Patent Application
20140255696
The present subject matter relates to fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNPs) with aggregation induced emission (AIE) characteristics, as well as modification of the same with biotin molecules on the nanoparticles surface. In particular, the present subject matter relates to the use of such nanoparticles as fluorescent probes and for selective fluorescent imaging and/or targeting of tumor cells with over-expressed biotin receptors, visualizing cytoplasm, and long-term tracking, detection, and/or diagnosis of tumor cells. The present subject matter further relates to methods of making the AIE FSNPs. Similarly, the present subject matter relates to dendrimers decorated with AIE fluorogens.
Fluorescent nanoparticles have been found useful as visualization tools for biological sensing, probing, imaging, and monitoring. The development of fluorescent probes for biomolecular detection has emerged as an exciting area of research because of its importance in bioscience and biotechnological applications, as well as its impact on public health. The fluorescent assay process offers a number of advantages over other analytical techniques, such as rapid response, high sensitivity, low background noise, and wide dynamic working range. Thanks to the enthusiastic effort of scientists devoted to this area of research, a large variety of fluorescent bioprobes have been developed. However, many of the bioprobes work in a “turn off” mode. For example, the emission of a fluorophore is switched “off” when it interacts with a quenching species in a biological system through a mechanism of fluorescence resonance energy transfer.
Typical materials used as biosensors include natural polymers, inorganic nanoparticles, and organic dyes. Green fluorescent protein (GFP), for example, has been used as a reporter of expression for morphological differentiation. The biosensing process, however, requires complicated and time-consuming transfection procedures, which can lead to unexpected morphologies and undesired abnormality in the target cells. Inorganic nanoparticles, such as semiconductor quantum dots (QDs), are highly luminescent and resistant to photobleaching but limited in variety and inherently toxic to living cells because QDs are commonly made of heavy metals and chalcogens (e.g., CdS, CdSe, CdTe, PbS, and PbSe).
Among the nanoparticles, QDs have attracted a lot of attention, particularly in the area of cellular marking and imaging. QDs enjoy such advantages as size-tunable emission color, long luminescence lifetime, and resistance to photobleaching. However, QDs are limited in variety, difficult to access, difficult to synthesize, chemically unstable in harsh environments, difficult to dispose of, and highly cytotoxic to living cells because they are commonly made of heavy metals and chalcogens (e.g., CdS, CdSe, CdTe, PbS, and PbSe). These limitations present challenges to scientists from academic to industrial sectors.
Organic dyes are rich in variety and have been widely used as readily processable light-emitting materials, particularly in the area of organic optoelectronics. Due to their poor miscibility with water, organic dyes are prone to aggregate in aqueous media, which normally weakens their light emissions. This effect is commonly known as aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ).
Alternatively, organic fluorophores, such as fluorescein and rhodamine, have been used. Thanks to the elaborate efforts of various scientists, a wide variety of luminogenic materials covering a wide range of absorption and emission wavelengths have been prepared and specialized for particular applications. However, when these fluorophores are worked into acidic or basic media with enzymes and ions, their emissions are quenched through multiple nonradiative pathways.
For sensitive detection, trace analysis, diagnostic assays, and real-time monitoring, fluorescent bioprobes must emit intense visible light upon photoexcitation. However, light emissions from most fluorophores are rather weak. This aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) is due to emission quenching caused by the aggregation of fluorophores in the solid state. When dispersed in aqueous media or bound to biomolecules, fluorophore molecules are inclined to aggregate, which usually quenches their fluorescence, and thus, greatly limits their effectiveness as bioprobes. The ACQ effect also makes it difficult to assay low-abundance molecular species in biological systems because the fluorescence signals from minimal amounts of fluorophores matching the bioanalyte levels may be too weak to be determined accurately. In addition, at high fluorophore concentrations, the emissions are further weakened, rather than enhanced, due to the ACQ effect.
Fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNPs) are promising materials for bioanalysis and bioimaging as well as for disease diagnosis and therapy because of their characteristic features including biocompatibility, inertness, hydrophilicity, size tuning, ease of surface modification, etc. Since hundreds of fluorescent molecules are encapsulated in a single nanoparticle, the detection sensitivity of FSNPs is much higher than for direct fluorophore labeling. To date, FSNPs have been used widely in DNA microarrays, immunofluorescence techniques, analogue luminescence detection, tissue imaging, cell imaging, and tumor cell imaging (See U.S. Pat. No. 7,955,866 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,629,179). As silica nanoparticles have been found to exhibit no remarkably toxic effect on living cells, they thus possess the potential prospect in tumor cell imaging for early diagnosis and cell tracking.
Conventional dyes have been used for the fabrication of FSNPs (See U.S. Pat. No. 6,924,116; U.S. Pat. No. 7,875,466; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/579,302). These fluorophores emit strongly in solutions but become weakly emissive or non-luminescent in the solid state due to the strong π-π stacking interactions, which promote the formation of detrimental species such as excimers or exciplexes (Y. Hong, J. W. Y. Lam and B. Z. Tang, Chem. Commun., 2009, 4332; Y. Hong, J. W. Y. Lam and B. Z. Tang, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2011, 40, 5361). The weak emission offered by the FSNPs has resulted in poor sensitivity in fluorescence sensory systems, especially in bioassays of trace amounts of biomolecules. The sensitivity cannot be enhanced by using higher fluorophore concentration due to the ACQ effect. Inorganic quantum dots can surmount these disadvantages, but create new problems, as noted above.
Accordingly, to widen the applicability of AIE-loaded silica nanoparticles, their selectivity should be improved. It is known that conjugation of targeting ligands such as proteins, peptides and aptamers on the surface of nanoparticles can enhance their binding affinity and facilitate receptor-mediated internalization, thus enabling selective targeting and efficient intracellular uptake. Biotin (vitamin B7 or vitamin H), a member of the vitamin family for growth promotion at the cellular level, is one of the most common tumor recognition moieties because tumor cells require extra biotin to sustain their rapid growth and, compared to normal cells, biotin-specific receptors are thus generally over-expressed on their surface. Thus, biotin has attracted particular interest in cancer-targeting drug carriers and fluorescent nanoparticles for specific tumor cell targeting.
For example, Panyam and colleagues prepared a biotin-functionalized drug delivery carrier, which significantly improved the therapeutic efficacy of tumor treatment (Y. B. Patil and J. Panyam, et al. Biomaterials, 2010, 31, 358.). Kown also modified gold nanoparticles with biotin and rhodamine B to interact selectively with cancer cells for diagnosis and therapy (D. N. Heo and I. K. Kwon, et al. Biomaterials, 2012, 33, 856.). However, examples of AIE-active silica nanoparticles functionalized with biotin have not previously been described.
Dendrimers add a level of control that conventional nanoparticles have difficulty reaching. However, such dendrimers have not been known to be capable of complete decoration with AIE fluorogens.
Accordingly, there is a great need for the development of fluorescent bioprobes for bioimaging that are resistant to the ACQ effect and are capable of selective targeting. Furthermore, the fluorescent bioprobes must have high biological compatibility, strong photobleaching resistance, efficient light emission, high selectivity and sensitivity, and must be nontoxic to living cells.
The present subject matter relates to fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNPs) that exhibit aggregation-induced emission (AIE), rather than ACQ when aggregated in the solid state. This unique AIE effect has been utilized to develop new bioprobes of “turn on” type, which enjoy much higher sensitivity than their “turn off” counterparts.
In contrast to the conventional GFP- and QD-based biosensors, the AIE fluorescent bioprobes described herein are easy to use and nontoxic to living cells. The instant bioprobes are also superior to conventional organic dye systems in that they are ACQ-free, electrically neutral, biocompatible, and usable at high concentrations.
Specifically, the present subject matter relates to a series of siloxan-containing luminogen molecules, such as tetraphenylethylene (TPE) and hexaphenylsilole molecules, which are non-emissive in solution, but are induced to emit efficiently when aggregated. Due to their AIE properties, the fluorescence quantum yields of the luminogens are dramatically increased, changing them from faint fluorophores to strong emitters.
Furthermore, encapsulation of luminogens, by physical methods or covalent bonds to the host materials, protects them against chemically reactive species, such as oxygen. Therefore, the present subject matter is related to the encapsulation of AIE luminogens by silica nanoparticles. Furthermore, the present subject matter is related to FSNPs with aggregation induced emission properties and practical applications as fluorescent probes for bioimaging and protein carriers. Fluorescent silica nanoparticles and AIE luminogens are prepared and integrated into the silica network through new synthetic approaches.
Specifically, the present subject matter is directed to a fluorescent silica nanoparticle with aggregation induced emission characteristics comprising a backbone structure selected from the group consisting of:
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, unsaturated alkyl, aryl, vinyl, acetyl, heteteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl; X is (R2)nY(CH2)mSi(OC2H5)p; n, m, and p are each independently 0 to 20; Y is NH, O, S, or any other chalcogen; and each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, alkyl, alkoxy, unsaturated alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof.
In addition, the present subject matter is directed to processes for preparing the FSNPs. The present subject matter is also related to processes for the fabrication of FSNPs comprising surface grafting of the AIE luminogen onto the magnetite nanoparticles, and processes for surface functionalization of FSNPs. The present processes can results in FSNPs that are uniformly sized, spherical in shape, and monodispersed.
The present subject matter is further directed to biotin-decorated FSNPs comprising: a core of functionalized siloxane fabricated by a sol-gel reaction covered by a shell of biotin molecules on the surface of the silica nanoparticles. In one embodiment, the sol-gel reaction is a surfactant-free sol-gel reaction. In a further embodiment, the shell can be of an amino group which can be further functionalized. In another embodiment, the core can have a silica shell.
The present subject matter also provides methods for cellular morphology study and cell viability, trypan blue exclusion, Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis and ROS generation investigations with FSNPs which show low toxicity to living cells, both tumor cells and normal cells.
Further contemplated herein are methods of selective visualization of the cytoplasm of tumor cells with over-expressed biotin receptors. The FSNPs described herein can stay inside the living cells for a long period of time, thus enabling long term tumor cell tracing over multiple passages and quantitative analysis of tumor cell migration. These attributes make these AIE-active, low cytotoxic, strongly fluorescent and photostable silica nanoparticles promising for an array of biomedical applications.
Another embodiment of the present subject matter relates to dendrimer compounds comprising a backbone structure of a formula selected from the group consisting of:
wherein R1, R2, and R3 are independently selected from H, CnH2+1, OCnH2n+1, C6H5, C10H7, O(CH2)3SO3−, C12H9, OC6H5, OC10H7 and OC12H9;
X is either a direct sigma bond or OC═O(OCH2)n[C═CN3]; and
n=0 to 20, and the compounds exhibit aggregation induced emission. These dendrimers may be loaded with a drug, and as such are useful in the methods presented herein.
Various embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Unless, defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by someone ordinarily skilled in the art to which the present subject matter pertains. The following definitions are provided for the purpose of understanding the present subject matter and for constructing the appended patent claims.
The term “acetyl” as used herein refers to the presence of a pendant acetyl group (COCH3) in the structure of the molecules or the material described herein.
The phrase “aggregation caused quenching” or “ACQ” as used herein refers to the phenomenon wherein the aggregation of π-conjugated luminogens significantly decreases the fluorescence intensity of the luminogens. The aggregate formation is said to “quench” light emission of the luminogens.
The phrase “aggregation induced emission” or “AIE” as used herein refers to the phenomenon manifested by compounds exhibiting enhancement of light-emission upon aggregation in the amorphous or crystalline (solid) states whereas they exhibit weak or almost no emission in dilute solutions.
The term “alkyl” as used herein refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which may be a straight or branched chain. The alkyl may comprise about 1 to 15 carbon atoms in the chain, optionally substituted by one or more groups.
The term “aryl” as used herein refers to an optionally substituted monocyclic or multicyclic aromatic carbocyclic moiety, such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthracene, tetracene, pyrene, etc. The aryl may comprise about 6 to 18 carbon atoms.
The term “biomolecule” as used herein refers to a biological substance comprising or consisting of one or more of nucleic acids, proteins and/or complex carbohydrates.
The term “coercivity” as used herein refers to the intensity of the applied magnetic field required to reduce the magnetization of a ferromagnetic material to zero after the magnetization of the sample has been driven to saturation.
The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein refers to an optionally substituted non-aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system. The cycloalkyl may comprise about 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
The term “dendrimer” as used herein refers to a molecule made of a repeating branched pattern. Its controlled synthesis where every reaction is complete sets it apart from a hyperbranched polymer. The prefix “dendr” comes from the Greek word for “tree”.
