Cimicidae, Cimex I, better known as bedbugs, are small parasites that prefer human blood and commonly infest the area near and of the bed. Bedbugs are typically found in mattresses, box springs, and the carpets and baseboards of a bedroom. Bedbugs tend to reside within cracks and harborages within 1.5 m of the target's bed. Because treatments must be carried out in the sleeping areas, chemical pesticides are often avoided.
Bedbugs have become increasingly more resistant to insecticides, particularly pyrethroid insecticides, which are used in the majority of bedbug's cases. The well-established resistance of bedbugs to DDT and pyrethroids has created a need for different and newer chemical approaches to the extermination of bedbugs.
Diatomaceous earth can be useful in conjunction with other methods of managing bedbug infestation, but only in a dry environment, as the dust-like material disrupts the insect's waxy outer layer of their exoskeletons causing dehydration. Boric acid is ineffectual against bedbugs because bedbugs do not groom.
Freezing or cooking bedbugs by dry ice or steam treatment of beds has inconsistent success at eradicating bedbugs. This is attributed to the protective positions within beds where they hide. Professional heat treatments, to around 45° C., kills bedbugs; however the temperature must be maintained for a significant amount of time.
The fungus Beauveria bassiana is highly effective at eliminating bedbugs exposed to the fungus spores. It is effective against bedbug colonies when spores are carried by infected bugs. Exposure to the fungus requires five days of exposure. Unfortunately, those with compromised immune systems can have very adverse reactions to the concentrated presence of the fungus following an application.
In Eastern Europe, bedbugs have been entrapped physically by bean leaves, by microscopic hooked hairs (trichomes) on the leaf surfaces. The capture mechanism is the physical impaling of bedbug feet (tarsi) by these trichomes. The mechanism is a piercing entanglement, where bedbugs are impaled by trichomes on several legs and are unable to free themselves. Only mechanically vulnerable sites on the bug tarsi are pierced by the trichomes, which are located at effective heights and orientations for this impaling. Szyndler et al. J. R. Soc. Interface, 2013, 10, 83, 20130174 examined bean leaf templated micro-fabricated surfaces including the trichomes of polymeric materials with properties chosen to mimic the plant's cell walls. Although the synthetic surfaces snagged bedbugs temporarily, they did not hinder the bug's locomotion effectively. Hence, there remains a need for an effective method of dealing with bedbugs in a safe and effective manner.
Inspired by the ability of bean leaves to trap bedbugs, embodiments of the invention are directed to improved mechanical traps that are appropriate for the structure of the Cimex I. Starving Cimex I. are flat, as shown in
In one embodiment of the invention, vertical pillars having hook or pillar structures are supported on a base to trap the bedbug's exoskeleton, avoiding adhesive surface features. These are shown in
The traps can have a mixture of features and densities, as portions of the traps can be effective for the trapping of nymphs while other portions of the traps can be effective at trapping adults. The trap can have areas of different densities distributed in any periodic, random or quasiperiodic manner. The density of features can be of a gradient over the area of the trap. In this way, the probability of either nymphs or adults to cross the entire trap is low. The traps can be constructed such that they can act as a barrier around a bed, the bedroom, near sites of entry or egress from a bedroom, such as electrical outlets or cable outlets. The traps can be as strips that can be placed on the floor, between the mattress and box spring, or in any other location where one anticipates the movement of bedbugs. The traps can be constructed with an edge barrier that when crossed obliges the bedbug to drop onto the trap and not immediately leave before experiencing all of the trap's features. The traps can be prepared by various manners, including molding, flocking, or otherwise drawing fibers up from a surface. The base of the trap can be flat, curved, or have any other terrain to direct or otherwise oblige the bedbugs to enter into the areas of pillars and/or hooks.
The traps can act as a barrier. The traps can be mounted and employed with the features oriented in any orientation, that is horizontal up, horizontal down, vertically, or at any angle. The traps can be used to deter the entry of the bedbugs to a bed or other area, as the bedbugs cannot cross the barrier. The bedbugs cannot crawl over trapped bedbugs.
