Biodegradable plant protein composites and related methods

Abstract

The present invention includes biodegradable plant protein composites.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the utilization of blends of plant protein with poly(lactic acid) (or polylactide, PLA) for biodegradable plastics. This invention also relates to the utilization of blends of plant protein with polycaprolactone and modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) for biodegradable plastics. The invention also relates to the utilization of blends of plant protein with poly vinyl alcohol and N-vinyllactam polymers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The majority of plastics are petroleum-based, and therefore non-biodegradable. The vast amount of waste generated through use of traditional plastics is becoming a burden on local landfills. There is, therefore, a growing interest in using renewable resources to replace or partially replace petroleum-based plastics.

The main attractive features of soy protein-based plastics are their biodegradability and the fact that soy is an abundant renewable resource. In fact, soy protein polymers have been suggested as inexpensive and environmentally-friendly substitutes for use in: packing materials; insulation; dishware; utensils; clam shell containers; golf tees and other outdoor sporting goods. U.S. Pat. No. 5,523,293 to J. Jane and S. Wang, discloses compositions of soy protein-based biodegradable plastics which are said to be useful for molded materials. The formulation is generally composed of SP (or SP/starch), a carbohydrate filler, a reducing agent, a plasticizer, water, and optional additives. U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,152 to Sukh Bassi discloses the compositions of blends of grain protein (wheat gluten or corn gluten) with starch. The compositions are said to be useful for molded plastics. U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,190, there is disclosed a soy protein polymer comprising soy protein, a filler (polysaccharide material, ie. starch, gum and cellulose-based materials), a foaming agent, and plasticizers.

There are several limitations for broad application of soy protein and starch plastics described previously. The main problems include environmental instability and poor water resistance. Moreover, the plastic products made from SP and starch become brittle when moisture is lost, despite retention of high tensile strength. In contrast, the mechanical properties of SP/starch plastics deteriorate upon exposure to slight moisture increases, such as a change in relative humidity.

Alternate solutions have been proposed to solve these problems, including chemical modification, coating and blending with synthetic polymers. Usually, the benefit of chemical modification of biopolymers is offset by the decrease in product biodegradation and the increase in cost. Furthermore, coated soy protein plastics have not proven economical compared to petroleum-based plastics. To make soy protein plastics more economical, researchers have resorted to blending biopolymers with synthetic polymers. U.S. Pat. No. 5,321,064 to U. Vaidya and M. Bhattacharya, discloses compositions of biodegradable plastics made by reactive blending of a synthetic polymer with a naturally-occurring biodegradable polymer. These synthetic polymers contain functional groups which can form covalent bonds between two polymers. In other aspects of the Vaidya patent, gluten and maleic anhydride-modified polycaprolactone was blended. The blend with polycaprolactone became quite soft when subjected to a temperature above 60° C.

Other alternatives have been discussed in Li et al., The effects of Specific Interactions on the Surface Structure and Composition of Miscible Blends of Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone). Polymer, 1998, 39(11) 2355 and Raghunath et al., Grafting of Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) onto Gelatin and its Applications as Synthetic Plasma Expander. Eur. Polym. J. 1985, 21(2), 195.

Citation of the above documents is not intended as an admission that any of the foregoing is pertinent prior art. All statements as to the date or representation as to the contents of these documents is based on subjective characterization of information available to the applicant, and does not constitute any admission as to the accuracy of the dates or contents of these documents.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide soy protein plastics which have the advantage of being water resistant, biodegradable, wherein the biodegradation results in environmentally-inoffensive compounds.

It is a further object to provide biodegradable composites with added strength.

It is yet another object to provide biodegradable composites with added strength and water resistance.

It is therefore an object to provide soy protein/polylactide composites.

It is also an object to provide soy protein/polylactide/compatabilizer composites.

It is a specific object to provide soy protein/polylactide/poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) composites.

It is therefore an object to provide soy protein/polycaprolactone and modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) composites.

It is a specific object to provide soy protein/polycaprolactone/modified poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) composites.

It is also an object to provide plant protein/polyvinyl alcohol/N-vinyllactam polymer composites.

It is also a specific object to provide plant protein/polyvinyl alcohol/and poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) polymer composites.

Finally, it is an object of the invention to provide methods of making the composites.

Definitions. For the purposes of the present invention, the following terms shall have the following meanings:

“Plant protein” means any compound comprising a protein (any compound comprising amino acids, including, for example, polypeptides, peptides and modifications of nascent proteins, such as glycosylations, or cleavage products), wherein the protein is or was derived from plant matter, including a full plant, or derivatives from seeds, leaves, stems, roots, or any other plant parts or extractions.

