Patent Application
20170190671
This invention relates to certain 3-cyano-1-pyrimidinyloxy benzene derivatives, their N-oxides, salts and compositions, and methods of their use for controlling undesirable vegetation.
The control of undesired vegetation is extremely important in achieving high crop efficiency. Achievement of selective control of the growth of weeds especially in such useful crops as rice, soybean, sugar beet, maize, potato, wheat, barley, tomato and plantation crops, among others, is very desirable. Unchecked weed growth in such useful crops can cause significant reduction in productivity and thereby result in increased costs to the consumer. The control of undesired vegetation in noncrop areas is also important. Many products are commercially available for these purposes, but the need continues for new compounds that are more effective, less costly, less toxic, environmentally safer or have different sites of action.
This invention is directed to compounds of Formula 1 (including all stereoisomers), N-oxides, and salts thereof, agricultural compositions containing them and their use as herbicides:
wherein
More particularly, this invention pertains to a compound of Formula 1 (including all stereoisomers), an N-oxide or a salt thereof. This invention also relates to a herbicidal composition comprising a compound of the invention (i.e. in a herbicidally effective amount) and at least one component selected from the group consisting of surfactants, solid diluents and liquid diluents. This invention further relates to a method for controlling the growth of undesired vegetation comprising contacting the vegetation or its environment with a herbicidally effective amount of a compound of the invention (e.g., as a composition described herein).
This invention also includes a herbicidal mixture comprising (a) a compound selected from Formula 1, N-oxides, and salts thereof, and (b) at least one additional active ingredient selected from (b1) through (b16) and salts of compounds of (b1) through (b16), as described below.
As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains”, “containing,” “characterized by” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, subject to any limitation explicitly indicated. For example, a composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus.
The transitional phrase “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified. If in the claim, such would close the claim to the inclusion of materials other than those recited except for impurities ordinarily associated therewith. When the phrase “consisting of” appears in a clause of the body of a claim, rather than immediately following the preamble, it limits only the element set forth in that clause; other elements are not excluded from the claim as a whole.
The transitional phrase “consisting essentially of” is used to define a composition, method or apparatus that includes materials, steps, features, components, or elements, in addition to those literally disclosed, provided that these additional materials, steps, features, components, or elements do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention. The term “consisting essentially of” occupies a middle ground between “comprising” and “consisting of”.
Where applicants have defined an invention or a portion thereof with an open-ended term such as “comprising,” it should be readily understood that (unless otherwise stated) the description should be interpreted to also describe such an invention using the terms “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of.”
Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
Also, the indefinite articles “a” and “an” preceding an element or component of the invention are intended to be nonrestrictive regarding the number of instances (i.e. occurrences) of the element or component. Therefore “a” or “an” should be read to include one or at least one, and the singular word form of the element or component also includes the plural unless the number is obviously meant to be singular.
As referred to herein, the term “seedling”, used either alone or in a combination of words means a young plant developing from the embryo of a seed.
As referred to herein, the term “broadleaf” used either alone or in words such as “broadleaf weed” means dicot or dicotyledon, a term used to describe a group of angiosperms characterized by embryos having two cotyledons.
In the above recitations, the term “alkyl”, used either alone or in compound words such as “alkylthioalkyl” or “haloalkyl” includes straight-chain or branched alkyl, such as, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, or the different butyl isomers. “Alkenyl” includes straight-chain or branched alkenes such as ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, and the different butenyl, pentenyl and hexenyl isomers. “Alkenyl” also includes polyenes such as 1,2-propadienyl and 2,4-hexadienyl. “Alkynyl” includes straight-chain or branched alkynes such as ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl and the different butynyl, pentynyl and hexynyl isomers. “Alkynyl” can also include moieties comprised of multiple triple bonds such as 2,5-hexadiynyl.
“Alkoxy” includes, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propyloxy, isopropyloxy and the different butoxy isomers. “Alkoxyalkyl” denotes alkoxy substitution on alkyl. Examples of “alkoxyalkyl” include CH3OCH2, CH3OCH2CH2, CH3CH2OCH2 and CH3CH2OCH2CH2. “Alkenyloxy” includes straight-chain or branched alkenyloxy moieties. Examples of “alkenyloxy” include H2C═CHCH2O, (CH3)CH═CHCH2O and CH2═CHCH2CH2O. “Alkynyloxy” includes straight-chain or branched alkynyloxy moieties. Examples of “alkynyloxy” include HC≡CCH2O and CH3C≡CCH2O. “Alkylthio” includes branched or straight-chain alkylthio moieties such as methylthio, ethylthio, and the different propylthio and butylthio isomers. “Alkylsulfinyl” includes both enantiomers of an alkylsulfinyl group. Examples of “alkylsulfinyl” include CH3S(O)—, CH3CH2S(O)—, CH3CH2CH2S(O)—, (CH3)2CHS(O)— and the different butylsulfinyl isomers. Examples of “alkylsulfonyl” include CH3S(O)2—, CH3CH2S(O)2—, CH3CH2CH2S(O)2—, (CH3)2CHS(O)2—, and the different butylsulfonyl isomers. “Alkylthioalkyl” denotes alkylthio substitution on alkyl. Examples of “alkylthioalkyl” include CH3SCH2, CH3SCH2CH2, CH3CH2SCH2 and CH3CH2SCH2CH2. “Alkylamino”, “dialkylamino”, and the like, are defined analogously to the above examples. “Cyanoalkyl” denotes an alkyl group substituted with one cyano group. Examples of “cyanoalkyl” include NCCH2, NCCH2CH2 and CH3CH(CN)CH2.
The term “halogen”, either alone or in compound words such as “haloalkyl”, or when used in descriptions such as “alkyl substituted with halogen” includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Further, when used in compound words such as “haloalkyl”, or when used in descriptions such as “alkyl substituted with halogen” said alkyl may be partially or fully substituted with halogen atoms which may be the same or different. Examples of “haloalkyl” or “alkyl substituted with halogen” include F3C, ClCH2, CF3CH2 and CF3CCl2. The terms “haloalkoxy”, “haloalkylthio”, and the like, are defined analogously to the term “haloalkyl”. Examples of “haloalkoxy” include CF3O—, CCl3CH2O—, HCF2CH2CH2O— and CF3CH2O—. Examples of “haloalkylthio” include CCl3S—, CF3S—, CCl3CH2S— and ClCH2CH2CH2S—. Examples of “haloalkylsulfinyl” include CF3S(O)—, CCl3S(O)—, CF3CH2S(O)— and CF3CF2S(O)—. Examples of “haloalkylsulfonyl” include CF3S(O)2—, CCl3S(O)2—, CF3CH2S(O)2— and CF3CF2S(O)2—.
The total number of carbon atoms in a substituent group is indicated by the “Ci-Cj” prefix where i and j are numbers from 1 to 6. For example, C1-C4 alkylsulfonyl designates methylsulfonyl through butylsulfonyl; C2 alkoxyalkyl designates CH3OCH2—; C3 alkoxyalkyl designates, for example, CH3CH(OCH3)—, CH3OCH2CH2— or CH3CH2OCH2—; and C4 alkoxyalkyl designates the various isomers of an alkyl group substituted with an alkoxy group containing a total of four carbon atoms, examples including CH3CH2CH2OCH2— and CH3CH2OCH2CH2—.
When a compound is substituted with a substituent bearing a subscript that indicates the number of said substituents can exceed 1, said substituents (when they exceed 1) are independently selected from the group of defined substituents, e.g., (R2)r in Embodiment 4 wherein r is 0, 1, 2 or 3. When one or more positions on a group are said to be “not substituted” or “unsubstituted”, then hydrogen atoms are attached to take up any free valency.
The term “heterocyclic ring” and “heterocycle” denote a ring in which at least one atom in the ring backbone is not carbon, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. The ring member atoms of the 6-membered heteroaromatic rings forming present substituent A typically consist of carbon atoms and one to three nitrogen atoms. The expression “fully unsaturated” in relation to a ring means that the bonds between the atoms in the ring are single or double bonds according to valence bond theory and furthermore the bonds between the atoms in the ring include as many double bonds as possible without double bonds being cumulative (i.e. no C═C═C, N═C═C, etc.). When a fully unsaturated heterocyclic ring satisfies Hückel's rule, then said ring is also called a “heteroaromatic ring”. “Aromatic” or “heteroaromatic” according to Hückel's rule means that each of the ring atoms is essentially in the same plane and has a p-orbital perpendicular to the ring plane, and that (4n+2) π electrons, where n is a positive integer, are associated with the ring.
As used herein, the following definitions shall apply unless otherwise indicated. The term “optionally substituted” is used interchangeably with the phrase “unsubstituted or substituted”. Unless otherwise indicated, an optionally substituted group may have a substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and each substitution is independent of the other.
As noted above, A can be (among others) phenyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from a group of substituents as defined in the Summary of the Invention. An example of phenyl optionally substituted with one to five substituents is the ring illustrated as U-1 in Exhibit 1, wherein Rv is R2 as defined in the Summary of the Invention for A and r is an integer (from 0 to 4).
As noted above, A can be, among others, a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring, optionally substituted with up to 4 substituents selected from a group of substituents as defined in the Summary of the Invention. When A is a 6-membered nitrogen-containing heteroaromatic ring, it may be attached to the remainder of Formula 1 through any available carbon ring atom, unless otherwise described. Examples of a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring optionally substituted with up to 4 substituents include the rings U-2 through U-14 illustrated in Exhibit 1 wherein Rv is any substituent as defined in the Summary of the Invention for A (i.e. R2) and r is an integer from 0 to 4, limited by the number of available positions on each U group.
Although Rv groups are shown in the structures U-1 through U-14, it is noted that they do not need to be present since they are optional substituents. Note that when the attachment point between (RV)r and the U group is illustrated as floating, (RV)r can be attached to any available carbon atom or nitrogen atom of the U group. Preferably Rv substituents are attached to carbon ring atoms. Note that some U groups can only be substituted with less than 4 Rv groups on carbon ring atoms (e.g., U-5 through U-16).
A wide variety of synthetic methods are known in the art to enable preparation of aromatic and nonaromatic heterocyclic rings and ring systems; for extensive reviews see the eight volume set of Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, A. R. Katritzky and C. W. Rees editors-in-chief, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1984 and the twelve volume set of Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II, A. R. Katritzky, C. W. Rees and E. F. V. Scriven editors-in-chief, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1996.
Compounds of this invention can exist as one or more stereoisomers. The various stereoisomers include enantiomers, diastereomers, atropisomers and geometric isomers. Stereoisomers are isomers of identical constitution but differing in the arrangement of their atoms in space and include enantiomers, diastereomers, cis-trans isomers (also known as geometric isomers) and atropisomers. Atropisomers result from restricted rotation about single bonds where the rotational barrier is high enough to permit isolation of the isomeric species. One skilled in the art will appreciate that one stereoisomer may be more active and/or may exhibit beneficial effects when enriched relative to the other stereoisomer(s) or when separated from the other stereoisomer(s). Additionally, the skilled artisan knows how to separate, enrich, and/or to selectively prepare said stereoisomers. The compounds of the invention may be present as a mixture of stereoisomers, individual stereoisomers or as an optically active form.
