Almost all commercially available vegetarian and vegan meat analogue food products currently use methylcellulose alone or combined with other additives for achieving optimal binding properties.
Methylcellulose (MC) is the simplest cellulose derivative. Methyl groups (—CH3) replace the naturally occurring hydroxyls at the C-2, C-3 and/or C-6 positions of the cellulose anhydro-D-glucose units. Typically, commercial MC is produced via alkaline treatment (NaOH) for swelling cellulosic fibres to form an alkali-cellulose which would then react with an etherifying agent such as chloromethane, iodomethane or dimethyl sulfate. Acetone, toluene, or isopropanol can also sometimes be added, after the etherifying agent, for tailoring the final degree of methylation. As a result, MC has amphiphilic properties and exhibits a unique thermal behavior which is not found in naturally occurring polysaccharide structures i.e. it gels upon heating.
Gelation is a two step process in which a first step is mainly driven by hydrophobic interactions between highly methylated residues, and then a second step which is a phase separation occurring at T>60° C. with formation of a turbid strong solid-like material. This gelation behavior upon heating of MC is responsible for the unique performance in plant based burgers when shape retention is required upon cooking. It is similar to the performance of an egg white binder.
However, consumers are becoming increasingly concerned about undesirable chemically modified ingredients in their products. Existing solutions for replacing MC involve the use of other additives in combination with other ingredients for achieving desired functionality. Some of those additives also undergo chemical modification during manufacturing to achieve desired functionality.
Carbohydrate based binders can be based on calcium-alginate gels. In order to achieve gelation, a slow acid release (from either glucono-delta-lactone, citric acid, lactic acid) is needed to liberate calcium ions for crosslinking with alginate to form the gel. This process is rather complex to use in application and the functionality is limited to strong, firm gels hence applicable only for specific meat analogues (e.g. sausages).
The use of starch-based binders has a detrimental effect on texture, leading to products with a mushy sensory perception which also crumbles when it is cooked. In addition, starches and flours are high glycemic carbohydrates, which might be not desired or recommended for specific consumer populations (e.g. diabetics or those wishing to limit carbohydrate content).
All of the following meat analogues comprise an additive as part of the binding agent solution.
In EP 1 759 593 A1, a minced meat analogue is described containing proteins combined with fibres and 10 wt. % of alginate, pectin and combinations.
In US 2005/0008758A1, the binder comprises hydrogenated fat, water, and a component selected from the group consisting of methylcellulose, modified cornstarch, and a combination thereof.
WO 2016/120594 describes an edible vegan formulation comprising fungal particles, potentially strengthened by presence of calcium ions, hydrocolloids, gluten or a non-wheat based vegetable protein.
Due to all those deficiencies, there are nowadays no plant-based meat analogues that are acceptable for consumers in terms of optimal textural attributes and a more label-friendly, natural ingredient list.
There is a clear need for a plant-based, label-friendly, natural binder as an analogue to MC with enhanced functional properties.
The present invention relates to meat analogue products having a plant based, clean label, natural binder as a substitute for methylcellulose and its derivatives (e.g. hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose) in food applications.
The inventors of the present application have surprisingly found a binder which has similar functional properties to methylcellulose. The functional properties refer to binding the meat analogue product in cold or room temperature conditions (prior to cooking), hence enabling optimal molding and shape retention during storage. Moreover, the binder exhibits a sequential gelling mechanism as function of temperature: a heat-set gelling process occurs on heating to cooking temperature, followed by a cold-set gelling process that takes place on cooling to consumption temperature. This prevents crumbling of the meat analogue during cooking while providing a firm, ‘meaty’ bite during consumption.
The texture of the product is improved versus alternative binders such as hydrocolloids (e.g. alginate, agar, konjac gum) which tend to give gummy mouthfeel.
Moreover, the binder does not exhibit water leakage during storage of the meat analogue product in the cold when compared to burgers with binders comprising methylcellulose or other additives.
The present invention relates to the field of meat analogues for human consumption.
The present invention relates to a method of making a meat analogue, said method comprising mixing a cold set gelling dietary fibre, preferably psyllium fibre.
The present invention further relates to a method of making a meat analogue, said method comprising mixing a cold set gelling dietary fibre, preferably psyllium fibre; a heat-set gelling plant based ingredient, preferably flour; optionally calcium salt; lipid; plant extract; optionally solid fat; and water.
The invention further relates to a method of making a meat analogue, said method comprising
The binder aqueous phase may be formed by mixing at 1000 rpm or greater, preferably about 8000 rpm or greater.
The emulsion gel binder may be formed by homogenizing at 2000 rpm or greater, preferably about 8000 rpm or greater.
An additional cooling step and mixing step may be performed before adding the solid fat.
Preferably, the meat analogue is devoid or substantially devoid of additives.
The meat analogue may comprise 20 to 85 wt. %, or 20 to 75 wt. % emulsion gel binder.
The plant extract may be a plant protein.
The plant extract may be a high moisture extruded (HME) plant extract and/or a textured vegetable protein (TVP) plant extract.
Preferably, when the plant extract is a HME plant extract, the meat analogue comprises 20 to wt. %, or about 50 wt. % emulsion gel binder. Preferably, when the plant extract is a TVP plant extract, the meat analogue comprises 55 to 75 wt. %, or about 55 to 85 wt. %, or about wt. % emulsion gel binder.
The emulsion gel binder may comprise 0.5 to 20 wt. % cold set gelling dietary fibre, preferably 1 to 10 wt. % cold set gelling dietary fibre, more preferably 1 to 5 wt. % cold set gelling dietary fibre.
Preferably, when the plant extract is a TVP plant extract, the emulsion gel binder comprises about 2.2 wt. % cold set gelling dietary fibre. Preferably, when the plant extract is a HME plant extract, the emulsion gel binder comprises about 3.6 wt. % cold set gelling dietary fibre.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre at 6 wt. % in an aqueous solution at 20° C. may exhibit a shear thinning behavior with zero shear rate viscosity above 100 Pa·s.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre at 6 wt. % in an aqueous solution at 7° C. may exhibit a G′ (storage modulus) greater than 40 Pa and G″ (loss modulus) lower than 150 Pa at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2%.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre at 6 wt. % in an aqueous solution at 60° C. may exhibit a G′ (storage modulus) greater than 4 Pa and G″ (loss modulus) lower than 45 Pa at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2%.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre at 6 wt. % in an aqueous solution at 20° C. may exhibit a G′ (storage modulus) greater than 30 Pa and G″ (loss modulus) lower than 50 Pa at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2%.