“Compatibilizer” means any compound capable of enhancing the interaction between a plant protein and a polylactide, a plant protein and a polycaprolactone and/or modified poly(ethylene terephthalate).

“polylactide” means the compound described herein as “polylactide”, as well as any compound which functions in the same way with the same result. For instance, modified polylactides, acids thereof (e.g. polylactic acid) or mimetopes are within the present definition.

“polycaprolactone” means the compound described herein as “polycaprolactone”, as well as any compound which functions in the same way with the same result. For instance, modified polycaprolactone, acids thereof, or mimetopes are within the present definition.

“modified poly(ethylene terephthalate)” means the compound described herein as “poly(ethylene terephthalate)”, as well as any compound which functions in the same way with the same result. For instance, modified poly(ethylene terephthalate), acids thereof or mimetopes are within the present definition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 . Effects of composition on physical properties of SPI/PVA/PVP foam sheets

FIG. 2 . Effects of PVA concentration on physical properties of SPI/PVA/PVP foam sheets.

FIG. 3 . Effects of octenyldecene succinic anhydride on physical properties of SPI/PVA/PVP foam sheets.

FIG. 4 . Effects of glycerol concentration on physical properties of SPI/PVA/PVP foam sheets.

FIG. 5 . Effect of felatin on the physical properties of SPI/PVA/PVP foam sheets.

FIG. 6 . Effect of processing aides on physical properties of SPI/PVA/PVP foam sheets.

FIG. 7 . Effects of flavoring agents on physical properties of SPI/PVA/PVP foam sheets.

FIG. 8 . Effects of colorants on physical properties of SPI/PVA/PVP foam sheets.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention includes biodegradable composites, having a variety of components, said composite comprising: a plant protein component and a polylactide component. The composites can further comprise a compatibilizer component.

Preferred are composites wherein the parts by weight of the components are:

	plant protein	5-90	parts
	polylactide	90-5	parts, and optionally,
	compatibilizer	0-10	parts

These can be modified to include:

	water	6-15	parts
	plasticizer	0-10	parts

Of those composites, most preferred are those wherein the parts by weight of the components are:

	plant protein	50-90	parts
	polylactide	50-10	parts, and optionally,
	compatibilizer	0-6	parts

These can be modified to include:

	water	8-14	parts
	plasticizer	0-8	parts

Of course, composites as above, wherein the parts by weight are any within the ranges indicated are within the above preferred embodiments, including any combination or permutation of the above. The total should not exceed 100 parts.

The following table indicates sources for the components described in the present invention:

Component	Commercial Source(s)	de novo Synthesis
plant protein	Archer Daniels Midland	Alkaline extraction of a
	“ADM” (Decatur IL)	defatted meal and acid
		precipitation.
polylactide	Cargill Dow Polymers	As well known in the art:
	(Minneapolis, MN)	Polylactide is preferably
		synthesized by bulk polymeri-
		zation of lactide in presence
		of a suitable catalyst, such as
		zinc and tin compounds, e.g.
		diethyl tin, stannous oxide and
		tetraphenyl tin.
		ie.
		* W. Dittrich, R. C. Schulz,
		Angew Makromol. Chem.,
		15, 109 (1971).
		* H. R. Kricheldorf, Polym.
		Bull. (Berlin), 14, 497 (1985).
		* D. K. Gilding, A. M. Reed,
		Polymer, 20, 1459 (1979).
		* U.S. 3976071 (1976),
		Dynatech Co., Inv., S. E.
		Sadek
compatibilizer	Aldrich	As well known in the art:
	(Milwaukee, WI)	Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) is
		obtained by ring-opening
		isomerization polymerization
		of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline
		initiated by methyl p-
		toluenesulfonate in
		acetonitrile.
		ie.
		* S. Kobayashi, M. Kaku and
		T. Saegusa. Macromol., 21,
		334 (1988).

The protein component can be any known in the art, and be available as part of a larger formulation, such as an isolate with carbohydrates and fiber. Plant proteins which are within the scope of the present invention include any which are not water soluble, including, water-insoluble fractions from zein, corn gluten, wheat gluten, legumes, canola, sunflower, sorghum, and soybean. Any form of protein may be used; for instance, isolates, concentrates and flour are all acceptable forms of protein.

For example, soy protein may be in the form of a soy isolate containing at least 75 to 95% protein, a soy protein concentrate containing at least 50 to 70% protein, or soy flour containing at least 30 to 50% soy protein. Soy protein from soy isolates containing 95% protein, soy concentrates containing 70% protein and soy flour containing at least 50% protein are preferred. The soy protein isolate or concentrate may be prepared, for example, by alkaline extraction of a defatted meal and acid precipitation, a technique well-known and used routinely in the art. Soy protein is also commercially available, for example, as Promine R (Central Soya) which is a soy protein isolate having a protein content of approximately 95 wt-%. Other soy protein products are also available from Archer Daniels Midland, Decatur Ill., and Protein Technology, St. Louis, Mo. A particularly useful brand-named soy protein from ADM is PRO-Fam 646.

