed and used as animal growth promotants, including, for examples, penicillins, tetracycline, bacitracin, enramycin, virginiamycin or the like. These antibiotics used as animal growth promotants up to now are characterized by their strong antimicrobial activities, especially against Gram-positive bacteria, and accordingly it has been a matter of common knowledge in the field of animal science that, when an antibiotic is used for an animal growth promotant, the antibiotic may be preferably selected from the ones which are active against Gram-positive bacteria.
However, even the animal growth promotants comprising such antibiotics can not be said to be entirely sufficient in the actual application thereof to animals due to the problems of tissue residue of the antibiotic in the animal body, which is due to its absorbability and excretion, the toxicity and so on.
Bicyclomycin to be used in this invention has a unique chemical structure, no chemical relation being noted to any groups of the known antibiotics, and is characterized by activity only against Gram-negative bacteria, it being inactive against Gram-positive bacteria. Accordingly, it has been difficult or might be impossible for a person skilled in the art to expect the effective use of the bicyclomycin for any animal growth promotant naturally from a common-sense standpoint.
In the course of pharmacological and toxicological studies of said bicyclomycin on experimental animals (e.g. rats and mice), it was found out that the bicyclomycin showed very low absorbability and extremely low toxicity when administered orally to said animals. And further, it has been observed that the successive oral administration of the bicyclomycin to said animals showed a tendency to enhance the rate of body weight gain of the treated experimental animal groups in comparison with that of the untreated control groups.
On the basis of these findings, the inventors of this invention have studied a possibility of the effective use of said bicyclomycin for animal growth promotant for economic domestic animals (e.g. chicken, pig, etc.). And, the extensive studies of the inventors have successfully resulted in providing a new animal growth promotant comprising substantially the bicyclomycin, which could be neither expected nor anticipated from a common-sense standpoint in the field of animal science as mentioned above, and the inventors have completed this invention.
Accordingly, this invention provides a new animal feed composition for promoting the growth which comprises bicyclomycin as an effective ingredient; and methods for promoting the growth of animals, improving the rate of weight gain of animals, and improving the efficiency of feed utilization by animals, which comprise the oral administration of the animal feed composition comprising bicyclomycin to animals.
Animal growth promotant of this invention which comprises essentially bicyclomycin as an effective ingredient is administered to animals in a conventional manner. Namely, the animal growth promotant of this invention is usually administered orally to animals, and the effective ingredient, bicyclomycin may be generally administered as it is or in admixture with a suitable carrier (e.g. water, kaolin, talc, calcium carbonate, lactose, etc.) or in admixture with an animal nutritious source, i.e. feed. More particularly, the effective ingredient, bicyclomycin may be administered to as a drinking water in the form of aqueous solution; or as a tablet, granule or capsule in the form of preparation which comprises bicyclomycin and the suitable non-toxic carrier as exemplified above; or as a ration in the form of the composition which comprises bicyclomycin and animal feed and sometimes the other feed additive. In the administration methods of the effective ingredient as mentioned above, it is to be understood that bicyclomycin can be used not only in its purified form but also in partially purified form.
In connection of the form of administering the animal feed composition of this invention as mentioned above, the ration comprising bicyclomycin can be prepared in a conventional manner, namely by admixing bicyclomycin with basal ration. And, as the basal ration, natural feed and assorted feed can be used, including dry feeds, liquid feed, pelleted feed and the like. As preferred basal ration, there is preferably used the assorted feed which comprises one or more conventional feeds such as corn, rice, wheat, milo, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, wheat bran, defatted rice bran, fish meal, skim milk, dried whey, oils, fats, alfalfa meal or the like and one or more of the conventional feed additives such as tricalcium carbonate, sodium chloride, choline chloride, vitamin (e.g. vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B.sub.1, vitamin B.sub.2, vitamin B.sub.6, vitamin B.sub.12, calcium pantothenate, nicotinamide, folic acid, etc.), amino acid (e.g. lysine, methionine, etc.), mineral source (e.g. magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate, zinc sulfate, potassium iodide, cobalt sulfate, etc.) or the like. The amounts of the bicyclomycin in the basal rations which are fed to the animals may be varied over a very wide range depending upon the kind, nature, growth period, etc. of the animals, and the breeding method, breeding circumstance, breeding seasons of the animals and the like. Levels which are construed as preferably and anticipated to yield the preferred growth are in an amount between about 0.5 p.p.m. and about 500 p.p.m., more preferably between about 1 p.p.m. and about 200 p.p.m.