Compounds of Formula 1 typically exist in more than one form, and Formula 1 thus include all crystalline and non-crystalline forms of the compounds they represent. Non-crystalline forms include embodiments which are solids such as waxes and gums as well as embodiments which are liquids such as solutions and melts. Crystalline forms include embodiments which represent essentially a single crystal type and embodiments which represent a mixture of polymorphs (i.e. different crystalline types). The term “polymorph” refers to a particular crystalline form of a chemical compound that can crystallize in different crystalline forms, these forms having different arrangements and/or conformations of the molecules in the crystal lattice. Although polymorphs can have the same chemical composition, they can also differ in composition due the presence or absence of co-crystallized water or other molecules, which can be weakly or strongly bound in the lattice. Polymorphs can differ in such chemical, physical and biological properties as crystal shape, density, hardness, color, chemical stability, melting point, hygroscopicity, suspensibility, dissolution rate and biological availability. One skilled in the art will appreciate that a polymorph of a compound of Formula 1 can exhibit beneficial effects (e.g., suitability for preparation of useful formulations, improved biological performance) relative to another polymorph or a mixture of polymorphs of the same compound of Formula 1. Preparation and isolation of a particular polymorph of a compound of Formula 1 can be achieved by methods known to those skilled in the art including, for example, crystallization using selected solvents and temperatures. For a comprehensive discussion of polymorphism see R. Hilfiker, Ed., Polymorphism in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2006.
One skilled in the art will appreciate that not all nitrogen-containing heterocycles can form N-oxides since the nitrogen requires an available lone pair for oxidation to the oxide; one skilled in the art will recognize those nitrogen-containing heterocycles which can form N-oxides. One skilled in the art will also recognize that tertiary amines can form N-oxides. Synthetic methods for the preparation of N-oxides of heterocycles and tertiary amines are very well known by one skilled in the art including the oxidation of heterocycles and tertiary amines with peroxy acids such as peracetic and m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA), hydrogen peroxide, alkyl hydroperoxides such as t-butyl hydroperoxide, sodium perborate, and dioxiranes such as dimethyldioxirane. These methods for the preparation of N-oxides have been extensively described and reviewed in the literature, see for example: T. L. Gilchrist in Comprehensive Organic Synthesis, vol. 7, pp 748-750, S. V. Ley, Ed., Pergamon Press; M. Tisler and B. Stanovnik in Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 3, pp 18-20, A. J. Boulton and A. McKillop, Eds., Pergamon Press; M. R. Grimmett and B. R. T. Keene in Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 43, pp 149-161, A. R. Katritzky, Ed., Academic Press; M. Tisler and B. Stanovnik in Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 9, pp 285-291, A. R. Katritzky and A. J. Boulton, Eds., Academic Press; and G. W. H. Cheeseman and E. S. G. Werstiuk in Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol. 22, pp 390-392, A. R. Katritzky and A. J. Boulton, Eds., Academic Press.
One skilled in the art recognizes that because in the environment and under physiological conditions salts of chemical compounds are in equilibrium with their corresponding nonsalt forms, salts share the biological utility of the nonsalt forms. Thus a wide variety of salts of a compound of Formula 1 are useful for control of undesired vegetation (i.e. are agriculturally suitable). The salts of a compound of Formula 1 include acid-addition salts with inorganic or organic acids such as hydrobromic, hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, acetic, butyric, fumaric, lactic, maleic, malonic, oxalic, propionic, salicylic, tartaric, 4-toluenesulfonic or valeric acids. Accordingly, the present invention comprises compounds selected from Formula 1, N-oxides and agriculturally suitable salts thereof.
Embodiments of the present invention as described in the Summary of the Invention include (where Formula 1 as used in the following Embodiments includes N-oxides and salts thereof):
A compound of Formula 1 wherein A is a phenyl ring optionally substituted with up to 4 R2.
A compound of Embodiment 1 wherein A is a phenyl ring optionally substituted with up to 2 R2.
A compound of Formula 1 wherein A is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring, the ring bonded to the remainder of Formula 1 through a carbon atom, and optionally substituted with up to 4 R2.
A compound of Embodiment 3 wherein A is selected from
wherein r is 0, 1, 2 or 3 and s is 0 or 1.
A compound of Embodiment 4 wherein A is selected from A-1, A-2, A-4, A-6, A-9, A-10, A-11, A-12 and A-23.
A compound of Embodiment 5 wherein A is selected from A-1, A-2 and A-6.
A compound of Embodiment 6 wherein A is A-1.
A compound of Embodiment 6 wherein A is A-2.
A compound of Embodiment 6 wherein A is A-6.
A compound of Embodiment 6 wherein A is
A compound of Embodiment 10 wherein A is A-1a.
A compound of Embodiment 10 wherein A is A-2a.
A compound of Embodiment 10 wherein A is A-6a.
A compound of Formula 1 or any one of Embodiments 1 through 13 either alone or in combination, wherein R1 is halogen, C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 haloalkyl.
A compound of Embodiment 14 wherein R1 is halogen.
A compound of Embodiment 15 wherein R1 is F, Cl or Br.
A compound of Embodiment 16 wherein R1 is Cl.
A compound of Formula 1 or any one of Embodiments 1 through 17 either alone or in combination, wherein each R2 is independently halogen, cyano, SF5, C1-C4 alkyl, C2-C4 alkenyl, C2-C4 alkynyl, C1-C4 haloalkyl, C2-C4 haloalkenyl or C2-C4 haloalkynyl.
A compound of Embodiment 18 wherein each R2 is independently halogen, C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 haloalkyl.
A compound of Embodiment 19 wherein each R2 is independently halogen, CH3 or CF3.
A compound of Embodiment 20 wherein each R2 is independently halogen.
A compound of Embodiment 21 wherein each R2 is independently F, Cl or Br.
A compound of Formula 1 or any one of Embodiments 1 through 22 either alone or in combination, wherein R5 is halogen, cyano, CHF2 or CF3.
A compound of Embodiment 23 wherein R5 is F, Cl, Br or cyano.
A compound of Embodiment 23 wherein R5 is cyano.
A compound of Embodiment 24 wherein R5 is F, Cl or Br.
A compound of Embodiment 23 wherein R5 is cyano, CHF2 or CF3.
A compound of Embodiment 23 wherein R5 is CHF2 or CF3.
A compound of Formula 1 or any one of Embodiments 1 through 28 either alone or in combination, wherein R6 is H.
Embodiments of the present invention as described in the Summary of the Invention and Embodiment AAA also include the following:
A compound of Formula 1 wherein A is a phenyl ring optionally substituted with up to 4 R2.
A compound of Embodiment 1 wherein A is a phenyl ring optionally substituted with up to 2 R2.
A compound of Formula 1 wherein A is a 6-membered heteroaromatic ring, the ring bonded to the remainder of Formula 1 through a carbon atom, and optionally substituted with up to 4 R2.
A compound of Embodiment 3 wherein A is selected from
r is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
A compound of Embodiment 4 wherein A is selected from A-1, A-2, A-4, A-6, A-9, A-10, A-11 and A-12.
A compound of Embodiment 5 wherein A is selected from A-1, A-2 and A-6.
A compound of Embodiment 6 wherein A is selected from A-1.
A compound of Embodiment 6 wherein A is selected from A-2.
A compound of Embodiment 6 wherein A is selected from A-6.
A compound of Embodiment 6 wherein A is
A compound of Embodiment 10 wherein A is A-1a.
A compound of Embodiment 10 wherein A is A-2a.
A compound of Embodiment 10 wherein A is A-6a.
A compound of Formula 1 or any one of Embodiments 1 through 13 wherein R1 is halogen, C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 haloalkyl.
A compound of Embodiment 14 wherein R1 is halogen.
A compound of Embodiment 15 wherein R1 is chlorine.
A compound of Formula 1 or any one of Embodiments 1 through 16 wherein each R2 is independently halogen, C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 haloalkyl.
A compound of Embodiment 17 wherein each R2 is independently halogen, CH3 or CF3.
A compound of Embodiment 18 wherein each R2 is independently halogen.
A compound of Embodiment 19 wherein each R2 is independently F, Cl or Br.
A compound of Formula 1 or any one of Embodiments 1 through 20 wherein the phenyl or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring (of A) is substituted with R2 at the position para to the connection of the ring to the remainder of Formula 1.
A compound of Formula 1 or any one of Embodiments 1 through 21 wherein each R3 and R4 is independently C1-C4 alkyl.
Also of note is a compound of Formula 1P
wherein
Embodiments of this invention, including Embodiments 1-29 and 1P-22P above as well as any other embodiments described herein, can be combined in any manner, and the descriptions of variables in the embodiments pertain not only to the a compound of Formula 1 but also to the starting compounds and intermediate compounds useful for preparing the compounds of Formula 1. In addition, embodiments of this invention, including Embodiments 1-29 and 1P-22P above as well as any other embodiments described herein, and any combination thereof, pertain to the compositions and methods of the present invention.
Combination Embodiments Illustrated by:
A compound of Formula 1P wherein
A compound of Embodiment AAA or a compound of Formula 1 as described in the Summary of the Invention wherein
A compound of Embodiment AA wherein
A compound of Embodiment AA wherein
A compound of Embodiment A wherein
A compound of Embodiment AP wherein
A compound of Embodiment B wherein
A compound of Embodiment BP wherein
A compound of Embodiment C wherein
A compound of Embodiment CP wherein
A compound of Embodiment D wherein
A compound of Embodiment DP wherein
Specific embodiments include compounds of Formula 1 selected from the group consisting of:
Specific embodiments also include compounds of Formula 1 selected from the group consisting of:
This invention also relates to a method for controlling undesired vegetation comprising applying to the locus of the vegetation herbicidally effective amounts of the compounds of the invention (e.g., as a composition described herein). Of note as embodiments relating to methods of use are those involving the compounds of embodiments described above. Compounds of the invention are particularly useful for selective control of weeds in crops such as wheat, barley, maize, soybean, sunflower, cotton, oilseed rape and rice, and specialty crops such as sugarcane, citrus, fruit and nut crops.
Also noteworthy as embodiments are herbicidal compositions of the present invention comprising the compounds of embodiments described above.
This invention also includes a herbicidal mixture comprising (a) a compound selected from Formula 1, N-oxides, and salts thereof, and (b) at least one additional active ingredient selected from (b1) photosystem II inhibitors, (b2) acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors, (b3) acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors, (b4) auxin mimics and (b5) 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitors, (b6) photosystem I electron diverters, (b7) protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, (b8) glutamine synthetase (GS) inhibitors, (b9) very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) elongase inhibitors, (b10) auxin transport inhibitors, (b11) phytoene desaturase (PDS) inhibitors, (b12) 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors, (b13) homogentisate solenesyltransererase (HST) inhibitors, (b14) cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, (b15) other herbicides including mitotic disruptors, organic arsenicals, asulam, bromobutide, cinmethylin, cumyluron, dazomet, difenzoquat, dymron, etobenzanid, flurenol, fosamine, fosamine-ammonium, metam, methyldymron, oleic acid, oxaziclomefone, pelargonic acid and pyributicarb, and (b16) herbicide safeners; and salts of compounds of (b1) through (b16).
“Photosystem II inhibitors” (b1) are chemical compounds that bind to the D-1 protein at the QB-binding niche and thus block electron transport from QA to QB in the chloroplast thylakoid membranes. The electrons blocked from passing through photosystem II are transferred through a series of reactions to form toxic compounds that disrupt cell membranes and cause chloroplast swelling, membrane leakage, and ultimately cellular destruction. The QB-binding niche has three different binding sites: binding site A binds the triazines such as atrazine, triazinones such as hexazinone, and uracils such as bromacil, binding site B binds the phenylureas such as diuron, and binding site C binds benzothiadiazoles such as bentazon, nitriles such as bromoxynil and phenyl-pyridazines such as pyridate. Examples of photosystem II inhibitors include ametryn, amicarbazone, atrazine, bentazon, bromacil, bromofenoxim, bromoxynil, chlorbromuron, chloridazon, chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, cumyluron, cyanazine, daimuron, desmedipham, desmetryn, dimefuron, dimethametryn, diuron, ethidimuron, fenuron, fluometuron, hexazinone, ioxynil, isoproturon, isouron, lenacil, linuron, metamitron, methabenzthiazuron, metobromuron, metoxuron, metribuzin, monolinuron, neburon, pentanochlor, phenmedipham, prometon, prometryn, propanil, propazine, pyridafol, pyridate, siduron, simazine, simetryn, tebuthiuron, terbacil, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryn and trietazine.
