Patent Grant
9814632
The present invention relates generally to an absorbent article for absorbing bodily fluids.
Absorbent personal care articles intended to absorb discharged bodily fluids are well known in the art. Such absorbent articles generally comprise a fibrous mass or other absorbent core which can absorb and hold body fluids. Similarly, it is well known that feminine care articles have been employed to absorb and hold liquids, such as urine and/or menses. A typical structure of an absorbent article includes a fluid impermeable back sheet, a fluid permeable top sheet and an absorbent core positioned between the back sheet and the top sheet. Prior absorbent articles have also included various other features to improve fluid handling, such as intake layers, distribution layers, retention layers and the like. In these absorbent personal care articles, the top sheet is the body-facing side of the absorbent article and the back sheet is the garment-facing side of the absorbent article.
Generally, the absorbent articles are held in place during use by using the wearer's waist and elastic materials in the waist portion of the absorbent product in place during use, in the case of pant-like garments, such as diapers and training pants, or by attaching the absorbent article to the underwear or undergarment of a wearer, in the case of pads or liners. Current methods of attaching the absorbent article to the underwear or undergarment of a wearer include placing an adhesive on the garment-facing side of the back sheet, having optional flaps (wings) that extend from the longitudinal sides of the absorbent article which wrap around the crotch portion of the underwear or undergarment of the wearer and a combination of the adhesive and the flaps.
It has also been suggested to use an adhesive to adhere the absorbent article to the skin of the wearer. However, the design of these absorbent articles was essentially the same as the absorbent articles which were attached to the underwear or undergarment of the wearer. That is, the adhesive is applied to the body-facing surface of the top sheet. Alternatively, in another design, a portion of the back sheet was wrapped around and over the top sheet. This portion of the back sheet which is wrapped around and over the top sheet becomes a body facing surface. An adhesive is applied to the portion of the back sheet which is wrapped over the top sheet. While these designs were effective for adhering the absorbent article to the skin of a wearer, these absorbent articles were not comfortable for wearers to wear, since the shape and size of the absorbent articles were the same as those absorbent articles which were attached to the undergarment or underwear of the wearer.
Similarly, absorbent articles that are attached to the underwear or undergarment of a wearer can also be uncomfortable for the wearer. This is because during normal movement of the body, portions of the body place opposed forces on the undergarment, which may cause the undergarment to be bunched or twisted. When this occurs, any absorbent article attached to the underwear or undergarment may also become bunched or twisted, causing discomfort to the wearer of the absorbent article. For example, the presence and absence of pressure from the absorbent article on the inner thighs as the wearer moves, which is often described by wearers as feeling “like a diaper”, is one source which compromises comfort for wearers of conventional absorbent articles, including liners, ultra-thin absorbent pads and maxi pads. In addition, the movement of the wearer or deformation of the underwear while being worn may also cause the absorbent article to have a poor fit against the body of the wearer, which could result in leaks from the absorbent article.
Another disadvantage of conventional absorbent articles is that the silhouette or outline of the absorbent article may be visible to others through the clothing of the wearer. Even currently available ultra-thin absorbent articles may be visible through tight fitting outer clothing of a wearer. Therefore, conventional absorbent personal care articles do not always provide discretion for wearers.
There is a need in the art to provide wearers of absorbent articles with a discrete absorbent product, which is as easy to use as a conventional pad and is comfortable to wear and will effectively prevent or reduce premature leakage from the absorbent article.
In one aspect, a feminine care absorbent article generally comprises an absorbent structure configured for disposition adjacent a female wearer's vaginal region to absorb bodily fluids discharged by the wearer. A shell is provided for supporting the absorbent structure at the vaginal region. The shell has a body-facing surface and a garment-facing surface. The body-facing surface has an adhesive thereon for adhering the shell directly to the wearer's body. The adhesive has a non-uniform adhesive pattern.
In another aspect, a feminine care absorbent article generally comprises an absorbent structure configured for disposition adjacent a female wearer's vaginal region to absorb bodily fluids discharged by the wearer. A shell is provided for supporting the absorbent structure at the vaginal region. The shell has a body-facing surface and a garment-facing surface. The body-facing surface has an adhesive thereon for adhering the shell directly to the wearer's body. The adhesive has a pattern and the body-facing surface has a visual cue associated with the adhesive for conveying the presence of the adhesive to the wearer.
In still another aspect, a feminine care absorbent article generally comprises an absorbent structure configured for disposition adjacent a female wearer's vaginal region to absorb bodily fluids discharged by the wearer. A breathable shell is provided for supporting the absorbent structure at the vaginal region. The shell has a body-facing surface and a garment-facing surface. The body-facing surface has an adhesive thereon for adhering the shell directly to the wearer's body. At least a portion of the body-facing surface is free from adhesive for maintaining at least some of the breathability of the shell.
In yet a further aspect, a feminine care absorbent article generally comprises an absorbent structure configured for disposition adjacent a female wearer's vaginal region to absorb bodily fluids discharged by the wearer. A shell is provided for supporting the absorbent structure at the vaginal region. The shell has a body-facing surface and a garment-facing surface. The body-facing surface has an adhesive thereon for adhering the shell directly to the wearer's body. The adhesive is applied to a first area of the body-facing surface to provide a first adhesive strength and the adhesive is applied to a second area of the body-facing surface to provide a second adhesive strength that is less than the first adhesive strength at the first area.
In still another aspect, a feminine care absorbent article generally comprises an absorbent structure configured for disposition adjacent a female wearer's vaginal region to absorb bodily fluids discharged by the wearer. A shell is provided for supporting the absorbent structure at the vaginal region. The shell has a body-facing surface and a garment-facing surface. The body-facing surface has a first region and a second region. The first region has an adhesive with a first formulation and the second region has an adhesive with a second formulation that is different than the first formulation.
It should be noted that, when employed in the present disclosure, the terms “comprises”, “comprising” and other derivatives from the root term “comprise” are intended to be open-ended terms that specify the presence of any stated features, elements, integers, steps, or components, and are not intended to preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, integers, steps, components, or groups thereof.
It should be understood that the term “absorbent product” or “absorbent article”, as used herein, refers to any article used to control bodily fluids that are configured to absorb and retain bodily exudates, including urine, blood, menses, and other bodily discharges, such as sweat and vaginal secretions resulting from sexual activity and the like. In addition, the term is intended to include odor absorbing articles.
As used herein, the term “polymer” generally includes, but is not limited to, homopolymers, copolymers, such as, block, graft, random and alternating copolymers, terpolymers, etc., and blends and modifications thereof. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically limited, the term “polymer” shall include all possible geometrical configurations of the material. These configurations include, but are not limited to, isotactic, syndiotactic and random symmetries.
As used herein, “body-facing surface” means that surface of the absorbent article which is intended to be disposed toward or placed adjacent to the body of the wearer during ordinary use. The “garment-facing surface” is on the opposite side of the absorbent article from the body-facing surface. The garment-facing surface is an outward surface of the absorbent article and is intended to be disposed to face away from the wearer's body during ordinary use. The garment-facing surface is generally arranged to face toward or placed adjacent to the wearer's undergarments when the absorbent article is worn.
As used herein, the term “connected” is intended to mean directly connected and indirectly connected. By directly connected, it is intended that the connected elements are in contact with one another or affixed to one another. By indirectly connected, it is intended that one or more intervening or intermediate elements are between the two elements which are secured or “connected” together. The intervening elements may be affixed.
As used herein, the term “absorbent structure” is intended to mean a configuration of an absorbent material which allows bodily fluids to be absorbed by the absorbent material.
The absorbent product of the present invention provides an absorbent article which is designed to adhere to the body of a wearer in the area of the body of the wearer which may need bodily fluids absorbed. In one particular use of the absorbent article, the absorbent article is attached to the body of a female wearer to or around the vulva region of the body. By “to or around the vulva region”, it is meant adjacent regions of the body of a female including the pubic region and the perinea region. When applied to or around the vulva region of the female body, the absorbent article may be used as a panty-liner, sanitary napkin or incontinence article. In addition, the absorbent article may be worn as an underwear substitute since the absorbent article of the present invention does not need underwear to hold the absorbent article in place. As an underwear substitute, the absorbent article provides protection to the vulva area by creating a barrier between the outer clothing and the vulva of a wearer. When worn as an underwear substitute, the absorbent article serves to protect the outer clothing of the wearer from bodily discharges from the vulva region of the wearer's body. In addition, when the absorbent article is worn as an underwear substitute, the absorbent article also serves to protect the sensitive skin and body features of the vulva region from roughness of the outer clothing, thereby preventing or alleviating irritation to the sensitive skin and body features of the vulva region.
To gain a better understanding of the present invention, attention is directed to the Figures of the present specification. As is shown in each of the Figures, in particular
The first side 115 of the shell 114 is the body facing side of the absorbent article 100 and the second side 117 of the shell 114 is the garment facing side of the absorbent article. The shell 114 of the absorbent article 100 has a first region 101. This first region 101 has a pair of lateral side regions 102, 102′ extending from the first region. This pair of lateral side regions each has a proximate end 103, 103′ adjacent the first region 101 and a distal end 104, 104′. The pair of lateral side regions 102, 102′ and the first region 101 together define an opening 105 in the shell 114. This opening 105 may be open near the distal ends 104, 104′ of the lateral side regions 102, 102′, as is shown in
The absorbent article 100 further has an absorbent structure 121 attached to the second side 117 of the shell 114, as is shown in
In one embodiment of the present invention, the opening 105 in the shell may be a hole, which is devoid of any material, or and in another embodiment of the present invention the opening 105 may be a region which is permeable to body fluids. If the opening is a region which is permeable, the opening may have a material such as hydrogel or similar material that will allow body fluids to flow through the material.
In one embodiment, the first side 115 of the shell 114 is adapted to be the body contacting side of the absorbent article. The first region 101, the lateral sides regions 102, 102′ and the second region 107, when present, on the first side 115 of the shell 114 are designed or adapted to contact, attach or adhere to the wearer's skin. In one particular embodiment, the first region 101 of the shell 114 is designed or adapted to contact a female wearer's skin surrounding the vulva region of the female torso when the absorbent article 100 is applied to the wearer. By “designed or adapted to contact a female wearer's skin surrounding the vulva region of the female torso”, it is meant that the size and shape of the shell 114, including the first region and the lateral side regions and second region, if present, is such that the shell 114 fits in the vulva region and possibly the surrounding pubic region and perinea regions of the female torso. Generally, the shell 114 is sized and shaped such that the extent of the first side 115 of the shell 114 only contacts and attaches or adheres to the skin surrounding and proximate to the vulva area and possibly the pubic and perinea regions of the wearer. In addition to contacting the skin in the vulva, pubic and perinea regions of the wearer, the first side 115 of the shell 114 may also contact and attach or adhere to any hair in the vulva area of the wearer which may be present. The first side 115 of the shell 114 is what holds the absorbent article in place on the body of a wearer.
To gain a better understanding of the vulva region and surrounding regions of the female body, a general description of the anatomical structures can be found in The Illustrated Running Press Edition of the American Classic Gray's Anatomy (1974) by Henry Gray and Structure and Function in Man (1974) by Stanley W. Jacob, M.D., F.A.C.S. and relevant portions are included herein by reference. The general form can be found in Anatomy for an Artist: Elements of Form by Eliot Goldfinger and relevant portions are included herein by reference. The general description of the pubic hair covering these regions can be found in Woman's Body: A Manual for Life and relevant portions are included herein by reference.
The female anatomical structures to be described include the leg and the lower torso. The external anatomical structures of the lower torso include gluteal region and perineum region. The gluteal region includes the buttocks and the anus. The anatomical structure involved on the leg is the medial surface of the upper thigh.
The gluteal region includes generally the buttocks and anus and is typically bound in front by the line of the buttocks and the gluteal folds, in the back by the sacral triangle and the sides by lines extending through the greater trochanters. The shape of the gluteal region is roughly hemi-spherical and convex, and is determined by a series of muscles including the gluteus maximus and a series of fat pads including the posterior gluteal fat pad. The line of the buttocks separates the gluteal region and the perineum region.
The upper thigh region includes typically the right and left thigh and is typically bound on top by the thigh lines and the sides by the front and back of the leg. The thigh lines are two lines that are on either side of the labia and each of the lines runs along the line of the inguinal ligament to the gluteal folds and marks where the upper thigh meets the lower torso. The shape of the region is roughly a portion of a tapered cylinder and convex, and is shaped by a series of muscle groups including the gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus and series of fat pads including the inner thigh fat pad.
The perineum region, which extends from the inferior outlet of the pelvis to the bony structure of the coccyx, is comprised of two divisions, the urogenital triangle and the anal division or obstetrical perineum. The region includes the external organs of reproduction; the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, meatus urinarius and the opening to the vagina. The region is generally bound in front by the lower abdominal line, on the sides the thigh lines, and in the back the line of the buttocks. The abdominal line is a line that passes across the top of the pubis. The lines of the buttocks are lines that connect the thigh lines to the gluteal cleft. For convenience in describing the form and created spaces in the perineum region, this region will be subdivided into three regions an anterior region including the mons pubis, a central region including the labia majora and minora, and posterior region. The anterior region is bound in front by the lower abdominal line, in back by anterior commissure, and on the sides by line of the labia. The central region is bound in front by the anterior commissure, in the back by the posterior commissure, and on the side by the line of the labia. The posterior region is bound in front by the line of the labia, in the back by the lines of the buttocks, and on the sides the thigh line.
The vulva region includes the female external genitalia and generally includes the anterior and central regions of the perineum. The mons pubis [or veneris] is generally a rounded eminence in front of the symphysis pubis, formed by a collection of fatty tissue including the pubic fat pad beneath the integument and is generally covered with pubic hair. The labia majora are generally two prominent longitudinal cutaneous folds extending downward from the mons veneris to the anterior boundary of the perineum, and generally enclosing the common urinary-sexual opening. The space between the two folds is the labial cleft. Each labium has generally two surfaces, an outer, which is pigmented and covered generally with strong, crisp pubic hairs, and an inner within the labia cleft, which is smooth and is beset with large sebaceous follicles and is continuous with the genito-urinary mucous tract; between the two there is considerable quantity of areolar tissue, fat including the labia fat pad, and tissue besides vessels, meeting the anterior commissure. Posteriorly they are typically not joined, but generally appear to become lost in the neighboring integument, terminating close to, and nearly parallel with each other. Together with the connecting skin between them, they form the posterior commissure or posterior boundary of the vulval orifice. The interval between the posterior commissure and the anus constitutes the perineum region. The fourchette is the anterior edge of the perineum, and between it and the hymen is a depression, the fossa navicularis. The line of the labia separates the labia and the perineum region.
The labia minora are two small cutaneous folds, situated generally within the labia majora, and extending from the clitoris obliquely downward, outward, and backward on each side of the orifice of the vagina.
