Patent Grant
7888418
The present invention is generally related to biodegradable blends of low molecular weight oils and high molecular weight polymers, and is specifically related to vegetable oils dispersed in a matrix of the aliphatic polyesters, wherein the dispersion is aided by a block copolymer.
In recent years, an increasing desire for alternatives to replace traditional non-degradable petroleum-based plastics has motivated deriving polymeric materials from annually renewable natural resources. Of great interest and environmental importance are aliphatic polyesters, such as polylactide materials, which are attractive polymer materials, because of their stiffness and tensile strength. Aliphatic polyesters may be used for disposable or durable molded resin applications.
Conventional methods have blended the polylactides with petroleum non-renewable materials or rubbery materials to toughen polylactides; however, control of the morphology and dispersion has been difficult. To achieve a desirable two-phase morphology while retaining the biorenewability and degradability of the polylactide composite, the present inventors blended vegetable oil with the polylactide. Despite the benefits of the blend, polylactide and vegetable oil are highly immiscible with one another and are difficult to mix, in part due to a large viscosity difference between the two components. Accordingly, improved blends of polylactide and vegetable oil as well as improved methods of blending and controlling the blends are desirable.
According to one embodiment, a polymer and vegetable oil based composition, for example, an emulsion (or a stabilized dispersion of one phase in another) is provided. The composition comprises a polylactide homopolymer, a vegetable oil dispersed inside the polylactide homopolymer, and a block copolymer configured to aid the dispersion of the vegetable oil inside the polylactide homopolymer.
In a further embodiment, another polymer and vegetable oil based composition is provided but with polylactide and vegetable oil phases inverted. This inverted phase composition comprises a vegetable oil, a polylactide homopolymer, and a polyisoprene-polylactide block copolymer containing less than about 70% by volume polylactide.
According to yet another embodiment, a method of achieving inverted phases in a polymer and vegetable oil based emulsion is provided. The method comprises the steps of providing a polylactide homopolymer composition, a vegetable oil composition, and a block copolymer in a mixing vessel, and mixing these components to produce a first emulsion comprising vegetable oil dispersed within the polylactide homopolymer. The method further comprises reducing the volume fraction of the polylactide in the block copolymer to below about 70% in a separate blend. Unlike the first emulsion, the second emulsion comprises polylactide homopolymer dispersed within the vegetable oil.
These and additional features provided by the embodiments of the present invention will be more fully understood in view of the following detailed description, in conjunction with the drawings.
The following detailed description of specific embodiments of the present invention can be best understood when read in conjunction with the drawing enclosed herewith.
The embodiments set forth in the drawing are illustrative in nature and not intended to be limiting of the invention defined by the claims. Moreover, individual features of the drawing and invention will be more fully apparent and understood in view of the detailed description.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a polymer and vegetable oil based composition. As used herein, the “composition” may include and may be described by various structural names, e.g. micelles, emulsions, colloids, lamellar structures, blends, or combinations thereof. The composition comprises a polylactide homopolymer and a vegetable oil dispersed inside the polylactide homopolymer. To address the aforementioned immiscibility between the polymer (e.g. polylactide) and the vegetable oil, the inventors utilized a block copolymer configured to aid the dispersion of the vegetable oil inside the polylactide homopolymer. In operation, the vegetable oil may be dispersed as droplets within a matrix defined by the polylactide homopolymer. Further embodiments of the present invention are directed to an inverted polymer and vegetable oil based composition
The polylactide homopolymer may comprise many polymers suitable for use in a biorenewable blend, (e.g. poly(L-lactide) (PLLA), its stereoisomers, or combinations thereof). The PLLA may be produced through various methods familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art, for example, ring opening polymerization of L-lactide.
