Patent Grant
7901156
The present invention relates to a bollard, and more particularly to a bollard mechanism incorporated therein that transfers impact loads to an upper end of a resilient shaft where impact energy is most efficiently absorbed.
In supermarkets and retail stores, floor fixtures such as freezer and refrigerator cases, floor shelving, and product displays, are susceptible to damage due to collisions with shopping carts, floor scrubbers, pallet jacks, stock carts, and the like. For example, freezer and refrigerator cases typically include a glass or transparent plastic door for viewing the product without opening the door. The glass can be shattered, or the plastic scratched, upon impact with shopping carts, or the like. Since the body of many of these floor fixtures is constructed of lightweight aluminum or hardened plastic, it can be easily dented or cracked by such impacts. Likewise, in industrial locations, including warehouses and manufacturing facilities, product storage, doorways, equipment, and the like, are susceptible to damage due to collisions with heavy equipment, such as delivery vehicles, forklifts, and the like.
A bollard protects objects from collisions with things from shopping carts to delivery vehicles or automobiles. Bollards are commonly employed inside a store to block shopping cart access to certain areas and outside a store to protect outdoor structures from collisions, to indicate parking areas, to block vehicle and heavy equipment access to a particular area, and to direct a flow of traffic. Bollards can also be used to block vehicular access for security reasons.
In part due to the diverse applications for bollards, the market has thusfar derived two primary types of bollards, namely, plate-mounted bollards and core-drilled bollards. Plate-mounted bollards conventionally involve a steel plate having three or four bolt holes and a bollard extending perpendicularly from one face of the plate. The plate sits on the floor and bolts are used to fasten the plate, and therefore the bollard, to the floor through the bolt holes. There is no significant disruption to the ground or floor, other than the bolt holes, which are in some instances pre-drilled. On the other hand, core-drilled bollards conventionally require a major disruption to the ground or floor with the creation of a hole 2-4 feet deep and having a larger diameter than the bollard itself (e.g., 8 inches to 2 feet, or larger). Concrete is poured into the hole and the bollard is placed in the concrete and held vertically while the concrete cures. In some instances, concrete is also poured into the hollow bollard itself Installation of a core-drilled bollard is significantly more expensive than with a plate-mounted bollard, and takes significantly more time to complete. However, there are locations where the core-drilled bollard is required due to its ability to absorb larger impacts than the plate-mounted bollard.
The plate-mounted bollards conventionally are utilized in areas where impacts are more likely to be less severe, and involve lighter objects, or where no significant impacts are likely and the bollard serves more as a marker. For example, inside a grocery store in front of a freezer case any impact would likely be from a shopping cart or floor polisher. Such an impact would be considered to be low-energy, or relatively minor. Accordingly, a plate-mounted bollard would be appropriate for this type of installation. Contrarily, in a warehouse with heavy equipment, such as delivery vehicles and forklifts, impacts are more likely to be more severe, or high-energy. A vehicle backing up may accidentally collide with a bollard. Accordingly, a core-drilled bollard would be more appropriate in these types of settings.
There are a substantial number of installations where a conventional plate-mounted bollard does not provide quite enough impact protection; however, a core-drilled bollard is significantly over-sized for the application. Yet, a core-drilled bollard is installed because the conventional plate-mounted bollard falls short of providing the required protection. Likewise, there are installations where a core-drilled bollard is necessary to provide protection against likely impacts, yet a plate-mounted bollard is installed because they are less expensive or there are logistical problems with drilling 4 foot deep holes for the core-drilled bollard installation. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are other factors that may influence the selection of a plate-mounted bollard or a core-drilled bollard.
The ability of the conventional plate-mounted bollard to absorb impact energy is, to date, limited by the strength of the three or four bolts holding the plate and bollard in the ground. When a plate-mounted bollard experiences a collision with an object, the impact is absorbed primarily at the intersection between the bollard and the plate to which it is mounted.
