Patent Grant
10024934
The invention relates to the field of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. It concerns a birdcage resonator for MR imaging and an MR device including a birdcage resonator.
Image-forming MR methods which utilize the interaction between magnetic fields and nuclear spins in order to form two-dimensional or three-dimensional images are widely used nowadays, notably in the field of medical diagnostics, because for the imaging of soft tissue they are superior to other imaging methods in many respects, do not require ionizing radiation and are usually not invasive.
According to the MR method in general, the body of the patient to be examined is arranged in a strong, uniform magnetic field whose direction at the same time defines an axis (normally the z-axis) of the coordinate system on which the measurement is based. The magnetic field produces different energy levels for the individual nuclear spins in dependence on the magnetic field strength which can be excited (spin resonance) by application of an electromagnetic alternating field (RF field) of defined frequency (so-called Larmor frequency, resonance frequency, or MR frequency). From a macroscopic point of view, the distribution of the individual nuclear spins produces an overall magnetization which can be deflected out of the state of equilibrium by application of an electromagnetic pulse of appropriate frequency (RF pulse) while the magnetic field of the RF pulse extends perpendicular to the z-axis, so that the magnetization performs a precession about the z-axis. This motion of the magnetization describes a surface of a cone whose angle of aperture is referred to as flip angle. The magnitude of the flip angle is dependent on the strength and the duration of the applied electromagnetic pulse. In the case of a so-called 90° pulse, the spins are deflected from the z axis to the transverse plane (flip angle 90°). The RF pulse is radiated toward the body of the patient via a RF coil arrangement of the MR device. The RF coil arrangement typically surrounds the examination volume in which the body of the patient is placed.
After termination of the RF pulse, the magnetization relaxes back to the original state of equilibrium, in which the magnetization in the z direction is built up again with a first time constant T1 (spin lattice or longitudinal relaxation time), and the magnetization in the direction perpendicular to the z direction relaxes with a second time constant T2 (spin-spin or transverse relaxation time). The variation of the magnetization can be detected by means of the aforementioned RF coil arrangement of the MR device. The decay of the transverse magnetization is accompanied, after application of, for example, a 90° pulse, by a transition of the nuclear spins (induced by local magnetic field inhomogeneities) from an ordered state with the same phase to a state in which all phase angles are uniformly distributed (dephasing). The dephasing can be compensated by means of a refocusing pulse (for example a 180° pulse). This produces an echo signal (spin echo) in the receiving coils.
In order to realize spatial resolution in the body, linear magnetic field gradients extending along the three main axes are superposed on the uniform magnetic field, leading to a linear spatial dependency of the spin resonance frequency. The signal picked up in the RF coil arrangement then contains components of different frequencies which can be associated with different locations in the body. The signal data obtained via the receiving coils corresponds to the spatial frequency domain and is called k-space data. The k-space data usually includes multiple lines acquired with different phase encoding. Each line is digitized by collecting a number of samples. A set of k-space data is converted to a MR image by means of Fourier transformation.
The band pass birdcage resonator (also referred to as birdcage coil) is a well-known concept for the RF coil arrangement in MR imaging. Such a birdcage resonator comprises a plurality of rungs arranged in parallel to a longitudinal axis of the examination volume surrounded by the birdcage resonator. Each rung comprises a rung capacitance Crung. Two end rings are arranged at the opposite ends of the rungs, wherein each end ring comprises a plurality of ring capacitances Cring. Each ring capacitance Cring interconnects a pair of adjacent rungs. Such a conventional design of a birdcage resonator as commonly used in MR imaging is shown in
The resonant frequency of the multiple resonant modes of the band pass birdcage coil are determined by the various geometric properties of the coil (which influence its inductance properties) and the values of capacitances, Cring and Crung, that are placed in the end ring segments and the rungs respectively. For any given geometry, while keeping the ratio of Cring/Crung fixed, it is possible to tune the coil structure to place a desired resonant mode at the required Larmor frequency. This is done by manipulating the values of Cring and Crung in a coupled manner. It is observed that the ratio of Cring/Crung determines the relative frequency separation of modes while the absolute values of Cring and Crung determine the absolute frequency. By selecting a ratio of Cring/Crung it is possible to manipulate the multiple resonant modes of the coil as required. The ISMRM 1997 p. 176 abstract ‘The bandpass birdcage resonantor modified as a coilray for simultaneous MR acquisition’ mentions that the ratio of rung-capacitors to ring-capacitors is a critical parameter to determine the low-pass or high-pass characteristics of a bandpass birdcage coil. In the birdcage coil known from ISMRM 1997 p. 176 abstract adjacent meshes are isolated.