In this regard, commercial soy protein (soy protein isolate, or soy concentrate, or soy flour) always contains a certain amount of water (6-9%). Before blending with other polymers, it is optimal to formulate the soy protein first. For instance, water, plasticizer and other ingredients can be added in certain parts to 100 parts of dry soy protein. For example, if the moisture in a commercial soy protein is 6%, the measurement would be 106.4 g for 100 parts. At the blending step, the soy protein (again, soy protein dry weight based on the formulated soy protein) and polymer(s) compose of 100 parts, and, to this, certain parts of compatibilizer can be added.

Also preferred is a composite wherein the compatibilizer component is poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOX).

In other embodiments, there are provided composites which further include an effective amount of a plasticizing agent to impart flexibility to the material before, during, and after mixing, and to provide flexibility, elasticity, and processability to the formed article. The plasticizer can be any known in the art, eg. polyols and higher molecular weight alcohols, for example glycerol, glycerol monoacetate, diglycerol, glycerol diacetate or triacetate, triethylene glycol, urea, diacetin sorbitol, sorbitan, mannitol, malitol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium cellulose glycolate, cellulose methyl ether, sodium alginate, sodium diethylsuccinate, triethyl citrate, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, polyethylene propylene glycols, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, triethylamine, and mixtures thereof, with glycerol and propylene glycol being preferred.

Of course, those in the art recognize that other components, such as non-soy proteins, reducing agents, fillers, extenders, bleaching agents, coloring agents, flavorings, lubricants, preservatives, foaming agents, pH modifiers or other additives may be included in the present composite so as to improve or otherwise alter the end product, as desired. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,523,293 and 5,710,190 describe such modifications, and are herein incorporated by reference.

Also provided by the present invention are methods for making biodegradable soy protein composites comprising: mixing soy protein, polylactide, a compatibilizer, a minimum amount of water, a plasticizer, and other additives, if desired; and subsequently extruding said mixture through a twin-screw extruder, at a temperature sufficient to make the composite extrudable. Preferred are methods wherein the temperature profile of the twin-screw extruder is 145° C. (zone next to die), 150-155° C. in the second zone, 140-145° C. in the third zone, 100° C. in the fourth zone, 75° C. (next to feeder). More preferred is a method as described wherein the screw speed is 60-70 rpm.

The composite components can be obtained as described previously. Extruders are produced under several brand names, such as Cincinnati Millicron and Wenger X-20. A suitable extruder can be obtained, for example, from List, Inc., Acton, Mass.

The temperatures used during this method can be any which allow appropriate flow of the materials, without losing the essential qualities of the composite. The extruder can be operated according to the manufacturer's instructions.

The present invention includes biodegradable composites, having a variety of components, said composite comprising: a plant protein component and a polycaprolactone component. The composites can further comprise a compatibilizer component.

Preferred are composites wherein the parts by weight of the components are:

plant protein	5-90	parts
polycaprolactone	90-5	parts, and optionally,
modified poly(ethylene terephthalate)	25-0	parts

These can be modified to include:

	compatibilizer	0-10	parts
	water	6-15	parts
	plasticizer	0-10	parts

Of those composites, most preferred are those wherein the parts by weight of the components are:

plant protein	50-80	parts
polycaprolactone	50-20	parts, and optionally,
modified poly(ethylene terephthalate)	25-0	parts

These can be modified to include:

	compatibilizer	0-5	parts
	water	8-14	parts
	plasticizer	0-8	parts

Of course, composites as above, wherein the parts by weight are any within the ranges indicated are within the above preferred embodiments, including any combination or permutation of the above. The total should not exceed 100 parts.

The following table indicates sources for the components described in the present invention:

Component	Commercial Source(s)	de novo Synthesis
plant protein	Archer Daniels Midland	Alkaline extraction of a
	“ADM” (Decatur IL),	defatted meal and acid
	Protein Technologies	precipitation.
	International, St. Louis,
	MO
polycaprolactone	Union Carbide	as well known in the art:
	(Summerset, NJ)	Polycaprolactone is
		synthesized by ring-opening
		polymerization of
		(-caprolactone both in bulk
		and solution. A variety of
		compounds can be used as
		initiators, e.g.,
		alkylaluminum, dialkylzinc,
		aluminum alkoxides, and
		stannous octoate. Some
		literature is as follows.
		* R. D. Lundberg and E. F.
		Cox, Lactones, in Ring-
		opening Polymerization,
		Vol. 2, K. C. Frisch and
		S. L. Reegens, Eds, Deker,
		New York, 1969.
		* R. D. Lundberg, J. V.
		Koleske, and W. B.
		Wischmann, J. Polym. Sci.
		A-1, 7, 2915 (1969).
		* A. Hamilton, T. Oukadi,
		R. Jerome, and Ph. Teyssie,
		J. Polym. Sci. Chem. Ed.,
		15, 865 (1977).
modified poly-	Aldrich	as well known in the art
(ethylenetere-	(Milwaukee, WI)
phthalate)