Preferably, the cold set gelling dietary fibre has a soluble fraction of greater than 50 wt. %, for example between 50 wt. % to 90 wt. %, for example about 70 wt. %.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre may be derived from tubers, for example potato, cassava, yam, or sweet potato, or from vegetables, for example carrot, pumpkin, or squash, or from fruit, for example citrus fruit, or from legumes, for example pulses, or from oilseeds, for example flaxseed, or from psyllium, chia seeds, potato, apple, fenugreek, chickpea, carrot, oat, or citrus fruit.
Preferably, the cold set gelling dietary fibre is derived from psyllium, potato, citrus, or fenugreek. The cold set gelling dietary fibre may comprise psyllium fibre in combination with at least one other fibre, for example citrus fibre, wherein the cold set gelling dietary fibre comprises at least 50% psyllium fibre. The citrus fibre may have a soluble fraction greater than 30%, preferably a soluble fraction greater than 40%. Preferably, the cold set gelling dietary fibre is or comprises psyllium fibre.
Preferably, the emulsion gel binder comprises between 1 to 20 wt. % heat-set gelling plant based ingredient or combination of ingredients.
Preferably, when the plant extract is TVP plant extract, the emulsion gel binder comprises about 2.7 wt. % heat-set gelling plant based ingredient. Preferably, when the plant extract is HME plant extract, the emulsion gel binder comprises about 10.7 wt. % plant based heat-set gelling plant based ingredient.
The heat-set gelling plant based ingredient preferably exhibits a G′ (storage modulus) greater than 130 Pa and G″ (loss modulus) lower than 85 Pa at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2% at wt. % in an aqueous solution at 60° C., after heating to 90° C.
The heat-set gelling plant based ingredient preferably exhibits a G′ (storage modulus) greater than 130 Pa and G″ (loss modulus) lower than 60 Pa at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2% at wt. % in an aqueous solution at 60° C., after heating to 90° C.
The heat-set gelling plant based ingredient comprises starch, and/or protein, preferably a combination of starch and protein, for example between 5 to 95 wt. % starch and 5 to 95 wt. % protein.
The heat-set gelling plant based ingredient may comprise between 60 to 80 wt. % starch and 10 to 20 wt. % protein
For example, the heat-set gelling plant based ingredient may comprise about 70 wt. % starch and about 14 wt. % protein.
The heat-set gelling plant based ingredient may be, for example, quinoa flour, rice flour, buckwheat flour, wheat flour, chickpea flour, pumpkin seed flour, soy flour, chia flour, lentils flour, sesame flour, or combinations of these. Preferably, the heat-set gelling plant based ingredient is quinoa flour or rice flour, most preferably quinoa flour. Preferably, the plant protein isolate or concentrate is, for example, from soy, faba bean, potato, quinoa, pea, canola, rubisco, mung bean, chickpea, hemp, seaweed, lentils, buckwheat. Preferably, the plant protein or concentrate is from soy, faba bean, potato, chia, or quinoa.
The heat-set gelling plant based ingredient may be quinoa flour and soy protein isolate, or rice flour and soy protein isolate.
Preferably, the emulsion gel binder comprises (i) heat-set gelling plant based ingredient, and (ii) cold set gelling dietary fibre in a ratio ranging from between 9:1 to 4:6, preferably between 8:2 and 6:4. Preferably, when the plant extract is HME plant extract, the ratio is about 8:2. Preferably, when the plant extract is TVP plant extract, the ratio is about 5:5. Preferably, when the plant extract is HME plant extract, the ratio is about 7:3.
Preferably, the emulsion gel binder exhibits a G′ greater than 20 Pa and a G″ lower than 240 Pa upon heating until 90° C. and a G′ greater than 100 Pa and a G″ lower than 300 Pa upon subsequent cooling until 60° C., at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2%.
The lipid may be from any plant source. For example the lipid may be canola oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, or coconut oil. Preferably, the lipid is canola oil and/or coconut oil, or mixtures thereof.
Preferably, the emulsion gel binder comprises calcium salt, for example 0.1 to 10 wt. % calcium salt, more preferably 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % calcium salt.
The emulsion gel binder may further comprise vinegar, preferably between 1 to 10 wt. % vinegar.
The meat analogue may comprise 15 to 90 wt. %, or 15 to 75 wt. % plant extract, preferably 25 to 70 wt. % plant extract. Preferably, for a meat analogue comprising TVP plant extract, the meat analogue comprises 20 to 40 wt. %, or 25 to 40 wt. %, or about 32 wt. % TVP plant extract. Preferably, for a meat analogue comprising HME plant extract, the meat analogue comprises 45 to 80 wt. %, or 45 to 70 wt. %, or about 50 to 65 wt % HME plant extract.
The plant extract may be derived from legumes, cereals, fruits, or oilseeds. For example, the plant extract may be derived from soy, pea, wheat, faba bean, chickpea, lentils, citrus fruits, or sunflower.
Preferably, the plant extract is soy protein, pea protein, chickpea protein, faba bean protein, sunflower protein, wheat gluten, and combinations of these.
Preferably, the plant extract is gluten and/or textured vegetable protein, for example textured soy protein, textured pea protein, textured chickpea protein, textured faba bean protein, textured lentil protein, textured sunflower protein, and/or combinations of these. More preferably, the plant extract is textured soy protein and/or textured pea protein.
The plant extract may be made by extrusion to make a textured protein.
The optional solid fat may be derived from coconut, rhea nut, palm, mango. For example, the optional solid fat may be derived from coconut, for example coconut flakes.
The meat analogue may be minced meat or ground meat or molded to form a burger, meatball, sausage, or cold cut. Preferably, the meat analogue is a burger.
