Patent Application
20210317145
The present invention relates to α-amino boronic acid derivatives. These compounds are useful for inhibiting the activity of immunoproteasome (LMP7) and for the treatment and/or prevention of medical conditions affected by immunoproteasome activity such as inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, proliferative diseases and cancer. In particular, the compounds of the present invention are selective immunoproteasome inhibitors.
The proteasome is a high molecular weight, multisubunit protease which has been identified in every examined species from an archaebacterium to human. The enzyme has a native molecular weight of approximately 650,000 Da and, as revealed by electron microscopy, a distinctive cylinder-shaped morphology (Rivett, (1989) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 268:1-8; and Orlowski, (1990) Biochemistry 29:10289-10297). The proteasome subunits range in molecular weight from 20,000 to 35,000, and are homologous to one another but not to any other known protease.
The 20S proteasome is a 700 kDa cylindrical-shaped multicatalytic protease complex comprised of 28 subunits, classified as α- and β-type, that are arranged in 4 stacked heptameric rings. In yeast and other eukaryotes, 7 different α subunits form the outer rings and 7 different β subunits comprise the inner rings. The α subunits serve as binding sites for the 19S (PA700) and 1 IS (PR68) regulatory complexes, as well as a physical barrier for the inner proteolytic chamber formed by the two β subunit rings. Thus, in vivo, the proteasome is believed to exist as a 26S particle (“the 26S proteasome”). In vivo experiments have shown that inhibition of the 20S form of the proteasome can be readily correlated to inhibition of 26S proteasome.
Cleavage of amino-terminal prosequences of β subunits during particle formation expose amino-terminal threonine residues, which serve as the catalytic nucleophiles. The subunits responsible for catalytic activity in proteasome thus possess an amino terminal nucleophilic residue, and these subunits belong to the family of N-terminal nucleophile (Ntn) ATTY REF: 26500-0023WO1 hydrolases (where the nucleophilic N-terminal residue is, for example, Cys, Ser, Thr, and other nucleophilic moieties). This family includes, for example, penicillin G acylase (PGA), penicillin V acylase (PVA), glutamine PRPP amidotransferase (GAT), and bacterial glycosylasparaginase. In addition to the ubiquitously expressed β subunits, higher vertebrates also possess three interferon-γ-inducible β subunits (LMP7, LMP2 and MECLI), which replace their normal counterparts, 5, 01 and 02, respectively. When all three IFN-γ-inducible subunits are present, the proteasome is referred to as an “immunoproteasome”. Thus, eukaryotic cells can possess two forms of proteasomes in varying ratios.
Through the use of different peptide substrates, three major proteolytic activities have been defined for the eukaryote 20S proteasomes: chymotrypsin-like activity (CT-L), which cleaves after large hydrophobic residues; trypsin-like activity (T-L), which cleaves after basic residues; and peptidylglutamyl peptide hydrolyzing activity (PGPH), which cleaves after acidic residues. Two additional less characterized activities have also been ascribed to the proteasome: BrAAP activity, which cleaves after branched-chain amino acids; and SNAAP activity, which cleaves after small neutral amino acids. Although both forms of the proteasome possess all five enzymatic activities, differences in the extent of the activities between the forms have been described based on specific substrates. For both forms of the proteasome, the major proteasome proteolytic activities appear to be contributed by different catalytic sites within the 20S core.
In eukaryotes, protein degradation is predominately mediated through the ubiquitin pathway in which proteins targeted for destruction are ligated to the 76 amino acid polypeptide ubiquitin. Once targeted, ubiquitinated proteins then serve as substrates for the 26S proteasome, which cleaves proteins into short peptides through the action of its three major proteolytic activities. While having a general function in intracellular protein turnover, proteasome-mediated degradation also plays a key role in many processes such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I presentation, apoptosis and cell viability, antigen processing, NF-κB activation, and transduction of pro-inflammatory signals.
Proteasome activity is high in muscle wasting diseases that involve protein breakdown such as muscular dystrophy, cancer and AIDS. Evidence also suggests a possible role for the proteasome in the processing of antigens for the class I MHC molecules (Goldberg, et al. (1992) Nature 357:375-379).
Proteasomes are involved in neurodegenerative diseases and disorders such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), (J Biol Chem 2003, Allen S et al., Exp Neurol 2005, Puttaparthi k et al.), Sjogren Syndrome (Arthritis & Rheumatism, 2006, Egerer T et al.), systemic lupus erythematoses and lupus nephritis (SLE/LN), (Arthritis & rheuma 2011, Ichikawa et al., J Immunol, 2010, Lang V R et al., Nat Med, 2008, Neubert K et al), glomerulonephritis (J Am Soc nephrol 2011, Bontscho et al.), Rheumatoid Arthritis (Clin Exp Rheumatol, 2009, Van der Heiden J W et al.), Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis, crohn's diseases, (Gut 2010, Schmidt N et al., J Immunol 2010, Basler M et al., Clin Exp Immunol, 2009, Inoue S et al.), multiple sclerosis (Eur J Immunol 2008, Fissolo N et al., J Mol Med 2003, Elliott P J et al., J Neuroimmunol 2001, Hosseini et al., J Autoimmun 2000, Vanderlugt C L et al.), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), (Exp Neurol 2005, Puttaparthi k et al., J Biol Chem 2003, Allen S et al.), osteoarthritis (Pain 2011, Ahmed s et al., Biomed Mater Eng 2008, Etienne S et al.), Atherosclerosis (J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010, Feng B et al., Psoriasis (Genes & Immunity, 2007, Kramer U et al.), Myasthenia Gravis (J Immunol, 2011, Gomez A M et al.), Dermal fibrosis (Thorax 2011, Mutlu G M et al., Inflammation 2011, Koca S S et al., Faseb J 2006, Fineschi S et al.), renal fibrosis (Nephrology 2011 Sakairi T et al.), cardiac fibrosis (Biochem Pharmacol 2011, Ma y et al.,) Liver fibrosis (Am J Physiol gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006, Anan A et al.), Lung fibrosis (Faseb J 2006, Fineschi S et al et al.), Imunoglobuline A nephropathy (IGa nephropathy), (Kidney Int, 2009, Coppo R et al.), Vasculitis (J Am Soc nephrol 2011, Bontscho et al.), Transplant rejection (Nephrol Dial transplant 2011, Waiser J et al.), Hematological malignancies (Br J Haematol 2011, singh A V et al., Curr Cancer Drug Target 2011, Chen D et al.) and asthma.
Yet, it should be noted that commercially available proteasome inhibitors inhibit both the constitutive and immuno-forms of the proteasome. Even bortezomib, the FDA-approved proteasome inhibitor for the treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma patients, does not distinguish between the two forms (Altun et al, Cancer Res 65:7896, 2005). Furthermore, the use of Bortezomib is associated with a treatment-emergent, painful peripheral neuropathy (PN), this bortezomib-induced neurodegeneration in vitro occurs via a proteasome-independent mechanism and that bortezomib inhibits several nonproteasomal targets in vitro and in vivo (Clin. Cancer Res, 17(9), May 1, 2011).
In addition to conventional proteasome inhibitors, a novel approach may be to specifically target the hematological-specific immunoproteasome, thereby increasing overall effectiveness and reducing negative off-target effects. It has been shown that immunoproteasome-specific inhibitor, could display enhanced efficiency on cells from a hematologic origin (Curr Cancer Drug Targets, 11(3), March, 2011).
Thus there is a need to provide new proteasome inhibitors that are selective of one specific form of the proteasome. In particular there is a need to provide selective immunoproteasome inhibitors, which could be used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of e.g. SLE or other immune or autoimmune disorders in the context of rheumatoid arthritis. Selective immunoproteasome inhibitors are helpful in order to minimize unwanted side effects mediated by inhibition of the constitutive proteasome or other nonproteasomal targets.
WO 2013/092979 A1 describes boronic acid derivatives, which show selectivity towards the inhibition of the LMP7 activity. However, the extent of selectivity, which is achievable with the described types of compounds, is limited, particularly with respect to the split to the inhibitory activity of the constitutive proteasome.
Unspecific inhibitors of the proteasome and the immunoproteasome like Bortezomib and Carfilzomib have demonstrated their clinical value in the indication of multiple myeloma. Although this unspecific profile, hitting major components in the immunoproteasome as well as the constitutive proteasome, is regarded beneficial in terms of target inhibition and clinical effectiveness, this unspecific profile limits the clinical applicability of these agents by inducing pronounced side effects like thrombocytopenia, neutropenia as well as peripheral neuropathy. To a certain extent, this side effect profile could be attributed to the broad inhibition of the catalytic activity, especially the combined inhibition of the β5 subunits of the constitutive and the immoproteasome. The approach to come up with more selective inhibitors of the immunoproteasome (and especially the β5i subunit of the immunoproteasome), in order to reduce major side effects has been described e.g. in 2011 by Singh et al (Br. J. Hematology 152(2): 155-163) for PR-924, a 100 fold selective inhibitor of the LMP7subunit of the immunoproteasome. The authors demonstrated the presence of high expression levels of the immunoproteasome in multiple myeloma. The authors also described the effect of a selective inhibitor of the LMP7 subunit on the induction of cell death in MM cell lines as well as CD138+ MM primary patient cells without decreasing the viability of control PBMC's of healthy volunteers which can be regarded as a conceptual proof. Beside the concept of a reduced side effect profile for selective β5i inhibitors other group demonstrated the efficacy of selective β5i inhibition on the viability of Bortezomib resistant cell lines underlining the value and potential perspective for the application of selective LMP7 inhibitors for hematological malignancies (D. Niewerth et al./Biochemical Pharmacology 89 (2014) 43-51).
WO 2016/050356, WO 2016/050355, WO 2016/050359, and WO 2016/050358 describe compounds, which inhibit the activity of the immunoproteasome (LMP7) and provide a significant split to the inhibitory activity of the constitutive proteasome.
Surprisingly it was found that the amino boronic acid derivatives of the present invention provide a particularly high split to the inhibitory activity of the constitutive proteasome. In addition, they show good results in view of plasma-protein binding, CYP inhibition, PK profile and oral bioavailabiliy.
The present invention provides compounds of formula (I)
and prodrugs, solvates, tautomers, oligomers, adducts and stereoisomers thereof as well as the physiologically acceptable salts of each of the foregoing, including mixtures thereof in all ratios.
Compounds of the present invention are inhibitors of the immunoproteasome subunit LMP7. They show a particularly high selectivity on LMP7 over β5 (cP) and good properties in terms of solubility, plasma-protein binding, CYP inhibition, PK profile and oral bioavailabiliy.