The form of the perineum, gluteal, and upper thigh regions combine to form a very intricate skin topography and spaces. The roughly two-hemispherical-like forms of the buttocks, the roughly tapered-cylinder-like form of the upper thigh, split-teardrop-like form of the vulvar region create intricate generally convex topography with intersections to form a series of recesses. The generally convex topography of the buttocks, the vulvar region, and upper thigh join to create spaces including two inner thigh grooves along two thigh lines, a depression in the posterior perineum region and a cleft extending through the labia and gluteal clefts. The grooves, depression, and cleft are like interconnected recesses in the topography. The central region general has lateral sides separated by a distal surface created by the labial cleft and includes the labial cleft.
Pubic hair generally cover some of these regions and fill in a portion of these recesses especially the labial cleft and the portion of the groove of the thigh parallel to the labial cleft to create a hair surface topography. The hair topography is the surface topography of an imaginary distal surface created by the hair. The depression of the perineum, thigh groove parallel to the gluteal cleft, and the gluteal cleft generally has little or no pubic hair. The skin topography combines with the hair topography to create an overall body topography.
This intricate space created by the intricate body form in this region of the body varies between women in both size and form, and varies with the position and movement of the women. Some of these variations are summarized in “Female genital appearance: ‘normality’ unfolds” by Jillian Lloyd et. al., BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, May 2005, Vol. 112, pp. 643-646 and is included herein by reference.
As a woman ages, many changes occur to the vulva region. Skin begins to lose its elasticity and hangs more loosely from the body. In addition, the fat pads tend to be reduced, changing the topography of the vulva region. As a result, there is a need for a product which can be adapted to these changing conditions.
When the absorbent article of the present invention is positioned for use on a wearer, generally the first side 115 of the shell, including the first region 101, the lateral side regions 102, 102′ and the second region 107, if present, are positioned on the wearer outside the labia majora of the wearer. This will allow any fluid coming from the vulvo-vaginal area of the body of a wearer to pass through the opening 105 present in the shell 114, so that the fluid may flow into the absorbent structure 121. The opening 105 could be an area which is devoid of the shell material or any other material. Alternatively, the opening may be a permeable area, which is permeable to body fluids, containing a material which is permeable. Typically, the absorbent structure 121 is the portion of the absorbent article which provides absorbency to the absorbent article. In an alternative embodiment, the first side 115 of the shell 114 may also provide some absorbency to the absorbent article. For example, the second first side 115 of the shell 114 may contain an absorbent material integrated into the shell 114, such that the first side of the shell 114 has some degree of absorbency. The first side 115 of the shell 114 may have an absorbent material coated or impregnated into the shell material.
When the second region 107 is present, as shown in
The shell 114 of the absorbent article 100, which may be either liquid impermeable or liquid permeable, can be prepared from a variety of materials. In one embodiment, the shell may include a layer constructed of any material which will function to be operatively liquid impermeable. The shell 114 may, for example, include a polymeric film, a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric or the like, as well as combinations or composites thereof. For example, the shell 114 may include a polymer film laminated to a woven or nonwoven fabric. A laminate shell 114 structure is shown in
In one particular embodiment of the present invention, the shell 114 may be a laminate of a woven or nonwoven fabric with a silicone polymer, wherein the silicone polymer has adhesive properties. The second side 117 of the shell will be woven or nonwoven fabric and the first side 115 of the shell will be silicone polymer. One commercially available laminate is an Oleeva Fabric® 1 available from Bio Med Sciences, Inc., which have offices at 7584 Morris Court, Suite 218 Allentown, Pa. 18106. The Oleeva Fabric® is a silicone sheeting having adhesive properties laminated to a fabric backing. The silicone sheeting will form the body facing first side 115 of the shell material. Relating this particular structure to the Figures, in
Bicomponent films or other multi-component films can also be used as the shell 114 material. In addition, woven and/or nonwoven fabrics which have been treated to render them operatively liquid-impermeable can also be used as an effective shell 114 material. Another suitable shell material can include foams. Examples of foam include a closed-cell polyolefin foam, a foam with a negative Poissons ration and other similar foams. Other suitable polymeric materials include a polyurethane polymer material, a silicone polymer or other similar materials. Silicone polymers having naturally occurring adhesive properties, or silicone polymers having a silicone adhesive layer applied thereto are of particular interest for the shell material. Such silicone polymers will allow the first side 115 of the shell 114 to adhere to the body of the wearer without the need of an additional adhesive. These materials may be laminated to another material, such that the second side 117 of the shell 114, which is the garment facing side of the absorbent article 100 is laminated to the other material, so that the adhesive nature of the silicone polymer does not adhere the garment to the undergarments of the wearer. In another embodiment of the present invention, the shell material may be prepared from an interpenetrating polymer network or two or more polymers. Generally, one of the polymers of the interpenetrating polymer network may be a silicone material. Examples of interpenetrating polymer networks are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,560, issued to Dillion, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The shell material should be selected such that the overall properties of the shell allow the shell material to move with the skin of the wearer during normal use and normal movements by the wearer during use. By “normal movement by the wearer” it is meant any movement that normally occurs during use of the absorbent article, including walking, running, sitting, standing, kneeling, riding a bicycle, exercising, playing sports, getting into and out of an automobile, and other similar movements made by wearers when wearing an absorbent article. The shell should not be too rigid, such that the shell detaches from the skin of the wearer during use and the shell should not be so flexible that the shell tends to twist and bunch during use. The shell should have sufficient flexibility to conform to the skin of the wearer and become similar to a second skin of the wearer. The shell should also have the ability to remain attached to the body of the wearer under moist or wet conditions. In addition, the shell should be sufficiently stretchable so that it stretches, as needed, during movement of the wearer.
Generally, the shell material should have sufficient thickness to allow the shell 114 to mold to the body of the wearer, but not too thick that the shell 114 becomes uncomfortable for the wearer to wear. In addition, the shell 114 should not be so thin that it ineffectively forms a seal with the skin of the wearer when applied to the wearer, or becomes detached from the skin of the wearer during use and normal movement of the wearer during use or that it does not adequately conform to the shape and skin of the wearer at the point of attachment to the wearer. Depending on the material used for the shell, the typical thickness of the shell is between 0.03 mm and about 5.0 mm, more particularly between 0.1 mm and 3.0 mm. In one particular embodiment, the thickness of the shell is between 0.25 mm and about 3.0 mm. Again, the actual thickness used is dependent of several factors including rigidity of the material, the flexibility of the material and the ability of the material to assume the shape of the skin of the wearer at the location of use, which is typically the vulva region of a wearer.
The second side 117 of the shell 114 may form a portion of the garment-facing side of the absorbent article 100 when worn by a wearer. The shell material should be selected such that the second side 117 of the shell will freely move against the undergarment or clothing of a wearer. One way to achieve this result is to construct the second side 117 of the shell 114 to have a fairly low coefficient of friction. This will allow the second side 117 of the shell 114 to freely move against the undergarment or other clothing worn by the wearer. If the second side 117 of the shell 114, does not freely move against the undergarment or other clothing worn by the wearer, the absorbent article may catch on the undergarment or clothing, which may result in the absorbent article being prematurely and undesirably removed from the wearer or may cause the absorbent article to be shifted from its desired placement against the body of a wearer.
In order to achieve the desired coefficient of friction on the second side 117 of the shell 114, the materials used to prepare the shell could be selected such that the second side 117 of the shell material will inherently have the desired coefficient of friction. Alternatively, the second side 117 of the shell 114 may be treated with a coating composition, such a polytetrafluoroethylene containing coating, a silicone containing coating or other similar coating having low coefficient of friction properties. Alternatively, the shell 114 could be made from a laminate of two or more materials such that the first side 115 of the shell 114 is prepared from a material which meets the needed properties of the first side 115, while the material selected for the second side 117 of the shell 114 meets the desired coefficient of friction such that the second side 117 will move freely against the undergarment or garment being worn by a wearer.
The shell 114 of the absorbent article 100 may be flat or may have a three-dimensional shape. As is shown in
When the shell 114 is a generally flat shape, for example as shown in
The shell may be any desired color or may be translucent. In addition, the shell may have a matte finish, satin finish or a smooth finish. The particular finish color or translucency can be a matter of choice for the manufacturer of the absorbent article of the present invention. However, a translucent shell may assist the user in placing the absorbent article 100 since the user may be able to see where the article is compared to the genitalia of the user.
The absorbent structure 121 is designed to absorb body exudates, including menstrual fluid, blood, urine, and other bodily fluids, such as sweat and vaginal discharges. The absorbent structure 121 has a longitudinal direction 1 and a lateral direction 2 and is shown in
The absorbent core 122 can also be formed from a composite comprised of a hydrophilic material which may be formed from various natural or synthetic fibers, wood pulp fibers, regenerated cellulose or cotton fibers, or a blend of pulp and other fibers. One particular example of a material which may be used as the absorbent core is an airlaid material. The absorbent core 122 may have other properties including extensibility, which will allow the absorbent core to be extended or fit to a particular wearer. One example of extensible absorbent cores is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,611,790, issued Mar. 18, 1997, to Osborn, III et al., herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In one embodiment, the absorbent core 122 may also include a superabsorbent material, in addition to or in place of the hydrophilic material, which increases the ability of the absorbent core to absorb a large amount of fluid in relation to its own weight. Generally stated, the superabsorbent material can be a water-swellable, generally water-insoluble, hydrogel-forming polymeric absorbent material, which is capable of absorbing at least about 15, suitably about 30, and possibly about 60 times or more its weight in physiological saline (e.g., saline with 0.9 wt % NaCl). The superabsorbent materials can be inserted as particles or in sheet form. The superabsorbent material may be biodegradable or bipolar. The hydrogel-forming polymeric absorbent material may be formed from organic hydrogel-forming polymeric material, which may include natural material such as agar, pectin, and guar gum; modified natural materials such as carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxyethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl cellulose; and synthetic hydrogel-forming polymers. Synthetic hydrogel-forming polymers include, for example, alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamides, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymers, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl morpholinone, polymers and copolymers of vinyl sulfonic acid, polyacrylates, polyacrylamides, polyvinyl pyridine, and the like. Other suitable hydrogel-forming polymers include hydrolyzed acrylonitrile grafted starch, acrylic acid grafted starch, and isobutylene maleic anhydride copolymers and mixtures thereof. The hydrogel-forming polymers may be lightly crosslinked to render the material substantially water insoluble. Crosslinking may, for example, be by irradiation or covalent, ionic, Van der Waals, or hydrogen bonding. Hydroxyfunctional polymers have been found to be good superabsorbents for sanitary napkins. Such superabsorbents are commercially available from Evonik Industries, among others, and are a partially neutralized salt of cross-linked copolymer of polyacrylic acid and polyvinyl alcohol having an absorbency under load value above 25 grams of absorbed liquid per gram of absorbent material (g/g). Other types of superabsorbent materials known to those skilled in the art can also be used.
Selection of the actual materials used for the absorbent core 122 is within the skill of those skilled in the art. The actual materials used for the absorbent core are not critical to the present invention.
The generally liquid impermeable backsheet 123 is present in the absorbent structure 121 to prevent fluid entering the absorbent core 122 from flowing through the absorbent core 122 and onto a garment or undergarment being worn by a wearer. Suitable liquid impermeable backing sheets include, for example, a polymeric film, a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric or the like, as well as combinations or composites thereof. Generally, any material that may be used as the shell material described above may be used as the backsheet 123 of the absorbent structure 121. The liquid impermeable backsheet 123 may be a polymeric film, a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric or the like, as well as combinations or composites thereof. For example, the liquid impermeable backsheet 123 may include a polymer film laminated to a woven or nonwoven fabric. In a particular feature, the polymer film can be composed of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, silicone or the like, as well as combinations thereof. Additionally, the polymer film may be micro-embossed, have a printed design, have a printed message to the consumer, and/or may be at least partially colored. Suitably, the liquid impermeable backsheet 123 can operatively permit a sufficient passage of air and moisture vapor out of the absorbent article 100, particularly out of an absorbent structure 121 while blocking the passage of bodily fluids and odors often associated with bodily fluids. An example of suitable materials for the liquid impermeable backsheet 123 can include a breathable, microporous film, such as those described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,900 to Haffner et al., the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof.
The side of the backsheet 123 which faces the undergarment or garments of a wearer should have a low coefficient of friction for the same reasons that the second side 117 of the shell should have a low coefficient of friction. This will allow the garment facing side of the backsheet 123 to move freely against the undergarment or clothing of a wearer. If the garment facing side of the backsheet 123 does not freely move against the undergarment or other clothing worn by the wearer, the absorbent article may catch on the undergarment or clothing, which may result in the absorbent article or the absorbent structure being prematurely and undesirably removed from the wearer or may cause the absorbent article to be shifted from its desired placement against the body of a wearer. In addition by having both the garment facing side of the backsheet 123 and the second side 117 of the shell freely move against the undergarment or clothing of the wearer, the body attached absorbent article will be comfortable for a wearer to wear and may provide improved protection since the undergarment or clothing will not cause the absorbent article to shift during use.
Generally, the absorbent structure will be positioned adjacent to the second side 117 of the shell 114, as can be clearly seen in
In addition to the absorbent core 122, the absorbent structure 121 may have other additional layers which aid the absorbent core 122 in capturing and holding the bodily fluid into the absorbent core 122. These other layers, when present and in combination with the absorbent core 122, form the absorbent structure 121 of the absorbent article 100. There may be a single layer or multiple layers in addition to the absorbent core 122 in the absorbent structure 121.
One particular example of an additional layer which may be used in addition to the absorbent core 122 in the absorbent structure 121 is a top sheet 124, which is generally a liquid permeable material, which allows bodily fluids to pass through the top-sheet into the absorbent core. The top sheet 124 also may provide a wearer with a dry feeling by separating the absorbent core 122 from the body of the wearer. That is, the top sheet 124 is placed between the absorbent core 122 and the body of the wearer and such that the absorbent core 122 is between the top sheet 124 and the shell 114.
Optionally, the top sheet 124 may be formed from one or more materials. The top sheet 124 should be able to manage different body excretions depending on the type of product. In feminine care products, often the top sheet 124 must be able to handle menses and urine. In addition, the top sheet 124 may be comfortable, soft and friendly to the wearer's skin. In the present invention, the top sheet 124 may include a layer constructed of any operative material, and may be a composite material. For example, the top sheet can include a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric, a polymer film, a film-nonwoven fabric laminate or the like, as well as combinations thereof. Examples of a nonwoven fabric useable in the top sheet 124 include, for example, an airlaid nonwoven web, a spunbond nonwoven web, a meltblown nonwoven web, a bonded-carded web, a hydroentangled nonwoven web, a spunlace web or the like, as well as combinations thereof. Other examples of suitable materials for constructing the top sheet 124 can include rayon, bonded-carded webs of polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, or other heat-bondable fibers, finely perforated film webs, net-like materials, and the like, as well as combinations thereof. These webs can be prepared from polymeric materials such as, for example, polyolefins, such as polypropylene and polyethylene and copolymers thereof, polyesters in general including aliphatic esters such as polylactic acid, nylon or any other heat-bondable materials. When the top sheet is a film or a film laminate, the film should be apertured or otherwise be made to allow fluids to flow through the top sheet to the absorbent core.