The protein component can be any known in the art, and be available as part of a larger formulation, such as an isolate with carbohydrates and fiber. Plant proteins which are within the scope of the present invention include any which are not water soluble, including, water-insoluble fractions from zein, corn gluten, wheat gluten, legumes, canola, sunflower, sorghum, and soybean. Any form of protein may be used; for instance, isolates, concentrates and flour are all acceptable forms of protein.

For example, soy protein may be in the form of a soy isolate containing at least 75 to 95% protein, a soy protein concentrate containing at least 50 to 70% protein, or soy flour containing at least 30 to 50% soy protein. Soy protein from soy isolates containing 95% protein, soy concentrates containing 70% protein and soy flour containing at least 50% protein are preferred. The soy protein isolate or concentrate may be prepared, for example, by alkaline extraction of a defatted meal and acid precipitation, a technique well-known and used routinely in the art. Soy protein is also commercially available, for example, as Promine R (Central Soya) which is a soy protein isolate having a protein content of approximately 95 wt-%. Other soy protein products are also available from Archer Daniels Midland, Decatur Ill., and Protein Technology, St. Louis, Mo. A particularly useful brand-named soy protein from ADM is PRO-Fam 646.

In this regard, commercial soy protein (soy protein isolate, or soy concentrate, or soy flour) always contains a certain amount of water (6-9%). Before blending with other polymers, it is optimal to formulate the soy protein first. For instance, water, plasticizer and other ingredients can be added in certain parts to 100 parts of dry soy protein. For example, if the moisture in a commercial soy protein is 6%, the measurement would be 106.4 g for 100 parts. At the blending step, the soy protein (again, soy protein dry weight based on the formulated soy protein) and polymer(s) compose of 100 parts, and, to this, certain parts of compatibilizer can be added. Generally, the more synthetic polymer used, the better the water resistance and processability. However, since synthetic biodegradable polymers are usually much more expensive, it is best to use less of them and and maintain good mechanical properties.

Biomax is a trademarked product of Dupont, of Old Hickory, Tenn. When Biomax is used, it is optimally blended with polycaprolactone (PCL) first, then the resultant resin blended with soy protein. The melting point of Biomax is high (Ca. 200° C.), and processing at such high temperature can degrade soy protein. The melting temperature is greatly decreased after Biomax is blended with PCL (the more PCL, the lower the resulting melting temperature), because the melting temperature of PCL is only about 60C. The preferred blends of PCL with Biomax are the following two different ratios, 50/50 and 75/25. The blends showed good mechanical properties even without using a compatibilizer.

In other embodiments, there are provided composites which further include an effective amount of a plasticizing agent to impart flexibility to the material before, during, and after mixing, and to provide flexibility, elasticity, and processability to the formed article. The plasticizer can be any known in the art, eg. polyols and higher molecular weight alcohols, for example glycerol, glycerol monoacetate, diglycerol, glycerol diacetate or triacetate, triethylene glycol, urea, diacetin sorbitol, sorbitan, mannitol, malitol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium cellulose glycolate, cellulose methyl ether, sodium alginate, sodium diethylsuccinate, triethyl citrate, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, polyethylene propylene glycols, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, triethylamine, and mixtures thereof, with glycerol and propylene glycol being preferred. For soy protein, a range of chemicals could be used as plasticizers including glycerol, (- and (-propylene glycol, caprolactone, some short chain hydroxyl alkanoic acids such as hydroxybutanoic acid and hydroxycaproic acid, some mono-sugars and their derivatives. For PLA and modified poly(ethylene terephthalate), tone polyol(s) (low molecular weight polycaprolactone) proved to be a good plasticizer. Epoxidized oil can also be used. Both are biodegradable.

Also preferred is a composite which further comprises a compatibilizer. Composites wherein the compatibilizer component is poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOX) are preferred. Besides poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline), other poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline), e.g., poly(2-propionyl-2-oxazoline), poly(2-phenyl-2-oxazolone), can also be used as compatibilizers for the blends of soy protein with PLA and poly(ethylene terephthalate). In addition, maleic anhydride grafted rubber, epoxy/hydroxyl functionalized polybutadiene can be used as good compatibilizers.