Looking at
Even with bollards that include some form of spring mechanism internally, if the bollard is mounted to the plate, the impact force (F1) is typically received at the intersection thereof without much absorption of the impact force anywhere else in the bollard structure. If, alternatively, the intersection between the base plate and the bollard is hinged or pivoted and has a spring holding the bollard upward, then such a structure is unable to withstand substantial impact forces without pivoting over on its side, resulting in excessive lateral movement at the upper end of the bollard (if the top of the bollard moves a lot on impact, it may collide with the nearby structure it is supposed to be protecting). Accordingly, in conventional plate-mounted bollards, the force immediately generates a lever scenario where the impact force that results is a greater impact force than can be absorbed by the bolts, the bolts may pull out of the floor, or altogether fracture, or the floor may buckle attempting to withstand the impact.
A core-drilled and cemented bollard withstands such impacts as described above because a greater length of sub-floor bollard and a substantial area of concrete hold the base of the bollard in place. When the ability to absorb a larger impact is required, the convention is to utilize a core-drilled bollard.
Example ranges of impact forces that are typically managed by conventional plate-mounted bollards include ranges of up to about 4000 lbs with maximum lateral movement at the top of the bollard of about 3 inches due to the limitations described above. Example ranges of impact forces that are generally managed by conventional core-drilled bollards include ranges of up to about 16,000 lbs, with no substantial lateral movement of the top of the bollard at impact, or with movement of less than about 1 inch. As can be seen, the core-drilled bollards can manage substantially greater impact forces, but they require significantly more expensive and time intensive installations.
There is a need for a bollard incorporating a mechanism that can absorb larger impacts than conventional plate-mounted bollards, with lateral movement at the top of the bollard within acceptable ranges, but that does not require the major disruption, time, and expense of the core-drilled bollard, that does not transfer all of the impact forces to plate intersections and mounting fasteners. The present invention is directed toward further solutions to address this need, in addition to having other desirable characteristics.
These and other characteristics of the present invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following detailed description in conjunction with the attached drawings, in which:
An illustrative embodiment of the present invention relates to a plate-mounted bollard having an internal impact absorption mechanism that enables the bollard to absorb impact forces greater than conventional plate-mounted bollards. The bollard makes use of a force transfer process that shifts impact forces to areas better able to resiliently absorb the impact forces without causing damage to the bollard, the impact absorption mechanism, or the ground in which the bollard is installed. Specifically, an internal resilient core rod is mounted to a base plate, but primarily receives impact forces at an upper and distal end of the rod from the typical area of impact. With energy from the impact force being distributed along the maximum length of the resilient core rod, the rod elastically flexes and the full length of the rod is utilized to absorb the impact force and flex. As a result, reduced forces are experienced where the rod intersects with the base plate, and the bolts or other fasteners mounting the base plate to the ground also experience reduced forces compared with conventional plate-mounted bollards. With the plate-mounted bollard of the present invention, impact forces of up to about 10,000 lbs can be absorbed with less than about 3 inches of lateral movement of the top of the bollard. This represents substantially improved performance over conventional plate-mounted bollards.
Turning now to a description of one example embodiment of the present invention,
The base plate 24 has a top surface 26, a bottom surface 28, and a plurality of sides or edges 30 (see also
The base plate 24 can be formed of a number of different materials, including metal, plastic, composite, and the like, so long as it is able to withstand forces resulting during impact of the bollard 20, and depending in part on the purpose of the particular bollard installation. In the example embodiment, the base plate 24 is formed of A36 steel in plate form 1 inch thick and 6 inches in diameter. Again, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the present invention is not limited to this particular illustrative embodiment.
The resilient core rod 22 has a proximal end 32 where it meets with the base plate 24, and a distal end 34 opposite the proximal end. The resilient core rod 22 is formed of a material that enables the core rod 22 to elastically flex when a lateral force is applied thereto and return to its original position when the force is removed. For example, the core rod 22 can be formed of a stainless steel having a 180 ksi yield strength and a 25-35 Mpsi modulus. The core rod 22 can have a circular cross-section with a diameter of about 1.25 inches. The core rod 22 can have a length of about 36 inches. It should be noted that these material properties and core rod dimensions are merely illustrative of an example implementation of a core rod 22 in accordance with the present invention. The bollard 20 of the present invention is by no means limited to having a core rod 22 having the above properties and dimensions. The properties and dimensions of the core rod 22 can be modified as needed for a particular bollard installation as would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Some of the parameters that will dictate the properties, shape, and dimensions of the core rod 22 include range of impact forces the core rod 22 will be required to withstand, height or other size restrictions due to a particular installation requirement, amount of lateral movement of the top and/or middle of the core rod 22 upon experiencing the maximum design impact load, and the like.