Other examples of suitable materials for the top sheet 124 are composite materials of a polymer and a nonwoven fabric material. The composite materials are typically in the form of integral sheets generally formed by the extrusion of a polymer onto a nonwoven web, such as a spunbond material. In a particular arrangement, the top sheet 124 can be configured to be operatively liquid-permeable with regard to the liquids that the article is intended to absorb or otherwise handle. The operative liquid-permeability may, for example, be provided by a plurality of pores, perforations, apertures or other openings, as well as combinations thereof, which are present or formed in the liner or body contacting layer. The apertures or other openings can help increase the rate at which bodily liquids can move through the thickness of the liner or body contacting layer and penetrate into the other components of the article (e.g. into the absorbent core 122). The selected arrangement of liquid permeability is desirably present at least on an operative portion of the top sheet 124 that is appointed for placement on the body-side of the article. The top sheet 124 can provide comfort and conformability, and can function to direct bodily exudates away from the body and toward the absorbent core 122. The top sheet 124 can be configured to retain little or no liquid in its structure, and can be configured to provide a relatively comfortable and non-irritating surface next to the body tissues of a wearer. In the present invention, the top sheet 124 positioned over the absorbent core may have a surface which is embossed, printed or otherwise imparted with a pattern.
Additional layers or substrates, including for example, the liquid acquisition and distribution layer, also referred to as a surge or transfer layer, and an optional tissue layer are also incorporated into the absorbent structure 121 of the absorbent product 100, for example, between the top sheet 124 and the absorbent core 122. The distribution layer may be shorter than the absorbent core or have the same length as the absorbent core 122. The distribution layer serves to temporarily hold an insulting fluid to allow the absorbent core sufficient time to absorb the fluid, especially when a superabsorbent material is present.
In another embodiment, the absorbent core, transfer layer and other components, such as tissue layers, may be free floating (unattached) between the shell 114 and the top sheet 124, and are secured along only the peripheral edges thereof. Alternatively, the absorbent core 122, transfer layer, if present, and any other layer or component, if present, may be attached to one or both of the second side 117 of the shell 114 and top sheet 124 and/or to each other.
The absorbent structure 121, including the absorbent core 122, is generally attached to the second side 117 of the shell 114, such that the absorbent core is positioned under the opening 105 in the shell. The absorbent structure 121 may be attached to the shell 114 in a permanent manner, meaning that the absorbent structure is generally intended not to be removable by the wearer of the absorbent article 100. Alternatively, the absorbent structure 121 may be made to be removably attached to the shell, such that the absorbent structure 121 may be removed by a wearer of the absorbent article 100 and replaced with the same absorbent structure 121 or with another new absorbent structure 121. When the absorbent structure 121 is attached to the shell 114 in a permanent manner, meaning that the absorbent structure is not intended to be removed by the wearer, a construction adhesive may be used. Examples of useable construction adhesives include any adhesive which will effectively hold the absorbent structure 121 in place, so as not to be separated from the shell 114. Commercially available construction adhesives usable in the present invention include, for example Rextac adhesives available from Huntsman Polymers of Houston, Tex., as well as adhesives available from Bostik Findley, Inc, of Wauwatosa, Wis. Other means may be used to hold the absorbent structure 121 to the shell, including heat bonding, ultrasonic bonding or other similar mechanical attachments.
When the absorbent structure 121 is removably attached, the absorbent structure 121 is held in place to the second side 117 of the shell 114 by a means which will allow the wearer to remove the absorbent structure. One such means of holding the absorbent structure is by using a pressure sensitive adhesive. Suitable pressure sensitive adhesives include any commercially available pressure sensitive adhesive. Examples of suitable pressure sensitive adhesives usable to removably hold the absorbent structure 121 in place on the second side 117 of the shell 114 include pressure sensitive adhesives available from Henkel International. By providing an absorbent structure 121 which is removable, the shell 114 may be reused several times without the need to again place the shell 114 when the absorbent structure needs to be replaced. Other means, such as mechanical attachment may also be used to removably attach the absorbent structure 121 to the shell 114. Also by having a removable absorbent structure 121, the absorbent structure can be selected by the wearer prior to use. This would allow the wearer to select an appropriate level of protection for a given day or allow the wearer to select a size or shape of the absorbent which the wearer finds to be more comfortable. When the absorbent structure 121 is removable, and adhesively attached to the shell 114, the adhesive could be designed to remain on the shell or remain only on the absorbent structure. Generally, the adhesive should be placed on the absorbent structure 121, since this will provide fresh adhesive to hold the new absorbent in place each time the absorbent structure 121 is replaced. If the adhesive is present on the absorbent structure 121, a release sheet may be placed over the adhesive so that the adhesive is not contaminated with dirt or debris which may have an adverse effect in holding the absorbent structure 121 to the shell 114.
To aid a wearer in replacing the absorbent structure 121, placement aid may be present on the shell 114 and/or the absorbent structure. Suitable placement aids include the use of color, tactile indicators or any other means that would assist the wearer in replacing a removed absorbent structure.
Another important advantage of having an absorbent structure, which is removable, is that the wearer may be able to perform normal bodily functions, such as urination. By having the absorbent which is removable, a wearer could remove the absorbent, urinate and replace the absorbent. This would alleviate the need of a wearer to have to replace the entire absorbent article 100 in order to form bodily functions. As another alternative, the absorbent structure 121 could be attached to the shell in such a manner that the absorbent structure is hinged with a hinging means, as is shown in
The absorbent structure 121 may be a relatively flat structure, as shown in
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the shell 114 material may also be provided with some absorbency in addition to the absorbent structure 121. One way to achieve absorbency in the shell is to have the shell 114 prepared from a material which is a laminate of two or more materials. The first side 115 of the shell 114 contains an absorbent material within the body facing side of the laminate. For example, superabsorbent particles or materials may be incorporated into the material making up the body facing layer of the laminate. Another way is to place a very light coating onto the first side 115 of the shell material, wherein the coating contains superabsorbent particles or materials. Of course other absorbent materials, other than superabsorbent materials may be used in place of or in addition to the superabsorbent materials.
The absorbent core 122 of the absorbent structure 121 may be located entirely within the opening 105 in the shell 114, or the absorbent core 122 of the absorbent structure may extend past the opening 105 in the shell, as is shown in
The liquid backsheet 123 may be a polymeric film, a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric or the like, as well as combinations or composites thereof. For example, the liquid backsheet 123 may include a polymer film laminated to a woven or nonwoven fabric. In a particular feature, the polymer film can be composed of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, silicone or the like, as well as combinations thereof. Additionally, the polymer film may be micro-embossed, have a printed design, have a printed message to the consumer, and/or may be at least partially colored. Suitably, the liquid backsheet 123 can operatively permit a sufficient passage of air and moisture vapor out of the absorbent article 100, particularly out of an absorbent structure 121 while blocking the passage of bodily fluids and odors often associated with bodily fluids. An example of a suitable material for the liquid backsheet 123 can include a breathable, microporous film, such as those described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,900 to Haffner et al., the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. Other materials that may be used in preparing the backsheet 123 include materials which are inherently breathable, such as polyurethanes.
As is stated above, the first side 115 of the shell 114 either directly or indirectly attaches to the body of a wearer. Stated another way, the shell is the body attachment member and the first area 115 is the portion of the shell 114 which is attached to the body of the wearer. Depending on the material selected for the shell, the shell may actively attach to the body of the wearer using electrostatic means; suction means or a body adhesive may be placed on the first side 115 of the shell 114 to attach the absorbent article to the body of a wearer. Electrostatic means which can be used is by selecting the shell material to be a material which has an affinity for the body of a wearer, such that the shell material “clings” to the body of the wearer. Examples of such materials include ethylene vinyl acetate, low density polyethylene and other similar materials know to those skilled in the art. Suction means may be achieved by shaping the shell to conform to the body of the wearer, much like a contact lens fits to the eye. Generally, suction means can be achieved by forming the shell 114 into a three-dimensional shape. The easiest way to achieve body attachment is to place a body adhesive in the first side 115 of the shell 114.
A body adhesive 144 is positioned on the first side 115 of the shell 114. The body adhesive 144 contacts the skin and hair, if present, in the vulva region and possibly the pubic region and/or the perinea region of the wearer's body, thereby supporting and holding the absorbent article 100 against the body of the wearer during use. The body adhesive 144 can overlie a portion of the first side 115 or can overlie the first side 115 of the shell 114. Generally, the body adhesive 144 will be present on at least the outer portion first side of the shell near the edge 120 of the absorbent article 100. The adhesive may cover the entire first side 115 of the absorbent article (not shown in the drawings). Alternatively, the body adhesive 144 may be placed on a portion of the first side, as is shown in
Generally, any pressure sensitive adhesive known to those skilled in the art may be used, provided that the pressure sensitive adhesive is not a known irritant to human skin or that the adhesive is so aggressive that it causes pain to the wearer when the absorbent article is removed from the skin. It is also desirable that the adhesive is selected such that the adhesive does not leave a substantial amount of an adhesive residue on the surface of the skin of the wearer, when the absorbent article 100 is removed by the wearer after use. Particularly suitable pressure sensitive adhesive materials are disclosed in the commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,213,993 to Zacharias et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,620,143 to Zacharias et al., the entire disclosure of each is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. Other suitable adhesives are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,618,281 to Batrabet et al., the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. Other known body adhesives, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,524 to Corzani et al. which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, may also be used. Additional examples of pressure sensitive adhesives include hydrogels, hydrocolloids, acrylics based adhesives, and rubber based adhesives, such as Kraton based adhesives.
The body adhesive 144 may be positioned on the first side 115 of the shell 114 in an open pattern or a closed pattern. By “open pattern” is meant that the adhesive can have an intermittent or discontinuous pattern which does not substantially encircle the entire opening 105. For example, there may be breaks in the body adhesive at certain portions of the first side 115. “Closed pattern” means the adhesive 144 would encircle the entire opening 105 in the shell. In one embodiment, the pattern of the body adhesive 144 will substantially surround the cover of the first side 115 and substantially surround the opening 105. An example of an “open” pattern of the adhesive would be to have individual beads of adhesive applied in a discontinuous fashion. In the present invention, the closed pattern can be advantageous since the body adhesive 144 may form a seal with the body of the wearer which will assist in preventing leaks from the absorbent article 100. The body adhesive may form a dam, which may prevent leaks from the entire perimeter of the absorbent article 100.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the body adhesive 144 may be placed on the entire first side 115 of the shell 114, as is shown in
The adhesive may be applied in a pattern of small discrete dots so as to leave numerous areas free from adhesive. Alternatively, the adhesive may be applied as a continuous bead, or may be applied as a series of semi-continuous beads. Other suitable adhesive patterns may be selected for applying the body adhesive 144 to the body-contacting first side 115 of the absorbent article 100. For example, adhesive patterns can be oval, swirls, various linear or non-linear arrays of adhesive longitudinally, and/or transversely oriented and reticulated webs having unobstructed interstices between the adhesive fibers or combinations thereof. As stated above, the adhesive patterns may be open or closed. The weights of adhesives are limited to less than about 800 g/m2, and generally less than about 400 g/m2. Generally, the weight of the adhesive is at least 20 g/m2. Typically, the adhesive is applied in an amount of about 100 to about 400 g/m2. The limitations on the basis weight of the adhesive are important to provide the correct adhesive characteristics for applying directly to the wearer's vulva region and optionally the pubic and perinea regions of the wearer's body. If the basis weight is too high, the absorbent article will have a sticky feeling or otherwise uncomfortable feeling. If the basis weight of the adhesive is too low, there may be insufficient adhesion to the body of the wearer.
Generally, the body adhesive 144 is applied in a manner which is symmetrical about the longitudinal axis which bisects the absorbent article 100 and divides the absorbent article 100 into substantially equal portions. This symmetrical pattern provides the wearer a balanced feel when wearing the absorbent article 100. The symmetrical pattern also reduces the perception of any associated discomfort when the absorbent article 100 is removed from the body.
As is shown in
Alternatively, the release sheet 146 may be provided with a pressure sensitive adhesive to hold the release sheet 146 in place when the absorbent article is devoid of an adhesive for body attachment. In this configuration, the release sheet 146 serves to protect the absorbent structure and first side of the shell from dirt and damage prior to use.
In another alternative, a release sheet may not be necessary. For example, the absorbent article may be rolled, folded onto itself or stacked upon each other. In these configurations, a release sheet is not needed. If rolled, the body adhesive 144 will generally contact the second side 117 of the shell 114 or the liquid impermeable backsheet 123 of the absorbent structure. The body adhesive 144 should releasably stick to one second side of the shell by readily releasing when unrolled by the wearer. In addition, the body adhesive 144 should not leave a residue on the second side 117 of the shell 114, of the backsheet 123. This should similarly occur when the absorbent articles 100 are stacked upon each other such that the body adhesive 144 of one article will attach the second side 117 of the shell and/or backing sheet of a second article. In another possible configuration, the absorbent article 100 may be folded along the longitudinal axis 1 of the lateral axis such that the body adhesive 144 in one area comes into contact with body adhesive in another area. In the folded configuration, the body adhesive should be selected such that the body adhesive will release from itself when manipulated by a wearer.
The dimensions and shape of the shell 114 should be such that it is appropriately sized for its intended use. The same is true for the size and shape of the absorbent structure 121 and the size of the opening 105. Generally, the size and shape of the absorbent structure 121 will dictate the size of the shell 114. The shape of the shell 114 is selected so that the absorbent article will have a comfortable feeling for the wearer, thereby providing protection against leaks and preventing the absorbent article from becoming dislodged from the body of the wearer during use. Generally, the shell 114 will be curved to fit the body of a wearer. The shell 114 also generally gives the absorbent article 100 its overall size and shape in the longitudinal 1 and lateral 2 directions. That is, the shell is generally longer and wider than the absorbent structure, as can be seen in the figures. In other words, the shell 114 will be wider in the lateral direction 2 than the absorbent structure 121, and the shell will be longer in the longitudinal direction 1 than the absorbent structure 121. As is mentioned above, it is possible for the absorbent structure 121 to be longer than the shell 114 but it is not generally wider.