“AHAS inhibitors” (b2) are chemical compounds that inhibit acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS), also known as acetolactate synthase (ALS), and thus kill plants by inhibiting the production of the branched-chain aliphatic amino acids such as valine, leucine and isoleucine, which are required for protein synthesis and cell growth. Examples of AHAS inhibitors include amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron-methyl, bispyribac-sodium, cloransulam-methyl, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, cyclosulfamuron, diclosulam, ethametsulfuron-methyl, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, florasulam, flucarbazone-sodium, flumetsulam, flupyrsulfuron-methyl, flupyrsulfuron-sodium, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron-methyl, imazamethabenz-methyl, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, imazosulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl (including sodium salt), iofensulfuron (2-iodo-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]-benzenesulfonamide), mesosulfuron-methyl, metazosulfuron (3-chloro-4-(5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-1,4,2-dioxazin-3-yl)-N-[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino] carbonyl]-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-sulfonamide), metosulam, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, oxasulfuron, penoxsulam, primisulfuron-methyl, propoxycarbazone-sodium, propyrisulfuron (2-chloro-N-[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]-6-propylimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine-3-sulfonamide), prosulfuron, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, pyribenzoxim, pyriftalid, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrithiobac-sodium, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl, sulfosulfuron, thiencarbazone, thifensulfuron-methyl, triafamone (N-[2-[(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)carbonyl]-6-fluorophenyl]-1,1-difluoro-N-methylmethanesulfonamide), triasulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, trifloxysulfuron (including sodium salt), triflusulfuron-methyl and tritosulfuron.
“ACCase inhibitors” (b3) are chemical compounds that inhibit the acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme, which is responsible for catalyzing an early step in lipid and fatty acid synthesis in plants. Lipids are essential components of cell membranes, and without them, new cells cannot be produced. The inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase and the subsequent lack of lipid production leads to losses in cell membrane integrity, especially in regions of active growth such as meristems. Eventually shoot and rhizome growth ceases, and shoot meristems and rhizome buds begin to die back. Examples of ACCase inhibitors include alloxydim, butroxydim, clethodim, clodinafop, cycloxydim, cyhalofop, diclofop, fenoxaprop, fluazifop, haloxyfop, pinoxaden, profoxydim, propaquizafop, quizalofop, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim and tralkoxydim, including resolved forms such as fenoxaprop-P, fluazifop-P, haloxyfop-P and quizalofop-P and ester forms such as clodinafop-propargyl, cyhalofop-butyl, diclofop-methyl and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl.
Auxin is a plant hormone that regulates growth in many plant tissues. “Auxin mimics” (b4) are chemical compounds mimicking the plant growth hormone auxin, thus causing uncontrolled and disorganized growth leading to plant death in susceptible species. Examples of auxin mimics include aminocyclopyrachlor (6-amino-5-chloro-2-cyclopropyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) and its methyl and ethyl esters and its sodium and potassium salts, aminopyralid, benazolin-ethyl, chloramben, clacyfos, clomeprop, clopyralid, dicamba, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, dichlorprop, fluroxypyr, halauxifen (4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid), halauxifen-methyl (methyl 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-pyridinecarboxylate), MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop, picloram, quinclorac, quinmerac, 2,3,6-TBA, triclopyr, and methyl 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoro-2-pyridinecarboxylate.
“EPSP synthase inhibitors” (b5) are chemical compounds that inhibit the enzyme, 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, which is involved in the synthesis of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. EPSP inhibitor herbicides are readily absorbed through plant foliage and translocated in the phloem to the growing points. Glyphosate is a relatively nonselective postemergence herbicide that belongs to this group. Glyphosate includes esters and salts such as ammonium, isopropylammonium, potassium, sodium (including sesquisodium) and trimesium (alternatively named sulfosate).
“Photosystem I electron diverters” (b6) are chemical compounds that accept electrons from Photosystem I, and after several cycles, generate hydroxyl radicals. These radicals are extremely reactive and readily destroy unsaturated lipids, including membrane fatty acids and chlorophyll. This destroys cell membrane integrity, so that cells and organelles “leak”, leading to rapid leaf wilting and desiccation, and eventually to plant death. Examples of this second type of photosynthesis inhibitor include diquat and paraquat.
“PPO inhibitors” (b7) are chemical compounds that inhibit the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase, quickly resulting in formation of highly reactive compounds in plants that rupture cell membranes, causing cell fluids to leak out. Examples of PPO inhibitors include acifluorfen-sodium, azafenidin, benzfendizone, bifenox, butafenacil, carfentrazone, carfentrazone-ethyl, chlomethoxyfen, cinidon-ethyl, fluazolate, flufenpyr-ethyl, flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, halosafen, lactofen, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, pentoxazone, profluazol, pyraclonil, pyraflufen-ethyl, saflufenacil, sulfentrazone, thidiazimin, tiafenacil (methyl N-[2-[[2-chloro-5-[3,6-dihydro-3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1 (2H)-pyrimidinyl]-4-fluorophenyl]thio]-1-oxopropyl]-β-alaninate) and 3-[7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-4-(2-propyn-1-yl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-6-thioxo-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione.
“GS inhibitors” (b8) are chemical compounds that inhibit the activity of the glutamine synthetase enzyme, which plants use to convert ammonia into glutamine. Consequently, ammonia accumulates and glutamine levels decrease. Plant damage probably occurs due to the combined effects of ammonia toxicity and deficiency of amino acids required for other metabolic processes. The GS inhibitors include glufosinate and its esters and salts such as glufosinate-ammonium and other phosphinothricin derivatives, glufosinate-P((2S)-2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid) and bilanaphos.
“VLCFA elongase inhibitors” (b9) are herbicides having a wide variety of chemical structures, which inhibit the elongase. Elongase is one of the enzymes located in or near chloroplasts which are involved in biosynthesis of VLCFAs. In plants, very-long-chain fatty acids are the main constituents of hydrophobic polymers that prevent desiccation at the leaf surface and provide stability to pollen grains. Such herbicides include acetochlor, alachlor, anilofos, butachlor, cafenstrole, dimethachlor, dimethenamid, diphenamid, fenoxasulfone (3-[[(2,5-dichloro-4-ethoxyphenyl)methyl]sulfonyl]-4,5-dihydro-5,5-dimethylisoxazole), fentrazamide, flufenacet, indanofan, mefenacet, metazachlor, metolachlor, naproanilide, napropamide, napropamide-M ((2R)—N,N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthalenyloxy)propanamide), pethoxamid, piperophos, pretilachlor, propachlor, propisochlor, pyroxasulfone, and thenylchlor, including resolved forms such as S-metolachlor and chloroacetamides and oxyacetamides.
“Auxin transport inhibitors” (b10) are chemical substances that inhibit auxin transport in plants, such as by binding with an auxin-carrier protein. Examples of auxin transport inhibitors include diflufenzopyr, naptalam (also known as N-(1-naphthyl)phthalamic acid and 2-[(1-naphthalenylamino)carbonyl]benzoic acid).
“PDS inhibitors” (b1) are chemical compounds that inhibit carotenoid biosynthesis pathway at the phytoene desaturase step. Examples of PDS inhibitors include beflubutamid, diflufenican, fluridone, flurochloridone, flurtamone norflurzon and picolinafen.
“HPPD inhibitors” (b12) are chemical substances that inhibit the biosynthesis of synthesis of 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase. Examples of HPPD inhibitors include benzobicyclon, benzofenap, bicyclopyrone (4-hydroxy-3-[[2-[(2-methoxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl]carbonyl]bicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-2-one), fenquinotrione (2-[[8-chloro-3,4-dihydro-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxo-2-quinoxalinyl]carbonyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione), isoxachlortole, isoxaflutole, mesotrione, pyrasulfotole, pyrazolynate, pyrazoxyfen, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, topramezone, 5-chloro-3-[(2-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)carbonyl]-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2(1H)-quinoxalinone, 4-(2,6-diethyl-4-methylphenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-3 (2H)-pyridazinone, 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-[(2-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)carbonyl]-2-methyl-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione, 5-[(2-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)carbonyl]-2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(3-methoxypropyl)-4(3H)-pyrimidinone, 2-methyl-N-(4-methyl-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-(methyl sulfinyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide and 2-methyl-3-(methyl sulfonyl)-N-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide.
“HST inhibitors” (b13) disrupt a plant's ability to convert homogentisate to 2-methyl-6-solanyl-1,4-benzoquinone, thereby disrupting carotenoid biosynthesis. Examples of HST inhibitors include haloxydine, pyriclor, 3-(2-chloro-3,6-difluorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,5-naphthyridin-2(1H)-one, 7-(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)-5-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-8-hydroxypyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-6(5H)-one and 4-(2,6-diethyl-4-methylphenyl)-5-hydroxy-2, 6-dimethyl-3 (2H)-pyridazinone.
HST inhibitors also include compounds of Formulae A and B.
“Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors” (b14) inhibit the biosynthesis of cellulose in certain plants. They are most effective when applied preemergence or early postemergence on young or rapidly growing plants. Examples of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors include chlorthiamid, dichlobenil, flupoxam, indaziflam (N2-[(1R,2S)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1H-inden-1-yl]-6-(1-fluoroethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), isoxaben and triaziflam.
“Other herbicides” (b15) include herbicides that act through a variety of different modes of action such as mitotic disruptors (e.g., flamprop-M-methyl and flamprop-M-isopropyl), organic arsenicals (e.g., DSMA, and MSMA), 7,8-dihydropteroate synthase inhibitors, chloroplast isoprenoid synthesis inhibitors and cell-wall biosynthesis inhibitors. Other herbicides include those herbicides having unknown modes of action or do not fall into a specific category listed in (b1) through (b14) or act through a combination of modes of action listed above. Examples of other herbicides include aclonifen, asulam, amitrole, bromobutide, cinmethylin, clomazone, cumyluron, cyclopyrimorate (6-chloro-3-(2-cyclopropyl-6-methylphenoxy)-4-pyridazinyl 4-morpholinecarboxylate), daimuron, difenzoquat, etobenzanid, fluometuron, flurenol, fosamine, fosamine-ammonium, dazomet, dymron, ipfencarbazone (1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1,5-dihydro-N-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-4H-1,2,4-triazole-4-carboxamide), metam, methyldymron, oleic acid, oxaziclomefone, pelargonic acid, pyributicarb and 5-[[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methoxy]methyl]-4,5-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)isoxazole.
“Herbicide safeners” (b16) are substances added to a herbicide formulation to eliminate or reduce phytotoxic effects of the herbicide to certain crops. These compounds protect crops from injury by herbicides but typically do not prevent the herbicide from controlling undesired vegetation. Examples of herbicide safeners include but are not limited to benoxacor, cloquintocet-mexyl, cumyluron, cyometrinil, cyprosulfamide, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dimepiperate, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen-ethyl, mefenpyr-diethyl, mephenate, methoxyphenone, naphthalic anhydride, oxabetrinil, N-(aminocarbonyl)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide and N-(amino-carbonyl)-2-fluorobenzenesulfonamide, 1-bromo-4-[(chloromethyl)sulfonyl]benzene, 2-(dichloromethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (MG 191), 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azospiro-[4.5]decane (MON 4660).
An embodiment of the present invention is a herbicidal mixture comprising (a) a compound of Formula 1, and (b) at least one additional active ingredient selected from (b1) photosystem II inhibitors, (b2) acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors, (b4) auxin mimics, (b5) 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase inhibitors, (b7) protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, (b9) very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) elongase inhibitors and (b12) 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitors.
The compounds of Formula 1 can be prepared by general methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry. One or more of the following methods and variations as described in Schemes 1-8 can be used to prepare the compounds of Formula 1. The definitions of R1 and A in the compounds of Formulae 1-14 below are as defined above in the Summary of the Invention unless otherwise noted. Formula 1a is a subset of Formula 1, and all substituents for Formula 1a are as defined above for Formula 1 unless otherwise noted. Formulae 5a and 5b are subsets of Formula 5, and all substituents for Formulae 5a and 5b are as defined for Formula 5 unless otherwise noted.
