Patent Grant
7419940
The present invention relates generally to lubricating compositions for internal combustion engines, which compositions are substantially free of phosphorus and zinc. More particularly the present invention relates to boron-containing, anti-wear additives for lubricating compositions.
Contemporary engine oils are formulations that include a base oil of lubricating viscosity and a variety of additives, or additive packages. The additives or additive packages are included in the formulation with the objective of improving the performance of the base oil in any number of important respects. For example, additives may be used for such purposes as reducing engine wear, improving detergency, inhibiting corrosion, stabilizing the oil against heat and oxidation and the like.
Contemporary engine oil technology uses zinc dialkyldithio-phosphates (ZDDP) for corrosion, oxidation and wear protection and metallic detergents for engine cleanliness. These additives are rich in sulfur, phosphorous and ash content and play a critical role in meeting severe engine performance requirements. Unfortunately, phosphorous tends to deactivate the catalysts typically employed for control of hydrocarbon emissions from the engine. Volatile sulfur is harmful to catalysts used to control NOx emissions; and zinc contributes to plugging engine exhaust particulate filters. Although sulfur emissions can be reduced by formulating lubricant compositions using low sulfur base oils as much as two thirds of the sulfur and almost all of the phosphorus present in engine oils is due to the use of ZDDP. Thus, there is a need for low sulfur engine oils that are substantially free of zinc and phosphorus and yet which do not adversely effect engine performance. Indeed there is a need for low ash, low sulfur engine oils that are substantially free of phosphorus and zinc. The present invention has among its objectives meeting these and other needs.
In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a lubricating composition substantially free of zinc and phosphorous, the composition comprising:
Another aspect of the invention is directed to a lubricating composition that is substantially metal and phosphorus free, which composition comprises:
These and other aspects of the invention will become apparent from the detailed description which follows.
The lubricating compositions of the present invention comprise a major amount of a base oil of lubricating viscosity, are substantially zinc and phosphorous free and contain not more than 300 ppm of boron in the form of a specific borated anti-wear additive.
The base oils of the present invention include natural and synthetic oils of lubricating viscosity and mixtures thereof. Natural oils include paraffinic, naphthenic, aromatic, and mixed paraffinic-naphthenic-aromatic oils. Synthetic oils include poly alpha olefins, polyinternal olefins, polyalkylene glycols, alkylated aromatics, cycloaliphatics, polybutenes, dialkyl carbonates, polyesters, Fischer-Tropsch derived oils (gas-to-liquids lubricants) and the like. Thus, the base oil may comprise Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV or Group V basestocks or blends of these basestocks. These basestocks are defined in the American Petroleum Institute publication “Engine Oil Licensing and Certification System”, Industry Services Department, 14th Edition, December 1966, Addendum 1, Dec. 1998.
The lubricating compositions of the invention include a minor amount of an anti-wear additive comprising borated 1,2 epoxy mixed polybutenes having an average carbon member in the range of C20 to about C120, and preferably C20 to C80. These terminally epoxidized polybutenes may be represented by formula I below:
where n represents the number of repeating butene moiety units.
The 1,2 epoxy mixed polybutenes are borated in the presence of a hydrocarbon solvent that is chemically inert to the reactants and azeotropic to water such as toluene, benzene, xylenes, nonane, and the like. The preferred boron compound is boric acid although boric oxide and alkyl borates may be used.
Optionally, the epoxides may be borated in the presence of an alcohol. Suitable alcohols include alkyl alcohols having from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms and preferably from 3 to 20 carbon atoms.
The molar ratio of boron compound to 1,2-epoxide mixed polybutenes, and even the optional alcohol can vary widely. Indeed an excess of any one of the reagents may be employed or equimolar quantities of the two or optionally three reagents may be used. The amount of boron in the resulting product, however, should be in the range of about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt % and preferably from about 0.5 wt % to about 5 wt %.
The reaction can be carried out at temperatures in the range of about 90° C. to about 260° C. and preferably from about 110° C. to about 200° C.
Also the reaction preferably is conducted at atmospheric pressure but when warranted elevated pressures may be employed.
The reaction time is not critical. Typically the reaction will be carried out over a period of from about 30 minutes to about 8 hours and more typically about 45 minutes to about 3.0 hours.
The amount of the borated epoxy anti-wear additive used in the lubricating compositions of the invention is a minor amount; however, the total amount of boron in the lubricating composition should be less than 300 ppm, preferably in the range of about 20 ppm to about 250 ppm boron and more preferably in the range of about 20 ppm to about 65 ppm.