When the absorbent article 100 is intended for use as a pantiliner, a sanitary napkin or a feminine incontinence article, the shell 114 should be wider and longer than the absorbent structure 121 attached to the second side 117 of the shell 114. The opening 105 in the shell 114 should generally be at least as wide and as long as the labia majora of the wearer. This will prevent the shell 114 from contacting the sensitive parts of a wearer's body. The absorbent structure 121 should be as large as or larger than the opening 105. As a result, to fit most women, the absorbent structure 121 is longer in the longitudinal direction 1 than it is wide in the lateral direction 2 of the absorbent structure. Generally, for most women, the labia majora are generally between about 40 mm and about 70 mm in width and between about 80 mm and 150 mm in length. Ideally, the absorbent structure 121 and opening 105 should be wider than the labia majora and slightly longer than the labia minora and slightly longer than or equal to the labia majora. Generally, the absorbent structure 121 and opening 105 should be between about 40 mm and 90 mm in width in the lateral direction 2 and between about 95 mm and about 150 mm in length in the longitudinal direction 1. The shape of the absorbent structure 121 and opening 105 will generally tend to be oblong and may be an oval, a rectangle, tear drop shaped, hourglass shaped or racetrack shaped. As can be seen in
Generally, the shape of the shell 114 may vary from a generally oval shape, as shown in
To obtain an effective attachment of the absorbent article to the wearer, when the absorbent article is used as a sanitary napkin or an incontinence article, generally the width of the shell should be at least 10 mm on either side of the labia majora. Generally, the shell 114 of the absorbent article 100 will have a width, in the lateral direction 2, between about 50 mm up to 200 mm or more. Typically, the shell will be between about 60 and 120 mm at its narrowest point. This will allow the shell 114 to have a first side 115 that can be effectively attached to the skin of a wearer on either side of the labia majora.
In addition, the absorbent article 100 may also be configured to have an anterior region 164, a central region 165 and a posterior region 166, as is shown in
To obtain an effective attachment to the body of the wearer, the shell 114 can be configured to be anatomically correct for a wearer. As is shown in
The absorbent article 100 of the present invention may have other features which aid the wearer to place and remove the absorbent article from the body. As is shown in
The absorbent article 100 may also be provided with a removal aid which provides the wearer with an easy way to grasp and remove the absorbent article applied to the body. One particular removal aid is shown in
Other features or additives may be incorporated into the absorbent article of the present invention. For example, the absorbent article may contain an odor control agent, or a fragrance, skin wellness agents and other similar additives used in currently available absorbent articles. Any odor control agent or fragrance known to those skilled in the art may be used in the absorbent article 100 of the present invention. The odor control agent or fragrance may be added in various components of the absorbent article, including the shell 114, the absorbent structure 121, or the body adhesive 144. Skin wellness additives may be added onto the absorbent structure, any portion of the first surface 115 of the shell 114 attached to the wearer or in the body adhesive 144.
Generally, to apply the absorbent article 100 to the body of a wearer, the release sheet 146, protecting the absorbent structure and adhesive, if present, is removed from first surface of the shell. Next, the wearer positions the absorbent structure of the portion of the body in which absorbency is needed. If positioning pockets or other positioning aids are present on the absorbent structure, the wearer may optionally use these positioning aids to properly place the absorbent article for use. In the case of sanitary napkins and incontinence absorbent articles for females, the absorbent is positioned over the vagina area such that the absorbent structure will absorb body fluids. The wearer then checks to ensure that the first region 101 of the shell or the adhesive 144, if present, is contacting the skin around the vagina area.
If the absorbent article is intended to have a front and a back portion, the wearer first identifies the anterior region 164 and/or the posterior region 166 of the absorbent article. To aid in identification of the anterior and posterior regions, indicia located on the release sheet 146, shell 114 or absorbent structure 121 viewable through the opening 105 in the shell 114 to indicate the anterior region and/or posterior region of the absorbent article may be present. Indicia can be simply lettering or a picture to indicate the front or back of the absorbent article. Once the anterior region and posterior region are identified by the wearer, the wearer places the absorbent article in the same manner described above. Examples of indicia which may be used include, color, wording, diagrams and the like, which would indicate to a wearer the anterior and posterior regions of the absorbent article.
In each case, the absorbent structure, which is designed to cover the labia majora of the wearer, may be positioned with the aid of the absorbent structure 121 or the opening 105. More specifically, the absorbent structure and/or the opening, when sized and shaped to the approximate size of the labia majora, can serve to guide the placement of the absorbent structure 121 over the labia majora. Once properly placed, pressure is applied by the wearer to the second side 117 and or backsheet 123 of the shell which will allow the first surface of the shell to contact the skin of the wearer, or to allow any adhesive applied to the first surface to be applied to the skin of the wearer.
By having the absorbent article 100 attached to the body of a wearer, the absorbent article 100 will tend to move with the skin of the wearer. This results in a comfortable to wear absorbent article which will be less likely to leak than conventional absorbent articles. The absorbent article has a very close-to-the-body fit which may provide improved discretion for the wearer.
Other benefits of the absorbent article 100 of the present invention may also be provided. For example, when the first side 115 of the shell has an adhesive applied thereto, upon removal of the absorbent article after use, the wearer may fold the first side of the shell onto itself to dispose of the used absorbent article. An effective seal may be formed around the perimeter of the shell, thereby effectively encapsulating the absorbent structure within a closure and the backing sheet of the absorbent layer. As a result, any odors associated with the absorbed fluids will be contained within the shell material and backing layer. Another use of the absorbent article of the present invention is a tampon backup absorbent article. The absorbent article could be effective in hiding the withdraw string of a tampon, while providing additional leakage protection.
The absorbent article described above can be an individual absorbent article or may be part of an absorbent system, offering the wearer a wide variety of options to fill the needs of the wearer. For example, the shell could be provided to wearers in a variety of shapes or sizes to allow wearers to select the appropriate shape or size for their given body shape. Likewise, the body adhesive may be provided in a variety of adhesive strengths to match the adhesive strength needed or desired by the wearer. By providing a variety of adhesive or other attachment means, a wearer could select the shells to match body type, body condition and other various factors that may vary from one wearer to another. Similarly, the absorbent structure could be provided in various absorbent capacities so that the wearer could select the appropriate absorbency to match the wearer's needs.
The absorbent system may be provided to wearers in a variety of packaging arrangements. In one packaging arrangement, a plurality of shells having different properties may be provided in separate packages or could be provided in a single package. It is generally a better packaging arrangement if shells having similar properties, shapes or sizes are provided in a single package. That is, in a given package, the wearer is provided with a plurality of shells all having the same shape, size, and properties, such as the body attachment properties. Regarding the absorbent structures, the absorbent structures could be provided to the wearer in packages sorted by absorbent capacity or various absorbent capacity structures could be provided in a single package. By having all absorbent structures in a single package with a single absorbent capacity, a wearer is able to select the correct absorbent capacity for their typical needs. However, by providing different absorbent capacity absorbent structures in a single package, the wearer will be provided with the ability to select the absorbent structure with the appropriate absorbent capacity for a given situation, without the need to purchase multiple packages of absorbent structures.
In another embodiment, a body adhesive absorbent article 200, which is illustrated in
Generally, the size and shape of the absorbent structure 221, depending on its intended use, will dictate the size of the shell 214. The shape of the shell 214 is selected so that the absorbent article 200 will have a comfortable feeling for the wearer and inhibit the absorbent article against becoming detached from the body of the wearer during use thereby providing protection against leaks. In one suitable embodiment, the absorbent article 200, including the shell 214 and absorbent structure 221, is dimensioned and shaped to fit approximately 75 percent of adult females. It is understood, however, that the absorbent article 200 can be dimensioned and shaped to fit more or fewer females. It is also contemplated that different sizes of the absorbent article 200 may be provided to accommodate a greater percentage of females.
With reference to
In the illustrated embodiment, the anterior region 264, the central region 265, and the posterior region 266 of the absorbent article 200 are of roughly equal length, with each region corresponding generally to about ⅓ of a total length L1 of the absorbent article 200. The length L1 is defined herein as the longitudinal distance from a longitudinally outermost extent of the article 200 (and in the illustrated embodiment, the shell 214) in the anterior region 264 to a longitudinally outermost extent of the article (and in the illustrated embodiment, the shell) in the posterior region 266. As an example, the length L1 of the shell 214 (and hence the absorbent article 200 in the illustrated embodiment) may suitably be in the range of about 170 mm to about 220 mm, and more suitably in the range of about 190 mm to about 200 mm. As an additional example, the absorbent article 200, and more particularly the shell 214, has a length L1 of about 194 mm. It is understood that the absorbent article 200 may have a length L1 different that those set forth above without departing from some aspects of this invention. It is also contemplated that two or all three of the article regions 264, 265, 266 may instead be of unequal lengths depending on the desired fit and the intended body placement of the article without departing from the scope of this invention.
The absorbent structure 221 of
As illustrated in
A first end 261 of the absorbent article 200, and more particularly a longitudinal edge of the anterior region 264 defining this first end of the absorbent article 200, is suitably contoured along the width of the shell at this first end to accommodate the lower abdomen region of the wearer. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the longitudinal extent (e.g., length) of the shell 214 relative to the transverse axis of the article is non-uniform across the width of the shell at the first end 261 of the article, and more suitably increases as the shell extends transversely outward from the longitudinal axis of the article to transversely, or laterally opposite sides 219 of the article and more particularly laterally opposite side edges of the shell. Accordingly, a greatest longitudinal extent of the shell 214 is generally adjacent the intersection of the longitudinal end 261 with the respective sides 219 of the article (i.e., the shell in the embodiment of
The contoured longitudinal edge of the shell 214 (i.e., first end 261 of the article 200 in the illustrated embodiment) thus broadly defines a recess in the anterior region 264 of the article (and thus of the shell in this instance). This recess defines a longitudinal distance D1 between the longitudinally outermost extent of the longitudinal edge of the shell 214 in the anterior region 264 and the longitudinal extent of the longitudinal edge of the shell at the longitudinal axis of the article 200 in the anterior region. In one suitable embodiment, the distance D1 of the recess is in the range of about 5 mm to about 35 mm, and more suitably about 12 mm to about 18 mm. As one example, the distance D1 of the recess at the anterior region 264 in the embodiment of
The sides 219 of the illustrated article 200 are suitably defined by transversely opposite side edges of the shell 214. These side edges of the shell 214 are contoured so that the overall width of the article 200 (i.e., the distance between the transversely opposite sides 219 thereof), and more particularly the width of the shell in the illustrated embodiment, is non-uniform along the length L1 of the article to define leg cutouts for accommodating the upper thighs of the wearer. In one suitable embodiment, the width of the article 200 and hence the shell 214 increases from a narrowest width W2 in the central region 265 of the article toward each of the longitudinally opposite ends (261 and 204, 204′) of the article. Still more suitably, the width of the article 200 and more suitably the shell 214 is also greater in the anterior region 264 of the article than in the posterior region 266. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, a greatest width W1 of the article 200 is defined by the transverse side edges of the shell 214 adjacent the longitudinal edge of the shell (e.g., first end 261 of the article 200) in the anterior region 264 of the article. As additional examples, the greatest width W1 of the article 200 and more particularly the shell 214 is in the range of about 52 mm to about 180 mm and more suitably about 140 mm to about 170 mm. In the illustrated embodiment of
In the article 200 illustrated in
Still referring to
Each of the tabs 220 further has a longitudinally outermost extent (which in the illustrated embodiment defines the outermost extent of the longitudinal edge of the shell 214) in the anterior region 264 defining a length L2 from the transverse axis of the shell 214 to the longitudinally outermost extent of the tab 220. This length L2 is suitably in the range of about 50 mm to about 120 mm, and more suitably about 70 mm to about 100 mm. As illustrated in
With reference now to
Turning now to
With reference now to
With reference back to
The shell 214 and absorbent structure 221 are sized relative to each other such that a portion of the shell extends outward beyond the peripheral edge of the absorbent structure along at least a portion of the peripheral edge of the absorbent structure. In this manner, a portion of the shell 214 about the periphery of the absorbent structure 221 is uncovered with the first side (i.e., body-facing surface) 215 of the shell exposed and available for adhesion to the wearer. For example, the shell 214 in one suitable embodiment extends outward beyond the peripheral edge of the absorbent structure 200 at least in the anterior region 264 and central region 265, and more suitably also in a portion of the posterior region 266. In accordance with one embodiment, for example, the shell 214 extends outward of the peripheral edge of the absorbent structure 221 a distance D3 in the range of at least about 3 mm, more suitably in the range of about 5 mm to about 15 mm and even more suitably about 8 mm to about 13 mm. In one embodiment, the entire first side 215 of the uncovered portion of the shell 214 has body adhesive 244 thereon for adhering the shell and thereby the absorbent article to the wearer.
As illustrated in
As one example, in the illustrated embodiment the shell 214 has a total surface area of about 34,000 mm2 of which about 20,000 mm2 is uncovered and available to have body adhesive 244 applied thereto. The illustrated absorbent structure 221 has a total body-facing surface area of about 18,000 mm2 of which about 14,500 mm2 covers or overlies the shell 214. Accordingly, about 60 percent of the illustrated shell 214 has body adhesive 244 and can be used to adhere the absorbent article 200 to the wearer's skin. It is understood, however, that less than the entire exposed area of the shell 214 can have body adhesive 244 thereon. It is also understood that body adhesive can be applied to the absorbent structure 221 to adhere or partially adhere the absorbent structure to the wearer's skin.
Additional embodiments of an absorbent article 10 of the present specification are illustrated in
The first side 15 of the shell 14 is the body facing side of the absorbent article 10 and the second side 17 of the shell 14 is the garment facing side of the absorbent article. The first side 15 of the shell 14 has a first area 11 and a second area 12. The first area 11 surrounds or bounds the majority of the second area 12, as is clearly shown in
In one embodiment, the first area 11 of the first side of the shell 14 is designed or adapted to contact, attach or adhere to the wearer's skin. In one particular embodiment, the first area 11 of the shell 14 is designed or adapted to contact a female wearer's skin surrounding the vulva region of the female torso when the absorbent article 10 is applied to the wearer. Generally, the shell 14 is sized and shaped such that the extent of the first area of the shell only contacts and attaches or adheres to the skin surrounding and proximate to the vulva area and possibly the pubic and perinea regions of the wearer. In addition to contacting the skin in the vulva, pubic and perinea regions of the wearer, the first area 11 of the first area of the shell 14 may also contact and attach or adhere to any hair in the vulva area of the user which may be present. The first area 11 is the portion of the first side 15 of the shell 14 which holds the absorbent article in place on the user.
Generally, the second area 12 of the shell 14 is the portion of the shell 14 which provides absorbency to the absorbent product. That is, the second area 12 of the first side to the shell is any area of the first side of the shell which has an absorbent structure attached thereto, or has absorbent properties. In one particular embodiment of the present invention, the second area 12 of the shell 14 has an absorbent structure 21 contained therein or attached to the shell 14 in the second area. It is noted that the second area 12 may be a single contiguous area or may be two or more distinct areas. Generally, the second area 12 is a single contiguous area from an ease of manufacturing standpoint. In an alternative embodiment, the second area 12 of the shell may contain an absorbent material integrated into the shell 14, such that the second area 12 of the shell is absorbent without the presence of an additional absorbent structure. The second area 12 shell may have an absorbent material coated or impregnated into the shell material.