As shown in Scheme 1, a compound of Formula 1 (wherein R6 is H) can be prepared by nucleophilic substitution by heating a phenolic intermediate of Formula 2 in a suitable solvent, such as acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran or N,N-dimethylformamide, in the presence of a base, such as potassium or cesium carbonate, with a compound of Formula 3 (where LG is a nucleophilic reaction leaving group, i.e. nucleofuge, such as halogen or S(O)2CH3). The reaction is typically conducted at temperatures ranging from 50 to 110° C.
As shown in Scheme 2, a compound of Formula 1 (i.e. Formula 1 wherein A is 5-R1-pyrimidin-2-yl) can also be prepared by coupling the compound of Formula 4 with two equivalents of a compound of Formula 3 under the same conditions as described for Scheme 1. The method of Scheme 2 is illustrated by Synthesis Example 1.
As shown in Scheme 3, a compound of Formula 2 can be prepared by deprotection of a compound of Formula 5 wherein Ra is CH3 or —(C═O)CH3 with a suitable deprotecting agent. A suitable deprotecting agent for methoxy in a compound of Formula 5 (i.e. Ra is CH3), such as BBr3, AlCl3, Me3SiI and HBr in acetic acid, can be used in the presence of solvents such as toluene, dichloromethane and dichloroethane at a temperature ranging from −80 to 120° C. A suitable deprotecting agent for acetoxy in a compound Formula 5 (i.e. Ra is —C(═O)CH3), such as potassium carbonate in methanol or ammonium acetate in aqueous methanol at room temperature can be used as discussed in Das et al., Tetrahedron 2003, 59, 1049-1054 and methods cited therein. Alternatively, a compound of Formula 5 wherein Ra is —C(═O)CH3 can be combined with Amberlyst® 15 in methanol (as discussed in Das et al. Tet. Lett. 2003, 44, 5465-5468) or combined with sodium acetate in ethanol (as discussed in T. Narender et al. Synthetic Communications 2009, 39(11), 1949-1956) to obtain a compound of Formula 2. Other useful phenolic protecting groups suitable for use in preparing a compound of Formula 2 can be found in Greene, T. W.; Wuts, P. G. M. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th ed.; Wiley: Hoboken, N.J., 2012).
An intermediate of Formula 5a (i.e. Formula 5 wherein Ra is CH3) can be prepared by a variety of methods known to one skilled in the art. As shown in Scheme 4 and Scheme 5 by selecting appropriate coupling partners, e.g., compounds of Formulae 6 and 7 or compounds of Formulae 8 and 9, compounds of Formula 5a can be obtained by simple substitution using the conditions described for Scheme 1.
As shown in Scheme 6, a compound of Formula 5b (i.e. Formula 5 wherein Ra is —C(═O)CH3) can be prepared from an intermediate of Formula 10 by “C—H activation”, utilizing palladium(II) acetate and (diacetoxyiodo)benzene. Typical procedures for this type of reaction are described, for example, in J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 7203. The intermediate of Formula 10 can be prepared by nucleophilic substitution reaction of a compound of Formula 7 with a compound of Formula 11 under the conditions described for Scheme 1.
One skilled in the art will recognize that a compound of Formula 1 can also be constructed using the sequence shown in Scheme 7. In the first step of this method, the methoxyphenol of Formula 12 is reacted with a compound of Formula 3 using reaction conditions as described for Scheme 1 to provide the methoxyphenyl ether of Formula 13. In the next step, the methyl group is removed using deprotection conditions described for Scheme 3 to provide the phenol ether of Formula 14, which in the last step is reacted with a compound of Formula 7 using reaction conditions as described for Scheme 1 to provide the compound of Formula 1. The first step of the method of Scheme 7 is illustrated by Step A of Synthesis Example 2. The second step of the method of Scheme 7 is illustrated by Step B of Synthesis Example 2. The final step of the method of Scheme 7 is illustrated by Step C of Synthesis Example 2.
As shown in Scheme 8, the compound of Formula 12 can be prepared by selective methylation of the compound of Formula 4.
Compounds of Formulae 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 can be synthesized according to general methods known in the art of synthetic organic chemistry. Furthermore, some of the starting materials, such as the compound of Formula 4, are commercially available.
It is recognized by one skilled in the art that various functional groups can be converted into others to provide different compounds of Formula 1. For a valuable resource that illustrates the interconversion of functional groups in a simple and straightforward fashion, see Larock, R. C., Comprehensive Organic Transformations: A Guide to Functional Group Preparations, 2nd Ed., Wiley-VCH, New York, 1999. For example, intermediates for the preparation of compounds of Formula 1 may contain aromatic nitro groups, which can be reduced to amino groups, and then be converted via reactions well known in the art such as the Sandmeyer reaction, to various halides, providing compounds of Formula 1. The above reactions can also in many cases be performed in alternate order.
It is recognized that some reagents and reaction conditions described above for preparing compounds of Formula 1 may not be compatible with certain functionalities present in the intermediates. In these instances, the incorporation of protection/deprotection sequences or functional group interconversions into the synthesis will aid in obtaining the desired products. The use and choice of the protecting groups will be apparent to one skilled in chemical synthesis (see, for example, Greene, T. W.; Wuts, P. G. M. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd ed.; Wiley: New York, 1991). One skilled in the art will recognize that, in some cases, after the introduction of a given reagent as depicted in any individual scheme, it may be necessary to perform additional routine synthetic steps not described in detail to complete the synthesis of compounds of Formula 1. One skilled in the art will also recognize that it may be necessary to perform a combination of the steps illustrated in the above schemes in an order other than that implied by the particular presented to prepare the compounds of Formula 1.
One skilled in the art will also recognize that compounds of Formula 1 and the intermediates described herein can be subjected to various electrophilic, nucleophilic, radical, organometallic, oxidation, and reduction reactions to add substituents or modify existing substituents.
Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art using the preceding description can utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following non-limiting Examples are illustrative of the invention. Steps in the following Examples illustrate a procedure for each step in an overall synthetic transformation, and the starting material for each step may not have necessarily been prepared by a particular preparative run whose procedure is described in other Examples or Steps. Percentages are by weight except for chromatographic solvent mixtures or where otherwise indicated. Parts and percentages for chromatographic solvent mixtures are by volume unless otherwise indicated. 1H NMR spectra are reported in ppm downfield from tetramethylsilane in CDCl3 unless otherwise noted; “s” means singlet, “d” means doublet, “dd” means doublet of doublets, and “m” means multiplet. Mass spectra (MS) are reported as the molecular weight of the highest isotopic abundance parent ion (M+1) formed by addition of H+ (molecular weight of 1) to the molecule, or (M−1) formed by the loss of H+ (molecular weight of 1) from the molecule, observed by using liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (LCMS) using either atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (AP+), where “amu” stands for unified atomic mass units.
2,3-Dihydroxybenzonitrile (270 mg, 2 mmol) and 2,5-dichloropyrimidine (655 mg, 4.4 mmol) were combined in N,N-dimethylformamide (6 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Powdered potassium carbonate (1.2 g, 8.8 mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was heated at 100° C. for 8 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water and ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by medium pressure liquid chromatography on silica gel, eluted with 0 to 15% ethyl acetate in hexanes, to yield the title product, a compound of the present invention, as a solid (640 mg).
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.42-7.49 (m, 1H), 7.57 (dd, J=8.31, 1.47 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J=7.83, 1.96 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (m, 4H).
3-Hydroxy-2-methoxybenzonitrile (730 mg, 4.9 mmol) and 2,5-dichloropyrimidine (803 mg, 5.4 mmol) were combined in acetonitrile (10 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Powdered potassium carbonate (1.48 g, 10.7 mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was heated at 80° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by medium pressure liquid chromatography on silica gel eluted with 0 to 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes to yield the title compound (1 g).
MS(AP+) 262 amu (M+1).
3-[(5-Chloro-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]-2-methoxybenzonitrile (i.e. the product of Step A) (1.00 g, 3.82 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) and cooled to 0° C. Then boron tribromide (1 M in CH2Cl2, 19.1 mL, 19.1 mmol) was added to the solution, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction mixture was quenched by adding saturated aqueous NaHCO3 solution at 0° C. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with dichloromethane (2×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was used in the next step without further purification.
MS(AP+) 246 amu (M−1).
3-[(5-Chloro-2-pyrimidinyl)oxy]-2-hydroxybenzonitrile (i.e. the product of Step B) (150 mg, 0.6 mmol) and 2-chloro-5-bromopyrimidine (128 mg, 0.66 mmol) were combined in N,N-dimethylformamide (6 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Powdered potassium carbonate (182 mg, 1.32 mmol) was added, and the resulting mixture was heated at 80° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water and ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by medium pressure liquid chromatography on silica gel, eluted with 0 to 20% ethyl acetate in hexanes, to yield the title product, a compound of the present invention, as a solid (70 mg).
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.45 (m, 1H), 7.57 (m, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J=7.83, 1.47 Hz, 1H), 8.42 (m, 2H), 8.51 (m, 2H).
A solution of 2-fluorophenol (0.94 g, 8.39 mmoles) in DMF (20 mL) was stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere. Powdered potassium carbonate (2.9 g, 20.98 mmoles) was added followed by 2-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (1.6 g, 8.82 mmoles) and copper(I) chloride 0.42 g, 4.2 mmoles). The reaction mixture was heated at 110° C. for 2 hours and allowed to cool to room temperature overnight. The mixture was diluted with deionized water and diethyl ether, partitioned, and the aqueous phase was extracted twice with diethyl ether. The combined organic phases were washed twice with saturated aqueous ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid solution, once with 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide and once with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution. The organic phases were then dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated to give the title compound (1.98 g) as an oil.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.41 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, 1H), 7.18-7.25 (m, 4H), 7.08 (d, 1H).
A solution of 2-(2-fluorophenoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (i.e. the product of Step A) (2.0 g, 7.78 mmoles) in a 1:1 mix of acetic anhydride and acetic acid (26 mL each) was treated with diacetoxyiodobenzene (5.0 g, 15.56 mmoles) and palladium acetate (0.08 g, 0.38 mmoles). The reaction mixture was then heated at 100° C. for 4 hours and allowed to cool to room temperature overnight. The mixture was diluted with toluene and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to an oil (3 g). The crude oil was purified by flash column chromatography with a 40 gram Isco MPLC silica gel column using 0-30% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient to give the title compound (1.38 g) as an oil.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.40 (s, 1H), 7.94 (d, 1H), 7.25 (m, 1H), 7.11 (m, 2H), 7.04 (d, 1H), 2.16 (s, 3H).
A solution of 3-fluoro-2-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenol 1-acetate (i.e. the product of Step B) (1.36 g, 4.31 mmoles) in 32 mL of methanol and 10 mL of deionized water was treated with ammonium acetate (2.66 g, 34.5 mmoles) then stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was treated with additional ammonium acetate (1 g) and stirred at room temperature for another 24 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum, partitioned between ethyl acetate and water and the phases separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated. The crude oil was purified by flash column chromatography with a 12 gram Isco MPLC silica gel column using 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient to give the title compound (0.39 g) as an oil.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.46 (s, 1H), 7.99 (d, 1H), 7.22 (d, 1H), 7.12 (m, 1H), 6.89 (d, 1H), 6.77 (m, 1H), 6.29 (s, 1H).