The phrase “emission intensity” as used herein refers to the magnitude of fluorescence/phosphorescence normally obtained from a fluorescence spectrometer or a fluorescence microscopy measurement.
The term “heteroalkyl” as used herein refers to an alkyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom.
The term “heteroaryl” as used herein refers to an optionally substituted aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic organic moiety. The heteroaryl may comprise about 5 to 10 ring members in which at least one ring member is a heteroatom. The heteroatom refers to an atom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, boron and silicon.
The term “heterocycloalkyl” as used herein refers to a cycloalkyl group in which at least one ring member is a heteroatom. The heterocycloalkyl may comprise about 3 to 7 ring members.
The term “luminogen” as used herein refers to a chemical compound that manifests luminescence.
The term “nanoparticle” as used herein refers to any microscopic particle or particle population having a mean diameter of about 100 or less nanometers (nm), less than about 90 nm, less than about 80 nm, less than about 70 nm, less than about 60 nm, less than about 50 nm; or having a mean diameter of from 1 nm to less than 100 nm, from 10 nm to less than 100 nm, from 20 nm to less than 100 nm, from 30 nm to less than 100 nm, from 40 nm to less than 100 nm, from 50 nm to less than 100 nm, from 10 nm to 90 nm, or from 20 to 80 nm; or having a mean diameter of from 30 to 70 nm. In an embodiment, greater than 99% of the nanoparticles of a nanoparticle population have a mean diameter falling within a described range; greater than about 90% of the microparticles have a mean diameter falling within a described range; greater than about 80% of the microparticles have a mean diameter falling within a described range; greater than about 70% of the microparticles have a mean diameter falling within a described range; greater than about 60% of the microparticles have a mean diameter falling within a described range; greater than about 50% of the microparticles have a mean diameter falling within a described range; greater than about 40% of the microparticles have a mean diameter falling within a described range; greater than about 30% of the microparticles have a mean diameter falling within a described range; greater than about 20% of the microparticles have a mean diameter falling within a described range; or greater than about 10% of the microparticles have a mean diameter falling within a described range.
The phrase “quantum dots” as used herein refers to a type of matter, i.e., a semiconductor, whose excitons are confined in all three spatial dimensions. Quantum dots can be semiconductors whose electronic characteristics are closely related to the size and shape of the individual crystal. Generally, the smaller the size of the crystal, the larger the band gap, i.e., the difference in energy between the highest valence band and the lowest conduction band becomes greater. Therefore more energy is needed to excite the dot, and concurrently, more energy is released when the crystal returns to its resting state.
The term “remanence” as used herein refers to the magnetization left behind in a ferromagnetic material (such as iron) after an external magnetic field is removed.
The term “vinyl” as used herein refers to the presence of a pendant vinyl group (CH2═CH—) in the structure of the molecules or the material described herein.
Throughout the application, descriptions of various embodiments use “comprising” language; however, it will be understood by one of skill in the art, that in some specific instances, an embodiment can alternatively be described using the language “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of.”
The term “a” or “an” as used herein includes the singular and the plural, unless specifically stated otherwise. Therefore, the term “a,” “an,” or “at least one” can be used interchangeably in this application.
For purposes of better understanding the present teachings and in no way limiting the scope of the teachings, unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities, percentages or proportions, and other numerical values used in the specification and claims, are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained. At the very least, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.
APS: 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
BSA: Bovine serum albumin
de: effective diameter
dm: mean diameter
DCC: 1,3-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
DCE: Dichloroethane
DCM: Dichloromethane
DMAP: 4-Dimethylaminopyridine
DMF: Dimethylformamide
DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide
EDX: Energy-dispersive X-ray
FSNP=Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticle
HRMS: High-resolution mass spectroscopy
IR: Infra-red
MFSNP: Magnetic fluorescent silica nanoparticle
MFSNP-BSA: Bovine serum albumin-decorated magnetic fluorescent silica nanoparticles
MFSNP-NH2: Amino-functionalized magnetic fluorescent silica nanoparticles
MNP: Magnetic nanoparticle
MNP-C: Citrate-modified magnetic nanoparticle
MSNP: Magnetic silica nanoparticle
NHS: 4-Hydroxysuccinamide
PBS: Phosphate-buffered Saline
PD: polydispersity
PL: Photoluminescence
SEM: Scanning electron microscope
SNPs: Silica nanoparticles
TEM: Transmission electron microscope
TEOS: Tetraethoxysilane
TGA: Thermogravimetric analysis
THF: Tetrahydrofuran
TsOH: p-Toluenesulfonic acid
XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
The present subject matter relates to the phenomenon, known as aggregation-induced emission (AIE), wherein nonemissive luminogens such as tetraphenylethene (TPE) and hexaphenylsilole are induced to emit efficiently in aggregate formation. The AIE effect dramatically boosts the fluorescence quantum yields of the luminogens, changing them from faint fluorophores to strong emitters.
Furthermore, encapsulation of luminogens, by physical methods or covalent bonds to the host materials, protects them against chemically reactive species, such as oxygen. Among various host materials, silica nanoparticles exhibit high chemical, thermal, and colloidal stabilities in aqueous media and are environmentally friendly due to their inertness. In addition, silica nanoparticles are optically transparent and show no or very limited reactivity to microbes. Furthermore, since their surfaces contain numerous silanol groups, a wide variety of surface reactions and binding of biomolecules can occur.
Therefore, the present subject matter is related to fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNPs) with aggregation induced emission properties and practical application as fluorescent probes for bioimaging and protein carriers. AIE luminogens are prepared and integrated into the silica network through new synthetic approaches. Accordingly, the present subject matter is directed to fluorescent silica nanoparticles with core-shell structures, substantially uniform sizes, high surface charges, and excellent colloidal stability. The FSNPs emit strong light upon photoexcitation. In addition, their emission efficiencies can be further enhanced by increasing the luminogen loading. The fluorescent silica nanoparticles are nontoxic to living cells and function as fluorescent visualizers for intracellular imaging. Furthermore, modification of the surfaces of fluorescent silica nanoparticles with specific functional groups enables them to function as protein carriers and conjugate with biomolecules for targeting specific cancer cells, as described further hereinbelow.
In the present subject matter, AIE luminogens are prepared and utilized as fluorophores for the construction of FSNPs. The AIE luminogens are linked to triethoxysilane through chemical reactions using thiol-click chemistry and Cu-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition. Surfactant-free sol-gel reaction of the organic-inorganic adducts followed by reaction with tetraethoxysilane generate FSNPs with core-shell structures, substantially uniform sizes, high surface charges, and excellent colloidal stabilities. The AIE dyes can also be immobilized on the surfaces of silica nanoparticles using a click reaction. FSNPs emit strong lights when photoexcited, and their emission efficiencies increase with increasing luminogen loading. In addition, FSNPs are non-toxic to living cells. Rather, FSNPs can function as fluorescent visualizers for intracellular imaging. Furthermore, modification of the surfaces of FSNPs with specific functional groups allows them to function as protein carriers and conjugate with biomolecules, which enhances their binding specificities.
Specifically, one embodiment of the present subject matter is directed to a fluorescent bioprobe for intracellular imaging comprising an aggregation induced emission luminogen; wherein the luminogen has a backbone structure selected from the group consisting of:
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, unsaturated alkyl, aryl, vinyl, acetyl, heteteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl; X is (R2)nY(CH2)mSi(OC2H5)p; n, m, and p are each independently 0 to 20; Y is NH, O, S, or any other chalcogen; and each R2 is independently selected from the group consisting of a direct bond, alkyl, alkoxy, unsaturated alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof; and wherein the fluorescent bioprobe is fluorescent silica nanoparticles.
In another embodiment, the present subject matter is directed to the fluorescent bioprobe, described above, wherein the luminogen has a chemical structure selected from the group consisting of:
wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are substituents independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, unsaturated alkyl, aryl, vinyl, acetyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.
In another embodiment, the present subject matter is directed to the fluorescent bioprobe, described above, wherein the luminogen has the chemical structure:
The fluorescent bioprobes are nontoxic to living cells and can be effectively taken up by cancer cells. Therefore, the fluorescent bioprobes can be used to image the cytoplasm of cancer cells. Furthermore, the fluorescent bioprobes can target specific cancer cells. In addition to being used for intracellular imaging, the fluorescent bioprobes can also be used as protein carriers. In that regard, the fluorescent silica nanoparticles can adsorb protein molecules such as BSA and lysozyme.
The fluorescent nanoparticles exhibit aggregation-induced emission. In addition, the light emission of the fluorescent silica nanoparticles increases with increased luminogen loading. In one embodiment, the AIE luminogen is in a solid form. Furthermore, the fluorescent silica nanoparticles are spherical with substantially uniform sizes and narrow particle distributions, in addition to having high surface charges and good colloidal stabilities. In one embodiment, the fluorescent bioprobe comprises fluorescent silica nanoparticles which comprise fluorescent cores covered by a silica shell.
In one embodiment, the AIE luminogen is covalently bonded to a silica network through amine and amide functional groups. In another embodiment, the AIE luminogen is covalently bonded to silica nanoparticles via thiol-click chemistry and alkyne-azide cylcoaddition. In a further embodiment, the AIE luminogen is grafted onto the surface of silica nanoparticles by click chemistry.
In another embodiment, the fluorescent nanoparticles are surface functionalized with one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of amino, azido, carboxylic acid, and thiol functional groups. Alternatively, the fluorescent silica nanoparticles can be surface functionalized with one or more biomolecules selected from the group consisting of glucose, galactose, and folic acid. In one embodiment, the fluorescent silica nanoparticles are conjugated with one or more biomolecules via click chemistry and an esterification reaction.
In another embodiment, the present subject matter is directed to the fluorescent silica nanoparticles as described herein, further modified with biotin molecules on the nanoparticles surface. In this regard, the present fluorescent silica nanoparticles can comprise a core of a functionalized siloxane fabricated by a sol-gel reaction covered by a shell of biotin, an amino group, or a silica. In one embodiment, the shell is made of biotin.
The fluorescent silica nanoparticles herein, in one embodiment, are spherical with substantially uniform sizes and narrow particle distributions. In another embodiment, the backbone structures making up the FSNPs aggregate in the core, and the nanoparticles possess aggregation-induced emission characteristics. The FSNPs herein can further possess good biocompatibility, morpholory change, cell viability, apoptosis, and reaction oxygen species generation at a working concentration.
In one embodiment, the FSNPs can selectively target to tumor cells with an over-expressed biotin receptor(s) on the tumor cell's membrane. The FSNPs can further stay inside the tumor cells over multiple passages as a long term tumor cell tracker. Accordingly, the FSNPs can track tumor cell migration, as well as image cytoplasm of tumor cells.
In another embodiment, the process for preparing the fluorescent silica nanoparticles comprises: (a) preparation of tetraphenylethene-containing siloxane and silole-containing siloxane by thiol-click chemistry; (b) sol-gel reactions of the tetraphenylethene-containing siloxane and the silole-containing siloxane; and (c) reactions of the tetraphenylethene-containing siloxane and silole-containing siloxane with tetraethoxysilane.
In a further embodiment, the process for preparing the FSNPs herein comprises: (a) preparation of 1,2-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-1,2-diphenylethene (32) and 2,5-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-3,4-diphenyl-1,1-dimethylsilole (33) by click chemistry; (b) sol-gel reactions of 1,2-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-1,2-diphenylethene (32) and 2,5-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-3,4-diphenyl-1,1-dimethylsilole (33); and (c) reactions of 1,2-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-1,2-diphenylethene (32) and 2,5-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-3,4-diphenyl-1,1-dimethylsilole (33) with tetraethoxysilane.
In another embodiment, the present subject matter relates to a process for surface functionalization of the fluorescent silica nanoparticles comprising bioconjugation with glucose molecules using alkyne-azide cylcoaddition. In a further embodiment, the present subject matter relates to a process for the fabrication of galactose-functionalized fluorescent silica nanoparticles comprising a click reaction of sugar-bearing phenylacetylene with FSNP-41-N3 and FSNP-7-N3, respectively. In a further embodiment, the process of preparing folic acid-functionalized fluorescent silica nanoparticles comprises a reaction of folic acid with FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-COOH, respectively. Finally, the present subject matter also relates to a process for preparing lysozyme-decorated fluorescent silica nanoparticles comprising adsorption of lysozyme by FSNP-30-COOH and FSNP-7-COOH.