As to the other form of administration, the capsules can be prepared by filling the bicyclomycin with any desired form of it. If desired, the bicyclomycin is diluted with an inert powdered diluent (e.g. sugar, starch, cellulose, etc.) in a conventional manner in order to increase its volume for convenience in filling capsules. The tablet can be prepared in a conventional manner, for example, by admixing the bicyclomycin with a base (e.g. lactose, sugar, mannitol, starch, sodium chloride, etc.), a disintegrator (e.g. starch, alginic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc.), a binder (e.g. gelatin, gums, starch, dextrin, etc.), a lubricant (magnesium stearate, talc, paraffin wax, polyethylene glycol, etc.). The granules also can be prepared in a conventional manner. The drinking water comprising bicyclomycin can be prepared by simply dissolving the bicyclomycin to the water in the proper amount.
Dosage of the animal feed composition as mentioned above to animals is varied depending upon the kind, nature, growth period, etc. of the animals, and its preferred dosage may usually be selected from the range of about 0.1-40 mg/kg/day as the amount of bicyclomicin.
Further, it is to be noted that the animal feed composition as prepared above can also include, as the other feed additives than those as mentioned above, for examples, the other antibiotics, pesticide, fungicide, coccidiostat, antioxidant, natural pigment and the like. As preferred antibiotic to be added, there are exemplified by thiopeptin, enramycin, bacitracin, mikamycin, fradiomycin, flavomycin, virginiamycin, kitasamycin, tylosin, quebemycin and the like, which are useful as animal growth promotants and/or veterinary drugs. Furthermore, it is usual to treat animals with a variety of growth promotants, disease-preventives and disease treatments throughout their lives, and such drugs are often used in combination. Accordingly, the new methods of this invention may be practiced in combination with the other treatments.
The animal growth promotant of this invention can be administered effectively to animals such as poultry (e.g. chicken, turkey, duck, quail, etc.), cattle pig, sheep, goat, rabbit, mink, and the like. The breeding of animals using the animal feed composition of this invention can be conducted in a conventional manner. In the course of breeding of animals, it is to be understood that, when the animals suffer from infectious diseases (e.g. diarrhea) caused by pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria (e.g Salmonella) or have the risk of suffering from such diseases especially in bad breeding surroundings, said diseases of animals also can be effectively treated or prevented with the animal growth promotant of this invention.
The animal growth promotant of this invention promotes the growth of animals so that the rate of weight gain of animal can be improved, and also improves the efficiency of feed utilization by animals. In addition to this, the animal growth promotant of this invention is more improved in the point of the tissue residue of the antibiotic in the animal body, especially in egg and flesh. Namely, the effective ingredient, bicyclomycin, when the animal feed composition is fed to animals at such levels as stated hereinabove, is difficult to be absorbed into the interior of the body from the digestive organs (e.g. the intestines), and are almost undetectable in the serum and the tissues of the internal organs of the animals. Moreover, said bicyclomycin per se is much lower in its toxicity. Accordingly the effective ingredient, bicyclomycin, when fed in admixture with the basal rations at appropriate level, has neither unfavorable nor undesirable influences upon animals and does not remain in the tissue of animals such as flesh. From the usefulness and advantage as stated above, the animal growth promotant of this invention can be said to be a more improved animal promotant as compared with the known ones and therefore can be used with safety for promoting the growth of animals.

The following Examples are given to illustrate this invention, but it should be understood that they are not intended to limit this invention.