Of course, those in the art recognize that other components, such as non-soy proteins, reducing agents, fillers, extenders, bleaching agents, coloring agents, flavorings, lubricants, preservatives, foaming agents, pH modifiers or other additives may be included in the present composite so as to improve or otherwise alter the end product, as desired. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,523,293 and 5,710,190 describe such modifications, and are herein incorporated by reference.

Also provided by the present invention are methods for making biodegradable soy protein composites comprising: mixing soy protein, polycaprolactone or a combination of polycaprolactone and a modified poly(ethylene terephthalate), a compatibilizer, a minimum amount of water, a plasticizer, and other additives, if desired; and subsequently extruding said mixture through a twin-screw extruder, at a temperature sufficient to make the composite extrudable. Preferred are methods wherein the temperature profile of the twin-screw extruder is 145° C. (zone next to die), 150-155° C. in the second zone, 140-145° C. in the third zone, 110° C. in the fourth zone, 75° C. (next to feeder). More preferred is a method as described wherein the screw speed is 60-70 rpm.

The composite components can be obtained as described previously. Extruders are produced under several brand names, such as Cincinnati Millicron and Wenger X-20. A suitable extruder can be obtained, for example, from List, Inc., Acton, Mass.

The temperatures used during this method can be any which allow appropriate flow of the materials, without losing the essential qualities of the composite. The extruder can be operated according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Two methods were adopted for the blending process of soy protein with synthetic polyesters. In the first method, the formulated soy protein powder (with additives) was mixed directly with synthetic polyesters, then extruded.

In the second method, the formulated soy protein (with additives) was extruded first and pelletized, then the soy protein pellets were mixed with synthetic polyesters and extruded again. If it is necessary, the soy protein pellets can be dried to contain as low as 4% moisture before it is blended with polyesters. This will result in a better compatibility between soy protein and synthetic polymers. It was found that using the second method gave blend products with better mechanical properties and better miscibility.

The present invention also includes biodegradable composites, having a variety of components, said composite comprising: a plant protein component and a N-vinyllactam polymers component. The composites can further comprise a compatibilizer component.

Preferred are composites wherein the parts by weight of the components are:

	plant protein	50-100	parts
	polyvinylalcohol	5-50	parts, and
	N-vinyllactam polymer	.5-10	parts

These can be modified to include:

	water	50-100	parts
	plasticizer	0-50	parts

Of those composites, most preferred are those wherein the parts by weight of the components are:

	plant protein	70-100	parts
	polyvinylalcohol	10-30	parts, and
	N-vinyllactam polymer	2-5	parts

These can be modified to include:

	water	50-80	parts
	plasticizer	10-30	parts

Of course, composites as above, wherein the parts by weight are any within the ranges indicated are within the above preferred embodiments, including any combination or permutation of the above. The total should not exceed 100 parts.

Other ingredients may include:

Sodium tripolyphosphate (processing aide) 0.5-4 parts, preferably 1-2 parts

Ethanol or isopropanol (processing aide, texture modifiers) 0.5-2 parts, preferably 1-1.5 parts

Potassium sorbate (preservative) 0.5-1 parts, preferably 0.5 parts

Dyes 0.01-0.1 parts, preferably 0.01-0.05.

The generic name for PVP polymers is N-vinyllactam polymers. They include poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and its copolymers such as poly(vinyl pyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone-co-styrene), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone-co-maleic anhydride), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone-co-methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone-co-methacrylic acid) poly(vinyl pyrrolidone-co-acrylic acid), and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone-co-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate). All of these are contemplated as part of the present invention.

The following table indicates sources for the components described in the present invention:

Component	Commercial Source(s)	de novo Synthesis
plant protein	Archer Daniels Midland	Alkaline extraction of a
	“ADM” (Decatur IL),	defatted meal and acid
	Protein Technologies	precipitation.
	International, St. Louis,
	MO
Polyvinyl alcohol	Sigma Chemical	as well known in the art: ie.
and PVP	Company	Li, L., Chan, C.-M., Weng,
	(St. Louis, MO)	L.-T.
		The effects of Specific
		Interactions on the Surface
		Structure and Composition
		of Miscible Blends of
		Poly(vinyl alcohol) and
		Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone).
		Polymer, 1998, 39 (11)
		2355.

The protein component can be any known in the art, and be available as part of a larger formulation, such as an isolate with carbohydrates and fiber. Plant proteins which are within the scope of the present invention include any which are not water soluble, including, water-insoluble fractions from zein, corn gluten, wheat gluten, legumes, canola, sunflower, sorghum, and soybean. Any form of protein may be used; for instance, isolates, concentrates and flour are all acceptable forms of protein.