It is known that boronic acid derivatives such as compounds of formula (I), wherein R1 and R2 denote H form oligomeres (Boronic Acids. Edited by Dennis G. Hall, Copyright © 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag, GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, ISBN 3-527-30991-8). Such oligomeres (in particular but not limited to dimers or trimers) of compounds of formula (I) are included within this invention. Known cyclic trimers of boronic acids have for example following structure:
It is also known that boronic acid derivatives such as compounds of formula (I), wherein R1 and R2 denote H form adducts by reaction with aliphatic or aromatic alcohols, diols, sugars, sugar alcohols, α-hydroxy acids or nucleophiles containing one, two or three N-/O-containing functional group (e.g. —NH2, —CONH2 or C═NH, —OH, —COOH) wherein in case that three functional groups are present, one of the three heteroatoms might form a coordinative bond (“Boronic Acids” Edited by Dennis G. Hall, 2nd Edition, Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag, GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, ISBN 978-3-527-32598-6; WO2013128419; WO2009154737). The adduct formation is particularly fast with preorganized diols. The present invention includes such adducts (in particular esters or heterocyclic derivatives) of boronic acid compounds of formula (I).
It is to be noted that the compounds of the present invention bear a stereogenic center at the carbon atom adjacent to the boronic acid residue; it has been denoted with an asterix (*) in formula (I)* below:
The compounds according to formula (I) thus exhibit two different configurations at this stereogenic center, i.e. the (R)-configuration and the (S)-configuration. Hence, the compounds of the present invention may be present either enantiopure or as a racemic (1:1) mixture of the two enantiomers of formula (R)-(I) and (S)-(I).
Compounds of formula (I) may also be present in a mixture in which one of the enantiomers (R)-(I) or (S)-(I) is present in an excess over the other one, e.g. 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10, 95:5 or the like. In a particular embodiment of the present invention the stereoisomer of formula (R)-(I) of the compound of formula (Ia) and the stereoisomer of formula (S)-(I) of the compound of formula (Ia) are present in a ratio of (R)-(I) to (S)-(I) of at least 90 parts of (R)-(I) to not more than 10 parts of (S)-(I), preferably of at least 95 (R)-(I) to not more than 5 (S)-(I), more preferably of at least 99 (R)-(I) to not more than 1 (S)-(I), even more preferably of at least 99.5 (R)-(I) to not more than 0.5 (S)-(I). In another particular embodiment of the present invention the stereoisomer of formula (S)-(I) of the compound of formula (Ia) and the stereoisomer of formula (R)-(I) of the compound of formula (Ia) are present in a ratio of (S)-(I) to (R)-(I) of at least 90 (S)-(I) to not more than 10 (R)-(I), preferably of at least 95 (S)-(I) to not more than 5 (R)-(I), more preferably of at least 99 (S)-(I) to not more than 1 (R)-(I), even more preferably of at least 99.5 (S)-(I) to not more than 0.5 (R)-(I).
Enriched or pure stereoisomers of formulas (R)-(I) and (S)-(I) can be obtained by usual methods known in the art and the specific methods described hereinafter. A particular method for obtaining them is preparative column chromatography, such as HPLC or SFC, using chiral column material.
Particular preferred embodiments of the present invention comprise compounds of formula (R)-(I), wherein the stereogenic center at the carbon atom adjacent to the boronic acid residue has an (R)-configuration:
The compounds according to formula (I) might also carry further stereogenic centers located at carbon atoms other than the carbon atom adjacent to the boronic acid residue. All of these stereogenic centers may occur in (R)- or (S)-configuration.
Above and below, in those cases, where a chemical structure with a stereogenic center is shown and no specific stereochemistry is indicated, the structure includes all possible stereoisomers as well as mixtures thereof.
The different stereoisomers of a given compound are useful for the analytical characterization of a specific sample (e.g. for quality control purposes) via NMR, HPLC, SFC or any other suitable analytical method. Thus, another aspect of the present invention relates to the use of stereoisomers of compounds according to formula (I) in analytical characterization methods.
In general, all residues of compounds described herein which occur more than once may be identical or different, i.e. are independent of one another. Above and below, the residues and parameters have the meanings indicated for formula (I), unless expressly indicated otherwise. Accordingly, the invention relates, in particular, to the compounds of formula (I) in which at least one of the said residues has one of the preferred meanings indicated below. Furthermore, all specific embodiments described below shall include derivatives, prodrugs, solvates, tautomers or stereoisomers thereof as well as the physiologically acceptable salts of each of the foregoing, including mixtures thereof in all ratios.
As described above, one CH2 group of the saturated carbo- or heterocycles of formula x2a), x2c) and x2d), which is not directly attached to T1, T2 or T3, may be replaced by C═O, O, S, SO, NCOAlk or SO. With other words, if a CH2 group of the saturated carbo- or heterocycles of formula x2a), x2c) and x2d) is replaced by C═O, O, S, SO, NCOAlk or SO, then T1, T2 or T3 and the replacement group (═O, O, S, SO, NCOAlk or SO) represent non-adjacent groups. Furthermore, the saturated carbo- or heterocycles of formula x2a), x2b), x2c) or x2d) can be unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted by Hal, CN, R3a, OR3a, COR3a, NHCOAlk and/or NR3aCOAlk. In case saturated carbo- or heterocycles of formula x2c) or x2d) are substituted, the one or more substituents can be attached to the saturated ring or the fused rings Cyc2 an Cyc3. This includes for example compounds were one substitutent is attached to the saturated ring and one substituent is attached to the fused ring Cyc2 or Cyc3. In case one of the fused rings Cyc2 or Cyc3 contains one or more CH2 groups these groups are understood to be part of the “cyclic CH2 groups” of saturated carbo- or heterocycle of formula x2c) or x2d), which may be replaced by C═O, O, S, SO, NCOAlk or SO. Thus, if one of the cyclic CH2 groups of saturated carbo- or heterocycle of formula x2c) or x2d) is replaced by C═O, O, S, SO, NCOAlk or SO these cyclic CH2 may be part of the saturated ring or the fused ring Cyc2 or Cyc3 (with the provisio however that, as described above, the CH2 group of the saturated carbo- or heterocycle, which might be replaced by C═O, O, S, SO, NCOAlk or SO, shall not be directly attached to T1, T2 or T3).
In embodiments were r denotes 0, LY is absent.
In the context of the present invention “C1-C6-alkyl” means an alkyl moiety having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms and being straight-chain or branched. The term “C3-C6-cycloalkyl” refers to saturated cyclic hydrocarbon groups having 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms.
The term “unsubstituted” means that the corresponding radical, group or moiety has no substituents other than H; the term “substituted”, which applies to one or more hydrogens that are either explicit or implicit from the structure, means that the corresponding radical, group or moiety has one or more substituents other than H. Where a radical has a plurality of substituents, i.e. at least two, and a selection of various substituents is specified, the substituents are selected independently of one another and do not need to be identical.
The term “carbocycle” means a ring system, wherein all ring members are carbon atoms.
The term “heterocycle” means a rings system, wherein some of the ring members are heteroatoms such as N, O, or S.
The group “NRR′”, is an amino group, wherein R and R′ are for example each independently from one another H or linear or branched C1-C6-alkyl residues (particularly methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl).
The group “SO” as e.g. included in the SOR3a, is group, wherein S and O are connected via a double bond (S═O).
The group “CO” as e.g. included in the COR3a, is group, wherein C and O are connected via a double bond (C═O).
The term “alkylene” refers to a divalent alkyl group. An “alkylene group” is a (poly)methylene group (—(CH2)x—).
As used herein, the term “unsaturated”, means that a moiety has one or more units of unsaturation. As used herein with reference to any rings, cyclic systems, cyclic moieties, and the like, the term “partially unsaturated” refers to a cyclic moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond. The term “partially unsaturated” is intended to encompass cyclic moieties having more the one double or triple bond.
In the context of the present invention notations like “O—CH3” and “OCH3” or “CH2CH2” and “—CH2—CH2—” have the same meaning and are used interchangeably.
As used herein, in structural formulas arrows or bonds with vertical dotted lines are used to indicate the point of attachment to an adjacent group. For example, the arrow in x2a) shows the point of attachment to the adjacent C═O group.
Particular important embodiments of the present invention include compounds of formula (I), wherein
Specific embodiments include compounds of formula (I), wherein
Further specific embodiments include compounds of formula (I), wherein:
In other important embodiments X is selected from the following groups:
Other specific embodiments comprise compounds according to formula (I), wherein
Very specific embodiments comprise compounds, of formula (I), wherein
Specific embodiments comprise compounds according to formula (I), wherein:
The residue according to formula (Fb7) bears a stereogenic center at the carbon atom next to LY; it has been denoted with an asterix (*) in formula (Fb7)* below:
The residues according to formula (Fb7) thus exhibit two different configurations at this stereogenic center, i.e. the (R)-configuration and the (S)-configuration. Hence, the compounds of the present invention may be present either enantiopure or as a racemic (1:1) mixture of the two enantiomers of formula (R)-(Fb7) and (S)-(Fb7).
Compounds of formula (I,) which include residues according to formula (Fb7), may also be present in a mixture, in which one of the enantiomers (R)-(Fb7) or (S)-(Fb7) is present in an excess over the other one, e.g. 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10, 95:5 or the like. In a particular embodiment of the present invention the stereoisomer of formula (R)-(Fb7) of the compound of formula (I) and the stereoisomer of formula (S)-(Fb7) of the compound of formula (I) are present in a ratio of (R)-(Fb7) to (S)-(Fb7) of at least 90 parts of (R)-(Fb7) to not more than 10 parts of (S)-(Fb7), preferably of at least 95 (R)-(Fb7) to not more than 5 (S)-(Fb7), more preferably of at least 99 (R)-(Fb7) to not more than 1 (S)-(Fb7), even more preferably of at least 99.5 (R)-(Fb7) to not more than 0.5 (S)-(Fb7). In another particular embodiment of the present invention the stereoisomer of formula (S)-(Fb7) of the compound of formula (Fb7) and the stereoisomer of formula (R)-(Fb7) of the compound of formula (I) are present in a ratio of (S)-(Fb7) to (R)-(Fb7) of at least 90 (S)-(Fb7) to not more than 10 (R)-(Fb7), preferably of at least 95 (S)-(Fb7) to not more than 5 (R)-(Fb7), more preferably of at least 99 (S)-(Fb7b) to not more than 1 (R)-(Fb7), even more preferably of at least 99.5 (S)-(Fb7) to not more than 0.5 (R)-(Fb7).