In another embodiment of the invention, microfibers that are aligned randomly or in parallel are employed to trap Cimex I. via their tibia and tarsi. The microfibers can be electro-spun fibers or made by other fiber formation techniques. This embodiment is shown in
In another embodiment of the invention, the microfibers are shorter; being inspired by or molded from the surface of beggar's lice seed pods (Hackelia virginiana). In this embodiment of the invention, the legs or a small portion of the body is entrapped due to the size of the fiber features. The beggar's lice pods have a surface that has a robust hooking structure that traps bedbugs. The bedbug trap, according to an embodiment of the invention, has a surface that mimics the surface of the beggar's lice pods with hooks that are about 300 μm in length and about 30 μm in cross-section. Hence the hooks are about 200 to about 500 μm in length and about 10 to about 50 μm in cross-section. For example the hooks can be 200×10 μm to 500×10 μm in dimension, 200×50 μm to 500×50 μm such that the aspect ratio, length to cross-section, of the fibers is 4 to 10.
In one embodiment of the invention, the bedbug trap is formed by a soft-molding of the surface of beggar's lice seed pods; for example, molding a plurality of appropriately positioned pods with a silicone room temperature vulcanization (RTV) or other silicone resin or any other soft-material resin that can be placed on the textured surface consisting of a plurality of pods, cured to a resin, for example, but not necessarily, a rubber, and the pods removed or decomposed leaving a mold of the cured resin having the template pods' textured surface. A beggar's lice seed pod mimic or the ultimate molded trap can be used as the template for the cured resin mold. The cured resin mold can then be used to infuse a resin that can form a thermoset polymer, thermoplastic polymer, or a ceramic upon curing that retains the features of the beggar's lice seed pod surface. The cured resin can be that of any polymer or ceramic whose uncured resin can be infused into the soft mold without diffusing into the rubber. The resin can be a vinyl resin or a condensation cure resin. The polymeric resin can be an acrylic resin, stryrenic resin, a polyester resin, a polyamide resin, or any other resin that can be infused into the about 300×30 μm voids extending from the surface of the mold. After curing of the resin to form the bedbug trap, the mold can be delaminated from the trap or the mold can be decomposed or dissolved to release the trap.
In another embodiment of the invention, a mimic of the beggar's lice seed pod surface can be formed by spraying or otherwise distributing ceramic and/or polymer micro fibers on a surface to which they will adhere. In this embodiment, a surface with a distribution of approximately 300×30 μm at least a portion of the fibers are oriented to be non-planar with the surface to which they are applied. For example, the fibers can be applied by: flocking, such as electrostatic flocking, pneumatic flocking, or gravity flocking; spraying; or any other means of decorating a surface with fibers to achieve adhered fibers with an orientation that is not parallel to the contacting surface. A plurality of fibers of different composition can be co-applied where the properties, such as solubility or melting or decomposition temperature is significantly different such that sacrificial fibers can be removed while leaving the beggar's lice seed pod mimic from the non-sacrificial remaining fibers. For example, a mixture of ceramic and polymeric fibers can be flocked onto a pre-ceramic receiving surface which is then cured in an oven of sufficient temperature to leave a ceramic bedbug trap when the polymer has been decomposed thermally during curing.
The traps can be used on surfaces that are vertical, horizontal, or at any angle to provide the beggar's lice seed pod inspired surface to the path over which the bedbug must travel to approach a potential host's bed. Traps can be for one-time use or reusable. For example, a reusable ceramic bedbug trap can be formed where the entrapped bedbugs can be pyrolysized from the used trap to form a regenerated trap. In the case of a polymeric resin, the surface can be one that may be cleaned with an aqueous solution, such as an acid solution, base solution, or a surfactant solution by which the dead or dying bedbugs can be removed from the trap.