As indicated, the lubricant composition of the invention are substantially free of zinc and phosphorous. In one embodiment of the invention the compositions are substantially metal and phosphorous free. Thus compositions of the present invention are devoid of ZDDP and may also be devoid of molybdenum anti-wear additives, metal detergents and the like.
The composition of the invention may include ashless additives typically employed in lubricant formulations such as ashless dispersants, antioxidants, detergents, pour point depressants, viscosity index improvers, and the like.
Suitable ashless dispersants include sulfur and phosphorous free succinimides, carboxylic acid amides, hydrocarbyl polyamines, hydrocarbyl succinate esters, and nitrogen containing methacrylate polymers. Preferably, the ashless dispersant in the composition will be in the range of about 0.5 to about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
Compositions of the invention also may include such ashless antioxidants as aminic and phenolic antioxidants. Suitable aminic antioxidants include alkylated diphenyl amines, alkylated phenylenediamines, and the like. Suitable phenols include alkyl hindered phenols such as 2,6-di-t-butyl phenol, 4,4′-methylene-bis-(2,6-di-t-butyl phenol) and 2,6-di-t-butyl-alpha-diethylamino-p-cresol. Such antioxidants may constitute from about 0.5 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the lubricant composition.
Among suitable viscosity index improvers mention is made of methacrylate polymers, butylene polymers, polymerized olefins and alkylated styrene polymers. These may be used in amounts ranging from about 0.5 wt % to about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the components.
Suitable pour point dispersants include methacrylate polymers and alkylated napthalene. There may be used in effect amounts ranging from about 0.1 wt % to about 2 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.
The invention will be further illustrated by the following examples.
Approximately 50 g mixed C24 1,2-epoxy polybutene, 5.5 boric acid and 150 ml toluene were charged to a four-necked flask equipped with Dean stark trap, condenser, thermometer, stirrer and nitrogen inlet. The contents were heated slowly to 90° C. and were held there for about 1 hour. The temperature was raised to about 111° C. and held there until there was no more water evolution. The mixture was hot-filtered and the solvent removed by evaporation, yielding a clear yellow fluid product. Boron was measured (ASTM D4172) to be 0.42%.
Approximately 50 g of a mixed C24 1,2-epoxy polybutene, 5.5 g boric acid, 30 ml n-butanol, and 60 ml toluene were charged to a four-necked flask equipped with Dean stark trap, condenser, thermometer, stirrer and nitrogen inlet. The contents were heated to 90° C. and held there for 2 hours. The mixture was then heated up to 110° C. for about 3 hours until no more water evolution was observed. The solvents were stripped and the product hot-filtered to yield a clear yellow fluid. Boron was measured (ASTM D4172) to be 0.51%.
Approximately 52.6 g of a mixed C64 1,2-epoxy polybutene, 2.2 g boric acid, 12 ml n-butanol, and 60 ml toluene were charged to a four-necked flask equipped with Dean stark trap, condenser, thermometer, stirrer and nitrogen inlet. The contents were heated to 90° C. and held there for 1 hour. The mixture was then heated up to 110° C. for about 10 hours until no more water evolution was observed. The solvents were striped to yield a clear yellow fluid. Boron was measured (ASTM D4172) to be 0.20%.
Evaluation of Products
The compounds of Examples 1 to 3 were evaluated for anti-wear performance using the Four-Ball test (ASTM D-4172-1) by blending the compounds in a fully formulated % phosphorous, commercial engine oil at a level to provide wt % of the additive in the oil. For comparative purposes the results were compared to the base oil above and in two instances, of the base oil with different levels of ZDDP (Reference 1 and Reference 2 respectively).
Compositional characteristics of the oil and the blends are given in Table 1 and the results of the anti-wear test is given in Table 2.
In Table 2, the K factor is a dimensionless number related to the wear volume. Smaller numbers are highly desirable.
The blends were also tested for friction modification properties (Table 3), anti-oxidancy (pressurized DSC, Table 4) and anti-corrosion (copper strip D130, Table 5) properties. Examples 1-3 improve friction reducing properties with respect to the formulated base oil. The frictional properties were measured via a High Frequency Reciprocating Righ (HFRR). The average friction values of each additive lie between Reference 1 and Reference 2 (Table 3, 0.12 and 0.06% P, respectively). Examples 1-3 also helped maintain good protective films, which are critical to engine lubricant performance (Table 3). No change in copper corrosion is observed for Examples 1-3 with respect to the base oil.
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Ser. No. 60/531,560 filed Dec. 19, 2003.
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| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 285 983 | Oct 1983 | DE |
| 0 067 002 | May 1982 | EP |
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| WO 03070863 | Aug 2003 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20050137096 A1 | Jun 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60531560 | Dec 2003 | US |