The meat analogue can be cooked, for example deep fried, pan fried, microwaved, oven baked, and combinations of these. The meat analogue can be stored frozen prior or after cooking.
The meat analogue can be packaged, for example in a modified atmosphere.
Preferably, the invention relates to a method of making a vegan meat analogue, said method comprising
The invention further relates to a meat analogue comprising water, plant extract, lipid, heat-set gelling plant based ingredient, and cold set gelling dietary fibre.
The invention further relates to a meat analogue comprising plant extract; optional solid fat; and an emulsion gel binder comprising water, lipid, heat-set gelling plant based ingredient, and cold set gelling dietary fibre.
The invention further relates to a meat analogue, comprising
Preferably, the meat analogue is devoid or substantially devoid of additives.
The meat analogue may comprise 15 to 85 wt. %, or 20 to 75 wt. % emulsion gel binder.
Preferably, the meat analogue comprises 20 to 85 wt %, or 20 to 75 wt % emulsion gel binder, wherein the emulsion gel binder comprises 1.5 to 20 wt. % cold set gelling dietary fibre, and 1.5 to 20 wt. % heat-set gelling plant based ingredient.
Preferably, the meat analogue comprises 0.225 to 17 wt % cold set gelling dietary fibre and 0.225 to 17 wt % heat set gelling plant based ingredient.
Preferably, the meat analogue comprises 15 to 85 wt. %, or 20 to 75 wt. % plant extract; 1 to 5 wt. % cold set gelling dietary fibre; and 1 to 5 wt. % heat-set gelling plant based ingredient.
The plant extract may be a high moisture extruded (HME) plant extract and/or a textured vegetable protein (TVP) plant extract. Preferably, the HME plant extract has a moisture content between 40 to 70 wt. %, more preferably about 60 wt. %. Preferably, the TVP plant extract is in a dry form. Preferably, the moisture content is less than 5 wt. %.
Preferably, when the plant extract is a HME plant extract, the meat analogue comprises 20 to 55 wt. %, or about 50 wt. % emulsion gel binder. Preferably, when the plant extract is a TVP plant extract, the meat analogue comprises 55 to 75 wt. %, or about 65 wt. % emulsion gel binder.
The emulsion gel binder may comprise 0.5 to 20 wt. % cold set gelling dietary fibre, preferably 1 to 10 wt. % cold set gelling dietary fibre, more preferably 1 to 5 wt. % cold set gelling dietary fibre.
Preferably, when the plant extract is a TVP plant extract, the emulsion gel binder comprises about 2.2 wt. % cold set gelling dietary fibre. Preferably, when the plant extract is a HME plant extract, the emulsion gel binder comprises about 3.6 wt. % cold set gelling dietary fibre.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre at 6 wt. % in an aqueous solution at 20° C. may exhibit a shear thinning behavior with zero shear rate viscosity above 100 Pa·s.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre at 6 wt. % in an aqueous solution at 7° C. may exhibit a G′ (storage modulus) greater than 40 Pa and G″ (loss modulus) lower than 150 Pa at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2%.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre at 6 wt. % in an aqueous solution at 60° C. may exhibit a G′ (storage modulus) greater than 4 Pa and G″ (loss modulus) lower than 45 Pa at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2%.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre at 6 wt. % in an aqueous solution at 20° C. may exhibit a G′ (storage modulus) greater than 30 Pa and G″ (loss modulus) lower than 50 Pa at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2%.
Preferably, the cold set gelling dietary fibre has a soluble fraction of greater than 50 wt. %, for example between 50 wt. % to 90 wt. %, for example about 70 wt. %.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre may be derived from tubers, for example potato, cassava, yam, or sweet potato, or from vegetables, for example carrot, pumpkin, or squash, or from fruit, for example citrus fruit, or from legumes, for example pulses, or from oilseeds, for example flaxseed, or from psyllium, chia seeds, potato, apple, fenugreek, chickpea, carrot, oat, or citrus fruit.
Preferably, the cold set gelling dietary fibre is derived from psyllium, potato, citrus, or fenugreek. The cold set gelling dietary fibre may comprise psyllium fibre in combination with at least one other fibre, for example citrus fibre, wherein the cold set gelling dietary fibre comprises at least 50% psyllium fibre. The citrus fibre may have a soluble fraction greater than 30%, preferably a soluble fraction greater than 40%. Preferably, the cold set gelling dietary fibre is or comprises psyllium fibre.
Preferably, the emulsion gel binder comprises between 1 to 20 wt. % heat-set gelling plant based ingredient.
Preferably, when the plant extract is TVP plant extract, the emulsion gel binder comprises about 2.7 wt. % heat-set gelling plant based ingredient. Preferably, when the plant extract is HME plant extract, the emulsion gel binder comprises about 10.7 wt. % plant based heat-set gelling plant based ingredient.
The plant based heat-set gelling ingredient preferably exhibits a G′ (storage modulus) greater than 130 Pa and G″ (loss modulus) lower than 60 Pa at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2% at 10 wt. % in an aqueous solution at 60° C., after heating to 90° C.
The heat-set gelling plant based ingredient comprises starch, and/or protein, preferably a combination of starch and protein, for example between 5 to 95 wt. % starch and 5 to 95 wt. % protein.
The heat-set gelling plant based ingredient may comprise between 60 to 80 wt. % starch and 10 to 20 wt. % protein
For example, the heat-set gelling plant based ingredient may comprise about 70 wt. % starch and about 14 wt. % protein.
The heat-set gelling plant based ingredient may be, for example, quinoa flour, rice flour, buckwheat flour, wheat flour, chickpea flour, pumpkin seed flour, sesame flour, soy flour, chia flour, or combinations of these. Preferably, the heat-set gelling plant based ingredient is quinoa flour or rice flour, most preferably quinoa flour.
Preferably, the emulsion gel binder comprises (i) heat-set gelling plant based ingredient, and (ii) cold set gelling dietary fibre in a ratio ranging from between 9:1 to 4:6, preferably between 8:2 and 6:4. Preferably, when the plant extract is HME plant extract, the ratio is about 8:2. Preferably, when the plant extract is TVP plant extract, the ratio is about 5:5. Preferably, when the plant extract is HME plant extract, the ratio is about 7:3.