The shell 14 of the absorbent article 10 may be prepared from a variety of materials and can be liquid impermeable or liquid permeable. The shell 14 may, for example, include a polymeric film, a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric or the like, as well as combinations or composites thereof. For example, the shell 14 may include a polymer film laminated to a woven or nonwoven fabric. A laminate shell 14 structure is shown in
In one particular embodiment of the present invention, the shell 14 may be a laminate of a woven or nonwoven fabric with a silicone polymer, wherein the silicone polymer has adhesive properties. The second side 17 of the shell will be woven or nonwoven fabric and the first side 15 of the shell will be silicone polymer. One commercially available laminate is an Oleeva Fabric® l available from Bio Med Sciences, Inc., which have offices at 7584 Morris Court, Suite 218 Allentown, Pa. 18106. The Oleeva Fabric® is a silicone sheeting having adhesive properties laminated to a fabric backing. The silicone sheeting will form the body facing first side 15 of the shell material. Relating this particular structure to the Figures, in
Bicomponent films or other multi-component films can also be used as the shell 14 material. In addition, woven and/or nonwoven fabrics which have been treated to render them operatively liquid-impermeable can also be used as an effective shell 14 material. Another suitable shell material can include a closed-cell polyolefin foam, a polyurethane polymer material, a silicone polymer or other similar materials. Silicone polymers having naturally occurring adhesive properties, or silicone polymers having a silicone adhesive layer applied thereto are of particular interest for the shell material. Such silicone polymers will allow the first area 11 of the shell 14 to adhere to the body of the user without the need of an additional adhesive. These materials may be laminated to another material such that the second side 17 of the shell 14, which is the garment facing side of the absorbent article 10, so that the adhesive nature of the silicone polymer does not adhere the garment to the undergarment of the user. In another embodiment of the present invention, the shell material may be prepared from an interpenetrating polymer network or two or more polymers. Generally, one of the polymers of the interpenetrating polymer network may be a silicone material. Examples of interpenetrating polymer networks are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,560, issued to Dillion, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The shell material should be selected such that the overall properties of the shell allow the shell material to move the skin of the user during normal use and normal movements by the user during use. The shell 14 should not be too rigid, such that the shell detaches from the skin of the user during use and the shell should not be so flexible that the shell tends to twist and bunch during use. The shell 14 should have sufficient flexibility to conform to the skin of the user and become similar to a second skin of the user.
Generally, the shell material should have sufficient thickness to allow the shell 14 to mold to the body of the user, but not too thick that the shell 14 becomes uncomfortable for the user to wear. In addition, the shell 14 should not be so thin that it ineffectively forms a seal with the skin of the user when applied to the user, or becomes detached from the skin of the user during use and normal movement of the user during use or that it does not adequately conform to the shape and skin of the user at the point of attachment to the user. Depending on the material used for the shell, the typical thickness of the shell is between 0.03 mm and about 5.0 mm, more particularly between 0.1 mm and 3.0 mm. In one particular embodiment, the thickness of the shell is between 0.25 mm and about 3.0 mm. Again, the actual thickness used is dependent of several factors including rigidity of the material, the flexibility of the material and the ability of the material to assume the shape of the skin of the user at the location of use, which is typically the vulva region of a user.
The second side 17 of the shell 14 forms the garment-facing side of the absorbent article when worn by a user. The shell 14 material should be selected such that the second side of the shell will freely move against the undergarment or clothing of a user. One way to achieve this result is to have the second side 17 of the shell 14 to have a fairly low coefficient of friction. This will allow the second side 17 of the shell 14 to freely move against the undergarment or other clothing worn by the user. If the second side 17 of the shell 14 does not freely move against the undergarment or other clothing worn by the user, the absorbent article may catch on the undergarment or clothing, which may result in the absorbent article being prematurely and undesirably removed from the user or may cause the absorbent article to be shifted from its desired placement against the body of a user.
In order to achieve the desired coefficient of friction on the second side 17 of the shell 14, the materials used to prepare the shell could be selected such that the second side 17 of the shell material will inherently have the desired coefficient of friction. Alternatively, the second side 17 of the shell 14 may be treated with a coating composition, such a polytetrafluoroethylene containing coating, a silicone containing coating or other similar coating having low coefficient of friction properties. Alternatively, the shell 14 could be made from a laminate of two or more materials such that the first side 15 of the shell 14 is prepared from a material which meets the needed properties of the first side 15, while the material selected for the second side 17 of the shell 14 meets the desired coefficient of friction such that the second side 17 will freely move against the undergarment or garment being worn by a user.
The shell 14 of the absorbent article 10 may be flat or may have a three-dimensional shape. As is shown in
When the shell 14 is a flat shape, meaning that the shell does not have a third dimension other than thickness, the shell 14 should be made to be flexible enough that the shell 14 can conform to the body of the user at the point of attachment. In addition to being flat, the overall shape of the shell 14 may be contoured, as is shown in
The shell may be any desired color or may be translucent. In addition, the shell may have a matt finish, satin finish or a smooth finish. The particular finish color or translucency can be a matter of choice for the manufacturer of the absorbent article of the present invention. However, a translucent shell may assist the user in placing the absorbent article 10 since the user may be able to see where the article is compared to the genitalia of the user.
The absorbent structure 21 is designed to absorb body exudates, including menstrual fluid, blood, urine, and other bodily fluids, such as sweat and vaginal discharges. The absorbent structure 21 has a longitudinal direction 1 and a lateral direction 2. This absorbent structure 21 may be a single layer or may be multiple layers. Typically, the absorbent structure 21 has an absorbent core 22. This absorbent core 22 may contain one or more layers of absorbent materials. That is the absorbent core 22 may be a single layer of absorbent materials or may be a multilayer structure. Each of the layers can contain similar materials or different materials. In the absorbent article 10 of the present invention, the materials which may be used to form the absorbent core 22 include those materials conventionally used in absorbent articles and includes materials, such as, for example, cellulose, wood pulp fluff, rayon, cotton, and meltblown polymers such as polyester, polypropylene or coform. Coform is a meltblown air-formed combination of meltblown polymers, such as polypropylene, and absorbent staple fibers, such as cellulose. A desired material is wood pulp fluff, for it is low in cost, relatively easy to form, and has good absorbency.
The absorbent core 22 can also be formed from a composite comprised of a hydrophilic material which may be formed from various natural or synthetic fibers, wood pulp fibers, regenerated cellulose or cotton fibers, or a blend of pulp and other fibers. One particular example of a material which may be used as the absorbent core is an airlaid material. The absorbent core 22 may have other properties including extensibility, which will allow the absorbent core to be extended or fit to a particular user. One example of extensible absorbent cores is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,611,790, issued Mar. 18, 1997, to Osborn, III et al., herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In one embodiment, the absorbent core 22 may also include a superabsorbent material, in addition to or in place of the hydrophilic material, which increases the ability of the absorbent core to absorb a large amount of fluid in relation to its own weight. Generally stated, the superabsorbent material can be a water-swellable, generally water-insoluble, hydrogel-forming polymeric absorbent material, which is capable of absorbing at least about 15, suitably about 30, and possibly about 60 times or more its weight in physiological saline (e.g. saline with 0.9 wt % NaCl). The superabsorbent materials can be inserted as particles or in sheet form. The superabsorbent material may be biodegradable or bipolar. The hydrogel-forming polymeric absorbent material may be formed from organic hydrogel-forming polymeric material, which may include natural material such as agar, pectin, and guar gum; modified natural materials such as carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxyethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl cellulose; and synthetic hydrogel-forming polymers. Synthetic hydrogel-forming polymers include, for example, alkali metal salts of polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamides, polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymers, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl morpholinone, polymers and copolymers of vinyl sulfonic acid, polyacrylates, polyacrylamides, polyvinyl pyridine, and the like. Other suitable hydrogel-forming polymers include hydrolyzed acrylonitrile grafted starch, acrylic acid grafted starch, and isobutylene maleic anhydride copolymers and mixtures thereof. The hydrogel-forming polymers may be lightly crosslinked to render the material substantially water insoluble. Crosslinking may, for example, be by irradiation or covalent, ionic, Van der Waals, or hydrogen bonding. Hydroxyfunctional polymers have been found to be good superabsorbents for sanitary napkins. Such superabsorbents are commercially available from Evonik Industries, among others, and are a partially neutralized salt of cross-linked copolymer of polyacrylic acid and polyvinyl alcohol having an absorbency under load value above 25 grams of absorbed liquid per gram of absorbent material (g/g). Other types of superabsorbent materials known to those skilled in the art can also be used.
Generally, the absorbent core 22 will be positioned adjacent the shell 14, as is shown in
In addition to the absorbent core 22, the absorbent structure 21 may have other additional layers which aid the absorbent core 22 in capturing and holding the bodily fluid into the absorbent core 22. These other layers, when present and in combination with the absorbent core 22, form the absorbent structure 21 of the absorbent article 10. There may be a single layer or multiple layers in addition to the absorbent core in the absorbent structure 21. Alternatively, the absorbent structure 21 may have a single layer, which is generally the absorbent core 22.
One particular example of an additional layer which may be used in addition to the absorbent core 22 in the absorbent structure 21 is a body-side liner or top sheet 24, which is generally a liquid permeable material, which allows bodily fluids to pass through the top-sheet into the absorbent core. It is noted that the terms “body-side liner” and “top sheet” may be used interchangeable. The body side liner 24 also may provide a user with a dry feeling by separating the absorbent core 22 from the body of the user. That is, the body-side liner 24 is placed between the absorbent core 22 and the body of the user and such that the absorbent core 22 is between the body side liner 24 and the shell 14.
In the present invention, generally the body side liner 24 will only extend to the edge 25 of the absorbent core, as is shown in
Optionally, the body side liner 24 may be formed from one or more materials. The body-side liner or top sheet 24 should be able to manage different body excretions depending on the type of product. In feminine care products, often the body-side liner or top sheet 24 must be able to handle menses and urine. In the present invention, the body-side liner or top sheet 24 may include a layer constructed of any operative material, and may be a composite material. For example, the body-side liner or body-contacting layer can include a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric, a polymer film, a film-nonwoven fabric laminate or the like, as well as combinations thereof. Examples of a nonwoven fabric useable in the body-side liner or top sheet 24 include, for example, an airlaid nonwoven web, a spunbond nonwoven web, a meltblown nonwoven web, a bonded-carded web, a hydroentangled nonwoven web, a spunlace web or the like, as well as combinations thereof. Other examples of suitable materials for constructing the body-side liner or top sheet 24 can include rayon, bonded-carded webs of polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, or other heat-bondable fibers, finely perforated film webs, net-like materials, and the like, as well as combinations thereof. These webs can be prepared from polymeric materials such as, for example, polyolefins, such as polypropylene and polyethylene and copolymers thereof, polyesters in general including aliphatic esters such as polylactic acid, nylon or any other heat-bondable materials. When the body-side liner is a film or a film laminate, the film should be apertured or otherwise be made to allow fluids to flow through the body-side liner to the absorbent core.
Other examples of suitable materials for the body-side liner or top sheet 24 are composite materials of a polymer and a nonwoven fabric material. The composite materials are typically in the form of integral sheets generally formed by the extrusion of a polymer onto a nonwoven web, such as a spunbond material. In a particular arrangement, the body-side liner or top sheet layer 24 can be configured to be operatively liquid-permeable with regard to the liquids that the article is intended to absorb or otherwise handle. The operative liquid-permeability may, for example, be provided by a plurality of pores, perforations, apertures or other openings, as well as combinations thereof, which are present or formed in the liner or body contacting layer. The apertures or other openings can help increase the rate at which bodily liquids can move through the thickness of the liner or body contacting layer and penetrate into the other components of the article (e.g. into the absorbent core 22). The selected arrangement of liquid permeability is desirably present at least on an operative portion of the body-side liner or top sheet 24 that is appointed for placement on the body-side of the article. The body-side liner or top sheet 24 can provide comfort and conformability, and can function to direct bodily exudates away from the body and toward the absorbent core 22. The body-side liner or top sheet 24 can be configured to retain little or no liquid in its structure, and can be configured to provide a relatively comfortable and non-irritating surface next to the body tissues of a wearer. In the present invention, the top sheet or body-facing surface of each absorbent article may be embossed, printed or otherwise imparted with a pattern.
Additional layers or substrates, including for example, the liquid acquisition and distribution layer, also referred to as a surge or transfer layer, and an optional tissue layer are also incorporated into the absorbent structure 21 of the absorbent product 10, for example, between the body-side liner or top sheet 24 and the absorbent core 22. The liquid acquisition and distribution layer may be shorter than the absorbent core or have the same length as the absorbent core 22. The liquid acquisition and distribution layer serves to temporarily hold an insulting fluid to allow the absorbent core sufficient time to absorb the fluid, especially when a superabsorbent material is present.
In another embodiment, the absorbent core, transfer layer and other components, such as tissue layers, may be free floating (unattached) between the shell 14 and the top sheet 24, and only are secured along only the peripheral edges thereof. Alternatively, the absorbent core 22, transfer layer, if present, and any other layer or component, if present, may be attached to one or both of the shell 14 and top sheet 24 and/or to each other.
The absorbent structure 21, including the absorbent core, is generally attached to the first side 15 of the shell 14 in the second area 12 of the shell. The attachment may be in a permanent manner, meaning that the absorbent structure is generally intended not to be removable by the user of the absorbent article 10. Alternatively, the absorbent structure 21 may be made to be removable by the user, meaning that the absorbent structure 21 may be removed and replaced with another absorbent structure 21 by the user of the absorbent article 10. When the absorbent structure 21 is attached to the shell 14 in a permanent manner, meaning that the absorbent structure is not intended to be removed by the user, a construction adhesive may be used. Examples of useable construction adhesives include any adhesive which will effectively hold the absorbent structure 21 in place, so as not to be separated from the shell 14. Commercially available construction adhesives usable in the present invention include, for example include Rextac adhesives available from Huntsman Polymers of Houston, Tex., as well as adhesives available from Bostik Findley, Inc, of Wauwatosa, Wis. Other means may be used to hold the absorbent structure 21 to the shell including other bonding means, including heat bonding and ultrasonic bonding. When the absorbent structure 21 is removably attached, the absorbent structure 21 is held in place on the shell 14 by a means which will allow the user to remove the absorbent structure. One such means of holding the absorbent structure is by using a pressure sensitive adhesive. Suitable pressure sensitive adhesives include any commercially available pressure sensitive adhesive. Examples of suitable pressure sensitive adhesives usable to removably hold the absorbent structure 21 in place on the shell 14 include pressure sensitive adhesives available from Henkel International. By providing an absorbent structure which is removable, the shell may be reused several times without the need to again place the shell when the absorbent needs to be replaced. Also by having a removable absorbent structure, the absorbent structure can be selected by the user prior to use. This would allow the user to select an appropriate level of protection for a given day or allow the user to select a size or shape of the absorbent which the user finds to be more comfortable.