A solution of 3-fluoro-2-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenol (i.e. the product of Step C) (0.16 g, 0.585 mmoles) in 2 mL of acetonitrile was treated with powdered potassium carbonate (0.2 g, 1.45 mmoles) and 2,5-dichloropyrimidine (0.07 g, 0.47 mmoles). The reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 4.5 hours. The mixture was cooled, diluted with de-ionized water and ethyl acetate and the phases separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The crude oil was purified by flash column chromatography with a 12 gram Isco MPLC silica gel column using 0-10% ethyl acetate/hexanes gradient to give the title compound, a compound of the present invention, as an oil (0.20 g).
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.41 (s, 2H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 7.85 (m, 1H), 7.31 (m, 1H), 7.13 (m, 2H), 6.93 (d, 1H).
To a solution of 2-bromo-6-methoxyphenol (5.0 g, 24.63 mmol) in N,N′-dimethylformamide (50 mL) was added potassium carbonate (6.8 g, 486 mmol) and 2-chloro-5-thiazolecarboxaldehyde (3.6 g, 24.63 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water (100 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water followed by saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography using ethyl acetate:hexanes (1:5) to afford the title compound (5.2 g) as pale yellow solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 3.80 (s, 3H), 6.98-7.00 (dd, 1H), 7.16-7.20 (t, 1H), 7.23-7.26 (dd, 1H), 7.87 (s, 1H), 9.84 (s, 1H).
To a solution of 2-(2-bromo-6-methoxyphenoxy)-5-thiazolecarboxaldehyde (i.e. the product of Step A) (2.0 g, 6.36 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) was added a 1 M solution of boron tribromide in dichloromethane (12.7 mL, 12.73 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into ice water (30 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (50 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (20 mL) and water (20 mL), dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography using ethyl acetate:hexanes (1:4) to afford the title compound (0.9 g) as pale yellow solid.
Mass spectrum=299.8
To a solution of 2-(2-bromo-6-hydroxyphenoxy)-5-thiazolecarboxaldehyde (0.7 g, 2.33 mmol) (i.e. the product of Step B) in N,N′-dimethylformamide (10 mL) was added potassium carbonate (0.64 g, 4.66 mmol) and 5-chloro-2-(methylsulfonyl)pyrimidine (0.45 g, 2.33 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with water followed by saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude title compound. The crude compound was directly used for next step.
To a solution of 2-[2-bromo-6-(5-chloro-2-pyrimidinyloxy)phenoxy]-5-thiazolecarboxaldehyde (i.e. the product of Step C) (0.55 g, 1.33 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (0.5 mL, 4.01 mmol) at 0° C. and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (50 mL) and washed with water (20 mL). The organic phase was separated, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by column chromatography using ethyl acetate:hexanes (1:4) to afford the title compound, a compound of the present invention, (30 mg) as off white solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.13-7.40 (t, CHF2), 7.42-7.46 (t, 1H), 7.54-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.73-7.76 (dd, 1H), 8.77 (s, 2H).
By the procedures described herein together with methods known in the art, the following compounds of Tables 1-15 can be prepared. The following abbreviations are used in the Tables which follow: Me means methyl, Et means ethyl, Pr means propyl, i-Pr means isopropyl, Ph means phenyl, OMe means methoxy, CN means cyano, NO2 means nitro, and S(O)2Me means methylsulfonyl. In the names of some of the heterocycles forming substituent A the locant number is alternatively inserted before “yl”, instead of prefixing the heterocycle name. For example, “pyridin-2-yl” means the same as “2-pyridinyl”, and “pyrimidin-5-yl” means the same as “5-pyrimidinyl”.
The present disclosure also includes Tables 2 through 165. Each Table is constructed in the same manner as Table 1 above, except that the row heading in Table 1 (i.e. “R1 is F, R5 is Cl and R6 is H”) is replaced with the respective row heading shown below. For example, the first entry in Table 2 is a compound of Formula 1 wherein R1 is F, R5 is F, R6 is H and A is pyridin-2-yl. Tables 3 through 165 are constructed similarly.
A compound of this invention will generally be used as a herbicidal active ingredient in a composition, i.e. formulation, with at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of surfactants, solid diluents and liquid diluents, which serves as a carrier. The formulation or composition ingredients are selected to be consistent with the physical properties of the active ingredient, mode of application and environmental factors such as soil type, moisture and temperature.
Useful formulations include both liquid and solid compositions. Liquid compositions include solutions (including emulsifiable concentrates), suspensions, emulsions (including microemulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, flowable concentrates and/or suspoemulsions) and the like, which optionally can be thickened into gels. The general types of aqueous liquid compositions are soluble concentrate, suspension concentrate, capsule suspension, concentrated emulsion, microemulsion, oil-in-water emulsion, flowable concentrate and suspo-emulsion. The general types of nonaqueous liquid compositions are emulsifiable concentrate, microemulsifiable concentrate, dispersible concentrate and oil dispersion.
The general types of solid compositions are dusts, powders, granules, pellets, prills, pastilles, tablets, filled films (including seed coatings) and the like, which can be water-dispersible (“wettable”) or water-soluble. Films and coatings formed from film-forming solutions or flowable suspensions are particularly useful for seed treatment. Active ingredient can be (micro)encapsulated and further formed into a suspension or solid formulation; alternatively the entire formulation of active ingredient can be encapsulated (or “overcoated”). Encapsulation can control or delay release of the active ingredient. An emulsifiable granule combines the advantages of both an emulsifiable concentrate formulation and a dry granular formulation. High-strength compositions are primarily used as intermediates for further formulation.
Sprayable formulations are typically extended in a suitable medium before spraying. Such liquid and solid formulations are formulated to be readily diluted in the spray medium, usually water, but occasionally another suitable medium like an aromatic or paraffinic hydrocarbon or vegetable oil. Spray volumes can range from about from about one to several thousand liters per hectare, but more typically are in the range from about ten to several hundred liters per hectare. Sprayable formulations can be tank mixed with water or another suitable medium for foliar treatment by aerial or ground application, or for application to the growing medium of the plant. Liquid and dry formulations can be metered directly into drip irrigation systems or metered into the furrow during planting.
The formulations will typically contain effective amounts of active ingredient, diluent and surfactant within the following approximate ranges which add up to 100 percent by weight.
Solid diluents include, for example, clays such as bentonite, montmorillonite, attapulgite and kaolin, gypsum, cellulose, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, starch, dextrin, sugars (e.g., lactose, sucrose), silica, talc, mica, diatomaceous earth, urea, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate and bicarbonate, and sodium sulfate. Typical solid diluents are described in Watkins et al., Handbook of Insecticide Dust Diluents and Carriers, 2nd Ed., Dorland Books, Caldwell, N.J.
Liquid diluents include, for example, water, N,N-dimethylalkanamides (e.g., N,N-dimethylformamide), limonene, dimethyl sulfoxide, N-alkylpyrrolidones (e.g., N-methylpyrrolidinone), alkyl phosphates (e.g., triethyl phosphate), ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, paraffins (e.g., white mineral oils, normal paraffins, isoparaffins), alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, glycerine, glycerol triacetate, sorbitol, aromatic hydrocarbons, dearomatized aliphatics, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, ketones such as cyclohexanone, 2-heptanone, isophorone and 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, acetates such as isoamyl acetate, hexyl acetate, heptyl acetate, octyl acetate, nonyl acetate, tridecyl acetate and isobornyl acetate, other esters such as alkylated lactate esters, dibasic esters, alkyl and aryl benzoates and γ-butyrolactone, and alcohols, which can be linear, branched, saturated or unsaturated, such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, isobutyl alcohol, n-hexanol, 2-ethylhexanol, n-octanol, decanol, isodecyl alcohol, isooctadecanol, cetyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, tridecyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, diacetone alcohol, cresol and benzyl alcohol. Liquid diluents also include glycerol esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (typically C6-C22), such as plant seed and fruit oils (e.g., oils of olive, castor, linseed, sesame, corn (maize), peanut, sunflower, grapeseed, safflower, cottonseed, soybean, rapeseed, coconut and palm kernel), animal-sourced fats (e.g., beef tallow, pork tallow, lard, cod liver oil, fish oil), and mixtures thereof. Liquid diluents also include alkylated fatty acids (e.g., methylated, ethylated, butylated) wherein the fatty acids may be obtained by hydrolysis of glycerol esters from plant and animal sources, and can be purified by distillation. Typical liquid diluents are described in Marsden, Solvents Guide, 2nd Ed., Interscience, New York, 1950.
The solid and liquid compositions of the present invention often include one or more surfactants. When added to a liquid, surfactants (also known as “surface-active agents”) generally modify, most often reduce, the surface tension of the liquid. Depending on the nature of the hydrophilic and lipophilic groups in a surfactant molecule, surfactants can be useful as wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers or defoaming agents.
Surfactants can be classified as nonionic, anionic or cationic. Nonionic surfactants useful for the present compositions include, but are not limited to: alcohol alkoxylates such as alcohol alkoxylates based on natural and synthetic alcohols (which may be branched or linear) and prepared from the alcohols and ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixtures thereof; amine ethoxylates, alkanolamides and ethoxylated alkanolamides; alkoxylated triglycerides such as ethoxylated soybean, castor and rapeseed oils; alkylphenol alkoxylates such as octylphenol ethoxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates, dinonyl phenol ethoxylates and dodecyl phenol ethoxylates (prepared from the phenols and ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixtures thereof); block polymers prepared from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide and reverse block polymers where the terminal blocks are prepared from propylene oxide; ethoxylated fatty acids; ethoxylated fatty esters and oils; ethoxylated methyl esters; ethoxylated tristyrylphenol (including those prepared from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixtures thereof); fatty acid esters, glycerol esters, lanolin-based derivatives, polyethoxylate esters such as polyethoxylated sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyethoxylated sorbitol fatty acid esters and polyethoxylated glycerol fatty acid esters; other sorbitan derivatives such as sorbitan esters; polymeric surfactants such as random copolymers, block copolymers, alkyd peg (polyethylene glycol) resins, graft or comb polymers and star polymers; polyethylene glycols (pegs); polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters; silicone-based surfactants; and sugar-derivatives such as sucrose esters, alkyl polyglycosides and alkyl polysaccharides.
Useful anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to: alkylaryl sulfonic acids and their salts; carboxylated alcohol or alkylphenol ethoxylates; diphenyl sulfonate derivatives; lignin and lignin derivatives such as lignosulfonates; maleic or succinic acids or their anhydrides; olefin sulfonates; phosphate esters such as phosphate esters of alcohol alkoxylates, phosphate esters of alkylphenol alkoxylates and phosphate esters of styryl phenol ethoxylates; protein-based surfactants; sarcosine derivatives; styryl phenol ether sulfate; sulfates and sulfonates of oils and fatty acids; sulfates and sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols; sulfates of alcohols; sulfates of ethoxylated alcohols; sulfonates of amines and amides such as N,N-alkyltaurates; sulfonates of benzene, cumene, toluene, xylene, and dodecyl and tridecylbenzenes; sulfonates of condensed naphthalenes; sulfonates of naphthalene and alkyl naphthalene; sulfonates of fractionated petroleum; sulfosuccinamates; and sulfosuccinates and their derivatives such as dialkyl sulfosuccinate salts.
Useful cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to: amides and ethoxylated amides; amines such as N-alkyl propanediamines, tripropylenetriamines and dipropylenetetramines, and ethoxylated amines, ethoxylated diamines and propoxylated amines (prepared from the amines and ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide or mixtures thereof); amine salts such as amine acetates and diamine salts; quaternary ammonium salts such as quaternary salts, ethoxylated quaternary salts and diquaternary salts; and amine oxides such as alkyldimethylamine oxides and bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-alkylamine oxides.
Also useful for the present compositions are mixtures of nonionic and anionic surfactants or mixtures of nonionic and cationic surfactants. Nonionic, anionic and cationic surfactants and their recommended uses are disclosed in a variety of published references including McCutcheon's Emulsifiers and Detergents, annual American and International Editions published by McCutcheon's Division, The Manufacturing Confectioner Publishing Co.; Sisely and Wood, Encyclopedia of Surface Active Agents, Chemical Publ. Co., Inc., New York, 1964; and A. S. Davidson and B. Milwidsky, Synthetic Detergents, Seventh Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1987.