Particular preferred embodiments of the present invention comprise compounds of formula (I), wherein Cyc1 is a residue of formula (S)-(Fb7) (which has an (S)-configuration at the carbon attached to LY).
In such embodiments, the stereogenic center at the carbon atom in position 3 of the dihydrofuranyl residue (Fb7) shows preferably an (S)-configuration, i.e. the residue is an (optionally substituted) (3S)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-yl residue (S)-(Fb7)*:
Other particular embodiments comprise compounds according to formula (I), wherein:
In general, the residues included in the compounds according to formula (I) as described above may have following meaning:
LY denotes preferably —CH2— or —CH2—CH2— wherein 1 to 4 H atoms may be replaced by Hal and/or 1 H atom may be replaced by Hal, R3a and/or OR4a, and/or wherein 1 or 2 non-adjacent CH2 groups may be replaced by O, S, SO and/or SO2. Most preferably LY denotes —CH2— or —CH2—CH2—, wherein 1 to 4 H atom may be replaced by F or Cl and/or 1 or 2 H atoms may be replaced by OH, methy, ethyl, isopropyl, CF3, CF2CF3, OCH3, OCH2CH3, OCH2CH2OH and/or CH2OCH3 and/or wherein 1 CH2 group of LY may be replaced by O.
R1, R2 denote preferably each, independently from one another H or methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl or R1 and R2 form together a residue according to formula (CE) as described above. Most preferably R1, R2 denote H, methyl or ethyl and particular preferably R1 and R2 denote H.
In embodiments were R3a or R3b represent a linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl, they denote preferably each, independently from one another, linear or branched methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl, wherein 1 to 5 H atoms may be replaced by F, Cl, CN, OH and OAlk, wherein Alk is preferably methyl or ethyl. Most preferably R3a and R3b denote each, independently from one another, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl, wherein 1, 2 or 3 H atoms are replaced by F, Cl, OH, OCH3, OC2H5 or OCH(CH3)2.
Particular preferred substitutents of Y are selected from a group comprising, Cl, CN, CH3, C2H5, CF3, OCH3, OC2H5, COCF3, SCH3, SC2H5, CH2OCH3, N(CH3)2, CH2N(CH3)2 or N(C2H5)2.
Ar denotes preferably phenyl, which is unsubstituted or mono- or disubstituted by Hal, CN, R3a, OR3a, CONHR3a, NH2, NHR3a and/or N(R3a)2. Thus, Ar preferably denotes e.g. phenyl, o-, m- or p-tolyl, o-, m- or p-ethylphenyl, o-, m- or p-propylphenyl, o-, m- or p-isopropylphenyl, o-, m- or p-tert-butylphenyl, o-, m- or p-hydroxyphenyl, o-, m- or p-nitrophenyl, o-, m- or p-aminophenyl, o-, m- or p-(N-methylamino)phenyl, o-, m- or p-(N-methylaminocarbonyl)phenyl, o-, m- or p-acetamidophenyl, o-, m- or p-methoxyphenyl, o-, m- or p-ethoxy-phenyl, o-, m- or p-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenyl, o-, m- or p-(N-ethylamino)-phenyl, o-, m- or p-(N,N-diethylamino)phenyl, o-, m- or p-fluorophenyl, o-, m- or p-bromophenyl, o-, m- or p-chlorophenyl, o-, m- or p-cyanophenyl.
Het denotes preferably a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic 5- or 6-membered heterocycle having 1 to 4 N, O and/or S atoms, which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted by Hal, CN, R3a, OR3a, CONHR3a, NH2, NHR3a and/or N(R3a)2. Thus, Het may e.g. denote 2- or 3-furyl, 2- or 3-thienyl, 1-, 2- or 3-pyrrolyl, 1-, 2-, 4- or 5-imidazolyl, 1-, 3-, 4- or 5-pyrazolyl, 2-, 4- or 5-oxazolyl, 3-, 4- or 5-isoxazolyl, 2-, 4- or 5-thiazolyl, 3-, 4- or 5-isothiazolyl, 2-, 3- or 4-pyridyl, 2-, 4-, 5- or 6-pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, morpholinyl or piperazinyl.
Alk denotes preferably methy, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl, pentyl or hexyl, most preferably methy, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl, most preferably methy, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl.
Hal denotes preferably F, Cl or Br, most preferably F or Cl.
k denotes preferably 0 or 1.
n denotes preferably 0 or 1.
o denotes preferably 0 or 1.
p denotes preferably 0 or 1.
r denotes preferably 0, 1 or 2, more preferably 1 or 2 and most preferably 1.
q denotes preferably 1, 2, 3 or 4 and even more preferably 1 or 2.
Particular embodiments of the present invention comprise the compounds selected from the group consisting of:
The term solvates of the compounds is taken to mean adductions of inert solvent molecules onto the compounds which form owing to their mutual attractive force.
Solvates are, for example, mono- or dihydrates or alkoxides.
It is understood, that the invention also relates to the solvates of the salts.
The term pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives is taken to mean, for example, the salts of the compounds according to the invention and also so-called prodrug compounds.
As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “prodrug” means a derivative of a compound of formula (I) that can hydrolyze, oxidize, or otherwise react under biological conditions (in vitro or in vivo) to provide an active compound, particularly a compound of formula (I). Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, derivatives and metabolites of a compound of formula (I) that include biohydrolyzable moieties such as biohydrolyzable amides, biohydrolyzable esters, biohydrolyzable carbamates, biohydrolyzable carbonates, biohydrolyzable ureides, and biohydrolyzable phosphate analogues. In certain embodiments, prodrugs of compounds with carboxyl functional groups are the lower alkyl esters of the carboxylic acid. The carboxylate esters are conveniently formed by esterifying any of the carboxylic acid moieties present on the molecule. Prodrugs can typically be prepared using well-known methods, such as those described by Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery 6th ed. (Donald J. Abraham ed., 2001, Wiley) and Design and Application of Prodrugs (H. Bundgaard ed., 1985, Harwood Academic Publishers Gmfh).
The expression “effective amount” denotes the amount of a medicament or of a pharmaceutical active ingredient which causes in a tissue, system, animal or human a biological or medical response which is sought or desired, for example, by a researcher or physician.
In addition, the expression “therapeutically effective amount” denotes an amount which, compared with a corresponding subject who has not received this amount, has the following consequence: improved treatment, healing, prevention or elimination of a disease, syndrome, condition, complaint, disorder or side-effects or also the reduction in the advance of a disease, complaint or disorder.
The expression “therapeutically effective amount” also encompasses the amounts which are effective for increasing normal physiological function.
The invention also relates to the use of mixtures of the compounds of the formula (I), for example mixtures of two diastereomers, for example in the ratio 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:10, 1:100 or 1:1000.
“Tautomers” refers to isomeric forms of a compound that are in equilibrium with each other. The concentrations of the isomeric forms will depend on the environment the compound is found in and may be different depending upon, for example, whether the compound is a solid or is in an organic or aqueous solution.
The invention further comprises a process for the preparation of a compound of the formula (I) as described above and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, tautomers and stereoisomers thereof, characterized in that a compound of formula (III)
wherein all residues of formula (III) and formula (IV) are as defined above and wherein the obtained compound of formula (Ib) may subsequently converted into a compound of formula (Ia), by treatment with HCl, HBr, HI and/or TFA, in the presence or absence of an excess of a small molecular weight boronic acid (such as but not limited to i-BuB(OH)2):
In the process described above the reaction between the compound of Formula (III) and the compound of Formula (IV) is preferably performed in the presence of a coupling agent selected from HATU, TBTU, polymer-supported 1-alkyl-2-chloropyridinium salt (polymer-supported Mukaiyama's reagent), 1-methyl-2-chloropyridinium iodide (Mukaiyama's reagent), a carbodiimide.
The following abbreviations refer to the abbreviations used below: AcOH (acetic acid), ACN (acetonitrile), BINAP (2,2′-bis(disphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene), dba (dibenzylidene acetone), tBu (tert-Butyl), tBuOK (potassium tert-butoxide), CDI (1,1′-Carbonyldiimidazole), DBU (1,8-dizabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene), DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide), DCM (dichloromethane), DIAD (diisobutylazodicarboxylate), DIC (diisopropilcarbodiimide), DIEA (di-isopropyl ethylamine), DMA (dimethyl acetamide), DMAP (4-dimethylaminopyridine), DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), DMF (N,N-dimethylformamide), EDC-HCl (1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride), EtOAc or EE (ethyl acetate), EtOH (ethanol), g (gram), cHex (cyclohexane), HATU (dimethylamino-([1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-3-yloxy)-methylene]-dimethyl-ammonium hexafluorophosphate), HOBt (N-hydroxybenzotriazole), HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), hr (hour), MHz (Megahertz), MeOH (methanol), min (minute), mL (milliliter), mmol (millimole), mM (millimolar), mp (melting point), MS (mass spectrometry), MW (microwave), NMM (N-methyl morpholine), NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), NBS (N-bromo succinimide), PBS (phosphate buffered saline), PMB (para-methoxybenzyl), PyBOP (benzotriazol-1-yl-oxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate), rt (room temperature), RT (retention time) TBAF (tetra-butylammonium fluoride), TBTU (N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)uronium tetrafluoroborate), T3P (propane phosphonic acid anhydride), TEA (triethyl amine), TFA (trifluoroacetic acid), THF (tetrahydrofuran), PetEther (petroleum ether), TBME (tert-butyl methyl ether), TLC (thin layer chromatography), TMS (trimethylsilyl), TMSI (trimethylsilyl iodide), UV (ultraviolet).