Preferably, the emulsion gel binder exhibits a G′ greater than 20 Pa and a G″ lower than 240 Pa upon heating until 90° C. and a G′ greater than 100 Pa and a G″ lower than 300 Pa upon subsequent cooling until 60° C., at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2%.
The lipid may be from any plant source. For example, the lipid may be canola oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, or coconut oil. Preferably, the lipid is canola oil and/or coconut oil, or mixtures thereof.
Preferably, the emulsion gel binder comprises calcium salt, for example 0.1 to 10 wt. % calcium salt, more preferably 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % calcium salt.
The emulsion gel binder may further comprise vinegar, preferably between 1 to 10 wt. % vinegar.
The meat analogue may comprise 15 to 75 wt. % plant extract, preferably 25 to 70 wt. % plant extract. Preferably, for a meat analogue comprising TVP plant extract, the meat analogue comprises 20 to 40 wt. %, or about 32 wt. % TVP plant extract. Preferably, for a meat analogue comprising HME plant extract, the meat analogue comprises 45 to 70 wt. %, or about 64 wt. % HME plant extract.
The plant extract may be derived from legumes, cereals, fruits, or oilseeds. For example, the plant extract may be derived from soy, pea, wheat, faba bean, citrus fruits, or sunflower.
Preferably, the plant extract is soy protein, pea protein, chickpea protein, faba bean protein, sunflower protein, wheat gluten, and combinations of these.
Preferably, the plant extract is textured protein, for example textured soy protein, textured pea protein, textured chickpea protein, textured faba bean protein, textured lentil protein, textured sunflower protein, and/or combinations of these. More preferably, the plant extract is textured soy protein and/or textured pea protein.
The plant extract may be made by extrusion to make a textured protein.
The optional solid fat may be derived from coconut, rhea nut, palm, mango. For example, the optional solid fat may be derived from coconut, for example coconut flakes.
The meat analogue may be a burger, sausage, minced meat, meatballs or cold cut. Preferably, the meat analogue is a burger. The meat analogue can be cooked, for example deep fried, pan fried, microwaved, oven baked, and combinations of these. The meat analogue can be stored frozen prior or after cooking.
The invention also relates to a meat analogue made according to the method as described herein.
The invention further relates to the use of a cold set gelling dietary fibre as a binder for a meat analogue.
The invention further relates to the use of a cold set gelling dietary fibre and a heat-set gelling plant based ingredient as a binder for a meat analogue.
The invention further relates to the use of a cold set gelling dietary fibre and a heat-set gelling plant based ingredient as an emulsion gel binder for a meat analogue.
The invention further relates to the use of water, lipid, heat-set gelling plant based ingredient, cold set gelling dietary fibre, and optionally calcium salt as a binder for a meat analogue.
In particular, the invention relates to the use of water, lipid, heat-set gelling plant based ingredient, cold set gelling dietary fibre, and optionally calcium salt as a binder for a meat analogue, wherein said water, lipid, heat-set gelling plant based ingredient, cold set gelling dietary fibre, preferably psyllium fibre, and optionally calcium salt are comprised in an emulsion gel binder.
Preferably, the meat analogue is devoid or substantially devoid of additives.
The meat analogue may comprise 20 to 85 wt. %, or 20 to 75 wt. % emulsion gel binder.
The emulsion gel binder may comprise 0.5 to 20 wt. % cold set gelling dietary fibre, preferably 1 to 10 wt. % cold set gelling dietary fibre, more preferably 1 to 5 wt. % cold set gelling dietary fibre.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre at 6 wt. % in an aqueous solution at 20° C. may exhibit a shear thinning behavior with zero shear rate viscosity above 100 Pa·s.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre at 6 wt. % in an aqueous solution at 7° C. may exhibit a G′ (storage modulus) greater than 40 Pa and G″ (loss modulus) lower than 150 Pa at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2%.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre at 6 wt. % in an aqueous solution at 60° C. may exhibit a G′ (storage modulus) greater than 4 Pa and G″ (loss modulus) lower than 45 Pa at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2%.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre at 6 wt. % in an aqueous solution at 20° C. may exhibit a G′ (storage modulus) greater than 30 Pa and G″ (loss modulus) lower than 50 Pa at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2%.
Preferably, the cold set gelling dietary fibre has a soluble fraction of greater than 50%, for example between 50% to 90%, for example about 70%.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre may be derived from tubers, for example potato, cassava, yam, or sweet potato, or from vegetables, for example carrot, pumpkin, or squash, or from fruit, for example citrus fruit, or from legumes, for example pulses, or from oilseeds, for example flaxseed, or from psyllium, chia seeds, potato, apple, fenugreek, chickpea, carrot, oat, or citrus fruit.
Preferably, the cold set gelling dietary fibre is derived from psyllium, potato, citrus, or fenugreek. The cold set gelling dietary fibre may comprise psyllium fibre in combination with at least one other fibre, for example citrus fibre, wherein the cold set gelling dietary fibre comprises at least 50% psyllium fibre. The citrus fibre may have a soluble fraction greater than 30%, preferably a soluble fraction greater than 40%. Preferably, the cold set gelling dietary fibre is or comprises psyllium fibre.
Preferably, the emulsion gel binder comprises between 1 to 20 wt. % heat-set gelling plant based ingredient.
The plant based heat-set gelling ingredient preferably exhibits a G′ (storage modulus) greater than 130 Pa and G″ (loss modulus) lower than 60 Pa at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2% at 10 wt. % in an aqueous solution at 60° C., after heating to 90° C.
Preferably, the heat-set gelling plant based ingredient has a starch content between 30 to 90 wt. %, or between 60 to 80 wt. %, and a protein content between 5 to 40 wt. %, or between 10 to 20 wt. %.
Preferably, the heat-set gelling plant based ingredient has a starch content between 30 to 80 wt. % and a protein content between 10 to 35 wt. %, preferably 15 to 35 wt. %.