Compositions of this invention may also contain formulation auxiliaries and additives, known to those skilled in the art as formulation aids (some of which may be considered to also function as solid diluents, liquid diluents or surfactants). Such formulation auxiliaries and additives may control: pH (buffers), foaming during processing (antifoams such polyorganosiloxanes), sedimentation of active ingredients (suspending agents), viscosity (thixotropic thickeners), in-container microbial growth (antimicrobials), product freezing (antifreezes), color (dyes/pigment dispersions), wash-off (film formers or stickers), evaporation (evaporation retardants), and other formulation attributes. Film formers include, for example, polyvinyl acetates, polyvinyl acetate copolymers, polyvinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers and waxes. Examples of formulation auxiliaries and additives include those listed in McCutcheon's Volume 2: Functional Materials, annual International and North American editions published by McCutcheon's Division, The Manufacturing Confectioner Publishing Co.; and PCT Publication WO 03/024222.
The compound of Formula 1 and any other active ingredients are typically incorporated into the present compositions by dissolving the active ingredient in a solvent or by grinding in a liquid or dry diluent. Solutions, including emulsifiable concentrates, can be prepared by simply mixing the ingredients. If the solvent of a liquid composition intended for use as an emulsifiable concentrate is water-immiscible, an emulsifier is typically added to emulsify the active-containing solvent upon dilution with water. Active ingredient slurries, with particle diameters of up to 2,000 μm can be wet milled using media mills to obtain particles with average diameters below 3 μm. Aqueous slurries can be made into finished suspension concentrates (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,060,084) or further processed by spray drying to form water-dispersible granules. Dry formulations usually require dry milling processes, which produce average particle diameters in the 2 to 10 jam range. Dusts and powders can be prepared by blending and usually grinding (such as with a hammer mill or fluid-energy mill). Granules and pellets can be prepared by spraying the active material upon preformed granular carriers or by agglomeration techniques. See Browning, “Agglomeration”, Chemical Engineering, Dec. 4, 1967, pp 147-48, Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963, pages 8-57 and following, and WO 91/13546. Pellets can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,172,714. Water-dispersible and water-soluble granules can be prepared as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,144,050, U.S. Pat. No. 3,920,442 and DE 3,246,493. Tablets can be prepared as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,587, U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,701 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,030. Films can be prepared as taught in GB 2,095,558 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,299,566.
For further information regarding the art of formulation, see T. S. Woods, “The Formulator's Toolbox—Product Forms for Modern Agriculture” in Pesticide Chemistry and Bioscience, The Food-Environment Challenge, T. Brooks and T. R. Roberts, Eds., Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on Pesticide Chemistry, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1999, pp. 120-133. See also U.S. Pat. No. 3,235,361, Col. 6, line 16 through Col. 7, line 19 and Examples 10-41; U.S. Pat. No. 3,309,192, Col. 5, line 43 through Col. 7, line 62 and Examples 8, 12, 15, 39, 41, 52, 53, 58, 132, 138-140, 162-164, 166, 167 and 169-182; U.S. Pat. No. 2,891,855, Col. 3, line 66 through Col. 5, line 17 and Examples 1-4; Klingman, Weed Control as a Science, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1961, pp 81-96; Hance et al., Weed Control Handbook, 8th Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1989; and Developments in formulation technology, PJB Publications, Richmond, U K, 2000.
In the following Examples, all percentages are by weight and all formulations are prepared in conventional ways. Compound numbers refer to compounds in Index Table A. Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art using the preceding description can utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following non-limiting Examples are illustrative of the invention. Percentages are by weight except where otherwise indicated.
Test results indicate that the compounds of the present invention are highly active preemergent and/or postemergent herbicides and/or plant growth regulants. The compounds of the invention generally show highest activity for postemergence weed control (i.e. applied after weed seedlings emerge from the soil) and preemergence weed control (i.e. applied before weed seedlings emerge from the soil). Many of them have utility for broad-spectrum pre- and/or postemergence weed control in areas where complete control of all vegetation is desired such as around fuel storage tanks, industrial storage areas, parking lots, drive-in theaters, air fields, river banks, irrigation and other waterways, around billboards and highway and railroad structures. Many of the compounds of this invention, by virtue of selective metabolism in crops versus weeds, or by selective activity at the locus of physiological inhibition in crops and weeds, or by selective placement on or within the environment of a mixture of crops and weeds, are useful for the selective control of grass and broadleaf weeds within a crop/weed mixture. One skilled in the art will recognize that the preferred combination of these selectivity factors within a compound or group of compounds can readily be determined by performing routine biological and/or biochemical assays. Compounds of this invention may show tolerance to important agronomic crops including, but is not limited to, alfalfa, barley, cotton, wheat, rape, sugar beets, corn (maize), sorghum, soybeans, rice, oats, peanuts, vegetables, tomato, potato, perennial plantation crops including coffee, cocoa, oil palm, rubber, sugarcane, citrus, grapes, fruit trees, nut trees, banana, plantain, pineapple, hops, tea and forests such as eucalyptus and conifers (e.g., loblolly pine), and turf species (e.g., Kentucky bluegrass, St. Augustine grass, Kentucky fescue and Bermuda grass). Compounds of this invention can be used in crops genetically transformed or bred to incorporate resistance to herbicides, express proteins toxic to invertebrate pests (such as Bacillus thuringiensis toxin), and/or express other useful traits. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that not all compounds are equally effective against all weeds. Alternatively, the subject compounds are useful to modify plant growth.
As the compounds of the invention have (both preemergent and postemergent herbicidal) activity, to control undesired vegetation by killing or injuring the vegetation or reducing its growth, the compounds can be usefully applied by a variety of methods involving contacting a herbicidally effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a composition comprising said compound and at least one of a surfactant, a solid diluent or a liquid diluent, to the foliage or other part of the undesired vegetation or to the environment of the undesired vegetation such as the soil or water in which the undesired vegetation is growing or which surrounds the seed or other propagule of the undesired vegetation.
A herbicidally effective amount of the compounds of this invention is determined by a number of factors. These factors include: formulation selected, method of application, amount and type of vegetation present, growing conditions, etc. In general, a herbicidally effective amount of compounds of this invention is about 0.001 to 20 kg/ha with a preferred range of about 0.004 to 1 kg/ha. One skilled in the art can easily determine the herbicidally effective amount necessary for the desired level of weed control.
In one common embodiment, a compound of the invention is applied, typically in a formulated composition, to a locus comprising desired vegetation (e.g., crops) and undesired vegetation (i.e. weeds), both of which may be seeds, seedlings and/or larger plants, in contact with a growth medium (e.g., soil). In this locus, a composition comprising a compound of the invention can be directly applied to a plant or a part thereof, particularly of the undesired vegetation, and/or to the growth medium in contact with the plant.
Plant varieties and cultivars of the desired vegetation in the locus treated with a compound of the invention can be obtained by conventional propagation and breeding methods or by genetic engineering methods. Genetically modified plants (transgenic plants) are those in which a heterologous gene (transgene) has been stably integrated into the plant's genome. A transgene that is defined by its particular location in the plant genome is called a transformation or transgenic event.
Genetically modified plant cultivars in the locus which can be treated according to the invention include those that are resistant against one or more biotic stresses (pests such as nematodes, insects, mites, fungi, etc.) or abiotic stresses (drought, cold temperature, soil salinity, etc.), or that contain other desirable characteristics. Plants can be genetically modified to exhibit traits of, for example, herbicide tolerance, insect-resistance, modified oil profiles or drought tolerance. Useful genetically modified plants containing single gene transformation events or combinations of transformation events are listed in Exhibit C. Additional information for the genetic modifications listed in Exhibit C can be obtained from publicly available databases maintained, for example, by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
The following abbreviations, T1 through T37, are used in Exhibit C for traits. “tol.” means “tolerance”. A hyphen “-” means the entry is not available.
Although most typically, compounds of the invention are used to control undesired vegetation, contact of desired vegetation in the treated locus with compounds of the invention may result in super-additive or synergistic effects with genetic traits in the desired vegetation, including traits incorporated through genetic modification. For example, resistance to phytophagous insect pests or plant diseases, tolerance to biotic/abiotic stresses or storage stability may be greater than expected from the genetic traits in the desired vegetation.
An embodiment of the present invention is a method for controlling the growth of undesired vegetation in genetically modified plants that exhibit traits of glyphosate tolerance, glufosinate tolerance, ALS herbicide tolerance, dicamba tolerance, imidazolinone herbicide tolerance, 2,4-D tolerance, HPPD tolerance and mesotrione tolerance, comprising contacting the vegetation or its environment with a herbicidally effective amount of a compound of Formula 1.
Compounds of this invention can also be mixed with one or more other biologically active compounds or agents including herbicides, herbicide safeners, fungicides, insecticides, nematocides, bactericides, acaricides, growth regulators such as insect molting inhibitors and rooting stimulants, chemosterilants, semiochemicals, repellents, attractants, pheromones, feeding stimulants, plant nutrients, other biologically active compounds or entomopathogenic bacteria, virus or fungi to form a multi-component pesticide giving an even broader spectrum of agricultural protection. Mixtures of the compounds of the invention with other herbicides can broaden the spectrum of activity against additional weed species, and suppress the proliferation of any resistant biotypes. Thus the present invention also pertains to a composition comprising a compound of Formula 1 (in a herbicidally effective amount) and at least one additional biologically active compound or agent (in a biologically effective amount) and can further comprise at least one of a surfactant, a solid diluent or a liquid diluent. The other biologically active compounds or agents can be formulated in compositions comprising at least one of a surfactant, solid or liquid diluent. For mixtures of the present invention, one or more other biologically active compounds or agents can be formulated together with a compound of Formula 1, to form a premix, or one or more other biologically active compounds or agents can be formulated separately from the compound of Formula 1, and the formulations combined together before application (e.g., in a spray tank) or, alternatively, applied in succession.