As is stated above, the absorbent structure 21 is located in the second area 12 of the shell 14 and on the first side 15 of the shell member. This size and shape of the absorbent structure may be varied depending of the intended use of the absorbent article and will be discussed in more detail below.
The absorbent structure 21 may have a relatively flat structure, as shown in
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, the absorbent structure 21 is contained within the shell material. That is, the absorbent structure 21 is an integral part of the shell 14 and a separate absorbent structure is not present. One way to achieve an integral absorbent structure is to have a shell which is prepared from a material which is a laminate of two or more materials. The first side 15 of the shell 14 contains an absorbent material within the body facing side of the laminate. For example, superabsorbent particles or materials may be incorporated into the material making up the body facing layer of the laminate. Another way is to place a very light coating onto the first side 12 of the shell material, wherein the coating contains superabsorbent particles or materials. Of course other absorbent materials, other than superabsorbent materials may be used in place of or in addition to the superabsorbent materials.
The absorbent structure 21 may be located entirely over the shell 14, as is shown in
This additional layer 23 may be prepared from a variety of materials and is generally, this additional layer constructed of any material which will function to be operatively liquid impermeable. The additional layer, may be a polymeric film, a woven fabric, a nonwoven fabric or the like, as well as combinations or composites thereof. For example, the shell 14 may include a polymer film laminated to a woven or nonwoven fabric. In a particular feature, the polymer film can be composed of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, silicone or the like, as well as combinations thereof. Additionally, the polymer film may be micro-embossed, have a printed design, have a printed message to the consumer, and/or may be at least partially colored. Suitably, the additional layer can operatively permit a sufficient passage of air and moisture vapor out of the absorbent article 10, particularly out of an absorbent structure 21 while blocking the passage of bodily fluids and odors often associated with bodily fluids. Examples of suitable materials for the additional layer 23 include a breathable, microporous film, such as those described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,900 to Haffner et al., the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof.
As is stated above, the first area 11 of the shell 14 serves either directly or indirectly attaches to the body of a user. Stated another way, the shell is the body attachment member and the first area 11 is the portion of the shell 14 which is attached to the body of the user. Depending on the material selected for the shell, the shell may actively attach to the body of the user using electrostatic means; suction means or a body adhesive may be placed on the first area 11 of the shell 14 to attach the absorbent article to the body of a user. Electrostatic means which can be used is by selecting the shell material to be a material which has an affinity for the body of a user, such that the shell material “clings” to the body of the user. Examples of such materials include ethylene vinyl acetate, low density polyethylene and other similar materials know to those skilled in the art. Suction means may be achieved by shaping the shell to conform to the body of the user, much like a contact lens fits to the eye. Generally, suction means can be achieved by forming the shell 14 into a three-dimensional shape. The easiest way to achieve body attachment is to place a body adhesive in the first area 11 of the shell 14.
The body adhesive 44 is positioned on the first area 11 of the first side 15 of the shell 14. The body adhesive 44 contacts the skin and hair, if present, in the vulva region and possibly the pubic region and/or the perinea region of the wearer's body, thereby supporting and holding the absorbent article 10 against the body of the wearer during use. The body adhesive 44 can overlie a portion of the first area 11 or can overlie the entire first area 11 of the shell 14. Generally, the body adhesive 44 will be present on a least the outer portion or near the circumference 11C of the first area near the edge 20 of the absorbent article. As is shown in
Generally, any pressure sensitive adhesive known to those skilled in the art may be used, provided that the pressure sensitive adhesive is not a known irritant to human skin or that the adhesive is so aggressive that it causes pain to the user when the absorbent article is removed from the skin. It is also desirable that the adhesive is selected such that the adhesive does not leave a substantial amount of an adhesive residue on the surface of the skin of the user, when the absorbent article 10 is removed by the user after use. Particularly suitable pressure sensitive adhesive materials are disclosed in the commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,213,993 to Zacharias et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,620,143 to Zacharias et al., the entire disclosure of each is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. Other suitable adhesives are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,618,281 to Batrabet et al., the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof. Other known body adhesives, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,524 to Corzani et al. which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, may also be used. Other examples of pressure sensitive adhesives include, Hydrogels, Hydrocolloids, Acrylics based adhesives, rubber based adhesives, such as Kraton based adhesives.
The body adhesive 44 may be positioned on the first area 11 of the shell 14 in an open pattern or a closed pattern. By “open pattern” is meant that the adhesive can have an intermittent or discontinuous pattern which does not substantially encircle the entire first area 11. For example, there are breaks in the body adhesive at certain portions of the first area 11. An open pattern of adhesive is shown in
In one embodiment of the present invention, as is shown in
The adhesive may be applied in a pattern of small discrete dots so as to leave numerous areas free from adhesive. Alternatively, the adhesive may be applied as a continuous bead, or may be applied as a series of semi-continuous beads. Other suitable adhesive patterns may be selected for applying the body adhesive 44 to the body-contacting first area 11 of the absorbent article 10. For example, adhesive patterns can be oval, swirls, various linear or non-linear arrays of adhesive longitudinally, and/or transversely oriented and reticulated webs having unobstructed interstices between the adhesive fibers or combinations thereof. As stated above, the adhesive patterns may be open or closed. The weights of adhesives are limited to less than about 800 g/m2, and generally less than about 400 g/m2. Generally, the weight of the adhesive is at least 20 g/m2. Typically, the adhesive is applied in an amount of about 100 to about 400 g/m2. The limitations on the basis weight of the adhesive are important to provide the correct adhesive characteristics for applying directly to the wearer's vulva region and optionally the pubic and perinea regions of the wearer's body. If the basis weight is too high, the absorbent article will have a sticky feeling or otherwise uncomfortable feeling. If the basis weight of the adhesive is too low, there may be insufficient adhesion to the body of the user.
Generally, the body adhesive 44 is applied in a manner which is symmetrical about the longitudinal axis 1 which bisects the absorbent article 10 and divides the absorbent article 10 into substantially equal portions. This symmetrical pattern provides the wearer a balanced feel when wearing the absorbent article 10. The symmetrical pattern also reduces the perception of any associated discomfort when the absorbent article 10 is removed from the body.
As is shown in
Alternatively, the release sheet 46 may be provided with a pressure sensitive adhesive to hold the release sheet 46 in place when the absorbent article is devoid of an adhesive for body attachment. In this configuration, the release sheet serves to protect the absorbent structure and first side of the shell from dirt and damage prior to use.
In another alternative, a release sheet may not be necessary. For example, the absorbent article may be rolled, folded onto itself or stacked upon each other. In these configurations, a release sheet is not needed. If rolled, the body adhesive 44 will generally contact the second side 17 of the shell 14. The body adhesive 44 should releasably stick to one second side of the shell by readily releasing when unrolled by the user or wearer. In addition, the body adhesive 44 should not leave a residue on the second side 17 of the shell. This should similarly occur when the absorbent articles 10 are stacked upon each other such that the body adhesive 44 of one article will attach the second side of the shell of a second article. In another possible configuration, the absorbent article may 10 be folded along the longitudinal axis 1 of the lateral axis such that the body adhesive 44 in one area comes into contact with body adhesive in another area. In the folded configuration, the body adhesive should be selected such that the body adhesive will release from itself when manipulated by a user.
The dimensions and shape of the shell 14 should be such that it is appropriately sized for its intended use. The same is true for the size and shape of the absorbent structure. Generally, the size and shape of the absorbent structure 21 will dictate the size of the shell 14. The shape of the shell 14 is selected so that the absorbent article will have a comfortable feeling for the user, which providing protection against leaks and preventing the absorbent article from becoming dislodged from the body of the user during user. Generally, the shell will be curved to fit the body of a user. The shell 14 also generally gives the absorbent article 10 its overall size and shape in the longitudinal 1 and lateral 2 directions.
When the absorbent article is intended for use as a pantiliner, a sanitary napkin or a feminine incontinence article, the shell 14 should be wider and longer than the absorbent structure 21 attached to the second area 12 of the shell 14. The absorbent structure should be at least as wide and as long as the labia majora of the user. As a result, to fit most women, the absorbent structure is longer in the longitudinal direction than it is wide in the lateral direction of the absorbent structure. Generally, for most women, the labia majora are generally between about 40 mm and about 70 mm in width and between about 80 mm and 150 mm in length. Ideally, the absorbent structure should be wider than the labia majora and slightly longer than the labia minora and slightly longer than or equal to the labia majora. Generally, the absorbent should be between about 40 mm and 90 mm in width in the lateral direction and between about 95 mm and about 150 mm in length the longitudinal direction. The shape of the absorbent structure 21 will generally tend to be oblong and may be an oval, a rectangle, tear drop shaped, hourglass shaped or racetrack shaped. As can be seen in
Generally, the shape of the shell 14 may vary from a generally oval shape, as shown in
To obtain an effective attachment of the absorbent article to the user, when the absorbent article is used as a sanitary napkin or an incontinence article, generally the width of the shell should be at least 10 mm on either side of the labia majora. Generally, the shell 14 of the absorbent article 10 will have a width, in the lateral direction 2, between about 50 mm up to 200 mm or more. Typically, the shell will be between about 60 and 120 mm at its narrowest point. This will allow the shell 14 to have a first area 11 that can be effectively attached to the skin of a user on either side of the labia majora.
In addition, the absorbent article 10 may also be configured to have an anterior region 64, a central region 65 and a posterior region 66, as is shown in
To obtain an effective attachment to the body of the user, the shell 14 can be configured to be anatomically correct for a user. As is shown in
The absorbent article of the present invention may have other features which aid the user to place and remove the absorbent article from the body. As is shown in
The absorbent article 10 may also be provided with a removal aid which provides the user with an easy way to grasp and remove the absorbent article applied to the body. One particular removal aid is shown in
Other features or additives may be incorporated into the absorbent article of the present invention. For example, the absorbent article may contain an odor control agent, or a fragrance, skin wellness agents and other similar additives currently used in currently available absorbent articles. Any odor control agent or, fragrance known to those skilled in the art may be used in the absorbent article of the present invention. The odor control agent or fragrance may be added in various components of the absorbent article, including the shell 14, the absorbent structure 21 of the body adhesive 44. Skin wellness additives may be added onto the absorbent structure, any portion of the first area 15 of the shell not attached to the user or in the body adhesive 44.
Generally, to apply the absorbent article 10 to the body of a user, the release sheet 46, protecting the absorbent structure and adhesive, if present, is removed from first surface of the shell. Next, the user positions the absorbent structure of the portion of the body in which absorbency is needed. If positioning pockets or other positioning aids are present on the absorbent structure, the user may optionally use these positioning aids to properly place the absorbent article for use. In the case of sanitary napkins and incontinence absorbent articles for females, the absorbent is positioned over the vagina area such that the absorbent structure will absorb body fluids. The user then checks to ensure that the first area 11 of the shell or the adhesive 44, if present, is contacting the skin around the vagina area.
If the absorbent article is intended to have a front and a back portion, the user first identifies the anterior region 64 and/or the posterior region 66 of the absorbent article. To aid in identification of the anterior and posterior regions, indicia located on the release sheet, shell or absorbent to indicate the anterior region and/or posterior region of the absorbent article may be present. Indicia can be simply lettering or a picture to indicate the front or back of the absorbent article. Once anterior region and posterior region are identified by the user, the user places the absorbent article in the same manner described above.
In each case, the absorbent structure, which is designed to cover the labia majora of the user, may be positioned with the aid of the absorbent structure. More specifically, the absorbent structure, when sized and shaped to the approximate size of the labia majora, can serve to guide the placement of the absorbent structure over the labia majora. Once properly placed, pressure is applied by the user to the second surface of the shell which will allow the first surface of the shell to contact the skin of the user, or to allow any adhesive applied to the first surface to be applied to the skin of the user.
By having the absorbent article 10 attached to the body of a user, the absorbent article 10 will tend to move with the skin of the user. This results in a comfortable to wear absorbent article which will be less likely to leak than conventional absorbent articles. The absorbent article has a very close to the body fit which may provide improved discretion for the user.
Other benefits of the absorbent article 10 of the present invention may also be provided. For example, when the first side of the shell has an adhesive applied thereto, upon removal of the absorbent article after user, the user may fold the first side of the shell onto itself to dispose of the used absorbent article. An effective seal may be formed around the perimeter of the shell, thereby effectively encapsulating the absorbent structure within a closure. As a result, any odors associated with the absorbed fluids will be contained within the shell material.
In yet another embodiment, a body adhesive absorbent article 300, which is illustrated in
In the illustrated embodiment, the first side 315 of the shell 314 has a body adhesive, indicated generally at 344, on at least a portion thereof for adhering the absorbent article 300 directly to the wearer's skin, and particularly, to a female wearer's skin surrounding her vulva region for the illustrated absorbent article. The body adhesive 344 contacts the skin and hair, if present, in the vulva region and possibly the pubic region and/or the perinea region of the wearer's body, thereby supporting and holding the shell 314 and absorbent structure 321 against the body of the wearer during use. A peel sheet or release sheet (not shown with respect to this embodiment) may be used to prevent the body adhesive 344 from becoming contaminated, thus losing its ability to stick to the body of the wearer and/or prematurely adhering to an unintended surface.
The size and shape of the shell 314 is selected so that the absorbent article 300 will have a comfortable feeling for the wearer and inhibit the absorbent article against becoming detached from the body of the wearer during use thereby providing protection against leaks. The absorbent article 300 (and hence the shell 314) can be suitably divided into three general longitudinal regions: an anterior region 364, a posterior region 366, and a central region 365 extending longitudinally between and interconnecting the anterior and posterior regions. Each of these regions 364, 365, 366 is sized and shaped for alignment with different body regions of a wearer of the absorbent article. More specifically, the anterior region 364 of the article 300 is adapted to be disposed adjacent the wearer's lower abdomen region. The central region 365 is adapted to be disposed between the upper thigh region of the wearer to cover the wearer's perineum region and vaginal region. The posterior region 366 of the article 300 is adapted to be disposed in the gluteal region of the wearer. In the illustrated embodiment, the anterior region 364, the central region 365, and the posterior region 366 of the absorbent article 300 are of roughly equal length, with each region corresponding generally to about ⅓ of a total length of the absorbent article 300. It is contemplated that two or all three of the article regions 364, 365, 366 may instead be of unequal lengths depending on the desired fit and the intended body placement of the article without departing from the scope of this invention.