The heat-set gelling plant based ingredient may be, for example, quinoa flour, rice flour, buckwheat flour, wheat flour, chickpea flour, pumpkin seed flour, sesame flour, soy flour, chia flour, or combinations of these. Preferably, the heat-set gelling plant based ingredient is quinoa flour or rice flour, most preferably quinoa flour.
Preferably, the emulsion gel binder comprises (i) heat-set gelling plant based ingredient, and (ii) cold set gelling dietary fibre in a ratio ranging from between 9:1 to 4:6, preferably between 8:2 and 6:4. Preferably, when the plant extract is TVP plant extract, the ratio is about 5:5. Preferably, when the plant extract is HME plant extract, the ratio is about 7:3.
Preferably, the emulsion gel binder exhibits a G′ greater than 20 Pa and a G″ lower than 240 Pa upon heating until 90° C. and a G′ greater than 100 Pa and a G″ lower than 300 Pa upon subsequent cooling until 60° C., at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2%.
The lipid may be from any plant source. For example, the lipid may be canola oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, or coconut oil. Preferably, the lipid is canola oil and/or coconut oil, or mixtures thereof.
Preferably, the emulsion gel binder comprises calcium salt, for example 0.1 to 10 wt. % calcium salt, more preferably 0.5 to 1.5 wt. % calcium salt.
The emulsion gel binder may further comprise vinegar, preferably between 1 to 10 wt. % vinegar.
The optional solid fat may be derived from coconut, rhea nut, palm, mango. For example, the optional solid fat may be derived from coconut, for example coconut flakes.
The meat analogue may be a burger, sausage, minced meat, meatballs or cold cut. Preferably, the meat analogue is a burger.
The meat analogue can be cooked, for example deep fried, pan fried, microwaved, oven baked, and combinations of these. The meat analogue can be stored frozen prior or after cooking.
Typically, a Newtonian fluid behavior is observed at concentrations below 1 wt. % when the cold set gelling dietary fibre is dispersed in water. Typically, a shear thinning response becomes apparent at concentrations equal or above 1 wt. % when dispersed in water.
A water based solution comprising 6 wt. % of cold set gelling dietary fibre at 7° C. may exhibit the following viscoelastic properties (i) shear thinning behavior with zero shear rate viscosity above 100 Pa·s, (ii) G′ (storage modulus) greater than 40 Pa and G″ (loss modulus) lower than 150 Pa at 1 Hz frequency and a strain of 0.2%. Within the scope of this invention, the shear thinning is defined as a rheological property of any material that exhibits a decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate or applied stress.
Typically, in a cold set gelling dietary fibre of the invention, modulus G′ is greater than the modulus G″ up to and including at least 100% of applied strain, at concentrations of 6 wt. % when dispersed in water.
Typically, a pre-sheared water based solution comprising 10 wt. % heat-set gelling plant based ingredient at 90° C. exhibits the gel-like properties: i. a G′ (storage modulus) greater than 130 Pa, and ii. G″ (loss modulus) lower than 60 Pa at 1 Hz frequency and a strain 0.2%.
Typically, a pre-sheared water based solution comprising 10 wt. % heat-set gelling plant based ingredient at 60° C. exhibits gel-like properties, for example a minimum of 10 fold increase in G′ upon heating until 90° C. and subsequent decrease to 60° C., or a crossover of G′ and G″ upon heating until 90° C. and subsequent decrease to 60° C. with G′ being higher than G″ at 60° C.
The heat-set gelling plant based ingredient may be a combination of ingredients, for example a flour and a plant protein isolate or concentrate, or a starch and a plant protein isolate or concentrate.
The compositions disclosed herein may lack any element that is not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, a disclosure of an embodiment using the term “comprising” includes a disclosure of embodiments “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” and “containing” the components identified. Similarly, the methods disclosed herein may lack any step that is not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, a disclosure of an embodiment using the term “comprising” includes a disclosure of embodiments “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” and “containing” the steps identified. Any embodiment disclosed herein can be combined with any other embodiment disclosed herein unless explicitly and directly stated otherwise.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms and any acronyms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art in the field of the invention. Although any compositions, methods, articles of manufacture, or other means or materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the present invention, the preferred compositions, methods, articles of manufacture, or other means or materials are described herein.
The term “wt. %” used in the entire description below refers to weight % of the total composition, for example the total emulsion gel binder composition, or the total meat analogue composition.
As used herein, “about,” and “approximately” are understood to refer to numbers in a range of numerals, for example the range of −40% to +40% of the referenced number, more preferably the range of −20% to +20% of the referenced number, more preferably the range of −10% to +10% of the referenced number, more preferably −5% to +5% of the referenced number, more preferably −1% to +1% of the referenced number, most preferably −0.1% to +0.1% of the referenced number. All numerical ranges herein should be understood to include all integers, whole or fractions, within the range. Moreover, these numerical ranges should be construed as providing support for a claim directed to any number or subset of numbers in that range. For example, a disclosure of from 1 to 10 should be construed as supporting a range of from 1 to 8, from 3 to 7, from 1 to 9, from 3.6 to 4.6, from 3.5 to 9.9, and so forth.
The term “additive” refers to isolated, extracted polysaccharide molecules which typically undergo chemical modification during manufacturing. The term “additive” includes one or more of modified starches, hydrocolloids (e.g. carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, konjac gum, carrageenans, xanthan gum, gellan gum, locust bean gum, guar gum, alginates, agar, gum arabic, gelatin, Karaya gum, Cassia gum, microcrystalline cellulose, ethylcellulose); emulsifiers (e.g. lecithin, mono and diglycerides, PGPR); whitening agents (e.g. titanium dioxide); plasticizers (e.g. glycerine); anti-caking agents (e.g. silicon-dioxide).
Preferably, the term “additive” includes modified starches, hydrocolloids, and emulsifiers.
Preferably, the term “additive” includes methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and konjac gum.
The term ‘emulsion gel’ refers to a semi-solid material comprising a dispersed lipid phase in a continuous water phase. The continuous water phase is structured by soluble, high molecular weight polysaccharides (molecular weight greater than 1 kDa) that can form a cold-set hydrogel via formation of intra-molecular junction zones above a critical concentration, and optionally in the presence of calcium salt. It also refers to biopolymers that can form a hydrogel above a critical concentration via polymer aggregation on heating. The dispersed lipid phase can be liquid oil or crystalized fat.