For example, soy protein may be in the form of a soy isolate containing at least 75 to 95% protein, a soy protein concentrate containing at least 50 to 70% protein, or soy flour containing at least 30 to 50% soy protein. Soy protein from soy isolates containing 95% protein, soy concentrates containing 70% protein and soy flour containing at least 50% protein are preferred. The soy protein isolate or concentrate may be prepared, for example, by alkaline extraction of a defatted meal and acid precipitation, a technique well-known and used routinely in the art. Soy protein is also commercially available, for example, as Promine R (Central Soya) which is a soy protein isolate having a protein content of approximately 95 wt-%. Other soy protein products are also available from Archer Daniels Midland, Decatur Ill., and Protein Technology, St. Louis, Mo. A particularly useful brand-named soy protein from ADM is PRO-Fam 646.

In this regard, commercial soy protein (soy protein isolate, or soy concentrate, or soy flour) always contains a certain amount of water (6-9%). Before blending with other polymers, it is optimal to formulate the soy protein first. For instance, water, plasticizer and other ingredients can be added in certain parts to 100 parts of dry soy protein. For example, if the moisture in a commercial soy protein is 6%, the measurement would be 106.4 g for 100 parts. At the blending step, the soy protein (again, soy protein dry weight based on the formulated soy protein) and polymer(s) compose of 100 parts, and, to this, certain parts of compatibilizer can be added. Generally, the more synthetic polymer used, the better the water resistance and processability. However, since synthetic biodegradable polymers are usually much more expensive, it is best to use less of them and and maintain good mechanical properties.

In other embodiments, there are provided composites which further include an effective amount of a plasticizing agent to impart flexibility to the material before, during, and after mixing, and to provide flexibility, elasticity, and processability to the formed article. The plasticizer can be any known in the art, eg. polyols and higher molecular weight alcohols, for example glycerol, glycerol monoacetate, diglycerol, glycerol diacetate or triacetate, triethylene glycol, urea, diacetin sorbitol, sorbitan, mannitol, malitol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium cellulose glycolate, cellulose methyl ether, sodium alginate, sodium diethylsuccinate, triethyl citrate, polyethylene glycols, polypropylene glycols, polyethylene propylene glycols, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, triethylamine, and mixtures thereof, with glycerol and propylene glycol being preferred. For soy protein, a range of chemicals could be used as plasticizers including glycerol, (- and (-propylene glycol, caprolactone, some short chain hydroxyl alkanoic acids such as hydroxybutanoic acid and hydroxycaproic acid, some mono-sugars and their derivatives. For PLA and modified poly(ethylene terephthalate), tone polyol(s) (low molecular weight polycaprolactone) proved to be a good plasticizer. Epoxidized oil can also be used. Both are biodegradable.

Of course, those in the art recognize that other components, such as non-soy proteins, reducing agents, fillers, extenders, bleaching agents, coloring agents, flavorings, lubricants, preservatives, foaming agents, pH modifiers or other additives may be included in the present composite so as to improve or otherwise alter the end product, as desired. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,523,293 and 5,710,190 describe such modifications, and are herein incorporated by reference.

Also provided by the present invention are methods for making biodegradable soy protein composites comprising: mixing soy protein, polycaprolactone or a combination of polycaprolactone and a modified poly(ethylene terephthalate), a compatibilizer, a minimum amount of water, a plasticizer, and other additives, if desired; and subsequently extruding said mixture through a twin-screw extruder, at a temperature sufficient to make the composite extrudable. Preferred are methods wherein the temperature profile of the twin-screw extruder is 145° C. (zone next to die), 150-155° C. in the second zone, 140-145° C. in the third zone, 110° C. in the fourth zone, 75° C. (next to feeder). More preferred is a method as described wherein the screw speed is 60-70 rpm.

The composite components can be obtained as described previously. Extruders are produced under several brand names, such as Cincinnati Millicron and Wenger X-20. A suitable extruder can be obtained, for example, from List, Inc., Acton, Mass.

The temperatures used during this method can be any which allow appropriate flow of the materials, without losing the essential qualities of the composite. 100 degrees Cesius is ideal, but any temperature between approximately 95 and approximately 125 will work. The extruder can be operated according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Polylactide Blend Examples

Materials SPI was obtained from Protein Technologies International, St. Louis, Mo., and was used as received. SPC and SF were obtained from ADM, and were used as received. PLA was obtained from Cargill Dow Polymers (Minneapolis, Minn.). Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (MW 500,000) was purchased from Aldrich. All other chemical reagents used were reagent grade and were obtained from commercial sources.