While in
In a typical MR imaging system, a band pass birdcage resonator is employed, wherein the design of the birdcage resonator uses capacitance values Cring and Crung which realize the common so-called two-port birdcage tuning in which only a single uniform resonant mode is tuned to the Larmor frequency. In this case, the coil structure can be driven in quadrature by supplying RF power via two RF drive ports located physically 90° apart. In the case of quadrature excitation, the magnitude of the RF current is equal in each rung, while the phase of the RF current increments from rung to rung in equal increments from 0° to 360°.
It is generally desirable to have a relatively uniform homogeneity of the generated RF field (B1 field) for excitation of magnetic resonance throughout a cross section of the imaged portion of the patient's body. However, as the MR frequency increases with increasing strength of the main magnetic (B0 field), this becomes more difficult due to conductive losses and wavelength effects within the body of the patient. On examining the performance of a conventional birdcage resonator with respect to excitation uniformity it is observed that at high frequencies (>128 MHz) dielectric based standing wave mechanisms severely affect the B1 field uniformity.
Multi-channel transmit MR imaging has been accepted as a standard method of operating volume RF coils to achieve a relatively uniform B1 field. In the basic example of multi-transmit, the volume RF coil arrangement is split into many independent resonator elements. The RF signal for generating the B1 field is then supplied to the RF coil arrangement via RF drive ports being connected to the individual resonator elements. The RF power and the RF phase applied to the different RF drive ports can be controlled individually in order to optimize the uniformity of the RF field (so-called RF shimming).
One way of realizing a multi-transmit RF coil arrangement is known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,658. In this approach the Cring and Crung capacitance values of a birdcage resonator are selected such that all resonant modes are tuned to a single frequency. The effect of this is that the individual meshes of the birdcage resonator behave as electromagnetically decoupled individual elements. Each mesh can then be treated as an independent resonator element, which is supplied with an individually controllable RF signal in accordance with the multi-transmit scheme to achieve a uniform B1.
However, the ability to realize the degenerate tuning of a birdcage resonator (as known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,658) depends on the dimensions of the coil and the number of rungs. It has been observed that in the case of a large bore design with a closely fitting RF screen it is difficult, even impossible, to achieve the conventional degenerate tuning in practice.
From the foregoing it is readily appreciated that there is a need for an improved MR imaging technique. It is consequently an object of the invention to enable power-efficient generation of a uniform B1 field at high resonance frequencies (>128 MHz). In accordance with the invention, a birdcage resonator for MR imaging is disclosed. The birdcage resonator surrounds an examination volume and comprises:
In an embodiment of the invention, the birdcage resonator comprises N rungs containing both ring (Cring) and rung (Crung) capacitances, wherein the ratio of ring to rung capacitance values is chosen to realize N resonant modes, each tuned to the same resonance frequency, whereby, for each resonant mode, individual meshes of the birdcage resonator are not substantially electrically decoupled from each other. The fundamental difference between the invention and the classical degenerate birdcage resonator design (as known from U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,658) is that the tuning scheme is such that, while multiple independent field distributions of the different resonant modes are achieved, these field distributions are not equal in spatial distribution to those of a classical degenerate tuning, and the meshes of the birdcage resonator are not (and need not be) substantially electromagnetically decoupled from each other. The invention is based on the insight that a ratio of Cring/Crung exists in which a set of resonant modes is generated with as many degrees of freedom as rungs in the resonator. The B1 field distributions generated by the individual modes do exhibit enough uniqueness such that they can be linearly combined to realize a power-efficient uniform circularly polarized B1 field distribution.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the arrangement of the rungs forms a generally cylindrical shape. This corresponds to the conventional design of birdcage resonators, in which the examination volume (the bore of the respective MR device) has a substantially circular cross-section of constant diameter.
In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the birdcage resonator comprises a plurality of RF drive ports, wherein each rung is connected to a different RF drive port. A resonant RF signal supplied via only one of the RF drive ports generates an RF electrical current in each of the rungs resulting from the specific tuning of the birdcage resonator according to the invention.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, with a birdcage resonator having 16 rungs, the values of Cring and Crung are chosen to realize a resonant tuning which, when an RF signal is supplied to any single RF drive port, generates the rung current magnitude and phase distribution according to the following table (approximate values).
In the case illustrated in the above table, the RF signal is supplied only via the RF drive port connected to rung no. 8.