The term ‘cold-set gelling dietary fibre’ refers to a dietary fibre that can form a gel on cooling via formation of intra-molecular junction zones, for example hydrogen bonds and ionic crosslinks. In one embodiment, the dietary fibre can form a gel by cooling from 90° C. to 60° C.
The cold set gelling dietary fibre may be a fibre with a soluble polysaccharide fraction greater than 50 wt. %. The soluble polysaccharide fraction comprises high molecular weight polysaccharides (molecular weight greater than 1 kDa). In one embodiment, the soluble fraction comprises arabinoxylans polysaccharides. In one embodiment, the source of the dietary fibre is from psyllium.
The term “fibre” or “dietary fibre” relates to a plant-based ingredient that is not completely digestible by enzymes in the human gut system. Dietary fibres are not isolated, extracted polysaccharide molecules. The manufacturing of dietary fibres are limited to physical processes only, for example grinding, and milling. The term may comprise plant based fibre-rich fraction obtained from tubers, for example potato, cassava, yam, or sweet potato, or from vegetables, for example carrot, pumpkin, or squash, or from fruit, for example citrus fruit, or from legumes, for example pulses, or from oilseeds, for example flaxseed, or from potato, apple, psyllium, fenugreek, chickpea, carrot, chia or citrus fruit. The dietary fibre may comprise arabinoxylans, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and/or lignin.
The term “calcium salt” refers to salts of calcium such as calcium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium gluconate, calcium lactate, calcium phosphate, calcium glycerophosphate and the like, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the calcium salt is calcium chloride. All examples shown herein use calcium chloride. The amount of calcium salt typically ranges from 0.5 to 5 wt. %.
The terms “food”, “food product” and “food composition” mean a product or composition that is intended for ingestion by an animal, including a human, and provides at least one nutrient to the animal or human. The present disclosure is not limited to a specific animal.
The term “high shear” as used herein means the use of shear at least 1000 rpm, or at least 2000 rpm.
A “meat-analogue” is also called a meat alternative, meat substitute, mock meat, faux meat, imitation meat, or (where applicable) vegetarian meat or vegan meat. Meat analogue is understood to mean a food made from non-meats, without other animal products, such as dairy. Therefore protein from animal source is completely absent. Protein from animal source is animal meat protein and/or milk protein. A meat-analogue food product is a composition in which meat (i.e. skeletal tissue and non-skeletal muscle from mammals, fish and fowl) and meat by-products (i.e. the non-rendered clean parts, other than meat, derived from slaughtered mammals, fowl or fish) are completely absent. The market for meat imitations includes vegetarians, vegans, non-vegetarians seeking to reduce their meat consumption for health or ethical reasons, and people following religious dietary laws.
The term “binder” or “binding system” as used herein relates to a substance for holding together particles and/or fibres in a cohesive mass. It is an edible substance that in the final product is used to trap components of the foodstuff with a matrix for the purpose of forming a cohesive product and/or for thickening the product. Binding systems of the invention may contribute to a smoother product texture, add body to a product, help retain moisture and/or assist in maintaining cohesive product shape; for example, by aiding particles to agglomerate.
The term “substantially devoid” insofar as it relates to an ingredient means that the ingredient is present in an amount of less than less than 0.1 wt. %, or is entirely absent.
The term “textured protein” as used herein refers to plant extract material, preferably derived from legumes, cereals or oilseeds. For example, the legume may be soy or pea, the cereal may be gluten from wheat, the oilseed may be sunflower. In one embodiment, the textured protein is made by extrusion. This can cause a change in the structure of the protein which results in a fibrous, spongy matrix, similar in texture to meat. The textured protein can be dehydrated or non-dehydrated. In its dehydrated form, textured protein can have a shelf life of longer than a year, but will spoil within several days after being hydrated. In its flaked form, it can be used similarly to ground meat.
The term “cereals” includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, sorghum, millet, oats, rye, triticale, fonio and pseudocereals (e.g. amaranth, breadnut, buckwheat, chia, cockscomb, pitseed goosefoot, quinoa, and wattleseed).
Table 1 below shows examples of dietary fibres which can be used as single systems or in combination as part of the emulsion gel system. Apple fibre is shown as a negative example. The selection of fibre is based on both composition and rheological properties in aqueous solution.
Fibres were analyzed according to the official methods of analysis of AOAC International (2005) 18th ed., AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Official Method 991.43. (modified).
Psyllium fibre solutions were prepared by dispersing the psyllium fibre water in a lab scale mixer for 5 min, and left overnight to ensure complete hydration.
The rheological properties of the fibre suspensions and gels were assessed using a stress-controlled rheometer (Anton Paar MCR 702) equipped with a 50 mm-diameter, serrated plate/plate set-up. To prevent evaporation the sample was covered with a layer of mineral oil and a hood equipped with an evaporation blocker was used.
The figure shows G′, G′ and tan δ as function of frequency for a range of psyllium fibre gels with an increased concentration. Oscillatory rheological measurements were carried out to monitor the sol-to-gel transition of the different fibers as function of temperature. A resting step of 5 minutes was initially applied to equilibrate the material at 7° C., constant strain of 0.2% and frequency of 1 Hz (within the linear viscoelastic region). After this a frequency sweep was applied, during which the frequency was increased from 0.01 to 10 Hz within 4 minutes at a constant strain of 0.2%.
Error bars represent the standard deviation of two measurements.
Psyllium fibre solutions were prepared by dispersing the psyllium fibre water in a lab scale mixer for 5 min, and left overnight to ensure complete hydration.