Generally, compounds of formula (I), wherein all residues are defined as above, can be obtained from a compound of formula (III) as outlined in following Scheme 1:
The first step consists in the reaction of a compound of formula (III), wherein X is defined as above, with a compound of formula (IV), wherein R1, R2, LY and Y are defined as above. The reaction is performed using conditions and methods well known to those skilled in the art for the preparation of amides from a carboxylic acid with standard coupling agents, such as but not limited to HATU, TBTU, polymer-supported 1-alkyl-2-chloropyridinium salt (polymer-supported Mukaiyama's reagent), 1-methyl-2-chloropyridinium iodide (Mukaiyama's reagent), a carbodiimide (such as DCC, DIC, EDC) and HOBt, PyBOP® and other such reagents well known to those skilled in the art, preferably TBTU, in the presence or absence of bases such as TEA, DIEA, NMM, polymer-supported morpholine, preferably DIEA, in a suitable solvent such as DCM, THF or DMF, at a temperature between −10° C. to 50° C., preferably at 0° C., for a few hours, e.g. one hour to 24 h. Instead of the free acid (Ill) also the lithium salts (Ill-Li) can be used for the above described coupling:
Alternatively, the compounds of formula (III) could be converted to carboxylic acid derivatives such as acyl halides or anhydrides, by methods well known to those skilled in the art, such as but not limited to treatment with SOCl2, POCl3, PCl5, (COCl)2, in the presence or absence of catalytic amounts of DMF, in the presence or absence of a suitable solvent such as toluene, DCM, THF, at a temperature rising from 20° C. to 100° C., preferably at 50° C., for a few hours, e.g. one hour to 24 h. Conversion of the carboxylic acid derivatives to compounds of formula (I), can be achieved using conditions and methods well known to those skilled in the art for the preparation of amides from a carboxylic acid derivative (e.g. acyl chloride) with alkyl amines, in the presence of bases such as TEA, DIEA, NMM in a suitable solvent such as DCM, THF or DMF, at a temperature rising from 20° C. to 100° C., preferably at 50° C., for a few hours, e.g. one hour to 24 h.
Compounds of formula (Ia), wherein X, LY and Y are defined as above and wherein R1 and R2 are H, can be prepared starting from compounds of formula (Ib), using methods well known to those skilled in the art for the hydrolysis of boronic esters, such as but not limited to treatment with HCl, HBr, HI, TFA, in the presence or absence of an excess of a small molecular weight boronic acid, such as but not limited to iBuB(OH)2 (Scheme 2).
Compounds of formula (III) or (IV) are either commercially available or can be prepared by methods well known to those skilled in the art.
In general, compounds of formula (IV) are for example accessible by the following scheme 3a:
The synthesis of compounds of formula (IV) is further described in WO 2016/050356, WO 2016/050355, WO 2016/050359, and WO 2016/050358.
Compounds of formula (III) or (Ill-Li) are either commercially available or can be prepared by known methods such as in particular by hydrolysis from the corresponding ether:
In case compounds of formula (III) contain a stereogenic center, both enantiomers are accessible from the racemic form by chiral separation.
Some specific compounds of formula (III), can be prepared be the following routes:
If the above set of general synthetic methods is not applicable to obtain compounds according to formula (I) and/or necessary intermediates for the synthesis of compounds of formula (I), suitable methods of preparation known by a person skilled in the art should be used.
In general, the synthesis pathways for any individual compounds of formula (I) will depend on the specific substitutents of each molecule and upon the ready availability of Intermediates necessary; again, such factors being appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. For all the protection and de-protection methods, see Philip J. Kocienski, in “Protecting Groups”, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York, 1994 and, Theodora W. Greene and Peter G. M. Wuts in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”, Wiley Interscience, 3rd Edition 1999.
Compounds of this invention can be isolated in association with solvent molecules by crystallization from evaporation of an appropriate solvent. The pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds of formula (I), which contain a basic center, may be prepared in a conventional manner. For example, a solution of the free base may be treated with a suitable acid, either neat or in a suitable solution, and the resulting salt isolated either by filtration or by evaporation under vacuum of the reaction solvent. Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts may be obtained in an analogous manner by treating a solution of compounds of formula (I), which contain an acid center, with a suitable base. Both types of salts may be formed or interconverted using ion-exchange resin techniques.
Depending on the conditions used, the reaction times are generally between a few minutes and 14 days, and the reaction temperature is between about −30° C. and 140° C., normally between −10° C. and 90° C., in particular between about 0° C. and about 70° C.
Compounds of the formula (I) can furthermore be obtained by liberating compounds of the formula (I) from one of their functional derivatives by treatment with a solvolysing or hydrogenolysing agent.
Preferred starting materials for the solvolysis or hydrogenolysis are those which conform to the formula (I), but contain corresponding protected amino and/or hydroxyl groups instead of one or more free amino and/or hydroxyl groups, preferably those which carry an amino-protecting group instead of an H atom bound to an N atom, in particular those which carry an R′—N group, in which R′ denotes an amino-protecting group, instead of an HN group, and/or those which carry a hydroxyl-protecting group instead of the H atom of a hydroxyl group, for example those which conform to the formula (I), but carry a —COOR″ group, in which R″ denotes a hydroxylprotecting group, instead of a —COOH group.
It is also possible for a plurality of—identical or different—protected amino and/or hydroxyl groups to be present in the molecule of the starting material. If the protecting groups present are different from one another, they can in many cases be cleaved off selectively.
The term “amino-protecting group” is known in general terms and relates to groups which are suitable for protecting (blocking) an amino group against chemical reactions, but which are easy to remove after the desired chemical reaction has been carried out elsewhere in the molecule. Typical of such groups are, in particular, unsubstituted or substituted acyl, aryl, aralkoxymethyl or aralkyl groups. Since the amino-protecting groups are removed after the desired reaction (or reaction sequence), their type and size are furthermore not crucial; however, preference is given to those having 1-20, in particular 1-8, carbon atoms. The term “acyl group” is to be understood in the broadest sense in connection with the present process. It includes acyl groups derived from aliphatic, araliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic carboxylic acids or sulfonic acids, and, in particular, alkoxy-carbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl and especially aralkoxycarbonyl groups. Examples of such acyl groups are alkanoyl, such as acetyl, propionyl and butyryl; aralkanoyl, such as phenylacetyl; aroyl, such as benzoyl and tolyl; aryloxyalkanoyl, such as POA; alkoxycarbonyl, such as methoxy-carbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, BOC (tert-butoxy-carbonyl) and 2-iodoethoxycarbonyl; aralkoxycarbonyl, such as CBZ (“carbo-benz-oxy”), 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl and FMOC; and aryl-sulfonyl, such as Mtr. Preferred amino-protecting groups are BOC and Mtr, furthermore CBZ, Fmoc, benzyl and acetyl.
The term “hydroxyl-protecting group” is likewise known in general terms and relates to groups which are suitable for protecting a hydroxyl group against chemical reactions, but are easy to remove after the desired chemical reaction has been carried out elsewhere in the molecule. Typical of such groups are the above-mentioned unsubstituted or substituted aryl, aralkyl or acyl groups, furthermore also alkyl groups. The nature and size of the hydroxyl-protecting groups are not crucial since they are removed again after the desired chemical reaction or reaction sequence; preference is given to groups having 1-20, in particular 1-10, carbon atoms. Examples of hydroxyl-protecting groups are, inter alia, benzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, p-nitro-benzoyl, p-toluenesulfonyl, tert-butyl and acetyl, where benzyl and tert-butyl are particularly preferred.
The term “solvates of the compounds” is taken to mean adductions of inert solvent molecules onto the compounds which form owing to their mutual attractive force. Solvates are, for example, mono- or dihydrates or alcoholates.
The compounds of the formula (I) are liberated from their functional derivatives—depending on the protecting group used—for example using strong acids, advantageously using TFA or perchloric acid, but also using other strong inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, strong organic carboxylic acids, such as trichloroacetic acid, or sulfonic acids, such as benzene- or p-toluenesulfonic acid. The presence of an additional inert solvent is possible, but is not always necessary. Suitable inert solvents are preferably organic, for example carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid, ethers, such as THF or dioxane, amides, such as DMF, halogenated hydrocarbons, such as DCM, furthermore also alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol or isopropanol, and water. Mixtures of the above-mentioned solvents are furthermore suitable. TFA is preferably used in excess without addition of a further solvent, and perchloric acid is preferably used in the form of a mixture of acetic acid and 70% perchloric acid in the ratio 9:1. The reaction temperatures for the cleavage are advantageously between about 0 and about 50° C., preferably between 15 and 30° C. (rt).
The BOC, OBut and Mtr groups can, for example, preferably be cleaved off using TFA in DCM or using approximately 3 to 5N HCl in dioxane at 15-30° C., and the FMOC group can be cleaved off using an approximately 5 to 50% solution of dimethylamine, diethylamine or piperidine in DMF at 15-30° C.
Protecting groups which can be removed hydrogenolytically (for example CBZ, benzyl or the liberation of the amidino group from the oxadiazole derivative thereof) can be cleaved off, for example, by treatment with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst (for example a noble-metal catalyst, such as palladium, advantageously on a support, such as carbon). Suitable solvents here are those indicated above, in particular, for example, alcohols, such as methanol or ethanol, or amides, such as DMF. The hydrogenolysis is generally carried out at temperatures between about 0 and 100° C. and pressures between about 1 and 200 bar, preferably at 20-30° C. and 1-10 bar. Hydrogenolysis of the CBZ group succeeds well, for example, on 5 to 10% Pd/C in methanol or using ammonium formate (instead of hydrogen) on Pd/C in methanol/DMF at 20-30° C.
Examples of suitable inert solvents are hydrocarbons, such as hexane, petroleum ether, benzene, toluene or xylene; chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as trichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, tetrachloromethane, tri-fluoro-methylbenzene, chloroform or DCM; alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, n-butanol or tert-butanol; ethers, such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofurane (THF) or dioxane; glycol ethers, such as ethylene glycol monomethyl or monoethyl ether or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme); ketones, such as acetone or butanone; amides, such as acetamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) or dimethyl-formamide (DMF); nitriles, such as acetonitrile; sulfoxides, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); carbon disulfide; carboxylic acids, such as formic acid or acetic acid; nitro compounds, such as nitromethane or nitrobenzene; esters, such as EtOAc, or mixtures of the said solvents.
Esters can be saponified, for example, using LiOH, NaOH or KOH in water, water/THF, water/THF/ethanol or water/dioxane, at temperatures between 0 and 100° C. Furthermore, ester can be hydrolysed, for example, using acetic acid, TFA or HCl.
Free amino groups can furthermore be acylated in a conventional manner using an acyl chloride or anhydride or alkylated using an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl halide or reacted with CH3—C(═NH)—OEt, advantageously in an inert solvent, such as DCM or THF and/or in the presence of a base, such as triethylamine or pyridine, at temperatures between −60° C. and +30° C.
Throughout the specification, the term leaving group preferably denotes Cl, Br, I or a reactively modified OH group, such as, for example, an activated ester, an imidazolide or alkylsulfonyloxy having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (preferably methylsulfonyloxy or trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy) or arylsulfonyloxy having 6 to 10 carbon atoms (preferably phenyl- or p tolylsulfonyloxy).