EXAMPLE 1
Day-old male broiler chicks (White Rock.times.White Cornish cross breed) were divided into two groups, i.e. treatment group and control group, each of which consisted of fifty chicks. The control group was fed for initial 5 weeks with Feed Composition I and for further 3 weeks with Feed Composition II, both of which contain the given amount of bicyclomycin as listed in the Table 1-(b). The control group was fed in the same manner as the treatment group with Feed Compositions I and then II, both of which do not contain bicyclomycin as noted in the Table 1-(b). The said Feed Compositions were continuously fed to the chickens, and their growth and the efficiency of feed utilization by the chickens were observed for 8 weeks.
The results are shown in the following table.
Table 1-(a):______________________________________Experimental Result Treatment Group Control Group______________________________________Average initial bodyweight (g) 44 44Average final bodyweight (g) at 8 1,886 1,751weeks of ageAverage body weightgain (g) at 8 weeks 1,842 1,707of ageEfficiency of feed 2.34 2.35utilization*______________________________________ *Note: ##STR2##
Table 1-(b):______________________________________Feed Composition Feed Composition Feed Composition I to bo fed to II to be fed toComposition chickens of 0 to chickens of 5 toIngredient (%) 4 weeks of age weeks of age______________________________________Corn 45 40Milo 20 20Soybean meal 23 20Fish meal 7 5Defatted rice bran 0 6Plant oil 0 4Alfalfa meal 2.4 2.4Calcium carbonate 1.3 1.2Tricalcium phosphate 0.7 0.8Sodium chloride 0.25 0.25Vitamiin A D.sub.3 premix 0.05 0.05Vitamin B premix*.sup.1) 0.09 0.09Trace mineral 0.03 0.03premix*.sup.2)Amprol Plus 0.13 0.08(coccidiostat, trademark made by Merck& Co.)DL-Methionine 0.05 0.05Ethoxyquin 0 0.05(50% preparation)Bicyclomycin*.sup.3) 1 ppm 1 ppm______________________________________ Note:- *.sup.1) Vitamin B premix is composed of vitamin B.sub.1, vitamin B.sub.2 vitamin B.sub.6, vitamin B.sub.12, biotin, folic acid and calcium pantothenate. *.sup.2) Trace mineral premix is composed of ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, cobalt sulfate and potassium iodide.
EXAMPLE 2
Day-old broiler chicks (White Rock.times.White Cornish cross breed) were divided into two groups, i.e., treatment group and control group, each of which consisted of 75 male and 75 female chicks. The control group and the treatment group were continuously fed for the initial 5 weeks with Feed Composition I and for further 1 week with Feed Composition II, respectively, both of which are listed below, and their growth and the efficiency of feed utilization were observed for 6 weeks.
The results are shown in the following table.
Table 2-(a):______________________________________Experimental Result Treatment Group Control Group______________________________________Average initial body 41 41weight (g)Average final bodyweight (g) at 6 1,121 1,054weeks of ageAverage body weightgain (g) at 6 weeks 1,080 1,013of ageEfficiency of feed 2.11 2.22utilization*______________________________________ *Note: ##STR3##
Table 2-(b):______________________________________Feed Composition Feed Composition Feed Composition I to be fed to II to be fed to chickens of 0 to chickens of 5 toIngredient (%) 4 weeks of age 6 weeks of age______________________________________Corn 55.6 56.25Soybean meal 30.0 23.0Defatted rice bran 0 8.0Alfalfa meal 1.5 2.3Fish meal 8.0 5.0Fats and oils 2.5 3.0Calcium carbonate 1.0 1.0Tricalcium phosphate 0.5 0.3Sodium chloride 0.25 0.25Vitamin AD.sub.3 E premix 0.1 0.1Vitamin B premix .sup.*1) 0.3 0.3Trace mineralpremix .sup.*2) 0.1 0.1DL-Methionine 0.1 0.1Lysine 0 0.05Bicyclomycin 20 ppm 20 ppm______________________________________ Note: .sup.*1) This vitamin B premix is the same as that of Example 1. .sup.*2) This trace mineral premix is the same as that of Example 1. .sup.*3) Composition I and II fed to the control group does not comprise bicyclomycin.
