The present technology relates to battery energy storage devices, and more specifically, to battery energy storage devices incorporating aqueous intercalation battery (AIB) materials in a bipolar configuration.
Economic, widespread implementation of renewable energy using sustainable technologies, such as solar or wind, requires the safe, efficient, cost-effective, and durable storage of electrical energy. The requirements for battery technologies in these applications are very stiff. Batteries must be provided at installed costs of ˜$100/kWh and must be capable of a 20-year lifetime with daily cycling to greater 85% depth of discharge (DOD). Also, they must exhibit a general insensitivity to the ambient conditions, such as no loss of cycle life in hot climate applications. Although several battery technologies are available to perform these functions, those made at adequate manufacturing scale suffer from some key drawbacks.
By far the most widespread technology installed for these applications is lithium ion battery (LIB) technology. This class of batteries encompasses a broad set of options for anode and cathode materials to achieve different metrics, but generally there exists tradeoffs between cost, safety, energy density, and cycle life. LIB technologies that can leverage economies-of-scale for electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing are not necessarily suitable for the low cost, long-life requirements of renewable applications. Also, LIB technology fundamentally does not maintain high cycle life in high temperature applications. Furthermore, the risks of thermal runaway also require that LIBs maintain a high degree of temperature control, as well as cell-level voltage monitoring and current control. These limitations require the use of LIBs in hot climate applications to include systems with air conditioning, which increases the system complexity, cost, and operating expenses. Since many economic solar applications exist in hot weather climates, the high installed and operating costs of LIB installations limit the penetration of solar in these markets.
Sealed lead acid (SLA) battery technology is also mature with the key advantages of very low installed costs, and the ability to hold charge for long periods of time. This has resulted in SLA batteries being utilized in many backup power applications, as well as more starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) applications. The main drawback for SLA batteries is the very limited cycle life tradeoff that exists with the battery DOD. This means that in order to continually cycle SLA batteries for thousands of cycles, the battery capacity must be substantially oversized to limit the system DOD. This negates the low installed costs. Also, the high temperature tolerance of SLA batteries is generally worse than LIBs, which also requires the installation of air conditioning in hot climate applications.
Aqueous intercalation batteries (AIB) are an emerging battery technology that involves the use of ceramic-based active materials that are capable of ion exchange functionality. Like common LIB cathodes and lithium titanate (LTO) anodes, these materials have transition metals in an inorganic crystal framework. Electrochemical modulation of these metal centers is accompanied by the reversible exchange of mobile cations in order to balance charge. Unlike LIBs however, AIB materials operate in a safer, lower cost aqueous electrolyte. But the use of aqueous electrolytes requires the use of lower voltage electrochemical couples, and generally limits the cell voltage of these systems to greater than 2.0V per cell between top-of-charge (TOC) and bottom-of-discharge (BOD). This limits the energy density of these batteries. Therefore, although the active material costs are low, fundamentally durable and temperature tolerant, the low energy density presents a barrier to a cost-effective battery. Therefore, AIBs must strive for the highest energy density configuration possible in order to meet the required cost targets.
Previous commercial embodiments of AIB technology involve the use of a mono-polar current collection scheme to build parallel capacity. By this, it is meant that layers of free-standing electrode pellets were electrically connected in parallel through the means of a stainless steel current collector bus, for both anode and cathode, in a single cell. This design has the advantage of building up an arbitrary capacity in a single cell that depends only on the cell cavity dimensions and the number of layers. However, disadvantages of this scheme include the non-uniform current collection that results in both the plane of the electrode pellet and across the bus. Also, since highly conductive stainless steel is required to minimize electronic ohmic resistance losses, a corrosion risk exists because of aqueous electrolyte contacting the steel at elevated potentials. While short-term studies of corrosion at similar conditions may suggest chemical compatibility, it is very difficult to guarantee that corrosion can be prevented over the required application lifetime. This is particularly true in the case of AIB since cathode potentials tend to increase over time. Although different stainless steels may offer improved corrosion protection, they result in higher costs. Finally, the energy density and manufacturability of this configuration is limited due to the quantity of stainless steel that is required within the parallel cell structure. Therefore, it is clear that economic and durable implementation of AIB requires a different battery design that addresses the aforementioned limitations.
With reference to
With regard to the bipolar stack housing 130, The housing 130 can be made from low cost material, such as plastic. In some embodiments, the housing 130 is a plurality of plastic picture frames, each containing the contents of an individual cell. As these cells are stacked vertically, the plastic picture frames are bonded to one another using an adhesive, thermal or ultrasonic welding, or similar process. A similar connection can be made between the housing 130 and the bipolar layers 150. Each plastic frame may have a port 131 which facilitates electrolyte introduction into the stack during assembly, and/or venting of gases generated during normal battery operation. In some embodiments, the individual port 131 of each picture frame may be connected to a common manifold that extends through the pressure plate assembly. There may be a single manifold, or multiple manifold/port arrangements.