The spatial distribution of the current magnitude and the current phase within the birdcage resonator is in a fixed spatial relation to the position of the rung to which an RF signal is supplied via the respective RF drive port. Selection of a different RF drive port will result simply in a corresponding rotation of the RF current magnitude and phase distribution around the axis of the cylindrical examination volume. Excitation at multiple RF drive ports results in linear superposition of the shifted RF current magnitude and phase distributions. The invention does not only relate to a birdcage resonator but also to a MR device. According to the invention, the MR device includes:
In a preferred embodiment, the MR device further comprises a transmit unit for transmitting RF signals to the RF coil arrangement, wherein the transmit unit has a plurality of transmit channels, each transmit channel being connected to one RF drive port of the birdcage resonator. Therein, the number of transmit channels is equal to the number of rungs of the birdcage resonator. Driving the birdcage resonator of the invention via the independent transmit channels allows for significant improvement of the B1 field within the body of the examined patient. Preferably, each transmit channel comprises an RF power amplifier as source of an RF signal supplied via the respective transmit channel. RF shimming is enabled by individually adjusting the power and/or phase of the RF signal transmitted via each transmit channel. A maximum uniformity of the B1 field and maximum power-efficiency are achieved when all RF drive ports are supplied with RF signals with a quadrature phase distribution.
In an alternative embodiment, each transmit channel is connected to a quadrature pair of RF drive ports of the birdcage resonator via a quadrature hybrid. The number of transmit channels is then equal to half the number of rungs of the birdcage resonator. The rungs associated with each of the quadrature pairs of RF drive ports have an angular distance of 90° with respect to the longitudinal axis of the birdcage coil. An optimum B1 uniformity is achieved with this embodiment, wherein only half the number of RF power amplifiers is required.
The enclosed drawings disclose preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood, however, that the drawings are designed for the purpose of illustration only and not as a definition of the limits of the invention. In the drawings:
In a conventional MR imaging system, the birdcage resonator uses capacitance values Cring and Crung which realize the common so-called two-port birdcage tuning, in which only a single uniform resonant mode is tuned to the Larmor frequency.
According to the invention, in contrast, the ratio of ring to rung capacitance values is chosen to realize N resonant modes, each tuned to the same resonance frequency. For each resonant mode, individual meshes of the birdcage resonator are not substantially electrically decoupled from each other. A ratio of Cring/Crung is selected in which a set of resonant modes is generated with as many degrees of freedom as rungs in the resonator. The B1 field distributions generated by the individual modes can be linearly combined to realize a power-efficient uniform circularly polarized B1 field distribution.
In a conventionally tuned two-port birdcage resonator of fixed physical dimensions the Cring/Crung ratio may be 2.833, for example, realized with a total ring capacitance of 81.1 pF and a rung capacitance of 28.8 pF. To convert the same structure to operate according to the invention, the ratio of Cring/Crung would have to be adjusted to 0.891. The ratio of 0.891, while achieving resonance at the same Larmor frequency as in the conventional tuning, may be achieved using a ring capacitance Cring of 58.4 pF and a rung capacitance Crung of 65.6 pF. For different physical resonator dimensions, different ratios and absolute values will be required. This indicates that there is a clear and predictable difference in capacitance values required to convert a conventionally tuned bandpass coil to a birdcage coil tuned according to the invention.
With reference to
A magnetic resonance generation and manipulation system applies a series of RF pulses and switched magnetic field gradients to invert or excite nuclear magnetic spins, induce magnetic resonance, refocus magnetic resonance, manipulate magnetic resonance, spatially and otherwise encode the magnetic resonance, saturate spins, and the like to perform MR imaging.
More specifically, a gradient pulse amplifier 103 applies current pulses to selected ones of whole-body gradient coils 104, 105 and 106 along x, y and z-axes of the examination volume. A digital multi-channel RF frequency transmitter 107 transmits RF pulses or pulse packets via the RF drive ports of the whole-body volume birdcage resonator 109 to transmit RF pulses into the examination volume.
A typical MR imaging sequence is composed of a packet of RF pulse segments of short duration which taken together with each other and any applied magnetic field gradients achieve a selected manipulation of nuclear magnetic resonance. The RF pulses are used to saturate, excite resonance, invert magnetization, refocus resonance, or manipulate resonance and select a portion of a body 110 positioned in the examination volume. The MR signals are also picked up by the whole-body volume RF coil 109.
For generation of MR images of limited regions of the body 110 by means of parallel imaging, a set of local array RF coils 111, 112, 113 are placed contiguous to the region selected for imaging. The array coils 111, 112, 113 can be used to receive MR signals induced by body-coil RF transmissions.
The resultant MR signals are picked up in the depicted embodiment by the array RF coils 111, 112, 113 and demodulated by a receiver 114 preferably including a preamplifier (not shown). The receiver 114 is connected to the RF coils 111, 112 and 113 via switch 108.
A host computer 115 controls the gradient pulse amplifier 103 and the transmitter 107 to generate any of a plurality of MR imaging sequences, such as echo planar imaging (EPI), echo volume imaging, gradient and spin echo imaging, fast spin echo imaging, and the like. For the selected sequence, the receiver 114 receives a single or a plurality of MR data lines in rapid succession following each RF excitation pulse. A data acquisition system 116 performs analog-to-digital conversion of the received signals and converts each MR data line to a digital format suitable for further processing. In modern MR devices the data acquisition system 116 is a separate computer which is specialized in acquisition of raw image data.