The figure shows G′, G″ and tan δ as function of frequency for a range of psyllium fibre gels with an increased concentration. Oscillatory rheological measurements were carried out to monitor the sol-to-gel transition of the different fibers as function of temperature. A resting step of 5 minutes was initially applied to equilibrate the material at 7° C., constant strain of 0.2% and frequency of 1 Hz. After this a frequency sweep was applied, during which the frequency was increased from 0.01 to 10 Hz within 4 minutes at a constant strain of 0.2%. The loss and storage modulus was then measured at a frequency of 1 Hz and a strain of 0.2% while heating from 7° C. to 90° C. at a heating rate of 5° C./min, followed by a 1 minute holding at 90° C. and a subsequent cooling step from 90° C. to 60° C. at 5° C./min. A holding step at 60° C. was then applied for 15 minutes (constant strain of 0.2% and frequency of 1 Hz) followed by frequency and amplitude sweep tests at 60° C. During frequency sweeps, the frequency was increased from 0.01 to 10 Hz within 4 minutes at a constant strain of 0.2%. During strain sweeps, the strain was increased from 0.1 to 100% within 4 minutes at a constant frequency of 1 Hz.
Error bars represent the standard deviation of two measurements.
The figure shows G′, G″ and tan δ as function of frequency for a range of psyllium fibre gels with an increased concentration. Oscillatory rheological measurements were carried out to monitor the sol-to-gel transition of the different fibers as function of temperature. A resting step of 5 minutes was initially applied to equilibrate the material at 7° C., constant strain of and frequency of 1 Hz. The loss and storage modulus was then measured at a frequency of 1 Hz and a strain of 0.2% while heating from 7° C. to 85° C. at a heating rate of 5° C./min, followed by a 5 minute holding at 85° C. and a subsequent cooling step from 85° C. to 7° C. at A holding step at 7° C. was then applied for 15 minutes (constant strain of 0.2% and frequency of 1 Hz) followed by frequency and amplitude sweep tests at 7° C. During frequency sweeps, the frequency was increased from 0.01 to 10 Hz within 4 minutes at a constant strain of 0.2%. During strain sweeps, the strain was increased from 0.1 to 100% within 4 minutes at a constant frequency of 1 Hz.
Error bars represent the standard deviation of two measurements.
The figure shows apparent viscosity values of apple, citrus, potato and psyllium aqueous fibre systems at a shear rate of 0.01 s−1 and temperature of 7° C. A pre-shearing step at 10 s−1/1 min was first applied to the samples at a constant temperature of 7° C., following by a resting step of 10 min at 7° C. Shear rate was then increased from 1*10-5 s−1 to 1000 s−1 in 6 min, then from 1000 s−1 to 1*10−5 s−1 in 6 min.
These fibre-based aqueous dispersions were prepared by dispersing the fibres water in a lab scale mixer for 5 min, and left overnight to ensure complete hydration.
Fibre-based aqueous dispersions were prepared by dispersing the fibres in water in a lab scale mixer for 5 min, and left overnight to ensure complete hydration prior to carrying out the rheological measurements.
In
Error bars represent the standard deviation of two measurements.
Psyllium fibre solutions were prepared by dispersing the psyllium fibre and calcium chloride in water in a lab scale mixer for 1 min, and left overnight to ensure complete hydration, prior to carrying out the rheological measurements.
Oscillatory rheological measurements were carried out to monitor the sol-to-gel transition of the different fibers as function of temperature. A resting step of 5 minutes was initially applied to equilibrate the material at 7° C., constant strain of 0.2% and frequency of 1 Hz. After this a frequency sweep was applied, during which the frequency was increased from 0.01 to 10 Hz within 4 minutes at a constant strain of 0.2%. The loss and storage modulus was then measured at a frequency of 1 Hz and a strain of 0.2% while heating from 7° C. to 90° C. at a heating rate of 5° C./min, followed by a 1 minute holding at 90° C. and a subsequent cooling step from 90° C. to 60° C. at 5° C./min. A holding step at 60° C. was then applied for 15 minutes (constant strain of 0.2% and frequency of 1 Hz) followed by frequency and amplitude sweep tests at 60° C. During frequency sweeps, the frequency was increased from 0.01 to 10 Hz within 4 minutes at a constant strain of 0.2%. During strain sweeps, the strain was increased from 0.1 to 100% within 4 minutes at a constant frequency of 1 Hz.
Error bars represent the standard deviation of two measurements.
Psyllium fibre solutions were prepared by dispersing the psyllium fibre and calcium salt in water in a lab scale mixer for 1 min, and left overnight to ensure complete hydration, prior to carrying out the rheological measurements.
In
Oscillatory rheological measurements were carried out to monitor the sol-to-gel transition of the different fibers as function of temperature. A resting step of 5 minutes was initially applied to equilibrate the material at 7° C., constant strain of 0.2% and frequency of 1 Hz. After this a frequency sweep was applied, during which the frequency was increased from 0.01 to 10 Hz within 4 minutes at a constant strain of 0.2%. The loss and storage modulus was then measured at a frequency of 1 Hz and a strain of 0.2% while heating from 7° C. to 90° C. at a heating rate of 5° C./min, followed by a 1 minute holding at 90° C. and a subsequent cooling step from 90° C. to 60° C. at 5° C./min. A holding step at 60° C. was then applied for 15 minutes (constant strain of 0.2% and frequency of 1 Hz) followed by frequency and amplitude sweep tests at 60° C. During frequency sweeps, the frequency was increased from 0.01 to 10 Hz within 4 minutes at a constant strain of 0.2%. During strain sweeps, the strain was increased from 0.1 to 100% within 4 minutes at a constant frequency of 1 Hz.
Error bars represent the standard deviation of two measurements.
Quinoa flour aqueous dispersions (25 wt. %) were prepared with a lab scale mixer (1 min) and left overnight to ensure full hydration. Afterwards high shear is applied using a Silverson L5M-A mixer (2 min at 8000 rpm; 2 mm emulsor screen).
In
Oscillatory rheological measurements were carried out to monitor the sol-to-gel transition of the different fibers as function of temperature. A resting step of 5 minutes was initially applied to equilibrate the material at 7° C., constant strain of 0.2% and frequency of 1 Hz. After this a frequency sweep was applied, during which the frequency was increased from 0.01 to 10 Hz within 4 minutes at a constant strain of 0.2%. The loss and storage modulus was then measured at a frequency of 1 Hz and a strain of 0.2% while heating from 7° C. to 90° C. at a heating rate of 5° C./min, followed by a 1 minute holding at 90° C. and a subsequent cooling step from 90° C. to 60° C. at 5° C./min. A holding step at 60° C. was then applied for 15 minutes (constant strain of 0.2% and frequency of 1 Hz) followed by frequency and amplitude sweep tests at 60° C. During frequency sweeps, the frequency was increased from 0.01 to 10 Hz within 4 minutes at a constant strain of 0.2%. During strain sweeps, the strain was increased from 0.1 to 100% within 4 minutes at a constant frequency of 1 Hz.