Radicals of this type for activation of the carboxyl group in typical acylation reactions are described in the literature (for example in the standard works, such as Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie [Methods of Organic Chemistry], Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart).
Activated esters are advantageously formed in situ, for example through addition of HOBt or N-hydroxysuccinimide.
Pharmaceutical Salts and Other Forms
The said compounds of the formula (I) can be used in their final non-salt form. On the other hand, the present invention also relates to the use of these compounds in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which can be derived from various organic and inorganic acids and bases by procedures known in the art. Pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms of the compounds of the formula (I) are for the most part prepared by conventional methods. If the compound of the formula (I) contains an acidic center, such as a carboxyl group, one of its suitable salts can be formed by reacting the compound with a suitable base to give the corresponding base-addition salt. Such bases are, for example, alkali metal hydroxides, including potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide; alkaline earth metal hydroxides, such as magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide; and various organic bases, such as piperidine, diethanolamine and N-methyl-glucamine (meglumine), benzathine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, benethamine, diethylamine, piperazine, lysine, L-arginine, ammonia, triethanolamine, betaine, ethanolamine, morpholine and tromethamine. In the case of certain compounds of the formula I, which contain a basic center, acid-addition salts can be formed by treating these compounds with pharmaceutically acceptable organic and inorganic acids, for example hydrogen halides, such as hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide, other mineral acids and corresponding salts thereof, such as sulfate, nitrate or phosphate and the like, and alkyl- and monoaryl-sulfonates, such as methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, toluenesulfonate and benzene-sulfonate, and other organic acids and corresponding salts thereof, such as carbonate, acetate, trifluoro-acetate, tartrate, maleate, succinate, citrate, benzoate, salicylate, ascorbate and the like. Accordingly, pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition salts of the compounds of the formula (I) include the following: acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzene-sulfonate (besylate), bisulfate, bisulfite, bromide, camphorate, camphor-sulfonate, caprate, caprylate, chloride, chlorobenzoate, citrate, cyclamate, cinnamate, digluconate, dihydrogen-phosphate, dinitrobenzoate, dodecyl-sulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, glycolate, fumarate, galacterate (from mucic acid), galacturonate, glucoheptanoate, gluco-nate, glutamate, glycerophosphate, hemi-succinate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hippurate, hydro-chloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethane-sulfonate, iodide, isethionate, isobutyrate, lactate, lactobionate, malate, maleate, malonate, mandelate, metaphosphate, methanesulfonate, methylbenzoate, mono-hydrogen-phosphate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oxalate, oleate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, phenylacetate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, phosphonate, phthalate, but this does not represent a restriction. Both types of salts may be formed or interconverted preferably using ion-exchange resin techniques.
Furthermore, the base salts of the compounds of the formula (I) include aluminium, ammonium, calcium, copper, iron (III), iron(II), lithium, magnesium, manganese(III), manganese(II), potassium, sodium and zink salts, but this is not intended to represent a restriction. Of the above-mentioned salts, preference is given to ammonium; the alkali metal salts sodium and potassium, and the alkaline earth metal salts calcium and magnesium. Salts of the compounds of the formula (I) which are derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, substituted amines, also including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, and basic ion exchanger resins, for example arginine, betaine, caffeine, chloroprocaine, choline, N,N′-dibenzyl-ethylenediamine (benzathine), dicyclohexylamine, diethanol-amine, diethyl-amine, 2-diethyl-amino-ethanol, 2-dimethyl-amino-ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethyl-piperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropyl-amine, lidocaine, lysine, meglumine (N-methyl-D-glucamine), morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethanol-amine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropyl-amine and tris(hydroxy-methyl)-methylamine (tromethamine), but this is not intended to represent a restriction.
Compounds of the formula (I) of the present invention which contain basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quaternised using agents such as (C1-C4)-alkyl halides, for example methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and tert-butyl chloride, bromide and iodide; di(C1-C4)alkyl sulfates, for example dimethyl, diethyl and diamyl sulfate; (C10-C18)alkyl halides, for example decyl, do-decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chloride, bromide and iodide; and aryl-(C1-C4)alkyl halides, for example benzyl chloride and phenethyl bromide. Both water- and oil-soluble compounds of the formula (I) can be prepared using such salts.
The above-mentioned pharmaceutical salts which are preferred include acetate, trifluoroacetate, besylate, citrate, fumarate, gluconate, hemisuccinate, hippurate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, isethionate, mandelate, me-glumine, nitrate, oleate, phosphonate, pivalate, sodium phosphate, stearate, sulfate, sulfosalicylate, tartrate, thiomalate, tosylate and tro-meth-amine, but this is not intended to represent a restriction.
The acid-addition salts of basic compounds of the formula (I) are prepared by bringing the free base form into contact with a sufficient amount of the desired acid, causing the formation of the salt in a conventional manner. The free base can be regenerated by bringing the salt form into contact with a base and isolating the free base in a conventional manner. The free base forms differ in a certain respect from the corresponding salt forms thereof with respect to certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents; for the purposes of the invention, however, the salts other-wise correspond to the respective free base forms thereof.
As mentioned, the pharmaceutically acceptable base-addition salts of the compounds of the formula (I) are formed with metals or amines, such as alkali metals and alkaline earth metals or organic amines. Preferred metals are sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. Preferred organic amines are N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanol-amine, ethylenediamine, N-methyl-D-glucamine and procaine.
The base-addition salts of acidic compounds of the formula (I) are prepared by bringing the free acid form into contact with a sufficient amount of the desired base, causing the formation of the salt in a conventional manner. The free acid can be regenerated by bringing the salt form into contact with an acid and isolating the free acid in a conventional manner. The free acid forms differ in a certain respect from the corresponding salt forms thereof with respect to certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents; for the purposes of the invention, however, the salts other-wise correspond to the respective free acid forms thereof.
If a compound of the formula (I) contains more than one group which is capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts of this type, the formula (I) also encompasses multiple salts. Typical multiple salt forms include, for example, bitartrate, diacetate, difumarate, dimeglumine, di-phosphate, disodium and trihydrochloride, but this is not intended to represent a restriction.
With regard to that stated above, it can be seen that the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” in the present connection is taken to mean an active ingredient which comprises a compound of the formula (I) in the form of one of its salts, in particular if this salt form imparts improved pharmacokinetic properties on the active ingredient compared with the free form of the active ingredient or any other salt form of the active ingredient used earlier. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt form of the active ingredient can also provide this active ingredient for the first time with a desired pharmacokinetic property which it did not have earlier and can even have a positive influence on the pharmacodynamics of this active ingredient with respect to its therapeutic efficacy in the body.
Owing to their molecular structure, the compounds of the formula (I) are chiral and can accordingly occur in various enantiomeric forms. They can therefore exist in racemic or in optically active form.
Since the pharmaceutical activity of the racemates or stereoisomers of the compounds according to the invention may differ, it may be desirable to use the enantiomers. In these cases, the end product or even the Intermediates can be separated into enantiomeric compounds by chemical or physical measures known to the person skilled in the art or even employed as such in the synthesis.
In the case of racemic amines, diastereomers are formed from the mixture by reaction with an optically active resolving agent. Examples of suitable resolving agents are optically active acids, such as the (R)- and (S)-forms of tartaric acid, diacetyltartaric acid, dibenzoyltartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid, lactic acid, suitable N-protected amino acids (for example N-benzoylproline or N-benzenesulfonylproline), or the various optically active camphorsulfonic acids. Also advantageous is chromatographic enantiomer resolution with the aid of an optically active resolving agent (for example dinitrobenzoylphenylglycine, cellulose triacetate or other derivatives of carbohydrates or chirally derivatised methacrylate polymers immobilised on silica gel). Suitable eluents for this purpose are aqueous or alcoholic solvent mixtures, such as, for example, hexane/isopropanol/acetonitrile, for example in the ratio 82:15:3.
Isotopes
There is furthermore intended that a compound of the formula (I) includes isotope-labelled forms thereof. An isotope-labelled form of a compound of the formula (I) is identical to this compound apart from the fact that one or more atoms of the compound have been replaced by an atom or atoms having an atomic mass or mass number which differs from the atomic mass or mass number of the atom which usually occurs naturally. Examples of isotopes which are readily commercially available and which can be incorporated into a compound of the formula (I) by well-known methods include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, fluorine and chlorine, for example 2H, 3H, 13C, 14C, 15N, 18O, 17O, 31P, 32P, 35S, 18F and 36Cl, Respectively. A Compound of the formula (I), a prodrug, thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of either which contains one or more of the above-mentioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms is intended to be part of the present invention. An isotope-labelled compound of the formula (I) can be used in a number of beneficial ways. For example, an isotope-labelled compound of the formula (I) into which, for example, a radioisotope, such as 3H or 14C, has been incorporated is suitable for medicament and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. These radioisotopes, i.e. tritium (3H) and carbon-14 (14C), are particularly preferred owing to simple preparation and excellent detectability. Incorporation of heavier isotopes, for example deuterium (2H), into a compound of the formula (I) has therapeutic advantages owing to the higher metabolic stability of this isotope-labelled compound. Higher metabolic stability translates directly into an increased in vivo half-life or lower dosages, which under most circumstances would represent a preferred embodiment of the present invention. An isotope-labelled compound of the formula (I) can usually be prepared by carrying out the procedures dis-closed in the synthesis schemes and the related description, in the example part and in the preparation part in the present text, replacing a non-isotope-labelled reactant by a readily available isotope-labelled reactant.
Deuterium (2H) can also be incorporated into a compound of the formula (I) for the purpose in order to manipulate the oxidative metabolism of the compound by way of the primary kinetic isotope effect. The primary kinetic isotope effect is a change of the rate for a chemical reaction that results from exchange of isotopic nuclei, which in turn is caused by the change in ground state energies necessary for covalent bond formation after this isotopic exchange. Exchange of a heavier isotope usually results in a lowering of the ground state energy for a chemical bond and thus cause a reduction in the rate in rate-limiting bond breakage. If the bond breakage occurs in or in the vicinity of a saddle-point region along the coordinate of a multi-product reaction, the product distribution ratios can be altered substantially. For explanation: if deuterium is bonded to a carbon atom at a non-exchangeable position, rate differences of kM/kD=2-7 are typical. If this rate difference is successfully applied to a compound of the formula (I) that is susceptible to oxidation, the profile of this compound in vivo can be drastically modified and result in improved pharmacokinetic properties.