A mixture of one or more of the following herbicides with a compound of this invention may be particularly useful for weed control: acetochlor, acifluorfen and its sodium salt, aclonifen, acrolein (2-propenal), alachlor, alloxydim, ametryn, amicarbazone, amidosulfuron, aminocyclopyrachlor and its esters (e.g., methyl, ethyl) and salts (e.g., sodium, potassium), aminopyralid, amitrole, ammonium sulfamate, anilofos, asulam, atrazine, azimsulfuron, beflubutamid, benazolin, benazolin-ethyl, bencarbazone, benfluralin, benfuresate, bensulfuron-methyl, bensulide, bentazone, benzobicyclon, benzofenap, bicyclopyrone, bifenox, bilanafos, bispyribac and its sodium salt, bromacil, bromobutide, bromofenoxim, bromoxynil, bromoxynil octanoate, butachlor, butafenacil, butamifos, butralin, butroxydim, butylate, cafenstrole, carbetamide, carfentrazone-ethyl, catechin, chlomethoxyfen, chloramben, chlorbromuron, chlorflurenol-methyl, chloridazon, chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorotoluron, chlorpropham, chlorsulfuron, chlorthal-dimethyl, chlorthiamid, cinidon-ethyl, cinmethylin, cinosulfuron, clacyfos, clefoxydim, clethodim, clodinafop-propargyl, clomazone, clomeprop, clopyralid, clopyralid-olamine, cloransulam-methyl, cumyluron, cyanazine, cycloate, cyclopyrimorate, cyclosulfamuron, cycloxydim, cyhalofop-butyl, 2,4-D and its butotyl, butyl, isoctyl and isopropyl esters and its dimethylammonium, diolamine and trolamine salts, daimuron, dalapon, dalapon-sodium, dazomet, 2,4-DB and its dimethylammonium, potassium and sodium salts, desmedipham, desmetryn, dicamba and its diglycolammonium, dimethylammonium, potassium and sodium salts, dichlobenil, dichlorprop, diclofop-methyl, diclosulam, difenzoquat metilsulfate, diflufenican, diflufenzopyr, dimefuron, dimepiperate, dimethachlor, dimethametryn, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, dimethipin, dimethylarsinic acid and its sodium salt, dinitramine, dinoterb, diphenamid, diquat dibromide, dithiopyr, diuron, DNOC, endothal, EPTC, esprocarb, ethalfluralin, ethametsulfuron-methyl, ethiozin, ethofumesate, ethoxyfen, ethoxysulfuron, etobenzanid, fenoxaprop-ethyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, fenoxasulfone, fenquinotrione, fentrazamide, fenuron, fenuron-TCA, flamprop-methyl, flamprop-M-isopropyl, flamprop-M-methyl, flazasulfuron, florasulam, fluazifop-butyl, fluazifop-P-butyl, fluazolate, flucarbazone, flucetosulfuron, fluchloralin, flufenacet, flufenpyr, flufenpyr-ethyl, flumetsulam, flumiclorac-pentyl, flumioxazin, fluometuron, fluoroglycofen-ethyl, flupoxam, flupyrsulfuron-methyl and its sodium salt, flurenol, flurenol-butyl, fluridone, flurochloridone, fluroxypyr, flurtamone, fluthiacet-methyl, fomesafen, foramsulfuron, fosamine-ammonium, glufosinate, glufosinate-ammonium, glufosinate-P, glyphosate and its salts such as ammonium, isopropylammonium, potassium, sodium (including sesquisodium) and trimesium (alternatively named sulfosate), halauxifen, halauxifen-methyl, halosulfuron-methyl, haloxyfop-etotyl, haloxyfop-methyl, hexazinone, imazamethabenz-methyl, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazaquin-ammonium, imazethapyr, imazethapyr-ammonium, imazosulfuron, indanofan, indaziflam, iofensulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl, ioxynil, ioxynil octanoate, ioxynil-sodium, ipfencarbazone, isoproturon, isouron, isoxaben, isoxaflutole, isoxachlortole, lactofen, lenacil, linuron, maleic hydrazide, MCPA and its salts (e.g., MCPA-dimethylammonium, MCPA-potassium and MCPA-sodium, esters (e.g., MCPA-2-ethylhexyl, MCPA-butotyl) and thioesters (e.g., MCPA-thioethyl), MCPB and its salts (e.g., MCPB-sodium) and esters (e.g., MCPB-ethyl), mecoprop, mecoprop-P, mefenacet, mefluidide, mesosulfuron-methyl, mesotrione, metam-sodium, metamifop, metamitron, metazachlor, metazosulfuron, methabenzthiazuron, methylarsonic acid and its calcium, monoammonium, monosodium and disodium salts, methyldymron, metobenzuron, metobromuron, metolachlor, S-metolachlor, metosulam, metoxuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron-methyl, molinate, monolinuron, naproanilide, napropamide, napropamide-M, naptalam, neburon, nicosulfuron, norflurazon, orbencarb, orthosulfamuron, oryzalin, oxadiargyl, oxadiazon, oxasulfuron, oxaziclomefone, oxyfluorfen, paraquat dichloride, pebulate, pelargonic acid, pendimethalin, penoxsulam, pentanochlor, pentoxazone, perfluidone, pethoxamid, pethoxyamid, phenmedipham, picloram, picloram-potassium, picolinafen, pinoxaden, piperophos, pretilachlor, primisulfuron-methyl, prodiamine, profoxydim, prometon, prometryn, propachlor, propanil, propaquizafop, propazine, propham, propisochlor, propoxycarbazone, propyrisulfuron, propyzamide, prosulfocarb, prosulfuron, pyraclonil, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyrasulfotole, pyrazogyl, pyrazolynate, pyrazoxyfen, pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, pyribenzoxim, pyributicarb, pyridate, pyriftalid, pyriminobac-methyl, pyrimisulfan, pyrithiobac, pyrithiobac-sodium, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam, quinclorac, quinmerac, quinoclamine, quizalofop-ethyl, quizalofop-P-ethyl, quizalofop-P-tefuryl, rimsulfuron, saflufenacil, sethoxydim, siduron, simazine, simetryn, sulcotrione, sulfentrazone, sulfometuron-methyl, sulfosulfuron, 2,3,6-TBA, TCA, TCA-sodium, tebutam, tebuthiuron, tefuryltrione, tembotrione, tepraloxydim, terbacil, terbumeton, terbuthylazine, terbutryn, thenylchlor, thiazopyr, thiencarbazone, thifensulfuron-methyl, thiobencarb, tiafenacil, tiocarbazil, topramezone, tralkoxydim, tri-allate, triafamone, triasulfuron, triaziflam, tribenuron-methyl, triclopyr, triclopyr-butotyl, triclopyr-triethylammonium, tridiphane, trietazine, trifloxysulfuron, trifluralin, triflusulfuron-methyl, tritosulfuron, vernolate, 3-(2-chloro-3,6-difluorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-methyl-1,5-naphthyridin-2(1H)-one, 5-chloro-3-[(2-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)carbonyl]-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2(1H)-quinoxalinone, 2-chloro-N-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 7-(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridinyl)-5-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-8-hydroxypyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-6(5H)-one), 4-(2,6-diethyl-4-methylphenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-3 (2H)-pyridazinone), 5-[[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methoxy]methyl]-4,5-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(3-methyl-2-thienyl)isoxazole (previously methioxolin), 3-[7-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-3-oxo-4-(2-propyn-1-yl)-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-6-thioxo-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-[(2-hydroxy-6-oxo-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)carbonyl]-2-methyl-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione, methyl 4-amino-3-chloro-6-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-fluoro-2-pyridinecarboxylate, 2-methyl-3-(methyl sulfonyl)-N-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide and 2-methyl-N-(4-methyl-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-3-(methyl sulfinyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide. Other herbicides also include bioherbicides such as Alternaria destruens Simmons, Colletotrichum gloeosporiodes (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc., Drechsiera monoceras (MTB-951), Myrothecium verrucaria (Albertini & Schweinitz) Ditmar: Fries, Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) Butl. and Puccinia thlaspeos Schub.
Compounds of this invention can also be used in combination with plant growth regulators such as aviglycine, N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine, epocholeone, gibberellic acid, gibberellin A4 and A7, harpin protein, mepiquat chloride, prohexadione calcium, prohydrojasmon, sodium nitrophenolate and trinexapac-methyl, and plant growth modifying organisms such as Bacillus cereus strain BP01.
General references for agricultural protectants (i.e. herbicides, herbicide safeners, insecticides, fungicides, nematocides, acaricides and biological agents) include The Pesticide Manual, 13th Edition, C. D. S. Tomlin, Ed., British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, U. K., 2003 and The BioPesticide Manual, 2nd Edition, L. G. Copping, Ed., British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, Surrey, U. K., 2001.
For embodiments where one or more of these various mixing partners are used, active ingredients are often applied at an application rate between one-half and the full application rate specified on product labels for use of the active ingredient alone. The amounts are listed in references such as The Pesticide Manual and The BioPesticide Manual. The weight ratio of these various mixing partners (in total) to the compound of Formula 1 is typically between about 1:3000 and about 3000:1. Of note are weight ratios between about 1:300 and about 300:1 (for example ratios between about 1:30 and about 30:1). One skilled in the art can easily determine through simple experimentation the biologically effective amounts of active ingredients necessary for the desired spectrum of biological activity. It will be evident that including these additional components may expand the spectrum of weeds controlled beyond the spectrum controlled by the compound of Formula 1 alone.
In certain instances, combinations of a compound of this invention with other biologically active (particularly herbicidal) compounds or agents (i.e. active ingredients) can result in a greater-than-additive (i.e. synergistic) effect on weeds and/or a less-than-additive effect (i.e. safening) on crops or other desirable plants. Reducing the quantity of active ingredients released in the environment while ensuring effective pest control is always desirable. Ability to use greater amounts of active ingredients to provide more effective weed control without excessive crop injury is also desirable. When synergism of herbicidal active ingredients occurs on weeds at application rates giving agronomically satisfactory levels of weed control, such combinations can be advantageous for reducing crop production cost and decreasing environmental load. When safening of herbicidal active ingredients occurs on crops, such combinations can be advantageous for increasing crop protection by reducing weed competition.
Of note is a combination of a compound of the invention with at least one other herbicidal active ingredient. Of particular note is such a combination where the other herbicidal active ingredient has different site of action from the compound of the invention. In certain instances, a combination with at least one other herbicidal active ingredient having a similar spectrum of control but a different site of action will be particularly advantageous for resistance management. Thus, a composition of the present invention can further comprise (in a herbicidally effective amount) at least one additional herbicidal active ingredient having a similar spectrum of control but a different site of action.
Compounds of this invention can also be used in combination with herbicide safeners such as allidochlor, benoxacor, cloquintocet-mexyl, cumyluron, cyometrinil, cyprosulfonamide, daimuron, dichlormid, dicyclonon, dietholate, dimepiperate, fenchlorazole-ethyl, fenclorim, flurazole, fluxofenim, furilazole, isoxadifen-ethyl, mefenpyr-diethyl, mephenate, methoxyphenone naphthalic anhydride (1,8-naphthalic anhydride), oxabetrinil, N-(aminocarbonyl)-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide, N-(aminocarbonyl)-2-fluorobenzenesulfonamide, 1-bromo-4-[(chloromethyl)sulfonyl]benzene (BCS), 4-(dichloroacetyl)-1-oxa-4-azospiro[4.5]decane (MON 4660), 2-(dichloromethyl)-2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (MG 191), ethyl 1,6-dihydro-1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-6-oxo-2-phenyl-5-pyrimidinecarboxylate, 2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-3-carboxamide, and 3-oxo-1-cyclohexen-1-yl 1-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-2-phenyl-5-pyrimidinecarboxylate to increase safety to certain crops. Antidotally effective amounts of the herbicide safeners can be applied at the same time as the compounds of this invention, or applied as seed treatments. Therefore an aspect of the present invention relates to a herbicidal mixture comprising a compound of this invention and an antidotally effective amount of a herbicide safener. Seed treatment is particularly useful for selective weed control, because it physically restricts antidoting to the crop plants. Therefore a particularly useful embodiment of the present invention is a method for selectively controlling the growth of undesired vegetation in a crop comprising contacting the locus of the crop with a herbicidally effective amount of a compound of this invention wherein seed from which the crop is grown is treated with an antidotally effective amount of safener. Antidotally effective amounts of safeners can be easily determined by one skilled in the art through simple experimentation.
Of note is a composition comprising a compound of the invention (in a herbicidally effective amount), at least one additional active ingredient selected from the group consisting of other herbicides and herbicide safeners (in an effective amount), and at least one component selected from the group consisting of surfactants, solid diluents and liquid diluents.
Preferred for better control of undesired vegetation (e.g., lower use rate such as from synergism, broader spectrum of weeds controlled, or enhanced crop safety) or for preventing the development of resistant weeds are mixtures of a compound of this invention with a herbicide selected from the group 2,4-D, acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, bromoxynil, bentazon, bicyclopyrone, carfentrazone-ethyl, cloransulam-methyl, dicamba, dimethenamid-p, florasulam, flufenacet, flumioxazin, flupyrsulfuron-methyl, fluroxypyr-meptyl, glyphosate, halauxifen-methyl, isoxaflutole, MCPA, mesotrione, metolachlor, metsulfuron-methyl, nicosulfuron, pyrasulfotole, pyroxasulfone, pyroxsulam, rimsulfuron, saflufenacil, tembotrione, thifensulfuron-methyl, topramazone and tribenuron.