The resilient core rod 22 extends substantially perpendicularly relative to the top surface 26 of the base plate 24 in accordance with one example embodiment. There may be instances where an angled relationship is required between the resilient core rod 22 and the base plate 24, which can be accommodated.
A load ring 36 is disposed at or near the distal end 34 of the resilient core rod 22. The load ring 36 can be coupled with the resilient core rod 22 using a number of different possible conventional fastening means, including a threaded connection or a bolt passing through the load ring 36 into the distal end 34 of the resilient core rod 22, in addition to other possible coupling means and mechanisms. As depicted, a bolt and washer fastening mechanism 38 coupled with a threaded hole (not shown) in the distal end 34 of the resilient core rod 22 hold the load ring 36 to the distal end 34 of the resilient core rod 22. The load ring 36 has a total outer perimeter, or equivalent total outer diameter, which is greater than that of the core rod 22. This larger dimension relative to the resilient core rod 22 is instrumental in implementation of the present invention as discussed later herein.
The load ring 36 can be formed of a number of different materials, including metal, plastic, composite, wood, natural materials, synthetic materials, and the like. In the example embodiment illustrated, the load ring 36 is formed of a hard plastic, such as a nylon or polypropylene.
A hollow impact shell 40 is disposed to surround the resilient core rod 22 and the load ring 36. Alternatively, the load ring 36 may be integrated into the hollow impact shell 40, as depicted in a later-described embodiment. The hollow impact shell 40 has an interior surface 42 and an exterior surface 44. The hollow impact shell 40 has an internal perimeter, or equivalent total internal or inner diameter, that is greater than the outer perimeter, or equivalent total outer diameter, of the resilient core rod 22. This difference in dimensions creates a gap 46 between the hollow impact shell 40 and the resilient core rod 22. The gap 46 can vary in size, but should be sufficient to prevent the interior surface 42 of the hollow impact shell 40 from making substantial contact with the resilient core rod 22 during a maximum design impact load condition.
The hollow impact shell 40 can be a number of different shapes and sizes. The hollow impact shell 40 may be formed using a rigid material, so that maximum design impact loads do not substantially damage the hollow impact shell 40. For example, in an illustrative embodiment of the present invention, the hollow impact shell 40 is formed of a Schedule 40 pipe, 6 inches in diameter, and 36 inches tall or long.
The hollow impact shell 40 does not need to be formed of a rigid material, but can instead be formed of a material that can withstand the maximum design impact forces for the bollard 20 with no permanent deformation. For example, the hollow impact shell 40 may alternatively be made from an elastically deformable material, such as plastic. In one example embodiment, the hollow impact shell 40 is made from high density polyethylene or high density polypropylene having a thickness of about ⅜″. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that these are examples only, and that other types of materials and thicknesses may be selected depending on the desired characteristics of the bollard 20.
With such a construction, the bollard 20 may elastically deform on impact, thereby absorbing some of the impact force. Upon the hollow impact shell 40 receiving an impact force, the impact shell deforms in order to absorb energy from the impact force. Because the impact shell 40 elastically deforms, the impact shell 40 may absorb some of the energy of the impact. Simultaneously, energy is likewise transferred to the load ring 36, which is further transferred to the resilient core rod 22, as described herein.
Further alternatively, the hollow impact shell can experience permanent deformation upon receiving a maximum design impact force, and then be replaceable with a new hollow impact shell 40, if for some reason the particular installation environment calls for such a design.