EXAMPLE 3
Day-old broiler chicks (White Rock.times.White Cornish cross breed) were divided into two groups, i.e., control group and treatment group, each of which consisted of 40 male and 40 female chicks. The control group and the treatment group were continuously fed for the 5 weeks with Feed Composition I, which is the same as that of Example 2, excepting the concentration of bicyclomycin is 160 ppm (Note: Feed Composition used for the control group does not contain bicyclomycin), and their growth and the efficiency of feed utilization were observed for 5 weeks.
The results are shown in the following table.
Table 3______________________________________ Treatment Group Control Group______________________________________Average initial body 37 37weight (g)Average final bodyweight (g) at 5 1,039 991weeks of ageAverage body weightgain (g) at 5 weeks 1,002 954of ageEfficiency of feed 1.78 1.79utilization*______________________________________ *Note: ##STR4##
EXAMPLE 4
40 Day-old Landrace pigs were divided into four groups, i.e., three of treatment groups (i.e. Treatment Groups I, II and III) and control group, each of which consisted of five barrows and four female pigs. These pigs were continuously fed with Feed Composition (milk replacer) described in Table 4-(b) and their growth and efficiency of feed utilization were observed for 4 weeks. The results are shown in the following table.
Table 4-(a):______________________________________Experimental Result Treatment Group I II III Control Group______________________________________Average initial body 9.97 9.96 9.97 9.96weight (kg)Average final bodyweight (kg) at the4th week after the 26.82 27.02 27.96 24.33starting of thefeedingAverage body weightgain (kg) at the4th week after the 16.85 17.06 17.99 14.37starting of thefeedingEfficiency of feed 1.802 1.861 1.775 1.943utilization*______________________________________ *Note: ##STR5## -
Table 4-(b):______________________________________ Feed CompositionBasal feed compositionIngredient %______________________________________Corr 50Milo 5Wheat flour 5Soybean oil cake 19Dried Whey 6Skim milk 4Fish meal 3Glucose 2Beef tallow 1Defatted rice bran 2Tricalcium phosphate 0.9Calcium carbonate 1.2Sodium chloride 0.4DL-Methionine 0.05Lysine hydrochloride 0.1Vitamin A D.sub.3 E premix 0.05Vitamin B premix*.sup.1) 0.2Trace mineral premix*.sup.2) 0.1______________________________________ Note: *.sup.1), *.sup.2) : see Example 1
______________________________________Feed Composition fed to animals______________________________________Feed Composition fed The above basal feed +to Treatment Group I bicyclomycin 20 ppmFeed Composition fed The above basal feed +to Treatment Group II bicyclomycin 40 ppmFeed Composition fed The above basal feed +to Treatment Group III bicyclomycin 80 ppmFeed Composition fed The above basal feedto Control Group______________________________________
EXAMPLE 5
50-60 Day-old Landrace pigs were divided into four groups, i.e., three of treatment groups (Treatment Groups I, II and III) and Control group, each of which consisted of five barrows and five female pigs. These pigs were continuously fed with Feed Composition described in Table 5-(b), and their growth and efficiency of feed utilization were observed for 10 weeks. The results are shown in the following table.