In another embodiment, the present subject matter relates to dendrimer compounds comprising a backbone structure of a formula selected from the group consisting of:
wherein R1, R2, and R3 are independently selected from H, CnH2n+1, OCnH2n+1, C6H5, C10H7, O(CH2)3SO3−, C12H5, OC6H5, OC10H7 and OC12H9;
X is either a direct sigma bond or OC═O(OCH2)n[C═CN3]; and
n=0 to 20, and the compounds exhibit aggregation induced emission. These dendrimers may be loaded with a drug, and as such are useful in the methods presented herein.
These dendrimers have been decorated with AIE fluorogens. All of these new macromolecules can be perfectly monodispersed and fully biocompatible. Their size can vary from about 2 to about 8 nm, and can be seen as perfectly monodispersed nanoparticles with a fully controlled architecture. Their branched structure creates internal free volume that can be used to upload drugs and other relevant small molecules. Further, the use of dendrimers adds a level of control that conventional nanoparticles have difficulty reaching. Their fully controlled synthesis as described herein makes them more reproducible than any other types of nanoparticles. Further, their ability to be completely decorated with AIE fluorogens allows for a concentration of functional groups. In one embodiment, the dendrimers herein have an EO3-EO2 core and are decorated with TPE based fluorogens as described herein. In other embodiments, the dendrimers are decorated with hexaphenylsilole based fluorogens.
The present subject matter can be illustrated in further detail by the following examples. However, it should be noted that the scope of the present subject matter is not limited to the examples. They should be considered as merely being illustrative and representative for the present subject matter.
The examples below demonstrate various embodiments of the present subject matter.
Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was purchased from Labscan and purified by simple distillation from sodium benzophenone under nitrogen immediately prior to use. 4-bromobenzophenone (13), 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 1-hydroxypyrrolidine-2,5-dione (16), APS, TEOS and the other reagents were purchased from Aldrich and used as received. IR spectra were collected by a Perkin-Elmer 16 PC FTIR spectrophotometer (using the KBr method) operating at 4 cm−1 resolution and 4 scans. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker ARX 400 spectrometer with tetramethylsilane (TMS; δ=0) as the internal standard. The sizes and morphologies of the fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNPs) were investigated using JOEL 2010 TEM and JOEL 6700F SEM at an accelerating voltage of 200 and 5 kV.
The synthesis of tetraphenylethene (TPE)-containing siloxane (18) and its utilization for the fabrication of fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNPs) is shown in the chemical reaction scheme, below.
1.97 g (30 mmol) of zinc dust and 3.92 g (15 mmol) of 4-bromobenzophenone (13) were placed into a 250 mL two-necked round-bottom flask with a reflux condenser. The flask was evacuated under vacuum and flushed with dry nitrogen three times. Then 100 mL of THF was added. The mixture was cooled to 0-5° C. and 1 mL (9 mmol) of TiCl4 was slowly added. The mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature, stirred for 0.5 h, and refluxed overnight. The reaction was quenched with a 10% aqueous potassium carbonate solution and a large amount of water was added until the solid turned grey or white. The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane three times and the collected organic layer was washed with brine twice. The mixture was dried over 5 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate for 4 h. The crude product was condensed and purified on a silica-gel column using chloroform/hexane (1:5 by volume) as eluent. White solid; yield 94.61%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3), δ (TMS, ppm): 7.19-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.08-7.13 (m, 8H), 6.98-7.0 (m, 4H), 6.85-6.89 (m, 4H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3), δ (TMS, ppm): 142.87 (aromatic carbons connected to Br), 142.34, 140.23, 132.85, 131.17, 127.98, 127.78, 126.90, 120.74.
1 g (2.04 mmol) of 4-bromobenzophenone (13) was dissolved in 20 mL of distilled THF in a 100 mL flask and the flask was placed in an acetone-dry ice bath at −78° C. A solution of 0.56 mL (6.12 mmol) of n-butyllithium (2.5 M in hexane) was added slowly to the mixture under stirring. The solution was transferred to a 500 mL flask containing dry ice. The resultant mixture was stirred overnight under nitrogen at room temperature. After solvent evaporation, potassium hydroxide solution was added and the aqueous solution was extracted with diethyl ether several times. The aqueous solution was acidified by adding 3 M hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulphate and gave the desirable product in a yield of 35.96%. 1H NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d6), δ (ppm): 7.99-7.93 (m, 3H), 7.50-7.46 (m, 1H), 7.35-7.28 (m, 9H), 7.25-7.16 (m, 4H), 7.15-7.10 (m, 1H). 13C NMR (75 MHz, acetone-d6), δ (TMS, ppm): 166.1, 147.8, 142.4, 142.3, 141.1, 132.6, 130.7, 130.5, 128.8, 128.4, 127.6, 127.3, 126.7, 126.3, 120.0. HRMS (MALDF-TOF): m/e 403.14 [(M-OH)+ calcd 403.14).
About 5.05 mg (12 μmol) of 4,4′-(1,2-Diphenylvinylene)dibenzoic acid (15), 2.9 mg (25 μmol) of 1-hydroxypyrrolidine-2,5-dione (16), 25 mg (96 μmol) of DCC, 0.67 mg (6 μmol) of DMAP were dissolved in 0.50 mL of DMSO in a 25 mL round-bottom flask. After stirring at room temperature overnight, the solution was diluted with 1 mL of THF and centrifuged to remove the urea salt formed from the reaction. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and compound Bis(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) 4,4′-(1,2-diphenylvinylene)dibenzoate (17) was then reacted with 9.6 μL (40 μmol) of APS, generating tetraphenylethene-containing siloxane (18) as a fluorophore for the fabrication of FSNP-9 by a two-step sol-gel reaction.
Tetraphenylethene-containing siloxane (18) (12 μmol) was added into a mixture of 64 mL of ethanol, 1.28 mL of ammonium hydroxide and 7.8 mL of distilled water. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 15 min to generate TPE-silica nanocores. A mixture of 2 mL of TEOS in 8 mL of ethanol was then added dropwise into the mixture. The reaction was stirred at 700 rpm at room temperature for 24 h to coat the luminogenic nanocores with silica shells. After incubation, the mixture was centrifuged and FSNP-9 was redispersed in ethanol under sonication for 5 min. The process was repeated three times and then the FSNP-9 were dispersed in water for further experiments. Similarly, FSNP-10 and FSNP-11 were also prepared from tetraphenylethene-containing siloxane (18) under similar conditions but at higher stirring speed (1000 and 1700 rpm). Likewise, FSNP-12 was prepared under similar conditions at a higher luminogen concentration (24 μmmol).
The stirring speed during the sol-gel reaction greatly affects the size and distribution of the resultant FSNPs. FSNPs with uniform sizes can be achieved by either i) centrifuging the FSNPs at higher speed to separate the big particles from smaller ones or ii) adjusting a suitable stirring speed during the nanoparticle formation. For example, FSNP-9, obtained at a stirring speed of 700 rpm, displays bimodal particle growth and can be easily separated to monodispersed nanoparticles by centrifugation at 3000 rpm. When the stirring speed increases from 700 to 1000, and then to 1700 rpm, uniform, homogenous, and spherical-shaped FSNP-10 and FSNP-11 are obtained, as revealed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images shown in
The surface charge of FSNP-11 in aqueous media with different pH was investigated by a zeta potential analyzer. The isoelectric point of FSNP-11 in water is observed at a pH value of ˜4.2 (
3-Mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (22), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), and other chemicals and solvents were purchased from Aldrich and used without further purification. TPE and silole-containing diynes (21 and 24) were prepared according to literature methods (J. Mater. Chem. 2012, 22, 232 and Macromolecules 2010, 43, 4921). TPE and silole-functionalized siloxanes were synthesized by thiol-click chemistry according to the chemical reaction scheme, shown below.
5.7 mg (15 μmol) of TPE-containing diynes (21), 0.42 mg (0.45 μmol) of Rh(PPh3)3C1, and 11.3 μL (37.5 μmol) of 3-Mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (22) were added to 100 μL of dichloroethane (DCE) in a 5 mL round-bottom flask. Water was carefully excluded to avoid possible hydrolysis of 3-Mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (22) and TPE-containing siloxanes (23). After stirring at room temperature for 24 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the TPE-containing siloxanes (23) were characterized by mass spectroscopy.
Similarly, silole-containing siloxanes (25) were prepared by alkyne hydrothiolation of silole-containing diynes (24) with 3-Mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (22) and characterized by high-resolution mass spectroscopy. Adduct 23 was then used as a fluorophore to prepare FSNP-19 by a two step sol-gel reaction. Thus, the TPE-containing siloxanes (23) were first dissolved in DMSO and added into a mixture of ethanol (32 mL), ammonium hydroxide (0.64 mL), and distilled water (3.9 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h to prepare the fluorescent silica nanocores. A solution of TEOS (1 mL) in ethanol (4 mL) was then added drop-wise and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h to encapsulate the luminogenic nanocores with a silica shell. After incubation, the mixture was centrifuged and the FSNP-19 was redispersed in ethanol under sonication for 5 min. The process was repeated three times and then the FSNP-19 was dispersed in water. FSNP-20 was fabricated by sol-gel reaction of silole-containing siloxanes (25), catalyzed by ammonium hydroxide, followed by coating the resultant luminogenic nanocores with a silica shell.
The morphology of the FSNPs was investigated by SEM analysis. Both FSNP-19 and FSNP-20 showed discrete, spherical nanoparticles with uniform sizes and smooth surfaces (
Finally, zeta potential analyses of the FSNPs were carried out to realize their surface charge and hence their colloidal stability in the suspension state. As shown in
Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), (3-chloropropyl)triethoxysilane, dimethylformamide (DMF), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) and other reagents were all purchased from Aldrich and used as received. IR spectra were collected by a Perkin-Elmer 16 PC FTIR spectrophotometer (using the KBr method) operating at 4 cm−1 resolution and 4 scans. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker ARX 400 spectrometer with tetramethylsilane (TMS; δ=0) as an internal standard.
5.0 mL or 5.0 g (20.85 mmol) of 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane (30), 5 g (77 mmol) of sodium azide, and 50 mL of dry DMF were injected into a 100 mL two-neck round bottom flask. The solution was heated to 90° C. under nitrogen atmosphere for 5 h.
The low boiling materials were removed by distillation under reduced pressure (ca. 10 mm Hg), after which 100 mL of diethyl ether was added. The precipitated salts were removed by filtration and the solvent was removed under vacuum. Distillation of the residual oil under reduced pressure (2 mm Hg, 96° C.) produced 3-Azidopropyltriethoxysilane (31), a colorless liquid (3.3 g, 68%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3), δ(ppm): 3.81 (q, 6H), 3.24 (t, 2H), 1.66-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.21 (t, 9H), 0.66 (t, 2H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3), δ (ppm): 58.4, 53.8, 22.6, 18.2, 7.5. IR, v (cm−1): 2977, 2927, 2883, 2734, 2098, 1284, 1165, 1084, 960, 779. Click reactions of TPE-containing diynes (21) and silole-containing diynes (24) with 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane (30) were carried under nitrogen using Schlenk tubes.
TPE and silole-containing siloxanes were synthesized by click chemistry as shown in the chemical reaction scheme, below.
20.0 mg (0.081 mmol) of 3-Azidopropyltriethoxysilane (31), 15.4 mg (0.0405 mmol) of TPE-containing diynes (21), and 4.5 mg of Cu(PPh3)3Br were placed in a 15 mL Schlenk tube. Then, 2 mL of THF was injected into the solution. After stirring at 60° C. for 24 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with 3 mL of THF and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. During the reaction, water was carefully excluded to avoid the possible hydrolysis of 3-Azidopropyltriethoxysilane (31) and 1,2-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-1,2-diphenylethene (32). The supernatant was decanted and concentrated and product 1,2-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-1,2-diphenylethene (32) was characterized by high resolution mass spectroscopy.