The absorbent structure 321 is suitably adhered to the first side (i.e., body-facing surface) 315 of the shell 314 and is sized and located relative to the shell such that the shell extends both longitudinally and/or transversely outward beyond the periphery of the absorbent structure in at least the anterior region 364 and the central region 365, and more suitably in at least a portion of the posterior region 366 as well. The absorbent structure 321 is offset longitudinally, i.e., not centered lengthwise on the transverse or lateral axis of the absorbent article, such that the shell 314 extends longitudinally outward beyond the absorbent structure a greater distance in the anterior region 364 of the article 300 than in the posterior region. It is understood, though, that the absorbent structure 321 may be longitudinally centered so that the shell 314 extends equally longitudinally outward beyond the absorbent structure, or may be offset longitudinally toward the anterior region 364 so that the outward longitudinal extension of the shell beyond the absorbent structure is greater in the posterior region 365 than in the anterior region without departing from the scope of this invention.
A first end 361 of the absorbent article 300, and more particularly a longitudinal edge of the anterior region 364 defining this first end of the absorbent article 300, is suitably contoured along the width of the shell at this first end to accommodate the lower abdomen region of the wearer. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, the longitudinal extent (e.g., length) of the shell 314 relative to the transverse axis of the article is non-uniform across the width of the shell at the first end 361 of the article, and more suitably increases as the shell extends transversely outward from the longitudinal axis of the article to transversely, or laterally opposite sides 319 of the article and more particularly laterally opposite side edges of the shell. Accordingly, a greatest longitudinal extent of the shell 314 is generally adjacent the intersection of the longitudinal end 361 with the respective sides 319 of the article (i.e., the shell in the embodiment of
The sides 319 of the illustrated article 300 are suitable defined by transversely opposite side edges 319 of the shell 314. These side edges 319 of the shell 314 are contoured so that the overall width of the article 300 (i.e., the distance between the transversely opposite sides 319 thereof), and more particularly the width of the shell in the illustrated embodiment, is non-uniform along the length of the article to define leg cutouts for accommodating the thighs of the wearer. In one suitable embodiment, the width of the article 300 and hence the shell 314 increases from a narrowest width in the central region 365 of the article toward each of the longitudinally opposite ends (361 and 304, 304′) of the article. Still more suitably, the width of the article 300 and more suitably the shell 314 is also greater in the anterior region 364 of the article than in the posterior region 366. In the illustrated embodiment, for example, a greatest width of the article 300 is defined by the transverse side edges 319 of the shell 314 adjacent the longitudinal edge of the shell (e.g., first end 361 of the article 300) in the anterior region 364 of the article.
In the article 300 illustrated in
Still referring to
The contoured longitudinal edge of the shell 314 (e.g., first end 361 of the article 300) at the anterior region 364, together with the contoured transverse side edges of the shell (e.g., article sides 319) where these side edges generally intersect the longitudinal edge of the shell, define a pair of transversely spaced tabs 320 in the anterior region. Each of the tabs 320 suitably has body adhesive 344 on the body-facing surface (e.g., first side 315) for adhering the tabs directly to the wearer and more suitably to the abdomen region of the wearer. In one particularly suitable embodiment, the tabs 320 are sized to extend to a region of the wearer that has little or no pubic hair to facilitate better adherence to the wearer's skin.
With reference still to
The absorbent structure 321 is secured to the first side (i.e., body-facing surface) 315 of the shell 314, such that at least a portion of the absorbent structure covers the opening or ingress 305 in the shell. The absorbent structure 321 may be attached to the shell 314 in a permanent manner, meaning that the absorbent structure is generally intended not to be removable by the wearer of the absorbent article 300. Alternatively, it may be removably and in some embodiments refastenably) attached to the shell 314, such that the absorbent structure 321 may be removed (and in some embodiments reattached) by a wearer.
The shell 314 and absorbent structure 321 are sized relative to each other such that a portion of the shell extends outward beyond the peripheral edge of the absorbent structure along at least a portion of the peripheral edge of the absorbent structure. In this manner, a portion of the shell 314 about the periphery of the absorbent structure 321 is uncovered with the first side (i.e., body-facing surface) 315 of the shell exposed and available for adhesion to the wearer. For example, the shell 314 in one suitable embodiment extends outward beyond the peripheral edge of the absorbent structure 300 at least in the anterior region 364 and central region 365, and more suitably also in a portion of the posterior region 366.
The distance that the shell 314 extends outward beyond the peripheral edge of the absorbent structure 321 is suitably non-uniform about the periphery of the absorbent structure. More particularly, the shell 314 extends transversely outward beyond each of the side edges of the absorbent structure 321 a greater distance in the anterior region 364 than in the central region 365. It is understood, however, that shell 314 may extend a uniform distance outward of the absorbent structure 321, or may extend outward according to a different pattern than illustrated in
In one suitable embodiment, as seen in
The non-uniform pattern of adhesive 344 in the embodiment illustrated in
In the illustrated embodiment, the density of adhesive and thereby the adhesive strength in the central region 365 of the shell 314 is greater adjacent the absorbent structure 321 and reduced adjacent the lateral sides 319 of the shell. This allows the shell 314 adjacent the lateral sides 319 thereof to stretch during use a greater distance than the portions of the shell adjacent the absorbent structure 321. In use, the shell 314 (if manufactured from a stretchable material) will be able to stretch between locations at which the shell is adhered to the wearer's body. Increasing the adhesive density adjacent the absorbent structure 321 in the central region 365 ensures that the absorbent structure remains in close proximately to the wearer's body during use and thereby reduces the potential for leaks. In the posterior region 366 of the shell 314, the illustrated embodiment has an area of increased adhesive density and thereby adhesive strength and is surrounded by an area of decreased adhesive density. As a result, the adhesive strength is decreased adjacent the absorbent structure 322 and the longitudinally ends 304, 304′ of the shell.
In the illustrated embodiment of
In one suitable embodiment, the shell 314 is formed from a material that is breathable, flexible, and/or stretchable. In this embodiment, the non-uniform pattern of adhesive can be used to vary the breathability and/or stretchability of the shell, which may be directly effected by the density of the adhesive. In one embodiment, the areas of the shell having lower adhesive densities are more breathable, flexible, and/or stretchable than areas having greater adhesive densities. The inverse may also be true, the areas of the shell having greater adhesive densities may be less breathable, flexible, and/or stretchable than areas having less adhesive densities. Thus, the non-uniform pattern can be used to selectively configure the breathability, flexibility, and/or stretchability of the shell.
In the embodiment illustrated in
In the illustrated embodiment, the varying sizes of the discrete dots and the varying spacing between the discrete dots provide a visual cue to the wearer that the density of the body adhesive 344 is varied in different portions of the first side 315 of the shell 314. These visual cues can convey to the wearer that the absorbent article 300 has sufficient adhesive strength to remain on the wearer's body during use while not being painful to remove, especially in more sensitive regions of the female body such as those covered with pubic hair or have a greater density of pubic hair. The visual cues may also convey to the wearer that the shell 314, while bonded to the wearer, remains breathable during use and even has a greater degree of breathability in selected areas. Also, the visual cue may indicate to the wearer that the shell 314 remains flexible and/or stretchable even while bonded to the wearer's body.
For example, larger adhesive dots of adhesive 344 or the adhesive being applied in geometries with increased surface coverage and/or less spacing between geometries or shapes will covey to the wearer the perception of increased attachment/bonding. More open space between the dots (or any other shape) of adhesive 344 or geometries will increase the perception of breathability to the wearer. Smaller dots of adhesive 344 or having more open space between the dots of adhesive in areas of the article 300 adapted to cover more sensitive regions of the female body will convey the perception of more comfortable attachment during use and release during removal. In one suitable embodiment, the visual cue has areas of open space resulting from smaller discrete dots and/or greater spacing between the dots of adhesive 344 for conveying to the wearer that the shell 314 remains flexible and/or stretchable even while bonded to the wearer's body.
In one suitable embodiment, the adhesive 344 can have different formulations in different areas of the shell 314. For example, the adhesive 344 can have a first formulation with a first adhesive strength in one or more areas of the shell 314 and a second formulation with a second adhesive strength that is less than the first adhesive strength in one or more other areas of the shell. The first formulation can be used in areas of the shell 314 were greater adhesive strength may be desired, such as areas where more stress is applied to the adhesive due to movement of the wearer. The second formulation, which has the lower adhesive strength, may be used in areas of the shell where less adhesive strength may be desired, such as in more sensitive areas of the female body.
The adhesive strength of the adhesive 344 can also be varied in different areas of the shell 314 by varying the thickness of the adhesive. In one embodiment, thicker adhesive 344 results in greater adhesive strength of the adhesive. In another suitable embodiment, the thickness of the adhesive 344 can be greater in areas adapted to cover regions of the female body covered by pubic hair. This facilitates the adhesive 344 penetrating the pubic hairs of the wearer and adhering to the wearer's skin beneath the hair. The thickness of the adhesive 344 can be thinner in areas adapted to cover regions of the wearer free from pubic hair or areas having lesser pubic hair densities. In this embodiment, the adhesive strength may be substantially the same or different in the different areas of the shell. In one suitable embodiment, the adhesive strength is less in areas of the shell 314 adapted to cover regions of the female body covered by pubic hair than in areas of the shell adapted to cover regions of the female body with less or no pubic hair.
Other suitable visual cues may be provided instead of or in addition to the variance in size and spacing of discrete dots of adhesive. For example, a colored adhesive can be used to provide a visual cue to the wearer that the density of adhesive 344 varies in different areas of the shell 314. The adhesive can be a single color or the color can vary in different areas corresponding to the different adhesive densities. Color can be described generally in terms of three elements, hue, chroma (or saturation) and lightness (sometimes called value or brightness). As used herein, varying or changing the color of the adhesive comprises changing at least one of hue, chroma or lightness. In one suitable embodiment, the adhesive 344 has a first color in one or more areas of the shell 314 indicating that the adhesive in these areas has a first adhesive strength and a second color in one or more different areas of the shell indicating that these areas have a second adhesive strength that is less than the first adhesive strength. The color can be added to the adhesive 344, printed on the adhesive, or printed on the shell 314 beneath the adhesive. It is also contemplated that color can be printed on the first side 315 of the shell 314 in areas free of adhesive instead of or in addition to providing color to the adhesive.
In one suitable embodiment, the adhesive 344 comprises an acrylate-based adhesive and an adhesion modifier but it is understood that any suitable adhesive can be used (e.g., a silicone-based adhesive). It has been found that the adhesion modifier can allow the adhesive to have a greater bonding strength with a substrate, yet remain gentle on the skin's surface. In one embodiment, the skin-adhesive composition can further include at least one skin benefit agent for providing improved skin health to the user. The acrylate-based adhesive may be any acrylate-based adhesive known in the art, provided that the adhesive is not a known irritant to human skin or that the adhesive is so aggressive that it causes pain to the user/wearer when the absorbent article 300 is removed from the skin. It is also desirable that the adhesive is selected such that the adhesive does not leave a substantial amount of adhesive residue on the surface of the skin of the wearer when the absorbent article 300 is removed by the wearer after use.
Suitable acrylate-based adhesive can typically be made from acrylate copolymers and tackifiers as known in the art. For example, typical acrylate-based adhesives include an alkyl acrylate, preferably a monofunctional unsaturated acrylate ester of a non-tertiary alkyl alcohol, wherein the alkyl group contains 1 to about 14 carbon atoms. Included within this class of monomers are, for example, isooctyl acrylate, isononyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, and hexyl acrylate. In one embodiment, the acrylate-based adhesive includes acrylate-based pressure sensitive adhesives including acrylate monomers such as isooctyl acrylate, isononyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate. In another embodiment, the acrylate-based adhesives include polyacrylate hot-melt adhesives, such as the polyacrylate hot-melt adhesive, commercially available as NS 34-546B from Henkel International.
Suitable adhesion modifiers include, for example, colloidal particles, crosslinked acrylate copolymers, and combinations thereof. More particularly, colloidal particles well suited for use in the present disclosure include microcrystalline cellulose, fumed silica, silica, hydrated silica, and combinations thereof. Commercially available colloidal particles such as fumed silica (available as Cab-o-sil M5 from Cabot Corporation, Tuscola, Ill.) and blends of microcrystalline cellulose and cellulose gum (available as Avicel® 591 from FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, Pa.) are particularly suitable for use as adhesion modifiers.
In one suitable embodiment, the adhesion modifier may include polymer-like network or matrix structure, such as cross-linked acrylate crosspolymers. Cross-linked acrylate crosspolymers well-suited for use in the present disclosure include allyl methacrylates crosspolymer, allyl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer, lauryl methacrylate/glycol dimethacrylate crosspolymer and derivatives thereof. Suitable examples include Poly-Pore® E-200, Poly-Pore® L-200, Polytrap® 7603 and Polytrap® 6603 Adsorber which are all available from Amcol Health & Beauty Solutions (Arlington, Ill.). The Poly-Pore® and Polytrap® ingredients can be loaded with skin beneficial ingredients prior to inclusion in the skin-adhesive combination or are available pre-loaded from Amcol Health & Beauty Solutions as Polytrap® 6035 Cyclomethicone, Polytrap® 7100 Dimethicone Macrobeads, Polytrap® 6500 Dimethicone/Petrolatum Powder, Polytrap® 665TO (which is loaded with tocopherol), and Polytrap® 6038 Mineral Oil Macrobeads.
In one particularly suitable embodiment, both the shell 314 and the adhesive 344 applied to the shell are breathable. That is, they allow air to pass through. The adhesive 344 can be made breathable by the method in which the adhesive 344 is applied to the shell 314 or by adding suitable additives (e.g., foam) to the adhesive to render it breathable. Suitable methods for rendering the adhesive 344 breathable include melt-spraying and printing the adhesive 344 unto the shell 314. Melt-spraying and printing are known methods of applying adhesive to a substrate (e.g., the shell 314). It is also understood that in some embodiments, the adhesive 344 may not be breathable. In these embodiments, the adhesive 344 can be applied to the shell 314 using a suitable slot-coating method.
In
Although the present invention has been described with reference to various embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. As such, it is intended that the foregoing detailed description be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting and that it is the appended claims, including all equivalents thereof, which are intended to define the scope of the invention.