In another embodiment of the invention, the microfiber length is even shorter, using a plastron surface technology where the stiffness, spacing, and size of the fibers is such that the bedbug cannot achieve traction on the trap's fiber surface. The surface is positioned at a significant pitch, generally, but not necessarily, more than 45° from horizontal, and a container is maintained on the floor of the trap to collect entrapped bedbugs. In this manner, the trap having a plastron surface shields against the climbing of bedbugs on it. The surface employs features that are fibers having in cross-section, generally, but not necessarily, a diameter, of less than 4 μm, for example 0.1 to 4 μm, 0.1 to 3 μm, 0.1 to 2 μm, 0.1 to 1.5 μm, 0.1 to 1.0 μm, 0.2 to 4 μm, 0.2 to 3 μm, 0.2 to 2 μm, 0.2 to 1.5 μm, 0.2 to 1.0 μm, 0.3 to 4 0.3 to 3 μm, 0.3 to 2 μm, 0.3 to 1.5 μm, 0.3 to 1.0 μm, 0.4 to 4 μm, 0.4 to 3 μm, 0.4 to 2 μm, 0.4 to 1.5 μm, or 0.4 to 1.0 μm fibers with hairy structure spaced on it such that it is superhydrophobic, displaying as much or more of the hypothetical smooth top surface that is occupied by voids and not the fibers. The construction of such surfaces is disclosed in International Application Publication WO2012/064745, which is incorporated herein in its entirety.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the plastron surface can be situated vertically placed, reversely placed, such that the bedbug is partially inverted, or the surface can be curved such that the bedbug at some part of the path across the trap must be on a vertical or inverted surface to prevent the bedbug from being able to cross the trap without slipping into an entrapment cell, in the form of a pitfall trap. The density of the fibers can be such that the bedbug's, or other insect's, foot tip. The plastron surface that is vertical, inverted, or curved can be attached to a base that can be attached to a piece of furniture, such as a bed's legs or can be a portion of the legs or other support for a piece of furniture.
Any of the traps according to embodiments of the invention can be employed with other insect pests that are of appropriate dimensions and characteristics to be trapped in this manner. Some insects are less likely to be trapped by the pillar and hook traps, according to an embodiment of the invention, but can be trapped by the microfiber traps according to an embodiment of the invention. One of ordinary skill in the art can adjust the dimensions of a given trap to the dimensions and characteristics of the insect pest for eradication to determine the potential efficacy and specific dimensions of the trap to be considered.
Table 1 is a summary of thermoplastics' properties. The PS (polystyrene) and PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate) films were prepared by drying polymer solutions in which PS and PMMA granules were dissolved (at 15 wt %) in toluene and tetrahydrofuran (THF), respectively.
aLiquid surface tensions γLV of solid polymers extrapolated from higher temperature studies of polymer melts.
bZisman critical surface tension θc obtained from contact angle measurement of a series of liquids of surface tension.
Thermoplastic sheets were cut into 1.5 cm squares and sonicated in acetone and DI water for 5 minutes. The sheet was dried in air and a membrane mold was placed on the sheet and then sandwiched between two glass slides using binder clips to hold the assembly together. The assembly was then placed in a vacuum oven (vacuum pressure<1 kPa, VO914A, Lindberg/Blue M co.) at a desired temperature for 10 minutes. Alumina membranes were removed by dissolving in 45% KOH solution for 10 minutes while PC membrane was dissolved in dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) for 5 minutes. The PC membrane was peeled off by hand, to delaminate the membrane from thermoplastic sheets.
Polypropylene (PP) Plastron Trap
The PP used was from a general file jacket (No. 85781, SMEAD Co.), where differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis determined a melting temperature of 165° C. The PP sheet from the jacket was pressed against an AAO membrane (μ=0.2 μm) at 190° C. for 10 minutes followed by dissolving the membrane in aqueous KOH.
The PP was also molded with polycarbonate (PC) membranes (φ=0.6, 1.2 and 3.0 μm). The molded PP article was separated from the membrane mold by dissolving the membrane in dichloromethane to yield the surface structures shown in
The PC membrane was also delaminated from the PP article by peeling the membrane from the article by hand. The morphology of the resulting article's surface depends on the pore size of the PC membrane as shown in
LDPE surfaces were molded using PC membrane pressed together at 140° C. for 6 to 8 minutes followed by removing the membrane by delamination. Sheets of surface molded LDPE are opaque, rather than translucent as before molding. The SEM image, as shown in
PVDF is a fluoropolymer having a melting point of about 168° C. PVDF was molded at 190° C. using PC membrane molds separated by hand delamination. The surface features from molded PVDF are shown in
All publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.
It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application.
The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/883,490, filed Sep. 27, 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, including any figures, tables, or drawings.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/US14/58025 | 9/29/2014 | WO | 00 |
Number | Date | Country | |
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61883490 | Sep 2013 | US |