2,5-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-3,4-diphenyl-1,1-dimethylsilole (33) was synthesized using similar procedures as described above. 20.0 mg (0.081 mmol) of 3-Azidopropyltriethoxysilane (31), 18.74 mg (0.0405 mmol) of silole-containing diynes (24), and 4.5 mg (6 mol %) of Cu(PPh3)3Br were dissolved in 2 mL of THF. After stirring at 60° C. for 24 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with 3 mL of THF and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. The supernatant was decanted and concentrated and 2,5-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-3,4-diphenyl-1,1-dimethylsilole (33) was characterized by high resolution mass spectroscopy, as shown in
FSNP-26 was prepared from 1,2-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-1,2-diphenylethene (32) and TEOS by a two-step sol-gel reaction. About 15 μmmol of 1,2-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-1,2-diphenylethene (32) were added into a mixture of ethanol (32 mL), ammonium hydroxide (0.64 mL), and distilled water (3.9 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 min, after which an ethanol solution (5 mL) of TEOS (1 mL) was added dropwise. The solution was stirred at room temperature for an additional 24 h to coat the luminogenic nanocores with silica shells. After incubation, the mixture was centrifuged and the nanoparticles of FSNP-26 were redispersed in ethanol under sonication for 5 min. The process was repeated three times and FSNP-26 was dispersed in water or ethanol for further experiments. Similarly, sol-gel reaction of 2,5-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-3,4-diphenyl-1,1-dimethylsilole (33) followed by reaction with TEOS furnished FSNP-28.
Fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNP-27 and FSNP-29) were prepared according to the method in R. P. Bagwe, C. Yang, L. R. Hilliard, W. Tan, Langmuir 2004, 20, 8336. The micelles were prepared at room temperature by sonication of a homogenous mixture of cyclohexane (30 mL), Triton X-100 (7.2 mL), n-heptanol (5.6 mL), and water (600 μL) for 30 min. 800 μL of ammonia solution (28%) was then added. After magnetically stirring for 15 min, 100 μL of 1,2-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-1,2-diphenylethene (32) or 7.5 μmol of TPE-containing diynes (21) was injected. The solution was stirred for another 15 min. After drop-wise addition of 400 μL of TEOS, the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 24 h at room temperature. The microemulsion reaction was terminated by adding ethanol and the nanoparticles were centrifuged and washed with ethanol and water to remove the surfactant. The nanoparticles were then dried in vacuum at room temperature. The nanoparticles of FSNP-27 were dispersed in deionized water or ethanol for further experiments.
Analysis by zeta potential analyzer at room temperature showed that all the FSNPs were monodispersed with low polydispersities down to 0.005 (
It is important to tune the sizes of nanoparticles to meet the requirements of different technological applications. The Stöber and reverse microemulsion methods give large- and small-sized FSNPs, respectively. Actually, the sizes of the nanoparticles can also be tuned by varying the reaction parameters. Larger nanoparticles are obtained by using higher concentrations of TEOS and ammonium hydroxide and vice versa. TEM images show that the large-sized FSNPs possess smooth surfaces, while the surfaces of the small nanoparticles (i.e., FSNP-27 and FSNP-29) are somewhat rough (
The fluorescence spectra of TPE-containing diynes (21), silole-containing diynes (24), and the suspensions of their core-shell nanoparticles FSNP-26 and FSNP-28 in ethanol are shown in
Colloidal stability is an important parameter for FSNPs and can be reflected by their surface charges or zeta potentials. FSNPs are said to be colloidally stable if their surface charges are high at the workable pH because strong electrostatic repulsion will exist between the nanoparticles. The functional groups play an important role in determining the surface charges of the FSNPs. In our previous work, we reacted brominated TPE and silole with APS and used the adducts as fluorescent cores for the fabrication of highly emissive and monodispersed FSNPs (Chem. Eur. J. 2010, 16, 4266). Their charges at neutral pH are, however, not high enough to impart high colloidal stability. This is due to the presence of free amine groups on the surface, which partially counteract the negative charge contributed by the silanol groups. Similarly, FSNPs with thiourea linkages obtained by reaction of isothiocyanated dye molecules with APS possess even lower colloidal stability and precipitate in ethanol and water at pH≧7. 1,2-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-1,2-diphenylethene (32) and 2,5-Bis(4-{1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-4-triazolyl}phenyl)-3,4-diphenyl-1,1-dimethylsilole (33) are synthesized from 3-Azidopropyltriethoxysilane (31) instead of APS. Accordingly, FSNPs fabricated from these compounds show high surface charges. As shown in
One of the important areas in which FSNPs have demonstrated great potential is in cancer cell imaging. Luminogens with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics are benign to the growth of living cells (Chem. Eur. J. 2010, 16, 4266). They are also nontoxic to HeLa cells and interfere little with the cytoplasmic activities of the cells. To examine the cell staining ability of the FSNPs, HeLa cells were cultured in the presence of these nanoparticles. After 6 h of incubation, the FSNPs were endocytosed through the cell membrane and efficiently anchored on the cytoplasmic organelles. To compare the uptake efficiency of FSNPs with different sizes, the cells were stained with FSNP-26 and FSNP-27. As depicted in
Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (35), 5-hexynoic acid (37), 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), p-toluenesulfonic acid (TsOH), 3-bromopropyltrichlorosilane, and other reagents were all purchased from Aldrich and used without further purification. IR spectra were obtained on a Perkin-Elmer 16 PC FTIR spectrophotometer. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker ARX 400 spectrometer with tetramethylsilane (TMS; δ=0) as an internal standard. High resolution mass spectra (HRMS) were recorded on a Finnigan TSQ 7000 triple quadrupole spectrometer operating in a MALDI-TOF mode.
TPE-containing diyne (38) was synthesized according to the chemical reaction scheme, shown below.
1.18 g (18 mmol) of zinc dust, and 2.97 g (15 mmol) of 4-hydroxybenzophenone (35) were placed into a 250 mL two-necked round-bottom flask equipped with a reflux condenser. The flask was evacuated under vacuum and flushed with dry nitrogen three times. 100 mL of THF was then added. The mixture was cooled to 0-5° C. and 1 mL (9 mmol) of TiCl4 was slowly added. The mixture was slowly warmed to room temperature, stirred for 0.5 h, and then refluxed overnight. The reaction was quenched with 10% aqueous potassium carbonate solution and a large amount of water was added until the solid turned grey or white. The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane three times and the collected organic layer was washed twice with brine solution. The mixture was dried over 5 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate for 4 h. The crude product was condensed and purified on a silica-gel column using chloroform/hexane (1:5 by volume) as eluent. White solid; yield 90.2%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3), δ (TMS, ppm): 7.03-7.12 (m, 10H), 6.90 (t, 4H), 6.57 (d, 4H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3), δ (TMS, ppm): 154.13 (aromatic carbons connected to OH), 144.21, 139.67, 135.53, 132.79, 131.50, 127.76, 126.36, 114.72.
1.82 g (5 mmol) of 1,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2-diphenylethene (36), 1.23 g (11 mmol) of 5-hexynoic acid (37), 2.48 g (12 mmol) of DCC, 244.3 mg (2 mmol) of DMAP, and 380.4 mg (2 mmol) of TsOH were placed in 100 mL of dichloromethane in a 250 mL one-necked round-bottom flask. The resultant mixture was stirred for 24 h at room temperature. After filtration of the urea salt formed during the reaction, the solid was washed with dichloromethane and the filtrate was concentrated by a rotary evaporator. The product was purified by a silica gel column using a mixture of chloroform/hexane (1:1 v/v) as eluent. A white solid of 4,4-(1,2-diphenylvinylene)diphenyl bis(5-hexynoate) (38) was obtained in 85.9% yield. IR (KBr), v (cm−1): 3296 (HCC), 2118 (C≡C), 1756 (C═O). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3), δ (TMS, ppm): 7.13, 7.12, 7.11, 7.10, 7.09, 7.03, 7.02, 7.01, 7.0, 6.87, 6.85, 6.84, 6.82, (18H, aromatic protons), 2.66 (m, 2H, HC≡), 2.32 (m, 4H, OCCH2), 2.0 (m, 4H, ≡CCH2), 1.93 (m, 4H, OCCH2CH2). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3), δ (TMS, ppm): 171.35 (C═O), 149.12, 143.31, 140.98, 140.30, 132.27, 131.32, 127.71, 126.60, 120.79, 83.06 (CH2C≡), 69.39 (HC≡), 32.94 (OCCH2), 23.47 (OCCH2CH2), 17.79 (CCH2). HRMS (MALDI-TOF): 552.2868 [M+, calcd 552.2301].
Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) were prepared using the Stöber method. Thus, a mixture of 32 mL of ethanol, 0.64 mL of ammonium hydroxide, and 3.9 mL of distilled water was stirred at room temperature for 5 min, after which a solution of TEOS (1 mL) in 4 mL of ethanol was then added drop-wise into the mixture. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. After incubation, the mixture was centrifuged and the SNPs were redispersed in ethanol under sonication for 5 min. The process was repeated three times and dried in vacuum at room temperature for further experiments.
200.0 mg of dried SNPs and 30 mL toluene were placed into a 100 mL one-necked round-bottom flask. The nanoparticle solution was redispersed by sonication for 10 min and magnetically stirred at room temperature for 5 min. 45.5 μL (300 μmol) of 3-bromopropyltrichlorosilane was then added. The mixture was stirred for 6 h at room temperature and was subsequently transferred to a centrifuge tube. After centrifuging and removing the supernatant solution, the brominated silica nanoparticles (SNP-Br) were washed three times with toluene and ethanol to remove excess 3-bromopropyltrichlorosilane. The nanoparticles were dried under reduced pressure. Substitution reaction of SNP-Br with sodium azide was carried out by stirring 150.0 mg of the SNP-Br in 5 mL of a saturated solution of sodium azide in DMF for 48 h at room temperature. The suspension was centrifuged and the resultant nanoparticles (SNP-N3) were washed three times with distilled water, acetone, and ethanol and dried under reduced pressure.
100 mg of SNP-N3 and 2 mL of ethanol/water mixture (1:1 v/v) were added into a Schlenk tube. 1 mL of THF solution of TPE-containing diyne (38) [82.9 mg (150 mmol)] was then added subsequently. After stirring for 10 min, CuSO4 (1.44 mg, 9 μmol) and sodium ascorbate (2.4 mg, 12 μmol) were added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The resultant particles were isolated by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 15 min. The particles were washed with THF, ammonium hydroxide and water one to two times and then dried under vacuum overnight at 45° C. The obtained nanoparticles FSNP-34 were redispersed in ethanol by sonication for the photoluminescence measurement.
The morphology of FSNP-34 was investigated by TEM and SEM analyses and the images are shown in
The fluorescence spectra of solutions of TPE-containing diynes (38), SNPs and FSNP-34 in ethanol are shown in
Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), tetrahydrofuran (THF), trifluoroacetic acid, and other reagents were all purchased from Aldrich and used as received. 3-Azidopropyltriethoxysilane (31) was prepared by substitution reaction of 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane with sodium azide. Tetraphenylethene-functionalized siloxane (39) and sugar-containing phenylacetylene (40) were synthesized according to previous published procedures (Chem. Eur. J. 2010, 16, 4266 and Macromolecules 2007, 40, 2633). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were conducted on a PHI 5600 spectrometer (Physical Electronics) and the core level spectra were measured using a monochromatic Al Ka X-ray source. The analyzer was operated at 23.5 eV pass energy and the analyzed area was 800 mm in diameter. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed under nitrogen on a TA instruments 7 TGA analyzer. The heating rate was 10° C./min.
Fluorescent silica nanoparticles carrying a TPE luminogenic core and an azide functional group on the surface were prepared according to the chemical reaction scheme, shown below.
The micelles were prepared at room temperature by sonication of a homogenous solution containing 30 mL of cyclohexane, 7.2 mL of Triton X-100, 5.6 mL of n-heptanol, and 600 μL water for 30 min. 800 μL of 28% ammonia solution was then added. After magnetically stirring for 15 min to obtain a transparent emulsion, 200 μL of adduct Tetraphenylethene-functionalized siloxane (39) was added and the solution was stirred for another 15 min. After dropwise addition of 300 μL TEOS, the mixture was stirred for 30 min. Afterwards, 100 μL of 3-azidopropyltriethoxysilane (31) was slowly added and the solution was stirred for another 24 h at room temperature. Sol-gel reaction of tetraphenylethene-functionalized siloxane (39) with TEOS in the presence of 3-azidopropyltriethoxysilane (31) catalyzed by ammonium hydroxide resulted in the formation of uniform fluorescent silica nanoparticles decorated with azide functional groups on the surface. After completion of the reaction, the microemulsion was terminated by adding ethanol and FSNP-39-N3 was centrifuged and washed with ethanol and water to remove surfactant. The nanoparticles were dried in vacuum at room temperature and then 60° C. for further functionalization.