Formulation To a 100 part of SP (dry wt.) was added 0.5 parts of sodium sulfite, 1 part of sodium tripolyphosphate, 0.5-0.8 parts of an internal lubricant, 8-13 parts of water and 2-8 parts of glycerol and other additives while mixing. The amount of each additive added was determined by the requirement of the final products. The above SP formulation was mixed with PEOX (supplied in coarse powder form) and PLA pellets.

Extrusion compounding Compounding was performed in a Leistritz 18 twin-screw corotating extruder (Leistritz Micro 18, American Leistritz Co., Sommerville, N.J.). The extruder is divided into five heating zones for temperature control. The temperature profile of the twin-screw extruder heating zones was 145° C. (zone next to die), 150-155° C., 140-145° C., 100° C. 75° C. (next to feeder), and the screw speed was 60-70 rpm. A 3 mm diameter die was attached to the end of extruder, and its temperature was 140° C. The extrudate was pelletized and the moisture content was determined.

Injection molding Injection molding was performed on a Boy-22S Dipronic injection molder (Boy Machines Inc., Exton, Pa.), with a L/D ratio of 18. The barrel was divided into two heating zones. The temperature was set up at 144-157° C. (nozzle), 135-145° C. (zone 2), 120-130° C. (zone 1). The mold temperature was 23° C., screw speed 250 rpm, and injection pressure 2050 spi.

Physical properties Mechanical properties of the injection molded tensile bars were determined using an Instron Universal Testing Machine (model 4502, Instron Co., Canton, Mass.) by following the ASTM D638. Water absorption was conducted by immersion method following ASTM D57081. The water uptake at 2-hour and 24-hour were calculated. Thermal properties were measured by DSC., DMA, and TGA.

Polycaprolactone Blend Examples

Materials Soy protein isolate (SPI) was obtained from Protein Technologies International, St. Louis, Mo., and was used as received. Soy protein concentrate (SPC) and soy flour (SF) were obtained from ADM, and were used as received. PCL was obtained from Union Carbide (Summerset, N.J.), and Biomax from Du Pont. Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (MW 500,000) was purchased from Aldrich. All other chemical reagents used were reagent grade and were obtained from commercial sources.

Compounding of Biomax and PCL blends Compounding was performed in a Leistritz 18 twin-screw corotating extruder (Leistritz Micro 18, American Leistritz Co., Sommerville, N.J.). The extruder is divided into five heating zones for temperature control. The temperature profile of the twin-screw extruder heating zones was 178° C. (zone next to die), 205° C., 200° C., 120° C., 60° C. (zone next to feeder), and the screw speed was 70 rpm. A 3 mm diameter die was attached to the end of extruder, and its temperature was 155° C. The extrudate was pelletized and the moisture content was determined.

Formulation To a 100 part of SP (dry wt.) was added 0.5 parts of sodium sulfite, 1 part of sodium tripolyphosphate, 0.5-0.8 parts of an internal lubricant, 10-13 parts of water and 2-8 parts of glycerol and other additives while mixing. The amount of each additive added was determined by the requirement of the final products. The above SP formulation was mixed with PEOX and Biomax/PCL pellets.

Compounding of soy blends The temperature profile of the twin-screw extruder heating zones was 145° C. (zone next to die), 150-155° C., 140-145° C., 110° C., 75° C. (zone next to feeder), and the screw speed was 60-70 rpm. A 3 mm diameter die was attached to the end of extruder, and its temperature was 140° C. The extrudate was pelletized and the moisture content was determined.

Injection molding Injection molding was performed on a Boy-22S Dipronic injection molder (Boy Machines Inc., Exton, Pa.), with a L/D ratio of 18. The barrel was divided into two heating zones. The temperature was set up at 150-157° C. (nozzle), 150-160C (zone 2), 130-140° C. (zone 1). The mold temperature was 23° C., screw speed 250 rpm, and injection pressure 2050 spi.

Physical properties Mechanical properties of the injection molded tensile bars were determined using an Instron Universal Testing Machine (model 4502, Instron Co., Canton, Mass.) by following the ASTM D638. Water absorption was conducted by immersion method following ASTM D570-81. The water uptake at 2-hour and 24-hour were calculated. Thermal properties were measured by DSC., DMA, and TGA.

Polyvinyl Alcohol Blend Examples

Materials

Soy protein isolate (spi, Supro 760) was obtained from Protein technology International, St. Louis, Mo. Reagent grade chemicals such as glycerol and salts were obtained from commercial sources. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, MW 70,000-10000, 90% hydrolyzed) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, MW 360,000) were obtained from Sigma Chemical Company.