The vegetable oil may also comprise numerous suitable components. As used herein, a vegetable oil is a mixture of triglycerides with a varying degree of unsaturated fatty acids. In one embodiment, the vegetable oil comprises soybean oil (SOY), because soybean oil provides many advantages, for example, abundance, low cost, edibility, biodegradability, renewability, and combinations thereof. Most (e.g., about 84%) fatty acids in soybean oil are oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids possessing 4.6 nonconjugated C═C bonds on average per molecule. This structure may yield numerous benefits if copolymerizing or modifying with other reactive organic monomers or deriving polymeric materials by functionalization or modification processes such as epoxidization, maleinization, or acrylation. In the present invention, the soybean oil may be utilized in a modified or unmodified form.
The block copolymer may comprise any polymer composition (e.g., a surfactant) suitable to address the above described immiscibility issues and aid in the dispersion of vegetable oil inside a polylactide homopolymer matrix. The block copolymer comprises various properties optimized for the present dispersion, for example, block copolymers with substantially symmetric compositions and a molecular weights of the polyisoprene blocks between about 5,900-24,000 daltons. In one embodiment, the block copolymer comprises a polyisoprene-polylactide block copolymer, such as poly(isoprene-b-lactide) (ILLA). By using high molecular weight block copolymers, mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and elongation at break, are improved, in addition to aiding the dispersion. In one exemplary embodiment, the PLLA/SOY/ILLA blend includes tensile modulus of about 450 MPa, a tensile strength of about 30 MPa, and an ultimate elongation of about 60% in the presence of about 10% SOY by weight.
Moreover, whereas blends of polylactide and vegetable oil without block copolymers are limited in regard to the amount of vegetable oil (e.g., 5% by wt. SOY) which may be incorporated into the dispersion, a block copolymer modified blend may support a larger percentage of vegetable oil in the dispersion. For example, the composition may comprise about 0.1% to about 5% by wt. of the block copolymer (e.g., ILLA), about 5% to about 20% by wt. of the vegetable oil composition (e.g., soybean oil), and about 70% to about 90% by wt. of the polylactide (e.g. PLLA).
In addition to facilitating increased dispersion of vegetable oil used inside the polylactide matrix, the block copolymer may control the phase inversion behavior of the blends, or stabilize a blend after phase inversion. For a SOY/PLLA/ILLA, the volume fraction of the PLLA or the volume fraction of the SOY must be controlled to ensure the soybean oil droplets are dispersed within the PLLA matrix. For a SOY/PLLA/ILLA blend, if the volume fraction ƒPLLA of polylactide inside the ILLA is not controlled, the soybean oil droplets may be exuded from the dispersion and become converted into a continuous phase.
In another embodiment of the present invention as shown in
The following experimental procedure and results illustrate one embodiment for producing the above described blends:
Blends were prepared using a DACA batch mixer (4.0 g) operating with tapered twin screws with which materials continuously circulate through an inner channel. The PLLA homopolymer was supplied by Toyota Motor (Mn=54000 g/mol, PDI=1.73 based on polystyrene standard) as pellets and dried in a vacuum oven overnight at 80° C. before experiment. A typical mixing speed and experimental temperature were 100 rpm and 190° C., respectively, unless otherwise stated. For binary blends, PLLA pellets were homogenized for 3 min under nitrogen purge before SOY was added dropwise using a glass pipette. In case of ternary blends, block copolymer was injected as powder with PLLA and mixed together for 5 min before the addition of SOY, which was obtained from the grocery store. In order to maximize the contact between SOY and PLLA, SOY was added dropwise using a glass pipette at different rates. The blended materials were extruded through an outlet in 20-25 min and immediately quenched in liquid nitrogen. Some binary/ternary samples were also prepared by solution blending. Total 1.0 g of mixtures were dissolved in 10 wt % chloroform and cast on Petri dishes for three days. A trace of solvent was further dried at 60±C. in a vacuum oven for a day. These blends were either annealed in glass ampules at 190±C. for 3 hours for morphology observation, or molded into disks with diameter 25 mm and gap 1.0 mm at 190±C. using a hot press for dynamic mechanical analysis.
Having described the invention in detail and by reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims. More specifically, although some aspects of the present invention are identified herein, it is contemplated that the present invention is not necessarily limited to these aspects of the invention.
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