Click reaction of sugar-containing phenylacetylene (40) with FSNP-39-N3 was carried out under nitrogen in a Schlenk tube. 120 mg (0.0202 mmol) of FSNP-39-N3, 73.25 mg (0.0202 mmol) of sugar-containing phenylacetylene (40), and 11.28 mg (6 mol %) of Cu(PPh3)3Br were placed in a 15 mL Schlenk tube. Then, 2 mL of THF was injected into the mixture. After stirring at 60° C. for 24 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with 3 mL of THF and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. The nanoparticles were washed with ethanol and water to remove the catalyst. The acetonide protecting groups on the surfaces of the nanoparticles were deprotected under a mild acidic condition. Trifluoroacetic acid/water mixture was an effective agent to cleave the acetal bonds. Briefly, 200 mg of the nanoparticles was first suspended in 2 mL of THF and the mixture was then cooled to ˜0° C. using an ice water bath. About 4 mL of a CF3CO2H/H2O (3:1 by volume) mixture was dropped into the nanoparticle suspension under stirring. The ice-water bath was removed and the suspension was allowed to stir at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction was quenched by pouring the suspension into deionized water. The obtained FSNP-39-Glu was repeatedly centrifuged, washed with water, and dried in vacuum at room temperature. Finally, FSNP-39-Glu was dispersed in deionized water or ethanol for further experiments.
The morphologies of FSNP-39-N3 and FSNP-39-Glu were investigated by TEM and SEM analyses. The SEM image of FSNP-39-N3 showed discrete nanoparticles with a smooth surface (
The size and distribution of FSNP-39-Glu were measured by a zeta potential analyzer. FSNP-39-Glu exhibits unimodal size distribution and all the particles are uniformly functionalized (
In an embodiment, the thermal stability of the FSNPs is investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). As shown in
The efficient light emission of FSNP-39-Glu in the solid state enables the same to be utilized as a fluorescent visualizer for specific targeting of cancer cells. HeLa cells and hepatocytes were incubated at different time intervals in serum-free media containing FSNP-39-Glu and their capability to take FSNP-39-Glu was tested under identical conditions. Fluorescence microscopy imaging was used to image the nanoparticles in cell lines treated at different incubation times. Since hepatocytes exhibit a much higher metabolic rate than HeLa cells, they take FSNP-39-Glu more efficiently as they need to utilize glucose as a raw material to produce enough energy for maintaining various cell activities. There may also be specific bioreceptors present on their surface, which can further facilitate the endocytosis. This is demonstrated in the photograph of hepatocytes taken after 3 h of incubation, which shows an obviously stronger fluorescence emission than that of the HeLa cells (
Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (6), 1,2-dibromoethane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and other reagents were all purchased from Aldrich and used as received. 3-Azidopropyltriethoxysilane (31) was prepared by nucleophilic substitution of 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane with sodium azide. Silole-functionalized siloxane (7) and sugar-bearing phenylacetylene (42) were prepared following the literature methods (Chem. Eur. J. 2010, 16, 4266 and Macromolecules 2007, 40, 2633). 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker ARX 400 spectrometer with tetramethylsilane (TMS; δ=0) as an internal standard.
TPE-containing siloxane (41) was synthesized according to the chemical reaction scheme, shown below.
1,2-dibromoethane (9.39 g, 0.05 mol) and potassium carbonate (17.3 g, 0.125 mol) in 100 mL of acetone was added into a 250 mL round-bottom flask. 9.91 g (0.05 mol) of 4-hydroxybenzophenone dissolved in 25 mL of acetone was then added into the flask dropwise within 1 h under reflux. The mixture was heated until the solution color changed from yellow to white. After cooling to room temperature, the inorganic salt was filtered and the solid was washed with acetone several times. The filtrate was concentrated by a rotary evaporator and the residue was extracted with 200 mL of chloroform. The organic phase was washed with 100 mL of water three times, 100 mL of brine once, and then dried over sodium sulfate overnight. After filtration and solvent evaporation, the crude product was purified by a silica gel column using petroleum ether/ethyl acetate mixture (3:1 by volume) as eluent. A white solid of 4-(2-Bromoethoxy)benzophenone (43) was obtained in 60.0% yield (9.15 g). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3), δ (TMS, ppm): 7.84 (d, 2H), 7.7 6 (d, 2H), 7.59 (t, 1H), 7.49 (t, 2H), 6.98 (d, 2H), 4.37 (t, 2H), 3.67 (t, 2H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3), (ppm): 195.5, 161.7, 138.2, 132.7, 132.1, 130.9, 129.8, 128.3, 114.2, 67.9, 28.7.
1.83 g (6 mmol) of 4-(2-Bromoethoxy)benzophenone (43) and 50 mL of THF were added into a vacuum-evacuated, nitrogen-filled 250 mL two-necked, round bottomed flask. The solution was cooled to −78° C., into which TiCl4 (1.14 g, 6 mmol) and Zn dust (0.8 g, 12 mmol) were added. After reflux overnight, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered through a pad of silica gel. The filtrate was concentrated and the crude product was purified by a silica gel column using chloroform/hexane (1:1 by volume) as eluent. A white powder of 1,2-Bis[4-(2-bromoethoxy)phenyl]-1,2-diphenylethene (44) was obtained in 84.82% yield (3.22 g). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3), δ (TMS, ppm): 7.07 (m, 6H), 7.01 (m, 4H), 6.95 (m, 4H), 6.67 (m, 4H), 4.23 (m, 4H), 3.61 (m, 4H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3), (ppm): 157.06, 144.6, 140.3, 137.6, 133.2, 131.9, 128.3, 126.9, 114.4, 68.2, 29.7.
TPE-functionalized siloxane (41) was prepared by stirring a mixture of 12 mmol of 1,2-Bis[4-(2-bromoethoxy)phenyl]-1,2-diphenylethene (44) and 28 μmol of APS in 100 μL of DMSO overnight. Water was carefully excluded to avoid possible hydrolysis of APS. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum. The TPE-functionalized siloxane (41) was characterized by mass spectroscopy and used as luminogenic core for the preparation of FSNPs.
The adduct gives an [M++1] peak at m/z 859.4808 in its high-resolution mass spectrum (
The micelles were prepared at room temperature by sonication of a homogenous solution containing 30 mL cyclohexane, 7.2 mL Triton X-100, 5.6 mL n-heptanol, and 600 μL of water for 30 min. 800 μL of ammonia solution (28%) was then added and the solution was magnetically stirred for 15 min to obtain a transparent emulsion. After addition of 200 μL (12 μmol) of TPE-functionalized siloxane (41), the mixture was stirred for 15 min. Afterward, 300 μL of TEOS was injected. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 30 min and 100 μL of 3-azidopropyltriethoxysilane (31) was injected. Stirring was continued for 24 h at room temperature and the microemulsion was terminated by adding ethanol. The nanoparticles were centrifuged, washed with ethanol and water, and dried in vacuum at room temperature. Finally, FSNP-41-N3 was dried in a vacuum oven at 60° C. for further surface functionalization. Similarly, FSNP-7-N3 was fabricated by sol-gel reaction of 7 catalyzed by ammonium hydroxide followed by progressive reaction with TEOS and 3-azidopropyltriethoxysilane (31).
Galactopyranose-containing phenylacetylene (42) was synthesized according to the literature method (Macromolecules 2007, 40, 2633). The cycloaddition of 42 with FSNP-41-N3 and FSNP-7-N3 was carried out in THF in the presence of 6 mol % of Cu(PPh3)3Br at 60° C. for 24 h, affording FSNP-41-Gal and FSNP-7-Gal after acetal deprotection in acidic THF/water mixture.
Specifically, a click reaction of Galactopyranose-containing phenylacetylene (42) with FSNP-41-N3 or FSNP-7-N3 was carried out under nitrogen in a Schlenk tube. 120 mg (0.0202 mmol) of FSNP-41-N3, 73.25 mg (0.0202 mmol) of Galactopyranose-containing phenylacetylene (42), and 11.28 mg (6 mol %) of Cu(PPh3)3Br were placed in a 15 mL Schlenk tube. 2 mL of THF was injected into the mixture. After stirring at 60° C. for 24 h, the reaction mixture was diluted with 3 mL of THF and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. The obtained nanoparticles were washed with ethanol and water to remove the catalyst. The acetonide protecting groups on the surfaces of the nanoparticles were deprotected under a mild acidic condition. Trifluoroacetic acid/water mixture was an effective agent to cleave the acetal bonds. Briefly, 200 mg of nanoparticles were first suspended in 2 mL of THF and the mixture was then cooled to ˜0° C. using an ice water bath. About 4 mL of a CF3CO2H/H2O (3:1 by volume) mixture was dropped into the nanoparticle suspension under stirring. The ice-water bath was removed and the resultant nanoparticle suspension was allowed to stir at room temperature for 4 h. The reaction was terminated by pouring the nanoparticle suspension into deionized water. The obtained FSNP-41-Gal was repeatedly centrifuged, washed with water, and dried in vacuum at room temperature. Finally, FSNP-41-Gal was dispersed in deionized water or ethanol for further experiments. Similarly, FSNP-7-Gal was obtained by the above-mentioned procedures.
The galactose-functionalized FSNPs show high uniformity in shape and size, as revealed by the TEM and SEM analyses (
In a further embodiment, the chemical compositions of the FSNPs before and after the click reaction were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the results are summarized in Table 4, below. Both FSNP-41-N3 and FSNP-7-N3 contain expected elements of nitrogen, oxygen, and silicon. After surface functionalization, the carbon content increases, whereas relatively lower intensities are observed for the nitrogen, oxygen, and silicon elements. Such comparison supports the success of grafting of Galactopyranose-containing phenylacetylene (42) on FSNPs.
The PL spectra of suspensions of TPE-functionalized siloxane (41), FSNP-41-N3, and FSNP-41-Gal in ethanol solutions are shown in
To test whether FSNP-41-Gal and FSNP-7-Gal can target specific cancer cells, HeLa and HepG2 cell lines were employed.
Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (43), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), succinic anhydride (44), 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), N-hydroxysuccinamide (NHS), and other reagents were purchased from Aldrich and used as received. TPE and silole-functionalized siloxanes (39 and 7) were synthesized according to the previous published method (Chem. Eur. J. 2010, 16, 4266). IR spectra were obtained on a Perkin-Elmer 16 PC FTIR spectrophotometer. 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker ARX 400 spectrometer with tetramethylsilane (TMS; δ=0) as an internal standard.
Compound 45, named 5-oxo-5-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamino]pentanoic acid, was prepared by reaction of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane with succinic anhydride, as shown in the chemical reaction scheme below.
An equimolar mixture of 4.79 mL (20 mmol) of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (43) and 2.0 g (20 mmol) of succinic anhydride (44) was reacted overnight at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The product was extensively washed with methanol and used without further purification. Yellow oil. IR, v (cm−1): 3418 (NH), 3278 (OH), 2977 (CH2), 1723 (CO), 1652 (CONH), 1563 (NH), 1026 (SiO). 11H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6), δ (TMS, ppm): 0.62 (t, 2H, Si—CH2), 1.14-1.25 (m, 9H, CH3), 1.52 (t, 2H, CH2), 2.38-2.49 [m, 4H, CO(CH2)2], 3.09 (m, 2H, NHCH2), 3.83 (m, 6H, OCH2), 7.91 (s, 1H, NH). 13C NMR (100 MHz, DMSO-d6), (ppm): 7.38, 18.23, 22.79, 29.41, 30.17, 41.37, 56.09, 57.73, 170.86, 174.01.
FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-COOH were prepared by the reverse microemulsion method, as shown in the chemical reaction scheme, below.
Micelles were prepared at room temperature by sonication of a homogenous solution containing 30 mL of cyclohexane, 7.2 mL of Triton X-100, 5.6 mL of n-heptanol, and 600 μL water for 30 min. 800 μL of 28% ammonia solution was then added. After magnetically stirring for 15 min to obtain a transparent emulsion, 200 μL (12 μmol) of TPE and silole-functionalized siloxanes (39 and 7) were added and the solution was stirred for another 15 min. After dropwise addition of 300 μL TEOS and stirring for 30 min, 100 μL (93.33 μmol) of 5-oxo-5-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamino]pentanoic acid (45) in DMSO was slowly added and the reaction was stirred for another 24 h at room temperature. Sol-gel reaction of TPE and silole-functionalized siloxanes (39 and 7) with TEOS in the presence of 5-oxo-5-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamino]pentanoic acid (45) catalyzed by ammonium hydroxide resulted in the formation of FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-COOH with surfaces decorated with carboxyl acid groups. After the reaction was completed, the microemulsion was terminated by adding ethanol and FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-COOH were centrifuged and washed with ethanol and water to remove the surfactant. The nanoparticles were dried in vacuum at room temperature and then 45° C. for further functionalization.