Error bars represent the standard deviation of two measurements.
Quinoa flour aqueous dispersions (10 wt. %) were prepared with a lab scale mixer (1 min) and left overnight to ensure full hydration. Afterwards high shear was applied using a Silverson L5M-A mixer (2 min at 8000 rpm; 2 mm emulsor screen) for the samples 9 C-D.
Quinoa flour aqueous dispersions (10 wt. %) were prepared with a lab scale mixer (1 min) and left overnight to ensure full hydration. In case of the Silverson L5M-A a high shear is applied using a Silverson L5M-A mixer (2 min at 8000 rpm; 2 mm emulsor screen). High pressure homognization was applied with a High-Pressure homogenizer (Niro Soavi Panda) with two runs at 500 Pa.
In
Error bars represent the standard deviation of two measurements.
Samples were prepared by dispersing the quinoa flour, psyllium fibre, calcium chloride and vinegar in water in a lab scale mixer for 1 minute, and left overnight to ensure complete hydration. The next day the canola oil was added and a high shear was applied using Silverson L5M-A mixer (2 min at 8000 rpm; 2 mm emulsor screen).
Oscillatory rheological measurements were carried out to monitor the sol-to-gel transition of the different fibers as function of temperature. A resting step of 5 minutes was initially applied to equilibrate the material at 7° C., constant strain of 0.2% and frequency of 1 Hz. After this a frequency sweep was applied, during which the frequency was increased from 0.01 to 10 Hz within 4 minutes at a constant strain of 0.2%. The loss and storage modulus was then measured at a frequency of 1 Hz and a strain of 0.2% while heating from 7° C. to 90° C. at a heating rate of 5° C./min, followed by a 1 minute holding at 90° C. and a subsequent cooling step from 90° C. to 60° C. at 5° C./min. A holding step at 60° C. was then applied for 15 minutes (constant strain of 0.2% and frequency of 1 Hz) followed by frequency and amplitude sweep tests at During frequency sweeps, the frequency was increased from 0.01 to 10 Hz within 4 minutes at a constant strain of 0.2%. During strain sweeps, the strain was increased from 0.1 to 100% within 4 minutes at a constant frequency of 1 Hz.
In
Oscillatory rheological measurements were carried out to monitor the sol-to-gel transition of the different fibers as function of temperature. A resting step of 5 minutes was initially applied to equilibrate the material at 7° C., constant strain of 0.2% and frequency of 1 Hz. After this a frequency sweep was applied, during which the frequency was increased from 0.01 to 10 Hz within 4 minutes at a constant strain of 0.2%. The loss and storage modulus was then measured at a frequency of 1 Hz and a strain of 0.2% while heating from 7° C. to 90° C. at a heating rate of 5° C./min, followed by a 1 minute holding at 90° C. and a subsequent cooling step from 90° C. to 60° C. at 5° C./min. A holding step at 60° C. was then applied for 15 minutes (constant strain of 0.2% and frequency of 1 Hz) followed by frequency and amplitude sweep tests at 60° C. During frequency sweeps, the frequency was increased from 0.01 to 10 Hz within 4 minutes at a constant strain of 0.2%. During strain sweeps, the strain was increased from 0.1 to 100% within 4 minutes at a constant frequency of 1 Hz.
Error bars represent the standard deviation of two measurements.
Change in the Emulsion Gel Microstructure after Heating
Microscopy pictures indicating a change in the microstructure provided by the protein gelation after heating (
Emulsion gel samples were prepared by dispersing the quinoa flour, psyllium fibre and calcium chloride in water using a lab scale mixer for 1 minute, and left overnight to ensure complete hydration. The next day the canola oil was added and a high shear was applied using Silverson L5M-A mixer (2 min at 8000 rpm; 2 mm emulsor screen).
Change in the Emulsion Gel Microstructure after Heating
Microscopy pictures indicate a change in microstructure after heating (
Emulsion gel samples were prepared by dispersing the quinoa flour, psyllium fibre and calcium chloride in water using a lab scale mixer for 1 minute, and left overnight to ensure complete hydration. The next day the canola oil was added and a high shear was applied using Silverson L5M-A mixer (2 min at 8000 rpm; 2 mm emulsor screen).
Gel-Like Properties of Emulsion Gel Binders Produced Using Silverson and Ultra-Turrax equipment
Silverson L5M-A mixer: Samples were prepared by dispersing the quinoa flour, psyllium fibre and calcium chloride in water in a lab scale mixer for 1 minute, and left over night for hydration, afterwards the canola oil was added and a high shear was applied using Silverson L5M-A mixer (2 min at 8000 rpm; 2 mm emulsor screen).
Ultra-Turrax T25 basic mixer: Samples were prepared by dispersing the quinoa flour, psyllium fibre and calcium chloride in water in a lab scale mixer for 1 minute, and left over night for hydration, afterwards the canola oil was added and a high shear was applied using an Ultra-Turrax T25 basic (2 min at speed 5).
Plant based burgers were prepared according to the recipes shown below in Tables 2 and 3:
Each of the burgers made by the recipes in the table 2 had the following characteristics during preparation (e.g. molding in cold), handling (including cooking) and consumption.
The burger recipes shown in table 3 below were prepared for comparison purposes:
Each of the burgers made by the recipes in the tables 3 had the following characteristics during preparation (e.g. molding in cold), handling (including cooking) and consumption.
The burgers differed in characteristics upon consumption:
The burgers made by the recipes in table 5 had the following characteristics during preparation, handling, and consumption.
Number | Date | Country | Kind |
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20209642.6 | Nov 2020 | EP | regional |
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/EP2021/082800 | 11/24/2021 | WO |