The bipolar layers 150 are substantially non-porous to inhibit any loss of electrolyte through liquid or vapor-phase transport. The bipolar layers 150 must be substantially non-porous to prevent ionic shunting with adjacent cells. In the design shown in
Several options exist for the fabrication of the bipolar layer 150. The general requirements for the bipolar layer 150 include low through-plane conductivity, very low porosity, and low cost. In some embodiments, the bipolar layer 150 is a composite material that is comprised of some form of carbon powder (generally graphite and/or carbon black) and a polymer (such as polyethylene, polypropylene, or any thermoplastic). The carbon and polymer, plus additional additives, may comprise a bulk molding compound, which is formed into a 0.5 to 2 mm thick plate of arbitrary areal dimension using extrusion, compression molding, or related process. In other embodiments, a graphite sheet material is rendered non-porous through an impregnation, co-lamination, densification, or combination thereof. In still other embodiments, the bipolar layer 150 is made from a conductive polymer, such as where ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) polymer is mixed with some form of conductive carbon and extruded into a film. For any of the above described embodiments, the thickness of the bipolar layer should be minimized to reduce cost and through-plane resistance so long as adequate mechanical properties are maintained.
The anode layer 160 includes an intercalating material, such as an intercalating ceramic, ion conducting material. In some embodiments, the intercalating material is sodium titanium phosphate (STP). In some embodiments, the intercalating material included in the anode layer 160 is a material of the general stoichiometry TixPyOz, lithium titanate (LTO), the Prussian-blue class of metal-cyano complexes, or mixtures thereof.
The separator layer 170 facilitates ionic contact with the cathode but prevents direct electrical contact. In some embodiments, the separator may comprise a woven or non-woven cotton sheet, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), glass fiber, or any other suitable separator material.
The cathode layer 180 can include any common cathode intercalation materials for LIB, including those of the general Li-containing oxide composition of lithium manganese oxide (LMO), nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC), nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA), iron-phosphate (LFP), cobalt (LCO), or combinations thereof. Also, substantially sodium conducting versions of the cathode layer may also be employed, including but not limited to the Prussian-blue class of metal-cyano complexes, sodium-manganese-titanium-phosphate (NMTPO), or sodium manganese oxide (NMO).
In one preferred embodiment described herein, the anode layer 160 is formed from sodium titanium phosphate (STP) and the cathode layer 180 is formed from lithium manganese oxide (LMO).
The electrode layers (i.e., the anode layers 160 and/or the cathode layers) are generally porous, rectangular electrode structures, which may be formed through an extrusion or pressing operation after mixing the above described intercalation materials with carbon materials and some form of polymer binder. In the final electrode layer structure, the intercalating material are interspersed within the porous electrode structure.
Although there exist many potential design variations for a fully assembled bipolar AIB battery, one example design is shown in
Several options exist for sealing the cells in the bipolar stack in addition to the O-ring scheme shown in
It should be understood that many variations exist for the design and assembly of a bipolar AIB battery, and the examples shown in
Traditionally, AIB batteries have been assembled using a mono-polar battery architecture.
In contrast, bipolar stacks have more uniform current distributions and overall lower impedance. This is illustrated in
The general advantages of a bipolar battery design include low impedance, rapid manufacturing, and low materials costs. Therefore, a bipolar stack configuration is the preferred means of realizing a durable and cost-effective energy storage battery for many renewable applications.
Despite these advantages, there are several reasons why bipolar battery designs are not more prevalent in the battery industry. There are three main reasons for this: a) difficult heat removal, b) tendency to concentrate current in the event of dendrite formation, and c) inability to disconnect individual cells in the event of thermal runaway. For plating batteries, such as lead acid or lithium ion, these concerns make their implementation in bipolar designs difficult. The lack of readily available methods for heat removal mean that these batteries may transition into a thermal runaway situation. Related to this is the possibility of dendrite formation in plating batteries. If dendrites start to form, the local impedance in that areal region will reduce and more current will tend to flow there. This will further accelerate dendrite formation, leading to a self-accelerating cell failure if/when the dendrite penetrates the separator and leads to thermal runaway. Also, unlike mono-polar designs, bipolar designs do not afford any readily available means to bypass any cell that exhibits such a failure.
However, bipolar batteries incorporating AIB materials as described herein do not have these concerns. The lack of readily available heat removal is not a major concern, since the electrode materials are comprised of ceramic-like materials that are incapable of combustion. This concern is further alleviated due to the aqueous electrolyte, which is non-flammable and has high heat capacity. Also, should any small degree of current concentration take place, the local state-of-charge of that region will increase. As the state-of-charge gets higher, this local region will necessarily exhibit higher impedance, thus diverting current from that region. Hence, AIB materials have a natural balancing mechanism which is in direct contrast to the dendrite formation of a plating battery. Therefore, for these reasons, there is no requirement to remove individual cells from the battery circuit.
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.
This patent application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/767,284, titled BIPOLAR BATTERY STACK INCLUDING AQUEOUS INTERCALATION BATTERY MATERIALS, AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEM AND METHODS, filed Nov. 14, 2018, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety by reference thereto.
Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
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PCT/US2019/061495 | 11/14/2019 | WO | 00 |
Number | Date | Country | |
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62767284 | Nov 2018 | US |