FSNP-39-FA was prepared by amidation of FSNP-39-COOH with folic acid in the presence of NHS, DCC, and DMAP in DMSO.
Specifically, 100 mg (93 μmol) of FSNP-39-COOH, 80 mg of DCC, 3.0 mg of DMAP, and 11.5 mg (100 μmol) of NHS in 1.5 mL of DMSO were placed into a 15 mL Schlenk tube. After stirring at room temperature for 12 h, 41.20 mg (93 μmol) of folic acid pre-dissolved in 0.5 mL DMSO was added to the reaction mixture. After stirring at room temperature for 12 h, the mixture was diluted with 3 mL of DMSO and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. The isolated FSNP-39-FA was washed with DMF and water to remove the catalytic by-product. The nanoparticles were washed with deionized water and ethanol several times to completely remove all the impurities. Finally, FSNP-39-FA was dispersed in deionized water or ethanol for further experiments. A similar procedure was used to prepare FSNP-7-FA.
The morphologies of FSNP-39-COOH, FSNP-7-COOH, FSNP-39-FA, and FSNP-7-FA were investigated by TEM and SEM analyses. The SEM image of FSNP-39-COOH shows discrete nanoparticles with relatively smooth surfaces (
The size and morphology of FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-COOH are affected by many reaction parameters. The addition mode of TPE and silole-functionalized siloxanes (39 and 7) and the nature of solvent used for the dissolution of 5-oxo-5-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamino]pentanoic acid (45) have a strong influence on the shape and size of the resultant nanoparticles. For example, when TPE-functionalized siloxane (39), a viscous oil, was directly added to the reaction mixture, agglomeration of the particles occurred (
XPS and EDX analyses were carried out to realize the composition of the FSNPs, and their chemical compositions are summarized in Table 5, below. All the FSNPs show the expected elements of nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and carbon. The carbon and nitrogen contents of FSNP-39-FA and FSNP-7-FA are higher than their precursors FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-CONHS. Similar results are also obtained from the EDX measurements, proving that folic acid has been successfully grafted on the surfaces of FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-COOH. The success in bioconjugation of FA on FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-COOH is also evidenced by the TGA analysis. As shown in
The PL spectra of suspensions of TPE-functionalized siloxanes (39), silole-functionalized siloxanes (7), FSNP-39-COOH, FSNP-7-COOH, FSNP-39-FA, and FSNP-7-FA in ethanol solutions are given in
The strong PL from FSNP-39-FA and FSNP-7-FA enable them to function as fluorescent visualizers for intracellular imaging. HeLa cells were chosen for the experiment since they are known to express high level of folate receptor (FR). The HeLa cells were incubated with FSNP-41-FA and FSNP-7-FA and the uptake efficiency at different time intervals was compared by means of the brightness of the fluorescent images shown in
Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (22), and other reagents were all purchased from Aldrich and used without further purification. Adduct TPE and silole-functionalized siloxanes (39 and 7) were prepared according to the previous published procedure (Chem. Eur. J. 2010, 16, 4266). 5-oxo-5-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamino]pentanoic acid (45) was prepared by reaction of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane with succinic anhydride.
FSNP-39-COOH was prepared from TPE-functionalized siloxanes (39), TEOS, and 5-Oxo-5-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propylamino]pentanoic acid (45) by a one-pot, two-step sol-gel reaction. FSNP-SH, on the other hand, was prepared from silole-functionalized siloxanes (7), TEOS, and 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (22). About 12 mmol of silole-functionalized siloxanes (7) were added into a mixture of ethanol (32 mL), ammonium hydroxide (0.64 mL), and distilled water (3.9 mL). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 min after which an ethanol solution (5 mL) of TEOS (1 mL) was added dropwise. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 h to coat the luminogenic nanocores with silica shells followed by the drop-wise addition of 100 μL of 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (22) in DMSO. After stirring for 24 h at room temperature, the mixture was centrifuged and the nanoparticles were redispersed in ethanol under sonication for 5 min. Such process was repeated three times and FSNP-7-SH was finally dispersed in water or ethanol for further experiments.
The morphologies of FSNP-39-COOH and the FSNP-7-SH were investigated by TEM analysis. The TEM images of FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-SH show discrete nanoparticles with smooth surfaces (
The adsorption of lysozyme on FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-SH was studied in buffer solutions with different pH at 25° C. 2000 μg of lysozyme were first dissolved in 2 mL of water and then mixed with 3 mL of buffer solution (pH=2). About 5 mg of FSNP-39-COOH was suspended in the lysozyme buffer solution and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 12 h. The same process was done for buffer solutions with pH=3-10. Similarly, in another set of experiments, 2000 μg of lysozyme were first dissolved in 2 mL of water and then mixed with 3 mL of buffer solution (pH=2). About 5 mg of FSNP-7-SH were suspended in the lysozyme buffer solution and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 12 h. The same process was done for buffer solutions with pH=3-10. The mixtures were centrifuged and the UV absorptions of the supernatants were measured.
The absorption change in the buffer solutions of lysozyme before and after adsorption by FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-SH at different pH at 25° C. is given in
Colloidal stability is a key parameter for nanoparticles or colloidal systems and can be realized from their surface charges or zeta potentials. The nanoparticles are said to be colloidally stable if their surface charges are high at the workable pH, irrespective of the sign. The functional groups on the surfaces of FSNPs determine their charges and hence the zeta potentials at different pH. FSNP-39-COOH carries a high negative charge at high pH due to deprotonation of the carboxylic groups by acid-base reaction. At low pH, protonation of the silanol groups occurs, which endows the nanoparticles with a positive surface charge. The zeta potential of FSNP-7-SH is similar to that of FSNP-7-COOH in acidic media but is less negative at pH 5-10. At pH 12, both nanoparticles exhibit high negative surface charges and hence enjoy good colloidal stability (
The amounts of lysozyme adsorbed respectively by fixed concentrations of FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-SH were determined by the following procedures. Briefly, 5 mg of FSNP-COOH or FSNP-7-SH were added into 2 mL of aqueous lysozyme solutions with concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 500, 600, and 800 μg/mL. 3 mL of buffer solution were added to each suspension to obtain mixtures with pH=10. The mixtures were incubated for 12 h at room temperature under vigorous shaking. To determine the amount of lysozyme adsorbed on the particle surface, samples were withdrawn from each suspension and added into plastic centrifuge cuvettes. Subsequently, the cuvettes were centrifuged for 15 min at 3000 rpm at 25° C. The supernatants were transferred to fresh cuvettes and centrifuged again. The lysozyme concentrations of these supernatants were determined by measuring their UV absorption at 280 nm using a calibration curve. By subtracting the values used for the experiments from those in the supernatants, the amounts of lysozyme adsorbed by FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-SH at different protein concentrations were determined.
The adsorption of a fixed amount of lysozyme by different concentrations of FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-SH was investigated in buffer solutions (pH=10) at 25° C. In a typical experiment, 2 mL of lysozyme solution (400.0 μg/mL), 3 mL of buffer solution (pH=10), and 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mg of FSNP-39-COOH or FSNP-7-SH were added in small vials. The mixtures were incubated for 12 h and centrifuged. The supernatants were separated and their absorptions at 280 nm were determined. The amounts of lysozyme adsorbed by different concentrations of nanoparticles were calculated by subtracting the amounts of lysozyme used for the experiments from those in the supernatants.
The efficiency of lysozyme adsorption of FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-SH was determined by dissolving fixed concentration of lysozyme (400 μg/mL) in solutions with varying amounts of FSNP-39-COOH and FSNP-7-SH. The amount of protein adsorbed on the nanoparticle surface is presented in
The AIE fluorophores containing siloxane, which can carry out a sol-gel reaction to form a core of silica particles, were produced by reacting a shell reactant tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APS) to form amino-functionalized fluorescent silica nanoparticles. Biomolecules with carboxy group can be attached thereto by esterification. A synthetic scheme in this regard is shown below.
A silole-containing siloxane (1) is produced by stirring a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution of 2 and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APS) at room temperature for 24 h. The silole-containing siloxane 1 then undergoes a sol-gel reaction followed by reaction with tetraethoxysilane to provide FSNP-1 having a core-shell structure. Addition of APS into the reaction mixture generates FSNP-1-NH2 with numerous amino groups decorated on the surface, enabling it to undergo an amidation reaction with biotin in the presence of 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) to furnish FSNP-1-biotin.
Specifically, silole-APS conjugate (1) was synthesized by stirring a mixture of 6 μmol of 1,1-dimethyl-2,5-bis[4-(2-bromoethoxy)phenyl]-3,4-diphenylsilole (2) and 16 μmol of APS in 50 mL of DMSO overnight according to previously published procedures. Then, FSNP-1 was fabricated by a two step sol-gel reaction. Briefly, 1 was added to a mixture of ethanol (64 mL), ammonium hydroxide (1.28 mL), and distilled water (7.8 mL). The solution was then stirred at room temperature for 1 h to prepare the silole-silica nanocores, after which a mixture of 2 mL TEOS and 8 mL ethanol was slowly added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 3 h to coat the nanocores with silica shells. FSNP-1-NH2 was prepared by stirring a mixture of FSNP-1 and APS at room temperature for additional 24 h. The nanoparticles were centrifuged and washed with ethanol and water. Finally, the FSNP-1-biotin was fabricated by stirring a mixture of FSNP-1-NH2 and biotin at room temperature overnight in the presence of DCC and DMAP. The nanoparticles were washed with deionized water and ethanol to get rid of unwanted substances and dispersed in deionized water or ethanol for further experiments.
The FSNP-1-biotin was characterized by IR spectroscopy. The Si—OH, Si—O and N—H stretching vibrations of FSNP-1-NH2 occurred at 951, 1707 and 3321 cm−1, respectively. After biotin modification, the absorption at 3321 cm−1 is enhanced and new peaks associated with C═O stretching vibration emerged at 1638 and 1707 cm−1 in FSNP-1-biotin, revealing that biotin was covalently grafted on the surface of FSNP-1-NH2 through an amidation reaction.
Analysis by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that both FSNP-1-NH2 and FSNP-1-biotin are spherical in shape and uniform in diameter with narrow size distributions (
The thermal stability of the FSNPs was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). As shown in
The PL spectra of solution of 1 and suspensions of FSNP-1-NH2 and FSNP-1-biotin in ethanol are displayed in
The rigid silica network largely restricts the intramolecular rotations of the luminogen. This blocks the nonradiative relaxation channels and populates the radiative excitons, thus making the FSNPs highly luminescent. At the same measurement conditions, the PL intensity of FSNP-1-NH2 and FSNP-1-biotin was 95- and 87-folds higher than that of 1 in ethanol solution, respectively.
The photographs of solution of 1 and the suspensions of FSNP-1-NH2 and FSNP-1-biotin taken under UV exposure from a hand-held UV lamp are shown as the inset in
Since a luminogen should neither inhibit nor promote the growth of living cells, the toxicity of FSNP-1-biotin, was evaluated by studying the morphology change of HeLa and mouse fibroblast NIH 3T3 cells cultured in presence of FSNP-1-biotin. Only a small amount of cells showed vacuoles, shrinkage, and chromatin condensation in this regard, suggesting that FSNP-1-biotin possessed good biocompatibility.
A cell viability assay was also carried out at nanoparticle concentration of 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 200 μg/mL for 48 h using a WST-8 cell counting kit. Cells were seeded into 96-well plate at a density of 8000 cells per well and exposed to various concentrations of nanoparticles for 48 h. 10 μL of CCK-8 solution was added into each well and the cells were incubated for additional 2 h at 37° C. The optical density was measured on a microplate reader (Thermo, USA) using a test wavelength of 490 nm and a reference wavelength of 630 nm.
The cell viability decreased with an increase in the nanoparticle concentration. Compared with the control group, the nanoparticles had no discernible deleterious effects on the viability of both HeLa and 3T3 cells (P>0.05) at concentrations below 100 μg/mL (
To further verify the cytotoxicity of FSNP-1-biotin or lack thereof, the cell survival was examined by trypan blue exclusion assay. The viable cells excluded trypan blue dye and were not stained to identify living cells. After exposure to the nanoparticles for 48 h, the cells were harvested and scored as alive or dead using trypan blue according to the manufacturer's instruction. The number of viable cells was counted using a conventional hemocytometer. The rate of viability was derived by comparing with the negative control.