Formulation

Soy protein and PVA can be combined in different proportions to give materials with different physical properties. Below is an example of typical formulation procedure used to make soy protein foams. Soy protein isolate (100 parts dry weight) was placed in a high-speed mixer (Henschel Mixers American, Inc. Houston, Tex.). A slurry containing water (80 parts) glycerol (30 parts), sodium tripolyphosphate (1 part) and polyvinylalcohol (2 parts) was introduced while mixing. The formulation was mixed thoroughly for a few minutes and then left overnight before compounding and extrusion to make the pellets. Compounding and extrusion was carried out in a twin screw co-rotating extruder (Leistritz Micro 18, American Leistritz Corp., Sommerville, N.J.), equipped with an auto feeder. The process was executed at about 130° C. and a speed of 150 rpm. The extrudate that came out did not form a continuous strand. It however crushed in the high-speed mixer to give flakes that were used in a Brabender extrusion. Formulations that contained polyvinylpyrrolidone gave continuous stands which could be easily pelletized.

Extrusion of Soy Protein/PVA Foam Sheets

The flakes or pellets were processed in a single screw Brabender extruder (C. W. Brabender Instruments, Inc., Hackensack, N.J.) with a six-inch flat sheet die. The processing was done at 150-160° C. The foam sheet was drawn using a Brabender take-off unit.

Physical Properties

Mechanical properties of the sheets were determined using an Instron Universal Testing Machine (model 4502, Instron Corp. Canton, Mass.). The analysis was done using the method, ASTM D882-91. The bulk densities of the foams were obtained by displacement method using amaranth seeds.

RESULTS

TABLE 1
Physical properties of SPI foam sheet
		Tensile strength		Young's
Sample	Density (g/cc)	(MPa)	Elongation (%)	modulus (MPa)
Control	0.53	6.47 ± 0.56	7.67 ± 1.61	164.90 ± 49.60
PVA2	0.61	4.70 ± 0.37	23.39 ± 5.09	125.30 ± 33.33
PVA3	0.47	5.72 ± 0.55	28.13 ± 12.05	153.00 ± 33.43
PVA2/PVP2	0.47	7.61 ± 0.64	8.48 ± 0.82	178.70 ± 25.40
PVA10/PVP3	0.52	6.95 ± 0.75	15.22 ± 3.46	161.00 ± 24.20
PVA2 contains 2 parts PVA, PVA3 contains 3 parts PVA, PVA2/PVP2 = PVA:PVP, 2:2 parts PVA10/PVP3 = PVA:PVP, 10:3 parts. Data is ± standard deviation.

Although the present invention has been fully described herein, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications are apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as included within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A non-toxic biodegradable plant protein composite said composite comprising a plant protein component and a polylactide component, wherein the parts by weight of the plant component and the polylactide component are:plant protein 5-95 parts, andpolylactide95-5 parts,wherein said composite total does not exceed 100 parts.

2. The composite of claim 1, wherein the parts by weight of the plant component and the polylactide component are:plant protein50-80parts, andpolylactide50-20parts,wherein said composite total does not exceed 100 parts.

3. The composite of claim 1, which further comprises a compatibilizer component.

4. The composite of claim 3, wherein the parts by weight of the plant component, the polylactide component and compatibilizer component are:plant protein5-95parts,polylactide85.1-4.9parts, andcompatibilizer0.1-9.9parts,wherein said composite total does not exceed 100 parts.

5. The composite of claim 3, wherein the parts by weight of the plant component, the polylactide component and compatibilizer component are:plant protein50-80parts,polylactide49.9-12.1parts, andcompatibilizer0.1-7.9parts,wherein said composite total does not exceed 100 parts.

6. The composite of claim 1, wherein said plant protein component is a soy protein.

7. The composite of claim 6, wherein said soy protein is selected from the group consisting of a soy isolate containing at least 75 to 95% protein a soy concentrate containing at least 50 to 70% protein and a soy flour containing at least 30 to 50% protein, wherein the protein percentage relates to the amount of soy protein contained in either the soy isolate, the soy concentrate, or the soy flour.

8. The composite of claim 6, wherein said soy protein is selected from the group consisting of: a soy isolate containing at least 95% protein, a soy concentrate containing at least 70% protein, and a soy flour containing at least 50% protein, wherein the protein percentage relates to the amount of soy protein contained in either the soy isolate, the soy concentrate, or the soy flour.

9. The composite of claim 3, wherein said compatibilizer component is poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline).

10. The composite of claim 5, which further comprises water to gelate a soy protein, and a plasticizer to plasticize a soy protein.

11. The composite of claim 5, which further comprises at least one of the components from the group consisting of non-soy proteins, reducing agents, fillers, extenders, bleaching agents, coloring agents, flavorings, lubricants, preservatives, foaming agents and pH modifiers.