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/364,406 filed Feb. 2, 2009, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/182,937 filed Jul. 30, 2008 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,197,456), which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/890,093 filed Aug. 3, 2007 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,251,969), and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/005,793 filed Dec. 28, 2007 (now U.S. Pat. No. 7,947,027). Each of these applications and patents is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2842897 | Finn | Jul 1958 | A |
| 3288346 | Peppler | Nov 1966 | A |
| 3338992 | Kinney | Aug 1967 | A |
| 3341394 | Kinney | Sep 1967 | A |
| 3502538 | Petersen | Mar 1970 | A |
| 3502763 | Hartmann | Mar 1970 | A |
| 3542615 | Dobo et al. | Nov 1970 | A |
| 3598123 | Zaffaroni | Aug 1971 | A |
| 3692618 | Dorschner et al. | Sep 1972 | A |
| 3731683 | Zaffaroni | May 1973 | A |
| 3802817 | Matsuki et al. | Apr 1974 | A |
| 3811438 | Economou | May 1974 | A |
| 3849241 | Butin et al. | Nov 1974 | A |
| 3885559 | Economou | May 1975 | A |
| 3963029 | Brooks | Jun 1976 | A |
| 3972328 | Chen | Aug 1976 | A |
| 3998215 | Anderson et al. | Dec 1976 | A |
| 4072151 | Levine | Feb 1978 | A |
| 4340563 | Appel et al. | Jul 1982 | A |
| 4488928 | Ali Khan et al. | Dec 1984 | A |
| 4505976 | Doehnert et al. | Mar 1985 | A |
| 4631062 | Lassen et al. | Dec 1986 | A |
| 4673403 | Lassen et al. | Jun 1987 | A |
| 4743245 | Lassen et al. | May 1988 | A |
| 4758241 | Papajohn | Jul 1988 | A |
| 4781712 | Barabino et al. | Nov 1988 | A |
| 4798603 | Meyer et al. | Jan 1989 | A |
| 4804380 | Lassen et al. | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4846824 | Lassen et al. | Jul 1989 | A |
| 4909244 | Quarfoot et al. | Mar 1990 | A |
| 4977892 | Ewall | Dec 1990 | A |
| 5051259 | Olsen et al. | Sep 1991 | A |
| 5114419 | Daniel et al. | May 1992 | A |
| 5133705 | Nakanishi et al. | Jul 1992 | A |
| 5147938 | Kuller | Sep 1992 | A |
| 5160328 | Cartmell et al. | Nov 1992 | A |
| 5194299 | Fry | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5194550 | Rance et al. | Mar 1993 | A |
| 5221275 | Van Iten | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5277954 | Carpenter et al. | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5369155 | Asmus | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5382400 | Pike et al. | Jan 1995 | A |
| 5387208 | Ashton et al. | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5419956 | Roe | May 1995 | A |
| 5445627 | Mizutani et al. | Aug 1995 | A |
| 5554381 | Roos et al. | Sep 1996 | A |
| H1602 | Brock | Oct 1996 | H |
| 5591146 | Hasse | Jan 1997 | A |
| 5599335 | Goldman et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5611790 | Osborn, III et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5614310 | Delgado et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5618281 | Betrabet et al. | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5618282 | Schlangen | Apr 1997 | A |
| 5632736 | Block | May 1997 | A |
| 5658270 | Lichstein | Aug 1997 | A |
| 5662633 | Doak et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5669894 | Goldman et al. | Sep 1997 | A |
| 5706950 | Houghton et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5714225 | Hansen et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5716621 | Bello et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5759560 | Dillon | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5769837 | Parr | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5800417 | Goerg-Wood et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5807367 | Dilnik et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5811116 | Gilman et al. | Sep 1998 | A |
| 5830202 | Bogdanski et al. | Nov 1998 | A |
| 5885265 | Osborn, III et al. | Mar 1999 | A |
| 5897546 | Kido et al. | Apr 1999 | A |
| 5910125 | Cummings et al. | Jun 1999 | A |
| 5994613 | Cummings et al. | Nov 1999 | A |
| 6045900 | Haffner et al. | Apr 2000 | A |
| 6155265 | Hammerslag | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6156818 | Corzani et al. | Dec 2000 | A |
| 6177482 | Cinelli et al. | Jan 2001 | B1 |
| 6187989 | Corzani et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6191189 | Cinelli et al. | Feb 2001 | B1 |
| 6211263 | Cinelli et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6213993 | Zacharias et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6255552 | Cummings et al. | Jul 2001 | B1 |
| 6316524 | Corzani et al. | Nov 2001 | B1 |
| 6336935 | Davis et al. | Jan 2002 | B1 |
| 6362389 | MDowall et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6365645 | Cinelli et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6369126 | Cinelli et al. | Apr 2002 | B1 |
| 6383630 | Jauchen | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6386203 | Hammerslag | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6479724 | Areskoug et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6491953 | Sojka et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6495229 | Carte et al. | Dec 2002 | B1 |
| 6565961 | Koslow | May 2003 | B2 |
| 6566575 | Stickels et al. | May 2003 | B1 |
| 6582411 | Carstens et al. | Jun 2003 | B1 |
| 6613955 | Lindsay | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6616643 | Costa | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6617490 | Chen et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6620143 | Zacharias et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6632210 | Glasgow et al. | Oct 2003 | B1 |
| 6641569 | Coles et al. | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6657009 | Zhou | Dec 2003 | B2 |
| 6670402 | Lee et al. | Dec 2003 | B1 |
| 6683143 | Mumick et al. | Jan 2004 | B1 |
| 6733483 | Raufman et al. | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6756520 | Krzysik et al. | Jun 2004 | B1 |
| 6803420 | Cleary et al. | Oct 2004 | B2 |
| 6997915 | Gell et al. | Feb 2006 | B2 |
| 7033342 | Mizutani et al. | Apr 2006 | B2 |
| 7045559 | Yahiaoui et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7053131 | Ko et al. | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7063859 | Kanios et al. | Jun 2006 | B1 |
| 7122022 | Drevik | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7125401 | Yoshimasa | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7198689 | Van Gompel et al. | Apr 2007 | B2 |
| 7217259 | McDaniel | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7265158 | Risen, Jr. et al. | Sep 2007 | B2 |
| 7358282 | Krueger et al. | Apr 2008 | B2 |
| 7378450 | Erkey et al. | May 2008 | B2 |
| 7918837 | Rosenfeld | Apr 2011 | B2 |
| 20010039407 | Widlund | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20020013565 | Cinelli et al. | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020013566 | Chappell et al. | Jan 2002 | A1 |
| 20020037977 | Feldstein et al. | Mar 2002 | A1 |
| 20020193766 | Gell et al. | Dec 2002 | A1 |
| 20030004484 | Hammons et al. | Jan 2003 | A1 |
| 20030044380 | Zhu et al. | Mar 2003 | A1 |
| 20030065302 | Kuroda et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030065304 | Bernhard et al. | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030078554 | Drevik | Apr 2003 | A1 |
| 20030106825 | Molina et al. | Jun 2003 | A1 |
| 20030170308 | Cleary et al. | Sep 2003 | A1 |
| 20030203011 | Abuelyaman et al. | Oct 2003 | A1 |
| 20030208112 | Schmidt et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20030212416 | Cinelli et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20040005830 | Anderson et al. | Jan 2004 | A1 |
| 20040059310 | Gagliardi et al. | Mar 2004 | A1 |
| 20040115251 | Goldman et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040116883 | Krautkramer et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040122385 | Morman et al. | Jun 2004 | A1 |
| 20040133143 | Burton et al. | Jul 2004 | A1 |
| 20040151930 | Rouns et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040158221 | Mizutani | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040167488 | Bellucci et al. | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040167491 | Mizutani | Aug 2004 | A1 |
| 20040209075 | Maloney | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20050010185 | Mizutani | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050014901 | Osae et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050059918 | Sigurjonsson et al. | Mar 2005 | A1 |
| 20050124960 | Ruman | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050136023 | Yahiaoui et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050136077 | Yahiaoui et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050137549 | Lindsay et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050137561 | Mizutani et al. | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050148984 | Lindsay et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050182378 | Bonelli et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050226917 | Burton | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050233149 | Ansell | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20050261652 | Digiacomantonio et al. | Nov 2005 | A1 |
| 20060058760 | Rosenfeld et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060058764 | Bohlen et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060063322 | Hsu et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060129114 | Mason, Jr. et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060142722 | Koenig et al. | Jun 2006 | A1 |
| 20060148352 | Munro et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060148917 | Radwanski et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060161125 | Bohlen et al. | Jul 2006 | A1 |
| 20060188940 | Cima et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060195053 | Oelund et al. | Aug 2006 | A1 |
| 20060205835 | Husemann et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060206077 | Warren et al. | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060216523 | Takaki | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20060224133 | Gannon et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060224134 | Luizzi et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060240087 | Houze et al. | Oct 2006 | A1 |
| 20060258788 | Coggins et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20060264884 | Carstens | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| 20070031463 | Fotinos et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070100313 | Luizzi | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20070124850 | Buettner | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070250028 | Woltman et al. | Oct 2007 | A1 |
| 20070275068 | Martens et al. | Nov 2007 | A1 |
| 20070287973 | Cohen et al. | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080015535 | Gannon et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080057811 | Yahiaoui et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080071237 | Chen et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080147035 | Snell | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080161492 | Cleary et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080207779 | Yahiaoui et al. | Aug 2008 | A1 |
| 20080234647 | Arterburn | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20090062761 | Goereg-Wood et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090071862 | Snell | Mar 2009 | A2 |
| 20090118691 | Rosenfeld | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20100121304 | Zhou et al. | May 2010 | A1 |
| 20110092945 | Carstens | Apr 2011 | A1 |
| 20110135726 | Munro et al. | Jun 2011 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 69232589 | Dec 2002 | DE |
| 0353972 | Feb 1990 | EP |
| 0638303 | Nov 1997 | EP |
| 0850628 | Jul 1998 | EP |
| 909662 | Apr 1999 | EP |
| 0609236 | May 2002 | EP |
| 1407737 | Apr 2004 | EP |
| 1468661 | Oct 2004 | EP |
| 1407743 | Jan 2010 | EP |
| 2284767 | Jun 1995 | GB |
| 04279159 | Oct 1992 | JP |
| 9117473 | May 1997 | JP |
| 10-2001-0022000 | Mar 2001 | KR |
| 10-0563880 | Mar 2006 | KR |
| 2276998 | May 2006 | RU |
| 2277891 | Jun 2006 | RU |
| 2286801 | Nov 2006 | RU |
| 9307841 | Apr 1993 | WO |
| 9516424 | Jun 1995 | WO |
| 9827910 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| 9827912 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| 9827913 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| 9827915 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| 9827916 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| 9827917 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| 9827918 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| 9828015 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| 9828017 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| 9828019 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| 9828022 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| 9828023 | Jul 1998 | WO |
| 9847454 | Oct 1998 | WO |
| 9855065 | Dec 1998 | WO |
| 9857609 | Dec 1998 | WO |
| 9901094 | Jan 1999 | WO |
| 9901095 | Jan 1999 | WO |
| 9930659 | Jun 1999 | WO |
| 0000235 | Jan 2000 | WO |
| 0287642 | May 2002 | WO |
| 03062343 | Jul 2003 | WO |
| 2004093766 | Nov 2004 | WO |
| 2006028612 | Mar 2006 | WO |
| 2010077306 | Jul 2010 | WO |
| Entry |
|---|
| American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) Designation: D1300-53 T, “Tentative Specifications and Methods of Test for Laminated Terhmosetting Decorativ esheets,” pp. 148-166, issued 1953. |
| Australian Patent Examination Report for Patent Application No. 2008285169, dated Nov. 22, 2012; 4 pages. |
| Berner et al., Photo Initiators—An Overview, J. Radiation Curing (Apr. 1979), pp. 29. |
| Chinese First Office Action for Application No. 201080006001.7, dated Jan. 31, 2013; 12 pages. |
| Chinese Second Office Action for Application No. 200980138546.0, dated Sep. 13, 2013; 15 pages. |
| Final Rule for U.S. Antiperspirant Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use; Final Monograph, vol. 68, No. 110 Fed. Reg. 34273-34293 (Jun. 9, 2003). |
| International Search Report for PCT/IB2009/053073 dated Mar. 26, 2010; 13 pages. |
| International Search Report for PCT/IB2009/053074 dated Mar. 26, 2010; 11 pages. |
| International Search Report for PCT/IB2009/054647 mailed May 31, 2010; 12 pages. |
| International Search Report for PCT/IB2010/050407 dated Oct. 21, 2010; 10 pages. |
| International Search Report for PCT/IB2010/050408 dated Nov. 1, 2010; 10 pages. |
| Jillian Lloyd, Naomi Crouch, Catherine Minto, Lih-Mei Liao, Sarah Creighton, Female Genital Appearance: ‘Normality’ Unfolds, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, May 2005, vol. 112, pp. 643-646, Blackwell Publishing. |
| Mahdavi et al., A Biodegradable and Biocompatible Gecko-inspired Tissue Adhesive, PNAS, vol. 105: 7, pp. 2307-2312. |
| Matsumoto; “Characteristic polymerization behaviour of microgel-like poly(allyl methacrylate) microspheres”; Macromolecular Symposia; 2002; pp. 141-152; vol. 179; No. 1. |
| Non-Final Office Action regarding U.S. Appl. No. 12/267,806, dated May 28, 2013. |
| Supplemental European Search Report from EP Application No. 08789525.6 dated Sep. 21, 2012. |
| Translation of Russian Patent Examination Report for Patent Application No. 2011123315, dated Feb. 25, 2013; 3 pages. |
| Second Office Action from Russian Patent Application No. 2011136300, dated Jul. 10, 2014; 4 pages. |
| Non-final Office action issued for U.S. Appl. No. 12/267,806 (dated Oct. 3, 2014). |
| 21 C.F.R. 350.3 (2008). |
| 21 C.F.R. 350.10 (2008). |
| International Search Report for PCT/IB2010/050416 dated Nov. 1, 2010; 8 pages. |
| Non-Final Office Action received in U.S. Appl. No. 12/364,421 dated Sep. 6, 2011. |
| Office Action received in EP Application Serial No. 04750195.2, dated Jul. 6, 2010. |
| Product specification of Reemay® Spunbonded Polyester Nonwovens, Style# 2214, found at http://filters.kavonfilter.com/item/filter-paper/reemay-spunbonded-polyester-nonwovens/item-1117? (1 page). |
| Second Examination Result received in Columbian Patent Application No. 11-95035, dated Oct. 18, 2013. |
| Second Office Action from CN Application No. 200980138546.0, dated Sep. 13, 2013; 11 pages. |
| Supplemental European Search Report for Patent Application No. 09824477.5-1303, dated Jun. 7, 2013; 4 pages. |
| Spindler, et al., “Poly-Pore, a microparticle delivery system: this material offers sustained release, protects sensitive materials and provides multifunctional benefits in personal care formulations,” Household & Personal Products Industry, May 1, 2002. |
| Office action issued in Korean Patent Application No. 10-2011-7018003 (dated May 2016), 4 pages. |
| First Office Action from Russian Patent Application No. 2011136300, dated Jan. 31, 2014; 3 pages. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20140142530 A1 | May 2014 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12364406 | Feb 2009 | US |
| Child | 14163260 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12182937 | Jul 2008 | US |
| Child | 12364406 | US | |
| Parent | 11890093 | Aug 2007 | US |
| Child | 12182937 | US | |
| Parent | 12005793 | Dec 2007 | US |
| Child | 11890093 | US |