At a nanoparticle concentration of 100 μg/mL, the cell survival of HeLa cells and 3T3 cells was reduced to 88.49% and 86.74% (P<0.05), respectively (
Cell apoptosis is an important parameter for the toxicity of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles could induce apoptosis through many kinds of pathways. Herein, the quantification of apoptosis of HeLa and 3T3 cells was studied by flow cytometry (FCM) with Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) double staining assay at different concentrations of FSNP-1-biotin. After incubation with various concentrations of nanoparticles for 48 h, the cells were harvested with EDTA-free trypsin solution and then treated with 5 μL, Annexin V-FITC and 5 μL, PI for at least 10 min at room temperature in the dark. Immediate analysis was performed using FCM (BD Biosciences, USA). For each sample, 1×104 cells were measured.
The cells stained with Annexin V-FITC alone represent early apoptosis, while those labelled with PI demonstrate to necrotic cells. The late apoptotic cells are stained with both fluorescent dyes. As depicted in
The cytograms given in (A) showed the fluorescence from the cells measured using Annexin V-FITC/PI assay at different nanoparticle concentrations. According to the emission intensity from the fluorescence dye (“+”=high, “−”=low), four regions, named Q1 (Annexin V-FITC−, PI+), Q2 (Annexin V-FITC+, PI+), Q3 (Annexin V-FITC−, PI−) and Q4 (Annexin V-FITC+, PI−) were divided, which represented the necrotic, late apoptotic, living and early apoptotic cells, respectively. (B) Quantitative analysis of cell apoptosis from three independent experiments. The total apoptotic cells (Q2+Q4) were shown in the histograms, analyzed by Dunnett's test and compared with the control (0 μg/mL). * means P<0.05 and indicates that the total number of apoptotic cells is significantly different from that of control.
Oxidative stress-mediated pathway is demonstrated as one of the apoptotic mechanisms due to the induction of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles can induce production of intracellular reaction oxygen (ROS), which can change the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane, damage the ultrastructure of mitochondria, and then trigger secondary damage effects such as mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage. The ROS assay was based on the peroxide-dependent oxidation of DCFH-DA to form a fluorescent compound named dichlorofluorescein (DCF).
Herein, the HeLa and 3T3 cells were treated with various concentrations of FSNP-1-biotin for 24 h. Afterwards they were washed with buffer solution and incubated with DCFH-DA for 20 min. The cells incubated with 50 mg/L of Rosup solution for 30 min were treated as positive control. The fluorescence from the cells was then immediately measured by fluorescence correlation microscopy (FCM) (BD Biosciences, USA). For each sample, 1×104 cells were collected. The visual image of the ROS generation in cells was taken on an Olympus BX41 inverted fluorescence microscope (Olympus, Japan) at an excitation wavelength of 488 nm and an emission wavelength of 525 nm.
The ROS generation and hence the fluorescence from the solution became higher when HeLa and 3T3 cells were cultured with an increasing amount of FSNP-1-biotin nanoparticles (
The targeting property of FSNP-1-biotin was investigated using HeLa and BEL-7402 cells, which are typical cell lines for cervical carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively, with over-expressed biotin receptors. Normal liver cells LO2 containing low-expressed receptor were also used in the investigation for the purpose of comparison. After 3 h staining, strong PL was emitted from the HeLa and BEL-7402 cells, while dim fluorescence was observed from LO2 cells (
For tumor cells with over-expressed biotin receptors on the surface, FSNP-1-biotin binds to the cell membrane via ligand-receptor interaction. The interaction of the nanoparticles with the biotin receptor triggers cell internalization into intracytoplasmic vesicles or the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles. The nanoparticles may be further processed in vacuoles and endosomes, which are then eventually released to the cytoplasm. The nanoparticles without biotin coating enter the cells mainly by caveolae-dependent endocytosis, whose rate, specificity and affinity are much lower than that of clathrin-dependent endocytosis.
HeLa, BEL-7402, and LO2 cells were seeded on a round cover slip mounted onto a 6-well plate overnight. The living cells were incubated with serum-free medium containing FSNP-1-biotin at a specific concentration (40 μg/mL) with or without 10 μg/mL of biotin solution for 3 h. The cells were then washed three times with 0.01 M PBS and imaged under a Nikon A1 confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM, Nikon Corporation, Japan) at an excitation wavelength of 405 nm. The uptake of FSNP-1-biotin nanoparticles by LO2 cells is low due to the absence of biotin receptor on their surface. Moreover, they, unlike HeLa and BEL-7402 cells, require small amounts of biotin for proliferation, thus resulting in low nanoparticle uptake and weak fluorescence.
While their silole precursor was non-emissive in solution, the suspension of the FSNPs emitted strong green light upon photoexcitation due to the aggregation-induced emission characteristics of the silole aggregates in the hybrid nanoparticles. Morphology study and cell viability, trypan blue exclusion, Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis and ROS generation assays showed that the FSNPs posed low toxicity to living cells. The FSNPs worked as fluorescent visualizers for selective imaging the cytoplasm of tumor cells with over-expressed biotin receptors. The fluorescent nanoparticles were lastingly retained inside the living cells, thus enabling long-term tumor cell tracking over multiple passages and quantitative analysis of tumor cell migration.
To prove the existence of ligand-receptor interaction or the occurrence of receptor-mediated endocytosis, fluorescence imaging of tumor cells by FSNP-1-biotin was carried out in the presence of free biotin. As shown by the images given in
As an excellent tumor-targeting probe, FSNP-1-biotin should possess the property of high photostability and long-term tracking. Thus, the fluorescence from the HeLa and BEL-7402 cells stained with FSNP-1-biotin was investigated in a continuance manner of cell culture. The tumor cells were observed after incubation with 40 μg/mL nanoparticles for 24 h. When 70˜80% confluence was reached, the cells were trypsinized, counted and subcultured at a density of 2×105 cells per well into a 6-well plate. Generally, the cells grow into another generation within 1 day. Although the PL from the cells became weaker along with the passage due to the division of the nanoparticles, they were still visible even after culturing for 5 days (
When the culture was prolonged to 7 days, dim fluorescence was still observed from the cells. However, their morphology was difficult to discern. Thus, the retention time of the nanoparticles inside the cell is approximately one week.
Accordingly, FSNP-1-biotin selectively stains tumor cells with over-expressed biotin receptors and enables long-term cell tracing over multiple passages. FSNP-1-biotin, then, can be used to track the migration of tumor cells. This was tested by loading different concentrations of serum to the medium in the lower compartment. FSNP-1-biotin labelled HeLa cells were then introduced to the upper compartment of a cell.
Specifically, the cellular uptake and distribution of FSNP-1-biotin in cells were analyzed by TEM (FEI Corporation, Netherlands) according to a modified procedure. Briefly, HeLa cells were treated with 40 μg/mL of FSNP-1-biotin for 12 h. Afterwards, the cells were washed three times with 0.01 M PBS to get rid of the unbound nanoparticles and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde buffered in 0.01 M PBS for 1 h at room temperature. Fixed cells were washed three times with 0.01 M PBS and collected in centrifuge tube, and then post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide for 1 h at room temperature. The sample was dehydrated by ethanol solutions with different concentrations (40, 50, 70, 80, 90, 95 and 100%), treated with propylene oxide and then embedded in Spurr's resin by infiltration with a series of mixtures of resin and propylene oxide (ratios of propylene oxide to resin: 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3). The resin blocks were hardened at 70° C. overnight. Ultrathin sections with dimension of 70 nm were cut using glass knives and then stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate prior to analysis under Tecnai G2 20 TEM (FEI Corporation, Netherlands) operating at 200 kV.
Because the HeLa cells require additional nutrient to maintain their rapid proliferation, they are thus induced to move from the upper compartment to the lower one. The migrated cells were collected by trypsin and the fluorescence of the cell suspension was then measured. As shown in
The synthesis of the G0-TPE (1) dendrimer is shown in the chemical reaction scheme, below.
Compound 9 (0.700 g, 1.97×10−3 mol., 2.5 eq.) and compound 15 (0.157 g, 0.79×10−3 mol., 1 eq.) were dissolved in THF and MeOH (5 mL each). DIPEA (0.4 mL) and CuI (0.150 g, 0.79×10−3 mol., 1 eq.) were added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 48 h before being condensed under vacuum. It was then extracted with DCM and a brine of NH4Cl three times. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulphate and evaporated. The substrate was purified over column chromatography (1:1 DCM:hexanes, first band). A yellow powder was collected with a yield of 71% (0.506 g, 0.56×10−3 mol.). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (ddt, J=9.8, 6.1, 2.8 Hz, 9H), 4.42 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 3.51 (s, 1H). 13C NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 147.44 (s), 144.06-143.35 (m), 141.32 (d, J=1.4 Hz), 140.42 (s), 131.93 (d, J=3.5 Hz), 131.32 (t, J=6.3 Hz), 128.56 (d, J=1.7 Hz), 127.72 (dd, J=11.0, 4.0 Hz), 126.81-126.09 (m), 124.96 (d, J=2.7 Hz), 120.91 (s), 103.83 (s), 70.41 (d, J=3.3 Hz), 69.46 (d, J=3.4 Hz), 66.99 (s), 66.45-65.46 (m), 50.25 (d, J=4.5 Hz), 41.12 (s), 32.33 (s), 23.47 (s), 22.68 (s). IR (NaCl): 3142, 3055 (t), 2876 (br), 2725, 2245, 1952, 1724, 1599, 1493, 1443, 1360, 1227, 1115, 1074, 910 v cm−1. HRMS: calcd. 913.1153 found 913.4219.
The synthetic strategy to decorate an EO3-EO2 dendritic core, such as for the G1-TPE-Short (2) dendrimer is shown in the chemical reaction scheme, below.
EO3-EO2-G1-N3 (0.130 g, 1.48×10−4 mol., 1 eq.) was dissolved in THF (3 mL) alongside compound 9 (0.631 g, 1.78×10−3 mol., 12 eq.) and DIPEA (100 μL) in a 2 neck round-bottom flask equipped with a condenser. The flask was purged with nitrogen before adding CuI (0.113 g, 5.93×10−4 mol., 4 eq.) The mixture was refluxed for five days before being brought back to room temperature. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting dark yellow solid was re-dissolved in DCM. It was then washed with saturated NH4Cl until the aqueous layer stayed uncoloured for two consecutive washes (usually eight times). After being dried and evaporated, the organic layer was passed on a standard chromatography column. It was first flushed in pure hexanes to remove the bulk of compound X and then in CHCl3 to remove a red band. Finally, the desired dendrimer was recuperated by carefully eluting with the addition of 3% MeOH into CHCl3 in a 27% yield (0.092 g, 3.99×10−5 mol.) as a pale yellow solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.86 (s, 2H), 7.79 (s, 2H) 7.55 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 4H), 7.49 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 4H), 7.05 (m, 68H), 4.53 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 4H), 4.48 (t, J=5.3 Hz, 4H), 4.41 (m, 4H), 3.85 (dd, J=5 Hz, 8H), 3.57 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 8H), 3.25 (s, 4H). 13C NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): 159.83, 158.16, 147.54, 147.42, 143.79, 143.61, 141.37, 141.29, 140.44, 140.35, 139.43, 131.87, 131.80, 131.37, 128.63, 128.42, 127.75, 126.57, 125.01, 124.81, 120.89, 120.76, 70.16, 69.53, 69.23, 69.03, 68.82, 68.49, 65.11, 64.40, 50.26, 50.16, 49.95. IR (NaCl): 3053 (br t), 2916 (br t), 1734, 1597, 1555, 1493, 1442, 1273, 1209, 1128, 1074 v cm−1. MS: calcd. 2306.61, found 2307.1.
EO3-EO2-G2-N3 (0.150 g, 6.69×10−5 mol., 1 eq.) was dissolved in THF (6 mL) alongside compound 9 (2.00 g, 5.65×10−3 mol., 84 eq.) and DIPEA (200 μL) in a 2 neck round-bottom flask equipped with a condenser. The flask was purged with nitrogen before adding CuI (0.150 g, 7.87×10−4 mol., 12 eq.). The mixture was refluxed for five days before being brought back to room temperature. At that point, most of the solvent had dried away, leaving a brown gooey solid that was re-dissolved in DCM. It was then washed with saturated NH4Cl until the aqueous layer stayed uncoloured for two consecutive washes (usually after a dozen times). After being dried and evaporated, the organic layer was passed on a standard chromatography column. It was first flushed in pure DCM to remove the bulk of compound X and then in CHCl3 to remove a red band. Finally, the desired dendrimer was recuperated by carefully eluting with the addition of 3% MeOH into CHCl3. After evaporation, the yield is 39% (0.132 g, 2.59×10−5 mol.) as a brown solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.89 (d, J=3.3 Hz), 7.87 (d, J=3.6 Hz), 7.81 (s), 7.59-7.49 (m), 7.07 (dd, J=4.2 Hz), 4.69 (s), 4.62 (d, J=4.6 Hz), 4.49 (d, J=13.0 Hz,), 4.42 (s), 4.33 (dd, J=6.8), 3.86 (d, J=11.2 Hz), 3.73 (d, J=3.8 Hz), 3.63 (s), 3.59 (d, J=3.5 Hz), 3.46 (d, J=12.9 Hz), 3.38 (s). IR (NaCl): 3055 (br t), 2922 (br t), 1734, 1597, 1555, 1492, 1442, 1274, 1209, 1128, 1064 v cm−1. MS: calcd. 5093.62, found 5159.2 (M+Cu).