In some embodiments, the hollow impact shell 40 is not fastened with the base plate 24, the load ring 36, or the resilient core rod 22. In fact, the hollow impact shell 40 is able to move in a longitudinal direction parallel to a central axis along a length of the resilient core rod 22 and away from the base plate 24. This ability to move relative to the base plate 24, the load ring 36, and the resilient core rod 22, enables the hollow impact shell 40 to transfer any impact force it experiences directly to the load ring 36 at the distal end 34 of the resilient core rod 22, and not directly to the resilient core rod 22 at the height or area of impact on the hollow impact shell 40. Said differently, when the hollow impact shell 40 receives an impact force (e.g., from an object colliding with the bollard 20) there is an initial lateral force applied to the edge 30 of the base plate 24, but a majority of the impact force is transferred from the hollow impact shell 40 to the load ring 36 at the distal end 34 of the resilient core rod 22. Because the resilient core rod 22 is affixed in place at its proximal end 32, the most efficient location along the resilient core rod 22 for absorbing impact force energy is at the maximum distance along its length away from the proximal end 32; this location is its distal end 34. The load ring 36 is positioned at the distal end 34 for this reason. The interior surface 42 of the hollow impact shell 40 is in contact with the load ring 36 and transfers the energy of the impact force to the load ring 36. The load ring 36 in turn transfers the energy of the impact force to the distal end 34 of the resilient core rod 22. As the resilient core rod 22 absorbs the impact force, it flexes, and the hollow impact shell slides upward along the load ring 36 and generally in a direction parallel to the longitudinal central axis of the core rod 22.
Alternatively, the hollow impact shell 40 may include an integrated load ring, as described above, while still not fastened to the base plate 24. In this embodiment, the integrated load ring may be slidably coupled to the resilient core rod 22, allowing the integrated load ring to slide up and down the resilient core rod 22. For example, slidably coupling the integrated load ring to the resilient core rod 22 may be achieved by including a hole 62 in the integrated load ring through which the resilient core rod passes. One having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are a number of ways to slidably couple the integrated load ring to the resilient core rod, any of which are contemplated by the present invention. Such an embodiment is discussed below in relation to
The hollow impact shell 40 is self seating over or on the base plate 24. Looking at
It should additionally be noted that although the hollow impact shell 40 is not fastened or mounted to the base plate 24, the present invention is intended to encompass equivalent structures where the hollow impact shell 40 may be removably fastened to the base plate in a manner that still enables the hollow impact shell (or equivalent structure) to raise up and off the base plate 24 upon receiving an impact force of sufficient energy.
In operation, as shown in
Upon receiving an impact force (F1) at the hollow impact shell 40, the energy from the impact force (F1) is transferred to the load ring 36 and some initial momentum energy is transferred to the edge 30 of the base plate 24. The hollow impact shell 40 moves upward in the direction of arrow M, which is generally in a direction parallel to the central longitudinal axis of the resilient core rod 22. As the hollow impact shell 40 moves upward, some of the impact energy from the impact force (F1) is absorbed in that movement. In addition, the interior surface 42 of the hollow impact shell 40 slides along the load ring 36 and through contact with the load ring 36 transfers more of the impact energy from the impact force (F1) to the load ring 36. The load ring 36, being coupled with the distal end 34 of the resilient core rod 22, immediately transfers the energy from the impact force (F1) to the distal end 34 of the resilient core rod 22.
The distal end of the resilient core rod 22 is the most efficient portion of the resilient core rod 22 to receive the impact force (F1) in terms of its ability to absorb that energy because it is held in place at its proximal end 32 at the base plate 24. As the distal end 34 receives the energy from the impact force (F1) it flexes the resilient core rod 22. As long as the impact force (F1) is no greater than a maximum design load, the resilient core rod 22 will not flex at its distal end 34 in the lateral direction (D) more than a desired amount. For example, a bollard 20 having a resilient core rod 22 of stainless steel 36 inches tall with a diameter 1.25 inches within a hollow impact shell 40 of Schedule 40 pipe 6 inches in diameter receiving an impact force (F1) of up to about 10,000 lbs will result in lateral movement of the distal end 34 of less than 3 inches.
As the resilient core rod 22 flexes, the existence of the gap 46 prevents the hollow impact shell 40 from actually making contact with the resilient core rod 22. This prevents the hollow impact shell 40 from directly transferring the impact load (F1) to the middle or lower portions of the resilient core rod 22 and causing added stress on the intersection of the core rod 22 with the base plate 24, or on the base plate 24 and its fasteners or bolts 52.