Table 5-(a):______________________________________Experimental Result Treatment Group I II III Control Group______________________________________Average initial body 13.6 13.6 13.6 13.6weight (kg)Average final bodyweight (kg) at the10th week after the 60.3 62.9 64.6 57.9starting of thefeedingAverage weight gain(kg) at the 10thweek after the 46.7 49.3 51.0 44.3starting of thefeedingEfficiency of feed 2.86 2.86 2.82 3.03utilization*______________________________________ *Note: ##STR6##
Table 5-(b):______________________________________ Feed CompositionBasal feed composition Ingredient %______________________________________Corr 55Milo 15Wheat flour 7Soybean oil cake 12Peanut meal 2Fish meal 4Defatted rice bran 2.25Tricalcium phosphate 0.8Calcium carbonate 1.2Sodium chloride 0.4DL-Methionine 0.05Lysine hydrochloride 0.05Vitamin A D.sub.3 E premix 0.05Vitamin B premix*.sup. 1) 0.1Trace mineral premix*.sup. 2) 0.1______________________________________ Note: *.sup.1), *.sup.2) : see Example 1
______________________________________Feed Composition fed to animals______________________________________Feed Composition fed The above basal feed +to Treatment Group I bicyclomycin 10 ppmFeed Composition fed The above basal feed +to Treatment Group II bicyclomycin 20 ppmFeed Composition fed The above basal feed +to Treatment Group III bicyclomycin 40 ppmFeed Composition fed The above basal feedto Control Group______________________________________
EXAMPLE 6
30 Days-old pigs [LW.multidot.H, i.e. (Landrace.female..times.Large Yorkshire.male.).female..times.Hampshire.male. cross breed] were divided into four groups, i.e., three of treatment groups (Treatment Groups I, II and III) and Control group, each of which consisted of five barrows and five female pigs. These pigs were continuously fed with Feed Composition described in Table 6-(b), and their growth and efficiency of feed utilization were observed for 6 weeks. The results are shown in the following table.
Table 6-(a):______________________________________Experimental Result Treatment Group I II III Control Group______________________________________Average initial 5.99 5.84 5.96 5.96weight (kg)Average weight (kg)at the 6th week 21.43 21.37 23.15 20.70after the startingof the feedingAverage weight gain(kg) at the 6thweek after the 15.44 15.53 17.19 14.74starting of thefeedingEfficiency of feed 2.02 2.10 1.59 1.96utilization*______________________________________ *Note: ##STR7##
Table 6-(b):______________________________________Feed CompositionBasal feed composition The basal feed composition isthe same as that ofExample 4.Feed Composition______________________________________Feed Composition fed The above basal feed +to Treatment Group I bicyclomycin 5 ppm + thiopeptin* 20 ppmFeed Composition fed The above basal feed +to Treatment Group II bicyclomycin 10 ppm + thiopeptin 20 ppmFeed Composition fed The above basal feed +to Treatment Group III bicyclomycin 20 ppm + thiopeptin 20 ppmFeed Composition fed The above basal feed +to Control Group thiopeptin 20 ppm______________________________________ *Note: Thiopeptin is a known antibiotic active against Grampositive bacteria [cf Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Pages 496-503, Vol. 1, No. 6 (1972)]-
The following examples of the feed compositions are given for the purpose of illustrating this invention.
______________________________________Feed composition 1Ingredient______________________________________Corn 601 kgDefatted soybean 250 kgAlfalfa meal 20 kgFish meal 80 kgPlant oil 25 kgCalcium carbonate 10 kgTricalcium phosphate 5 kgSodium chloride 3 kgVitamin A D.sub.3 E premix 1 kgVitamin B premix*.sup. 1) 3 kgDL-Methionine 1 kgTrace mineral premix*.sup. 2) 1 kgZoalene 10% preparation(coccidiostat, trade name, 1.25 kgmade by Tanabe SeiyakuCo., Ltd.)Bicyclomycin 10 g______________________________________ Note: *.sup.1), *.sup.2) : see Example 1
The above ingredients were equally mixed to give a animal feed composition.
______________________________________Feed composition 2Ingredient______________________________________Skim milk 270 kgDried whey 100 kgFish meal 50 kgWheat flour 350 kgGlucose 50 kgTallow 30 kgDried yeast 100 kgStarch 21 kgCasein sodium 10 kgTricalcium phosphate 10 kgSodium chloride 4 kgDL-Methionine 500 gLysine hydrochloride 1 kgVitamin A D.sub.3 E premix 2 kgVitamin B premix*.sup. 1) 2 kgTrace mineral premix*.sup. 2) 1 kgBicyclomycin 50 g______________________________________ Note: *.sup.1), *.sup.2) : see Example 1
The above ingredients were equally mixed to give a animal feed composition (milk replacer).

Bicyclomycin as an animal growth promotant

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