Ultimately, the digital raw image data is reconstructed into an image representation by a reconstruction processor 117 which applies a Fourier transform and other appropriate reconstruction algorithms, such like SENSE or SMASH. The MR image may represent a planar slice through the patient, an array of parallel planar slices, a three-dimensional volume, or the like. The image is then stored in an image memory where it may be accessed for converting slices, projections, or other portions of the image representation into appropriate format for visualization, for example via a video monitor 118 which provides a man-readable display of the resultant MR image.
The birdcage resonator 109 comprises a plurality of RF drive ports, wherein each rung is connected to a different RF drive port. The values of Cring and Crung of the birdcage resonator 109 are chosen to realize a resonant tuning, which, when resonantly driven at any single RF drive port, generates an RF rung current magnitude and phase distribution according to
In the birdcage resonator 109 tuned according to the invention, the mapping of RF current magnitudes and phases to specific rungs 1-16 has a fixed spatial relationship to the RF drive port. Selection of a different RF drive port will result in a simple rotation of the RF current magnitude and phase distribution around the axis of the birdcage resonator 109. Excitation at multiple RF drive ports results in linear superposition of the shifted RF current magnitude and phase distributions. In
As mentioned above, the birdcage resonator 109 of the invention is tuned in such a manner that N spatially independent excitation modes exist, wherein N is equal to the number of rungs. A particular property of these resonant modes is that they each exhibit a behavior similar to a linear driving scheme of a conventional birdcage resonator. Driving at a single RF drive port generates a distributed RF current and phase distribution across all rungs, which yields a linear-like B1 field distribution within the examination volume. Driving at an adjacent RF drive port, with suitable phase shift, yields an identical B1 field distribution, which is spatially rotated corresponding to the displacement of the adjacent RF drive port. The combined B1 fields from exciting two adjacent RF drive ports are superposed in a constructive and power-efficient manner. Quadrature excitation via RF drive ports connected to two rungs located 90° apart with respect to the axis of the birdcage resonator 109 yields an essentially quadrature field, but with about ⅛th the power-efficiency of a conventionally tuned birdcage resonator. However, driving the birdcage resonator 109 of the invention via all 16 RF drive ports with a quadrature phase distribution realizes a fully uniform quadrature field at a power-efficiency corresponding to a conventionally tuned birdcage resonator. The advantage of the approach of the invention is that the RF power can be distributed among all 16 RF drive ports as opposed to only 2 RF drive ports of the conventionally tuned birdcage resonator. In addition, the 16 degrees of freedom obtained by the invention enable RF shimming.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, in which the birdcage resonator 109 is driven with a quadrature phase distribution across all 16 RF drive ports, the total required incident power is 9.1 kW. This value is very similar to the power-efficiency realized with a conventionally tuned birdcage resonator. Hence, the RF power can be fully distributed across 16 RF power amplifiers with a power capability of significantly less than 1 kW each. Moreover, as mentioned above, this topology allows for RF shimming, which can be achieved with very little penalty in total RF power (9.2 kW).
In the afore-described embodiment, the tuning of the birdcage resonator 109 enables to connect an individual RF power amplifier to each rung. In the case of a 16-rung birdcage resonator this would require 16 RF power amplifiers. However, with this kind of tuning, RF drive ports connected to rungs that have an angular distance of 90° degrees with respect to the axis of the birdcage resonator 109 behave like quadrature pairs. Connecting the respective RF drive ports in a quadrature driving scheme results in a uniform quadrature B1 field. From this property it is appreciated that pairs of RF drive ports (rungs) that are 90° apart can be driven in quadrature using a single RF power amplifier connected to a standard quadrature hybrid.
While the invention has been described above with reference to a 16-rung birdcage resonator it has to be noted that the invention is generally applicable to a birdcage resonator with any number of rungs, e.g. 24 or 32 rungs.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 12186976 | Oct 2012 | EP | regional |
This application is the U.S. National Phase application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2013/068795, filed on Sep. 11, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/708,736 and European Patent Application No. 12186976.2, both filed on Oct. 2, 2012. These applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2013/068795 | 9/11/2013 | WO | 00 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2014/053289 | 4/10/2014 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6043658 | Leussler | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6344745 | Reisker | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6825660 | Boskamp | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6943551 | Eberler | Sep 2005 | B2 |
| 7501828 | Wong | Mar 2009 | B1 |
| 7990144 | Wang | Aug 2011 | B2 |
| 20050242816 | Kurpad | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20060033497 | Chmielewski | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20100219834 | Luedeke | Sep 2010 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 101819263 | Sep 2010 | CN |
| 1363135 | Nov 2003 | EP |
| 200208778 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| Entry |
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| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20150253393 A1 | Sep 2015 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61708736 | Oct 2012 | US |