When discovering and developing therapeutic agents, the person skilled in the art attempts to optimise pharmacokinetic parameters while retaining desirable in vitro properties. It is reasonable to assume that many compounds with poor pharmacokinetic profiles are susceptible to oxidative metabolism. In vitro liver microsomal assays currently available provide valuable information on the course of oxidative metabolism of this type, which in turn permits the rational design of deuterated compounds of the formula (I) with improved stability through resistance to such oxidative metabolism. Significant improvements in the pharmacokinetic profiles of compounds of the formula (I) are thereby obtained, and can be expressed quantitatively in terms of increases in the in vivo half-life (t½), concentration at maximum therapeutic effect (Cmax), area under the dose response curve (AUC), and F; and in terms of reduced clearance, dose and materials costs.
The following is intended to illustrate the above: a compound of the formula (I) which has multiple potential sites of attack for oxidative metabolism, for example benzylic hydrogen atoms and hydrogen atoms bonded to a nitrogen atom, is prepared as a series of analogues in which various combinations of hydrogen atoms are replaced by deuterium atoms, so that some, most or all of these hydrogen atoms have been replaced by deuterium atoms. Half-life determinations enable favourable and accurate determination of the extent of the extent to which the improvement in resistance to oxidative metabolism has improved. In this way, it is determined that the half-life of the parent compound can be extended by up to 100% as the result of deuterium-hydrogen exchange of this type.
Deuterium-hydrogen exchange in a compound of the formula (I) can also be used to achieve a favourable modification of the metabolite spectrum of the starting compound in order to diminish or eliminate undesired toxic metabolites. For example, if a toxic metabolite arises through oxidative carbon-hydrogen (C—H) bond cleavage, it can reasonably be assumed that the deuterated analogue will greatly diminish or eliminate production of the unwanted metabolite, even if the particular oxidation is not a rate-determining step. Further information on the state of the art with respect to deuterium-hydrogen exchange may be found, for example in Hanzlik et al., J. Org. Chem. 55, 3992-3997, 1990, Reider et al., J. Org. Chem. 52, 3326-3334, 1987, Foster, Adv. Drug Res. 14,1-40, 1985, Gillette et al, Biochemistry 33(10) 2927-2937, 1994, and Jarman et al. Carcinogenesis 16(4), 683-688, 1993.
The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical formulation (preferably for use in the treatment of an immunoregulatory abnormality or a cancer) comprising at least one compound of formula (I) (particularly a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I)), and/or a prodrug, solvate, tautomer, oligomer, adduct or stereoisomer thereof as well as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of each of the foregoing, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, as active ingredient, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
For the purpose of the present invention the term “pharmaceutical formulation” refers to a composition or product comprising one or more active ingredients, and one or more inert ingredients that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing at least one compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or vehicle.
The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention also encompass any composition that further comprises a second active ingredient and/or a prodrug or solvate thereof as well as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of each of the foregoing, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, wherein that second active ingredient is other than a compound of formula (I) wherein all residues are defined above.
The pharmaceutical formulations according to the present invention can be used as medicaments in human and veterinary medicine.
For the purpose of the present invention an immunoregulatory abnormality is preferably an autoimmune or chronic inflammatory disease selected from the group consisting of: systemic lupus erythematosis, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), atherosclerosis, scleroderma, autoimmune hepatitis, Sjogren Syndrome, lupus nephritis, glomerulonephritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriasis, Myasthenia Gravis, Imunoglobuline A nephropathy, Vasculitis, Transplant rejection, Myositis, Henoch-Schönlein Purpura and asthma; cancer is preferably a hematological malignancy or a solid tumor, wherein the hematological malignancy is preferably a disease selected from the group of malignant B- and T/NK-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma such as: multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, plasmocytoma, follicular lymphoma, immunocytoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and myeloid leukemia; and wherein the solid tumor is preferably a disease selected from the group of: inflammatory breast, liver and colon cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, prostate cancer, pancreas cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer, hepatocellular cancer and gastric cancer.
Pharmaceutical formulations can be administered in the form of dosage units, which comprise a predetermined amount of active ingredient per dosage unit. Such a unit can comprise, for example, 0.5 mg to 1 g, preferably 1 mg to 700 mg, particularly preferably 5 mg to 100 mg, of a compound according to the invention, depending on the disease condition treated, the method of administration and the age, weight and condition of the patient, or pharmaceutical formulations can be administered in the form of dosage units which comprise a predetermined amount of active ingredient per dosage unit. Preferred dosage unit formulations are those which comprise a daily dose or part-dose, as indicated above, or a corresponding fraction thereof of an active ingredient. Furthermore, pharmaceutical formulations of this type can be prepared using a process, which is generally known in the pharmaceutical art.
Pharmaceutical formulations can be adapted for administration via any desired suitable method, for example by oral (including buccal or sublingual), rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal, sublingual or transdermal), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or intradermal) methods. Such formulations can be prepared using all processes known in the pharmaceutical art by, for example, combining the active ingredient with the excipient(s) or adjuvant(s).
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for oral administration can be administered as separate units, such as, for example, capsules or tablets; powders or granules; solutions or suspensions in aqueous or non-aqueous liquids; edible foams or foam foods; or oil-in-water liquid emulsions or water-in-oil liquid emulsions.
Thus, for example, in the case of oral administration in the form of a tablet or capsule, the active-ingredient component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic and pharmaceutically acceptable inert excipient, such as, for example, ethanol, glycerol, water and the like. Powders are prepared by comminuting the compound to a suitable fine size and mixing it with a pharmaceutical excipient comminuted in a similar manner, such as, for example, an edible carbohydrate, such as, for example, starch or mannitol. A flavour, preservative, dispersant and dye may likewise be present.
Capsules are produced by preparing a powder mixture as described above and filling shaped gelatine shells therewith. Glidants and lubricants, such as, for example, highly disperse silicic acid, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate or polyethylene glycol in solid form, can be added to the powder mixture before the filling operation. A disintegrant or solubiliser, such as, for example, agar-agar, calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate, may likewise be added in order to improve the availability of the medicament after the capsule has been taken.
In addition, if desired or necessary, suitable binders, lubricants and disintegrants as well as dyes can likewise be incorporated into the mixture. Suitable binders include starch, gelatine, natural sugars, such as, for example, glucose or beta-lactose, sweeteners made from maize, natural and synthetic rubber, such as, for example, acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes, and the like. The lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like. The disintegrants include, without being restricted thereto, starch, methylcellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like. The tablets are formulated by, for example, preparing a powder mixture, granulating or dry-pressing the mixture, adding a lubricant and a disintegrant and pressing the entire mixture to give tablets. A powder mixture is prepared by mixing the compound comminuted in a suitable manner with a diluent or a base, as described above, and optionally with a binder, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, an alginate, gelatine or polyvinyl-pyrrolidone, a dissolution retardant, such as, for example, paraffin, an absorption accelerator, such as, for example, a quaternary salt, and/or an absorbant, such as, for example, bentonite, kaolin or dicalcium phosphate. The powder mixture can be granulated by wetting it with a binder, such as, for example, syrup, starch paste, acadia mucilage or solutions of cellulose or polymer materials and pressing it through a sieve. As an alternative to granulation, the powder mixture can be run through a tableting machine, giving lumps of non-uniform shape which are broken up to form granules. The granules can be lubricated by addition of stearic acid, a stearate salt, talc or mineral oil in order to prevent sticking to the tablet casting moulds. The lubricated mixture is then pressed to give tablets. The active ingredients can also be combined with a free-flowing inert excipient and then pressed directly to give tablets without carrying out the granulation or dry-pressing steps. A transparent or opaque protective layer consisting of a shellac sealing layer, a layer of sugar or polymer material and a gloss layer of wax may be present. Dyes can be added to these coatings in order to be able to differentiate between different dosage units.
Oral liquids, such as, for example, solution, syrups and elixirs, can be prepared in the form of dosage units so that a given quantity comprises a pre-specified amount of the compounds. Syrups can be prepared by dissolving the compounds in an aqueous solution with a suitable flavour, while elixirs are prepared using a non-toxic alcoholic vehicle. Suspensions can be formulated by dispersion of the compounds in a non-toxic vehicle. Solubilisers and emulsifiers, such as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols and polyoxyethylene sorbitol ethers, preservatives, flavour additives, such as, for example, peppermint oil or natural sweeteners or saccharin, or other artificial sweeteners and the like, can likewise be added.
The dosage unit formulations for oral administration can, if desired, be encapsulated in microcapsules. The formulation can also be prepared in such a way that the release is extended or retarded, such as, for example, by coating or embedding of particulate material in polymers, wax and the like.
The compounds of the formula (I) and salts, solvates and physiologically functional derivatives thereof and the other active ingredients can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as, for example, small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from various phospholipids, such as, for example, cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines.
The compounds of the formula (I) and the salts, solvates and physiologically functional derivatives thereof and the other active ingredients can also be delivered using monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compound molecules are coupled. The compounds can also be coupled to soluble polymers as targeted medicament carriers. Such polymers may encompass polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropyl-methacrylamidophenol, polyhydroxyethylaspartamido-phenol or polyethylene oxide polylysine, substituted by palmitoyl radicals. The compounds may furthermore be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers which are suitable for achieving controlled release of a medicament, for example polylactic acid, poly-epsilon-caprolactone, polyhydroxybutyric acid, poly-orthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydroxypyrans, polycyanoacrylates and crosslinked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for transdermal administration can be administered as independent plasters for extended, close contact with the epidermis of the recipient. Thus, for example, the active ingredient can be delivered from the plaster by iontophoresis, as described in general terms in Pharmaceutical Research, 3(6), 318 (1986).
Pharmaceutical compounds adapted for topical administration can be formulated as ointments, creams, suspensions, lotions, powders, solutions, pastes, gels, sprays, aerosols or oils.
For the treatment of the eye or other external tissue, for example mouth and skin, the formulations are preferably applied as topical ointment or cream. In the case of formulation to give an ointment, the active ingredient can be employed either with a paraffinic or a water-miscible cream base. Alternatively, the active ingredient can be formulated to give a cream with an oil-in-water cream base or a water-in-oil base.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for topical application to the eye include eye drops, in which the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, in particular an aqueous solvent.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for topical application in the mouth encompass lozenges, pastilles and mouthwashes.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for rectal administration can be administered in the form of suppositories or enemas.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for nasal administration in which the carrier substance is a solid comprise a coarse powder having a particle size, for example, in the range 20-500 microns, which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e. by rapid inhalation via the nasal passages from a container containing the powder held close to the nose. Suitable formulations for administration as nasal spray or nose drops with a liquid as carrier substance encompass active-ingredient solutions in water or oil.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for administration by inhalation encompass finely particulate dusts or mists, which can be generated by various types of pressurised dispensers with aerosols, nebulisers or insufflators.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for vaginal administration can be administered as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations.
Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions comprising antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostatics and solutes, by means of which the formulation is rendered isotonic with the blood of the recipient to be treated; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions, which may comprise suspension media and thickeners. The formulations can be administered in single-dose or multidose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and stored in freeze-dried (lyophilised) state, so that only the addition of the sterile carrier liquid, for example water for injection purposes, immediately before use is necessary.
Injection solutions and suspensions prepared in accordance with the recipe can be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets.
It goes without saying that, in addition to the above particularly mentioned constituents, the formulations may also comprise other agents usual in the art with respect to the particular type of formulation; thus, for example, formulations which are suitable for oral administration may comprise flavours.
The compositions/formulations according to the invention can be used as medicaments in human and veterinary medicine.
A therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the formula (I) and of the other active ingredient depends on a number of factors, including, for example, the age and weight of the animal, the precise disease condition which requires treatment, and its severity, the nature of the formulation and the method of administration, and is ultimately determined by the treating doctor or vet. However, an effective amount of a compound is generally in the range from 0.1 to 100 mg/kg of body weight of the recipient (mammal) per day and particularly typically in the range from 1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight per day. Thus, the actual amount per day for an adult mammal weighing 70 kg is usually between 70 and 700 mg, where this amount can be administered as an individual dose per day or usually in a series of part-doses (such as, for example, two, three, four, five or six) per day, so that the total daily dose is the same. An effective amount of a salt or solvate or of a physiologically functional derivative thereof can be determined as the fraction of the effective amount of the compound per se.
The invention further relates to a compound according to formula (I) or any specific embodiment described above and/or its prodrugs, solvates, tautomers, oligomers, adducts or stereoisomers thereof as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of each of the foregoing, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, for use in the prevention and/or treatment of medical conditions that are affected by inhibiting LMP7.
The invention relates to a compound according to formula (I) or any specific embodiment described above and/or a prodrug, solvate, tautomers, oligomers, adducts or stereoisomers thereof as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of each of the foregoing, including mixtures thereof in all ratios, for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis (prevention) of an immunoregulatory abnormality or cancer (including in particular hematological malignancy and solid tumors).
The present invention furthermore relates to a method of treating a subject suffering from an immunerogulatory abnormality or a cancer, comprising administering to said subject a compounds of formula (I) in an amount that is effective for treating said immunoregulatory abnormality or a cancer. The present invention preferably relates to a method of treating a subject suffering from an autoimmune or chronic inflammatory disease, a hematological malignancy or a solid tumor.
The disclosed compounds of the formula (I) can be administered and/or used in combination with other known therapeutic agents (active ingredients), including anticancer agents. As used herein, the term “anticancer agent” relates to any agent which is administered to a patient with cancer for the purposes of treating the cancer.
The anti-cancer treatment defined above may be applied as a monotherapy or may involve, in addition to the herein disclosed compounds of formula (I), conventional surgery or radiotherapy or medicinal therapy. Such medicinal therapy, e.g. a chemotherapy or a targeted therapy, may include one or more, but preferably one, of the following anti-tumor agents:
Alkylating Agents
such as altretamine, bendamustine, busulfan, carmustine, chlorambucil, chlormethine, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, ifosfamide, improsulfan, tosilate, lomustine, melphalan, mitobronitol, mitolactol, nimustine, ranimustine, temozolomide, thiotepa, treosulfan, mechloretamine, carboquone;
apaziquone, fotemustine, glufosfamide, palifosfamide, pipobroman, trofosfamide, uramustine, TH-3024, VAL-0834; 4no INN.
Platinum Compounds
such as carboplatin, cisplatin, eptaplatin, miriplatine hydrate, oxaliplatin, lobaplatin, nedaplatin, picoplatin, satraplatin;
DNA Altering Agents
such as amrubicin, bisantrene, decitabine, mitoxantrone, procarbazine, trabectedin, clofarabine;
amsacrine, brostallicin, pixantrone, laromustine1,3; 1Prop. INN (Proposed International Nonproprietary Name)3USAN (United States Adopted Name)
Toooisomerase Inhibitors
such as etoposide, irinotecan, razoxane, sobuzoxane, teniposide, topotecan;
amonafide, belotecan, elliptinium acetate, voreloxin;
Microtubule Modifiers
such as cabazitaxel, docetaxel, eribulin, ixabepilone, paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, vindesine, vinflunine;
fosbretabulin, tesetaxel;
Antimetabolites
such as asparaginase3, azacitidine, calcium levofolinate, capecitabine, cladribine, cytarabine, enocitabine, floxuridine, fludarabine, fluorouracil, gemcitabine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, nelarabine, pemetrexed, pralatrexate, azathioprine, thioguanine, carmofur; doxifluridine, elacytarabine, raltitrexed, sapacitabine, tegafur2,3, trimetrexate; 2Rec. INN (Recommended International Nonproprietary Names)
Anticancer Antibiotics
such as bleomycin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, levamisole, miltefosine, mitomycin C, romidepsin, streptozocin, valrubicin, zinostatin, zorubicin, daunurobicin, plicamycin; aclarubicin, peplomycin, pirarubicin;
Hormones/Antagonists
such as abarelix, abiraterone, bicalutamide, buserelin, calusterone, chlorotrianisene, degarelix, dexamethasone, estradiol, fluocortolone, fluoxymesterone, flutamide, fulvestrant, goserelin, histrelin, leuprorelin, megestrol, mitotane, nafarelin, nandrolone, nilutamide, octreotide, prednisolone, raloxifene, tamoxifen, thyrotropin alfa, toremifene, trilostane, triptorelin, diethylstilbestrol; acolbifene, danazol, deslorelin, epitiostanol, orteronel, enzalutamide1,3;
Aromatase Inhibitors
such as aminoglutethimide, anastrozole, exemestane, fadrozole, letrozole, testolactone;
formestane;
Small Molecule Kinase Inhibitors
such as crizotinib, dasatinib, erlotinib, imatinib, lapatinib, nilotinib, pazopanib, regorafenib, ruxolitinib, sorafenib, sunitinib, vandetanib, vemurafenib, bosutinib, gefitinib, axitinib;
afatinib, alisertib, dabrafenib, dacomitinib, dinaciclib, dovitinib, enzastaurn, nintedanib, lenvatinib, linifanib, linsitinib, masitinib, midostaurin, motesanib, neratinib, orantinib, perifosine, ponatinib, radotinib, rigosertib, tipifamib, tivantinib, tivozanib, trametinib, pimasertib, brvanib alaninate, cediranib, apatinib4, cabozantinib S-malate1,3, ibrutinib1,3, icotinib4, buparlisib2, cipatinib4, cobimetinib1,3, idelalisib1,3, fedratinib1, XL-6474;
Photosensitizers
such as methoxsalen3;
porfimer sodium, talaporfin, temoporfin;
Antibodies
such as alemtuzumab, besilesomab, brentuximab vedotin, cetuximab, denosumab, ipilimumab, ofatumumab, panitumumab, rituximab, tositumomab, trastuzumab, bevacizumab, pertuzumab2,3; catumaxomab, elotuzumab, epratuzumab, farletuzumab, mogamulizumab, necitumumab, nimotuzumab, obinutuzumab, ocaratuzumab, oregovomab, ramucirumab, rilotumumab, siltuximab, tocilizumab, zalutumumab, zanolimumab, matuzumab, dalotuzumab1,2,3, onartuzumab1,3, racotumomab1, tabalumab1,3, EMD-5257974, nivolumab1,3;
Cytokines
such as aldesleukin, interferon alfa2, interferon alfa2a3, interferon alfa2b2,3; celmoleukin, tasonermin, teceleukin, oprelvekin1,3, recombinant interferon beta-1a4;
Drug Conjugates
such as denileukin diftitox, ibritumomab tiuxetan, iobenguane I123, prednimustine, trastuzumab emtansine, estramustine, gemtuzumab, ozogamicin, aflibercept; cintredekin besudotox, edotreotide, inotuzumab ozogamicin, naptumomab estafenatox, oportuzumab monatox, technetium (99mTc) arcitumomab1,3, vintafolide1,3;
Vaccines
such as sipuleucel3; vitespen3, emepepimut-S3, oncoVAX4, rindopepimut3, troVax4, MGN-16014, MGN-17034;
Miscellaneous
alitretinoin, bexarotene, bortezomib, everolimus, ibandronic acid, imiquimod, lenalidomide, lentinan, metirosine, mifamurtide, pamidronic acid, pegaspargase, pentostatin, sipuleucel3, sizofiran, tamibarotene, temsirolimus, thalidomide, tretinoin, vismodegib, zoledronic acid, vorinostat; celecoxib, cilengitide, entinostat, etanidazole, ganetespib, idronoxil, iniparib, ixazomib, lonidamine, nimorazole, panobinostat, peretinoin, plitidepsin, pomalidomide, procodazol, ridaforolimus, tasquinimod, telotristat, thymalfasin, tirapazamine, tosedostat, trabedersen, ubenimex, valspodar, gendicine4, picibanil4, reolysin4, retaspimycin hydrochloride1,3, trebananib2,3, virulizin4, carfilzomib1,3, endostatin4, immucothel4, belinostat3, MGN-17034;
The invention furthermore relates to the use of compounds of formula (I), and related formulae in combination with at least one further medicament active ingredient, preferably medicaments used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis such as cladribine or another co-agent, such as interferon, e.g. pegylated or non-pegylated interferons, preferably interferon beta and/or with compounds improving vascular function or in combination with immunomodulating agents for example Fingolimod; cyclosporins, rapamycins or ascomycins, or their immunosuppressive analogs, e.g. cyclosporin A, cyclosporin G, FK-506, ABT-281, ASM981, rapamycin, 40-O-(2-hydroxy)ethyl-rapamycin etc.; corticosteroids; cyclophosphamide; azathioprene; methotrexate; leflunomide; mizoribine; mycophenolic add; mycophenolate mofetil; 15-deoxyspergualine; diflucortolone valerate; difluprednate; Alclometasone dipropionate; amcinonide; amsacrine; asparaginase; azathioprine; basiliximab; beclometasone dipropionate; betamethasone; betamethasone acetate; betamethasone dipropionate; betamethasone phosphate sodique; betamethasone valerate; budesonide; captopril; chlormethine chlorhydrate; cladribine; clobetasol propionate; cortisone acetate; cortivazol; cyclophosphamide; cytarabine; daclizumab; dactinomycine; desonide; desoximetasone; dexamethasone; dexamethasone acetate; dexamethasone isonicotinate; dexamethasone metasulfobenzoate sodique; dexamethasone phosphate; dexamethasone tebutate; dichlorisone acetate; doxorubicine chlorhydrate; epirubicine chlorhydrate; fluclorolone acetonide; fludrocortisone acetate; fludroxycortide; flumetasone pivalate; flunisolide; fluocinolone acetonide; fluocinonide; fluocortolone; fluocortolone hexanoate; fluocortolone pivalate; fluorometholone; fluprednidene acetate; fluticasone propionate; gemcitabine chlorhydrate; halcinonide; hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, hydrocortisone butyrate, hydrocortisone hemisuccinate; melphalan; meprednisone; mercaptopurine; methylprednisolone; methylprednisolone acetate; methylprednisolone hemisuccinate; misoprostol; muromonab-cd3; mycophenolate mofetil; paramethasone acetate; prednazoline, prednisolone; prednisolone acetate; prednisolone caproate; prednisolone metasulfobenzoate sodique; prednisolone phosphate sodique; prednisone; prednylidene; rifampicine; rifampicine sodique; tacrolimus; teriflunomide; thalidomide; thiotepa; tixocortol pivalate; triamcinolone; triamcinolone acetonide hemisuccinate; triamcinolone benetonide; triamcinolone diacetate; triamcinolone hexacetonide; immunosuppressive monoclonal antibodies, e.g., monoclonal antibodies to leukocyte receptors, e.g., MHC, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD7, CD25, CD28, B7, CD40, CD45 or CD58 or their ligands; or other immunomodulatory compounds, e.g. CTLA41g, or other adhesion molecule inhibitors, e.g. mAbs or low molecular weight inhibitors including Selectin antagonists and VLA-4 antagonists. A preferred composition is with Cyclosporin A, FK506, rapamycin or 40-(2-hydroxy)ethyl-rapamycin and Fingolimod. These further medicaments, such as interferon beta, may be administered concomitantly or sequentially, e.g. by subcutaneous, intramuscular or oral routes.