EO2-EO3-G3-N3 (0.100 g, 2.02×10−5 mol., 1 eq.) was dissolved in THF (3 mL) alongside compound 9 (1.14 g, 3.22×10−3 mol., 160 eq.) and DIPEA (200 μL) in a 2 neck round-bottom flask equipped with a condenser. The flask was purged with nitrogen before adding CuI (0.306 g, 1.61×10−3 mol., 80 eq.). The mixture was refluxed for five days before being brought back to room temperature. The solvent was evaporated and the resulting brown solid was re-dissolved in DCM. It was then washed with saturated NH4Cl until the aqueous layer stayed uncoloured for two consecutive washes. After being dried and evaporated, the organic layer was passed on a tiny chromatography column assembled in a plastic 10 mL syringe. It was first flushed in pure hexanes to remove the last traces of compound X and then in DCM to recuperate the final dendrimer in a 9% yield (0.020 g, 1.81×10−6 mol.) as a brown solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.87 (s), 7.70 (d), 7.53 (s), 7.05 (s), 4.76-4.22 (m), 3.94-3.29 (m). IR (NaCl): 3055, 2928 (br t), 1732, 1599, 1555, 1462, 1365, 1280, 1217, 1128, 1074 v cm−1. MS: calcd. 10667.6, found 10724.2 (M+Cu).
The synthetic strategy to add the click-activating spacer onto TPE-alkyne is shown in the chemical reaction scheme, below.
Compound 9 (1.000 g, 2.81×10−3 mol., 1 eq.) and compound 12 (0.442, 3.37×10−3 mol., 1.2 eq.) were mixed in a 25 mL round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar. DIPEA (0.5 mL, ca. 1 eq.), THF (5 mL), and MeOH (5 mL) were added. The flask was then purged with nitrogen before adding CuI (0.267 g, 1.40×10−3 mol, 0.5 eq.) and K2CO3 (ca. 0.5 g, enough to raise the pH around 10). The reaction was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen for one night. An excess of acetylene dicarboxylic acid (0.321 g, 2.81×10−3 mol., 1 eq.) was added and the reaction was stirred for an additional five minutes. The bulk of the solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting paste was extracted with DCM and water first, then with saturated ammonium chloride three to five times or until two consecutive aqueous layers appeared completely colorless. 1 eq of acetylene dicarboxylic acid and 2 eq of K2CO3 were added into the organic layer. This mixture was extracted with water. This was done to remove the excess of OH-PEG-N3 (12) that can co-elute with the target compound. This procedure was repeated once. The organic layer was then further washed with water one time. After being dried on magnesium sulphate and evaporated, the organic layer was purified by column chromatography (100% chloroform, 3rd band), yielding a white flaky solid (1.110 g, 2.28×10−3 mol, 81%) 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.18-6.96 (m, 17H), 4.64-4.49 (m, 2H), 3.98-3.85 (m, 2H), 3.81-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.61-3.52 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): δ 143.65 (m), 131.86 (s), 131.37 (d, J=5.5 Hz), 127.90-127.56 (m), 126.70-126.34 (m), 125.03 (s), 120.61 (s), 77.37 (s), 77.05 (s), 76.73 (s), 72.53 (s), 69.41 (s), 61.69 (s), 50.31 (s). IR (NaCl): 3040, 3053, 2870 (br), 1599, 1493, 1443, 1356, 1227, 1126, 1074, 975 v cm−1. HRMS: calcd. 487.2260, found 487.2265.
Compound 13 (05.00 g, 1.03×10-3 mol, 1 eq.), propiolic acid (0.127 mL, 2.05×10−3 mol., 2 eq.) and PTSA (0.214 g, 1.13×10−3 mol., 1.1 eq.) were all dissolved in chloroform (8 mL) in a 25 mL round bottom flask with a stir bar. The reaction was refluxed for one night. NaHCO3 (0.5 g) was added to quench the reaction. It was then extracted with DCM and water before being dried over magnesium sulphate and evaporated. The substrate was purified over column chromatography (pure DCM, first band). A yellow powder was collected with a yield of 52% (0.290 g, 0.50×10-3 mol). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.65-7.57 (d J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.15-6.97 (m, 17H), 4.61-4.54 (t J=5.0, 2H), 4.37-4.32 (t J=4.4, 2H), 3.89-3.82 (t J=5.0, 2H), 3.71-3.65 (t J=4.4, 2H), 2.55 (s, 1H). 13C NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 152.55 (s), 147.49 (s), 143.68 (dd, J=9.8, 6.8 Hz), 141.25 (s), 140.58 (s), 131.82 (s), 131.37 (d, J=3.8 Hz), 128.86 (s), 128.14-127.55 (m), 126.64 (d, J=5.7 Hz), 125.23 (s), 121.11 (s), 76.08 (s), 74.34 (s), 69.37 (s), 68.55 (s), 64.70 (s), 50.22 (s). IR (NaCl): 3055, 2924, 2851, 2154, 1715, 1647, 1599, 1510, 1445, 1227, 1167, 1117, 841 v cm−1. HRMS: cald. 540.2242 found 540.2289.
EO3-EO2-Gn-N3 (n=1, 2, 3, 4) was mixed with compound 14 in a ratio of 1:1 with each termini in a two-neck 25 mL round-bottom flask equipped with a condenser. THF (2 to 4 mL) and DIPEA (1 eq. per termini) were added and a stream of nitrogen gas was bubbled for 20 minutes to degas the solution. Copper Iodide (0.5 eq. or 1 eq. per termini) was added and the mixture was then refluxed for 24 h under N2. It was then brought back to room temperature before being extracted with a DCM/NH4Cl sat system at least three times. The organic layer was then dried over magnesium sulphate and evaporated. No further purification was needed.
EO3-EO2-G1-N3 (0.116 g, 1.32×10−4 mol., 1 eq.), compound 14 (0.285 g, 5.28×10−3 mol., 4 eq.), CuI (0.050 g, 2.64×10−4 mol., 2 eq.) and DIPEA (90 μA, 5.28×10−4 mol., 4 eq.) were used following the general procedure described above in Example 31. The obtained yield is 72% (0.285 g, 0.95×10−4 mol.) as yellow translucent flakes. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.22-8.11 (m, 4H), 7.87 (d, J=17.0 Hz, 4H), 7.56 (d, J=21.0, 8.1 Hz, 12H), 7.18-6.92 (m, 68H), 4.80 (d, J=18.2 Hz, 2H), 4.68 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 4H), 4.54 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 8H), 4.48-4.32 (m, 22H), 3.90 (m, 8H), 3.81 (m, 10H), 3.80-3.63 (m, 22H), 3.38 (m, 4H). 13C NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 149.05 (s), 143.61 (s), 131.78 (s), 131.31 (d), 127.73 (m), 126.50 (m), 124.98 (s), 120.89 (s), 68.73 (s), 63.54 (s), 49.95 (m). IR (NaCl): 3142, 3055 (t), 2874 (br), 1950, 1722, 1599, 1493, 1443, 1358, 1227, 1111, 910 v cm−1. HRMS: cald. 3037.2 found 3037.8.
EO3-EO2-G2-N3 (0.139 g, 6.20×10−5 mol., 1 eq.), compound 14 (0.267 g, 4.96×10−4 mol., 8 eq.), CuI (0.094 g, 4.94×10−4 mol., 4 eq.) and DIPEA (86 μL, 4.96×10−4 mol., 8 eq.) were used following the general procedure described above in Example 31. The obtained yield is 89% (0.365 g, 5.52×10−5 mol.) as yellow translucent flakes. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.24-8.12 (m, 8H), 7.90 (s, 8H), 7.54 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 16H), 7.07 (m, 136H), 4.74 (m, 12H), 4.40 (m, 68H), 4.00-3.57 (m, 92H), 13C NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 177.82 (s), 143.58 (s), 141.31 (s), 131.77 (s), 131.29 (s), 128.07-127.51 (m), 126.52 (s), 124.95 (s), 68.47 (t, J=47.0 Hz), 63.76 (s), 29.70 (s), 27.81 (s), 25.61 (s), 22.18 (s). IR (NaCl): 3138, 2924 (t), 1950, 1736, 1555, 1461, 1346, 1205, 1128, 1065, 1111, 756 v cm−1. HRMS: cald. 6658.94 found 6659.0.
EO3-EO2-G3-N3 (0.164 g, 3.31×10−5 mol., 1 eq.), compound 14 (0.285 g, 5.28×10−4 mol., 16 eq.), CuI (0.100 g, 5.28×10−4 mol., 16 eq.) and DIPEA (92 μL, 5.28×10−4 mol, 16 eq.) were used following the general procedure described above in Example 31. The obtained yield is 75% (0.337 g, 2.48×10−5 mol) as brown flakes. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.26-8.10 (m, 16H), 7.88 (br, 16H), 7.56 (d, J=19.0 Hz, 32H), 7.19-6.91 (m, 272H), 4.74 (s, 24H), 4.49 (m, 136H), 3.98-3.60 (m, 204H). 13C NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 143.58 (s), 131.79 (s), 131.30 (s), 128.60 (s), 128.00-127.38 (m), 126.54 (s), 124.95 (s), 120.99 (s), 69.46 (s), 68.90 (s), 63.78 (s), 50.33-49.43 (m), 29.71 (s). IR (NaCl): 3142, 3053 (t), 2925 (br t), 1950, 1734, 1555, 1444, 1346, 1207, 1126, 1066, 910 v cm−1. HRMS: cald. 13598.3 found 13658.5 (M+Cu).
EO3-EO2-G4-N3 (0.147 g, 1.41×10−5 mol., 1 eq.), compound 14 (0.244 g, 4.52×10−4 mol., 32 eq.), CuI (0.086 g, 4.52×10−4 mol., 32 eq.) and DIPEA (80 μL, 5.28×10−4 mol., 3 eq.) were used following the general procedure described above in Example 31. The obtained yield is 71% (0.136 g, 1.00×10−5 mol.) as pale yellow flakes. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.19 (m, 32H), 7.90 (s, 32H), 7.53 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 64H), 7.07 (m, 544H), 4.74 (br s, 48H), 4.63-4.25 (m, 272H), 3.99-3.59 (m, 424H). 13C NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 143.56 (s), 131.77 (s), 131.29 (s), 128.07-127.51 (m), 126.52 (s), 124.95 (s), 68.92 (s), 67.98 (s), 50.25 (s), 25.62 (s). IR (NaCl): 3142, 3053 (t), 2918 (br t), 2106, 1950, 1734, 1555, 1444, 1344, 1205, 1124, 1066, 1043 v cm−1. HRMS: Could not be obtained due to the limitation of the apparatus used.
With the information contained herein, various departures from precise descriptions of the present subject matter will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art to which the present subject matter pertains, without departing from the spirit and the scope of the below claims. The present subject matter is not considered limited in scope to the procedures, properties, or components defined, since the preferred embodiments and other descriptions are intended only to be illustrative of particular aspects of the presently provided subject matter. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the present subject matter which are obvious to those skilled in chemistry, biochemistry, or related fields are intended to be within the scope of the following claims.
The present patent application is a continuation in part of prior patent application Ser. No. 13/728,150, filed Dec. 27, 2012, which in turn is a continuation in part of prior patent application Ser. No. 13/422,374, and which claims priority to provisional Patent Application No. 61/581,049, filed Dec. 28, 2011, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In addition, the present patent application also claims priority to provisional Patent Application No. 61/852,718, filed Mar. 20, 2013, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61581049 | Dec 2011 | US | |
| 61852718 | Mar 2013 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13422374 | Mar 2012 | US |
| Child | 13728150 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13728150 | Dec 2012 | US |
| Child | 14220234 | US |