Once the impact load (F1) is removed from the bollard 20, the hollow impact shell 40 falls back down on to, or over, the base plate 24, self-seating the hollow impact shell 40 in place.
The installation of the bollard 20 of the present invention can be implemented a number of different ways depending on the particular requirements of the resultant installed bollard. One example installation method involves either beginning with a concrete floor, or creating a pad or section of concrete in a floor or ground surface that has the approximate dimensions of being about 1 foot in diameter and 18 inches deep. The base plate 24 and resilient core rod 22 are then mounted to the concrete surface using concrete anchor bolts. The load ring 36 is installed at the distal end 34 of the core rod 22. The hollow impact shell 40 is then placed over the resilient core rod 22 and the base plate 24. Installation is then complete. If desired, an additional ornamental cover (not shown) as is known in the art could be placed over the hollow impact shell 40 to improve the ornamental look of the bollard 20.
In one embodiment of the bollard depicted in
Upon the hollow impact shell 66 receiving an impact force, the impact shell 66 deforms in order to absorb energy from the impact force. The hollow impact shell also transfers energy from the impact force to the integrated load ring 68, which in turn transfers the impact force to the distal end of the resilient core rod 22, flexing the resilient core rod. With this configuration, the impact shell 66 does not directly transfer the impact force to the middle portion or the proximal end of the resilient core rod. Because the impact shell 66 elastically deforms, the impact shell 66 may absorb some of the energy of the impact. Simultaneously, energy is transferred to the integrated load ring 68, which is further transferred to the distal end of the resilient core rod 22, opposite the base plate 24. When the hollow impact shell 66 receives an impact force, the hollow impact shell 66 and the integrated load ring 68 together slide along the resilient core rod 22 due to the slidable coupling (hole 62) in the integrated load ring 68. This allows some of the energy of the impact to be absorbed in the movement along the resilient core rod 22, as described above in relation to
With the structure depicted in
As previously indicated, the hollow impact shell 66 may constructed of a rigid material, but may include an integrated load ring 68. In such an embodiment, the integrated load ring 68 is slidably coupled to the resilient core rod 22, such as through the hole 62. Upon impact, the hollow impact shell 66 may move upward, as described above in relation to
Numerous modifications and alternative embodiments of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the foregoing description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the best mode for carrying out the present invention. Details of the structure may vary substantially without departing from the spirit of the present invention, and exclusive use of all modifications that come within the scope of the appended claims is reserved. It is intended that the present invention be limited only to the extent required by the appended claims and the applicable rules of law.
It is also to be understood that the following claims are to cover all generic and specific features of the invention described herein, and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween.
This application claims the benefit of the priority date of U.S. Provisional application 61/142,775, filed on, Jan. 6, 2009, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1402465 | Wood | Jan 1922 | A |
| 3591144 | Iving | Jul 1971 | A |
| 3693940 | Kendall et al. | Sep 1972 | A |
| 3980278 | Elias | Sep 1976 | A |
| 4290585 | Glaesener | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4806046 | Clark | Feb 1989 | A |
| 5090348 | Hugron | Feb 1992 | A |
| 5199814 | Clark et al. | Apr 1993 | A |
| 5299883 | Arth, Jr. | Apr 1994 | A |
| 5323583 | Venegas, Jr. | Jun 1994 | A |
| 5452965 | Hughes, Sr. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5597262 | Beavers et al. | Jan 1997 | A |
| 6209276 | Venegas, Jr. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6213452 | Pettit et al. | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6769833 | Dicke et al. | Aug 2004 | B2 |
| 7287930 | Yamasaki et al. | Oct 2007 | B2 |
| 20020056251 | Venegas, Jr. | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020150423 | Dicke et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20050196235 | Strick | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20070110515 | Appelman | May 2007 | A1 |
| 20080179579 | McGinness et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 08-232219 | Sep 1996 | JP |
| 20-0195894 | Sep 2000 | KR |
| 10-2004-008952 | Jan 2004 | KR |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20100172692 A1 | Jul 2010 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61142775 | Jan 2009 | US |