Table A1 lists specific combinations of a Component (a) with Component (b) illustrative of the mixtures, compositions and methods of the present invention. Compound No. (Compound Number) (i.e. Compound 1) in the Component (a) column is identified in Index Table A. The second column of Table A1 lists the specific Component (b) compound (e.g., “2,4-D” in the first line). The third, fourth and fifth columns of Table A1 lists ranges of weight ratios for rates at which the Component (a) compound is typically applied to a field-grown crop relative to Component (b) (i.e. (a):(b)). Thus, for example, the first line of Table A1 specifically discloses the combination of Component (a) (i.e. Compound 1 in Index Table A) with 2,4-D is typically applied in a weight ratio between 1:192-6:1. The remaining lines of Table A1 are to be construed similarly.
Table A2 is constructed the same as Table A1 above except that entries below the “Component (a)” column heading are replaced with the respective Component (a) Column Entry shown below. Compound No. in the Component (a) column is identified in Index Table A. Thus, for example, in Table A2 the entries below the “Component (a)” column heading all recite “Compound 2” (i.e. Compound 2 identified in Index Table A), and the first line below the column headings in Table A2 specifically discloses a mixture of Compound 2 with 2,4-D. Tables A3 through A5 are constructed similarly.
The compounds of the present invention are useful for the control of weed species that are resistant to herbicides with the AHAS-inhibitor or (b2) [chemical compound that inhibits acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS), also known as acetolactate synthase (ALS)] mode of action.
The following Tests demonstrate the control efficacy of the compounds of this invention against specific weeds. The weed control afforded by the compounds is not limited, however, to these species. See Index Table A for compound descriptions. The following abbreviations are used in the Index Table which follow: t is tertiary, s is secondary, n is normal, i is iso, c is cyclo, Me is methyl, Et is ethyl, Pr is propyl, i-Pr is isopropyl, Bu is butyl, c-Pr is cyclopropyl, t-Bu is tert-butyl, Ph is phenyl, OMe is methoxy, OEt is ethoxy, SMe is methylthio and —CN is cyano. The abbreviation “Cmpd. No.” stands for “Compound Number”. The abbreviation “Ex.” stands for “Example” and is followed by a number indicating in which example the compound is prepared. Mass spectra are reported with an estimated precision within +0.5 Da as the molecular weight of the highest isotopic abundance parent ion (M+1) formed by addition of H+ (molecular weight of 1) to the molecule. The presence of molecular ions containing one or more higher atomic weight isotopes of lower abundance (e.g., 37Cl, 81Br) is not reported. The alternate molecular ion peaks (e.g., M+2 or M+4) that occur with compounds containing multiple halogens are not reported. The reported M+1 peaks were observed by mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (AP+) or electrospray ionization (ESI).
Seeds of plant species selected from barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), kochia (Kochia scoparia), ragweed (common ragweed, Ambrosia elatior), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), large (Lg) crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), giant foxtail (Setaria faberii), morningglory (Ipomoea spp.), pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and corn (Zea mays) were planted into a blend of loam soil and sand and treated preemergence with a directed soil spray using test chemicals formulated in a non-phytotoxic solvent mixture which included a surfactant.
At the same time, plants selected from these crop and weed species and also blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides), and galium (catchweed bedstraw, Galium aparine) were planted in pots containing the same blend of loam soil and sand and treated with postemergence applications of test chemicals formulated in the same manner. Plants ranged in height from 2 to 10 cm and were in the one- to two-leaf stage for the postemergence treatment. Treated plants and untreated controls were maintained in a greenhouse for approximately 10 days, after which time all treated plants were compared to untreated controls and visually evaluated for injury. Plant response ratings, summarized in Table A, are based on a 0 to 100 scale where 0 is no effect and 100 is complete control. A dash (-) response means no test result.
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Kochia
Kochia
Kochia
Kochia
Kochia
Kochia
Kochia
Kochia
Kochia
Plant species in the flooded paddy test selected from rice (Oryza sativa), sedge, umbrella (small-flower umbrella sedge, Cyperus difformis), ducksalad (Heteranthera limosa), and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) were grown to the 2-leaf stage for testing. At time of treatment, test pots were flooded to 3 cm above the soil surface, treated by application of test compounds directly to the paddy water, and then maintained at that water depth for the duration of the test. Treated plants and controls were maintained in a greenhouse for 13 to 15 days, after which time all species were compared to controls and visually evaluated. Plant response ratings, summarized in Table B, are based on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 is no effect and 100 is complete control. A dash (-) response means no test result.
Seeds of plant species selected from blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), galium (catchweed bedstraw, Galium aparine), corn (Zea mays), large (Lg) crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), giant foxtail (Setaria faberii), johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), morningglory (Ipomoea coccinea), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), ragweed (common ragweed, Ambrosia elatior), soybean (Glycine max), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), oilseed rape (Brassica napus), waterhemp (common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) were planted into a blend of loam soil and sand and treated preemergence with test chemicals formulated in a non-phytotoxic solvent mixture which included a surfactant.
At the same time, plants selected from these crop and weed species and also chickweed (common chickweed, Stellaria media), kochia (Kochia scoparia), and wild oat (Avena fatua), were planted in pots containing Redi-Earth® planting medium (Scotts Company, 14111 Scottslawn Road, Marysville, Ohio 43041) comprising spaghnum peat moss, vermiculite, wetting agent and starter nutrients and treated with postemergence applications of test chemicals formulated in the same manner. Plants ranged in height from 2 to 18 cm (1- to 4-leaf stage) for postemergence treatments. Treated plants and controls were maintained in a greenhouse for 13 to 15 days, after which time all species were compared to controls and visually evaluated. Plant response ratings, summarized in Table C, are based on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 is no effect and 100 is complete control. A dash (-) response means no test result.
Plant species in the flooded paddy test consisted of rice (Oryza sativa), sedge, umbrella (small-flower umbrella sedge, Cyperus difformis), ducksalad (Heteranthera limosa), and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) grown to the 2-leaf stage for testing. At time of treatment, test pots were flooded to 3 cm above the soil surface, treated by application of test compounds directly to the paddy water, and then maintained at that water depth for the duration of the test. Treated plants and controls were maintained in a greenhouse for 13 to 15 days, after which time all species were compared to controls and visually evaluated. Plant response ratings, summarized in Table C, are based on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 is no effect and 100 is complete control. A dash (-) response means no test result.
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Kochia
Galium
Galium
Galium
Galium
Galium
Galium
Galium
Galium
Seeds of plant species selected from bluegrass (annual bluegrass, Poa annua), blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides), canarygrass (Phalaris minor), chickweed (common chickweed, Stellaria media), cutleaf geranium (Geranium dissectum), galium (catchweed bedstraw, Galium aparine), downy bromegrass (Bromus tectorum), field poppy (Papaver rhoeas), field violet (Viola arvensis), green foxtail (Setaria viridis), deadnettle (henbit deadnettle, Lamium amplexicaule), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), kochia (Kochia scoparia), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), oilseed rape (Brassica napus), pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), chamomile (scentless chamomile, Matricaria inodora), Russian thistle (Salsola kali), speedwell (bird's-eye speedwell, Veronica persica), spring barley (Hordeum vulgare), spring wheat (Triticum aestivum), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), wild oat (Avenafatua), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), windgrass (Apera spica-venti), winter barley (Hordeum vulgare), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) were planted into a silt loam soil and treated preemergence with test chemicals formulated in a non-phytotoxic solvent mixture which included a surfactant.
At the same time, these species were planted in pots containing Redi-Earth® planting medium (Scotts Company, 14111 Scottslawn Road, Marysville, Ohio 43041) comprising spaghnum peat moss, vermiculite, wetting agent and starter nutrients and treated with postemergence applications of the test chemicals formulated in the same manner. Plants ranged in height from 2 to 18 cm (1- to 4-leaf stage). Treated plants and controls were maintained in a controlled growth environment for 14 to 21 days after which time all species were compared to controls and visually evaluated. Plant response ratings, summarized in Table D, are based on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 is no effect and 100 is complete control. A dash (-) response means no test result.
Galium
Geranium, Cutleaf
Kochia
Galium
Geranium, Cutleaf
Kochia
Galium
Geranium, Cutleaf
Kochia
Galium
Geranium, Cutleaf
Kochia
Galium
Geranium, Cutleaf
Kochia
Galium
Geranium, Cutleaf
Kochia
Galium
Geranium, Cutleaf
Kochia
Galium
Geranium, Cutleaf
Kochia
Seeds of plant species selected from corn (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), cocklebur (common cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla), palmer pigweed (Amaranthus palmeri), waterhemp (common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis), surinam grass (Brachiaria decumbens), large (Lg) crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), Brazilian crabgrass (Digitaria horizontalis), fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum), giant foxtail (Setaria faberii), green foxtail (Setaria viridis), goosegrass (Eleusine indica), johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), ragweed (common ragweed, Ambrosia elatior), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), sandbur (southern sandbur, Cenchrus echinatus), arrowleaf sida (Sida rhombifolia), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), dayflower (Virginia (VA) dayflower, Commelina virginica), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), morningglory (Ipomoea coccinea), nightshade (eastern black nightshade, Solanum ptycanthum), kochia (Kochia scoparia), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), horseweed (Conyza canadensis), and hairy beggarticks (Bidens pilosa), were planted into a silt loam soil and treated preemergence with test chemicals formulated in a non-phytotoxic solvent mixture which included a surfactant.
At the same time, plants from these crop and weed species and also waterhemp_RES1, (ALS & Triazine resistant common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis), and waterhemp_RES2, (ALS & HPPD resistant common waterhemp, Amaranthus rudis) were planted in pots containing Redi-Earth® planting medium (Scotts Company, 14111 Scottslawn Road, Marysville, Ohio 43041) comprising spaghnum peat moss, vermiculite, wetting agent and starter nutrients were treated with postemergence applications of test chemicals formulated in the same manner. Plants ranged in height from 2 to 18 cm for postemergence treatments (1- to 4-leaf stage). Treated plants and controls were maintained in a greenhouse for 14 to 21 days, after which time all species were compared to controls and visually evaluated. Plant response ratings, summarized in Table E, are based on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 is no effect and 100 is complete control. A dash (-) response means no test result.
Kochia
Panicum, Fall
Kochia
Panicum, Fall
Kochia
Panicum, Fall
Kochia
Panicum, Fall
Kochia
Panicum, Fall
Kochia
Panicum, Fall
Kochia
Panicum, Fall
Kochia
Panicum, Fall
Seeds of plant species selected from bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), Surinam grass (Brachiaria decumbens), large (Lg) crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), crabgrass, naked (naked crabgrass, Digitaria nuda), foxtail, green (green foxtail, Setaria viridis), johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), kochia (Kochia scoparia), morningglory (pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa), nutsedge, purple (purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus), ragweed (common ragweed, Ambrosia elatior), mustard, black (black mustard, Brassica nigra), guineagrass (Panicum maximum), dallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli), sandbur (southern sandbur, Cenchrus echinatus), sowthistle (common sowthistle, Sonchus oleraceous), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), signalgrass (broadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla), dayflower (Virginia (VA) dayflower, Commelina virginica), bluegrass (annual bluegrass, Poa annua), quackgrass (Elytrigia repens), mallow (common mallow, Malva sylvestris), buckwheat, wild (wild buckwheat, Polygonum convolvulus), leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), chickweed (common chickweed, Stellaria media), wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla), and pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) were planted into a blend of loam soil and sand and treated preemergence with test a chemical formulated in a non-phytotoxic solvent mixture which included a surfactant.
Treated plants and controls were maintained in a greenhouse for 21 days, after which time all species were compared to controls and visually evaluated. Plant response ratings, summarized in Table F, are based on a scale of 0 to 100 where 0 is no effect and 100 is complete control. A dash (-) response means no test result.
Kochia
Kochia
Kochia
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US15/38778 | 7/1/2015 | WO | 00 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 62166759 | May 2015 | US | |
| 62024414 | Jul 2014 | US |