The invention furthermore relates to the use of compounds of formula (I), and related formulae in combination with at least one further medicament active ingredient, preferably medicaments used in the treatment of cancer (such as in particular the anticancer and/or antitumor agents described above).
The present invention further relates to a set (kit) consisting of separate packs of
The compounds of the present invention can be prepared according to the procedures of the following Schemes and Examples, using appropriate materials, and are further exemplified by the following specific examples.
Moreover, by utilizing the procedures described herein, in conjunction with ordinary skills in the art, additional compounds of the present invention claimed herein can be readily prepared. The compounds illustrated in the examples are not, however, to be construed as forming the only genus that is considered as the invention. The examples further illustrate details for the preparation of the compounds of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily understand that known variations of the conditions and processes of the following preparative procedures can be used to prepare these compounds.
The starting materials for the preparation of compounds of the present invention can prepared by methods as described in the examples or by methods known per se, as described in the literature of synthetic organic chemistry and known to the skilled artisan, or can be obtained commercially.
The synthesis of compounds of formula (IV) is described in WO 2016/050356, WO 2016/050355, WO 2016/050359, and WO 2016/050358.
HPLC:
Method A:
2 mL/min; 215 nm; buffer A: 0.05% TFA/H2O; buffer B: 0.04% TFA/ACN; 0.0-0.2 min 5% buffer B; 0.2-8.1 min 5%-100% buffer B; 8.1-10.0 min 100%-5% buffer B. Column: XBridge C8 (50×4.6 mm, 3.5 μm).
The invention will be illustrated, but not limited, by reference to the specific embodiments described in the following examples. Unless otherwise indicated in the schemes, the variables have the same meaning as described above.
Unless otherwise specified, all starting materials are obtained from commercial suppliers and used without further purifications. Unless otherwise specified, all temperatures are expressed in ° C. and all reactions are conducted at rt.
Compounds were purified by either silica chromatography or preparative HPLC.
Unless stated otherwise all structures indicated below, where no specific stereochemistry is indicated, refer to mixtures of the stereoisomers.
A solution of 1-Benzofuran-3-carbaldehyde (5 g, 34.2 mmol) in methanol (50 mL) is cooled with ice and sodium borohydride (1.9 g, 51.3 mmol) is added portionwise. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture is concentrated and the residue is partitioned between saturated ammonium chloride and ethylacetate. The organic layer is separated, dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated (5.0 g, colourless liquid, 98%, crude product). The crude product is taken for next step without purification.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.70-7.68 (m, 1H), 7.62 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.50 (m, 1H), 7.36-7.26 (m, 2H), 4.86 (s, 2H).
A cold (0° C.) solution of benzofuran-3-ylmethanol (5.0 g, 33.7 mmol) in diethyl ether (50 mL) is treated with phosphorus tribromide (1.1 mL, 11.2 mmol) and the reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 min. The reaction mixture is then poured into ice and extracted with ether. The organic layer is dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated (7.1 g, yellow liquid, 100%, crude product). The crude product is taken for next step without purification.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.74-7.71 (m, 2H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.39-7.31 (m, 2H), 4.65 (s, 2H).
A solution of 3-(bromomethyl)benzofuran (7.1 g, 33.8 mmol) in degassed 1,4-dioxane (70 mL) is treated with bis(pinacolato)diboron (10.3 g, 40.5 mmol), potassium carbonate (13.9 g, 101.0 mmol), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0) (1.9 g, 1.7 mmol) and the mixture is heated at 100° C. for 12 h The content of the flask is cooled to room temperature and filtered through a celite bed. The Filtrate is concentrated and the crude product is purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 2-5% of ethylacetate in petroleum ether to obtain 2-(benzofuran-3-ylmethyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (6.1 g, 69%, yellow oil).
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.57-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.46-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.30-7.21 (m, 2H), 2.23 (s, 2H), 1.29 (s, 12H).
A solution of 2-(benzofuran-3-ylmethyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (6.1 g, 23.6 mmol) in diethyl ether (60 mL) is treated with (1S,2S,3R,5S)-(+)-pinanediol (6.0 g, 35.4 mmol). The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 12 h then the mixture is washed with water (twice), then with brine and resulting solution is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated. The crude product is purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel, eluting with 5% of ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to obtain 2-(benzofuran-3-ylmethyl)boronic acid (+)-pinanediol ester (6.3 g, 82%).
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.58-7.56 (m, 1H), 7.55-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.46-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.28-7.23 (m, 2H), 4.33 (dd, J=1.88, 8.76 Hz, 1H), 2.34-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 2H), 2.22-2.21 (m, 1H), 2.08 (t, J=5.88 Hz, 1H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.29 (s, 3H), 1.13 (d, J=10.92 Hz, 1H), 0.85 (s, 3H). GCMS: m/z: 310.
To a cooled (−100° C.) mixture of dichloromethane (6.3 mL, 60.9 mmol) and anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (36 mL) is added n-butyl lithium (1.6 M in hexanes, 14.0 mL, (22.3 mmol) over 20 min. After stirring for 20 min. at −100° C., a solution of 2-(benzofuran-3-ylmethyl)boronic acid (+)-pinanediol ester (6.3 g, 20.3 mmol) in anhydrous THF (22 mL) is added over 20 min. Then a solution of zinc chloride (0.5 M in THF, 36.5 mL, 18.2 mmol) is added at −100° C. over 30 min. The mixture is allowed to reach room temperature, stirred for 18 h and concentrated. To the resulting oil is added diethyl ether and saturated ammonium chloride. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo (7.3 g, 99%, crude product). The crude product is used for the next step.
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 7.60-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.49-7.47 (m, 1H), 7.31-7.25 (m, 2H), 4.36-4.34 (m, 1H), 3.31-3.29 (m, 1H), 3.24-3.22 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.14-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.06 (t, J=5.84 Hz, 1H), 1.90-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.04 (d, J=11.04 Hz, 1H), 0.85 (s, 3H). GCMS: m/z: 358.2.
To a cooled (−78° C.) solution of [(1S)-1-chloro-2-(benzofuran-3-ylmethyl)boronic acid (+)-pinanediol ester (7.3 g, 20.3 mmol) in 40 mL of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran is added lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (1M in THF, 25.5 mL, 25.5 mmol). The mixture is stirred for 18 h room temperature. After concentration to dryness the resulting residue hexane is added, and the precipitated solid is filtered off. The filtrate is concentrated to give the required crude product (6.7 g, 68%), which is taken as such for the next step without purification.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.60-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.50-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.24 (m, 2H), 4.31 (dd, J=1.56, 8.70 Hz, 1H), 3.18-3.14 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.75-2.72 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.15-2.14 (m, 1H), 2.03 (t, J=5.68 Hz, 1H), 1.88-1.80 (m, 2H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.01 (d, J=10.88 Hz, 1H), 0.84 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 18H).
A cooled (0° C.) solution of [(1R)-1-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-2-(benzofuran-3-ylmethyl)boronic acid (+)-pinanediol ester (6.7 g, 13.9 mmol) in diethyl ether (30 mL) is treated with trifluoroacetic acid (3.2 mL, 41.7 mmol) dropwise. The reaction mixture is then stirred at rt for 3 h (precipitation is observed). The reaction mixture is cooled to 0° C. and filtered. The filtered solid is washed with cold ether and dried under vacuum to afford [(1R)-1-amino-2-(benzofuran-3-ylmethyl)boronic acid (+)-pinanediol ester trifluoracetate (2.3 g, white solid, 36%).
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.61-7.60 (m, 1H), 7.47-7.45 (m, 1H), 7.29-7.20 (m, 2H), 4.30-4.28 (m, 1H), 3.27-3.16 (m, 3H), 2.25-2.13 (m, 3H), 1.94 (t, J=5.56 Hz, 1H), 1.86-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.25 (s, 6H), 1.01 (d, J=8.00 Hz, 1H), 0.75 (s, 3H).
To a solution of 1-Bromomethyl-2,4-dimethyl-benzene (25.00 g; 114.40 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in degased Dioxane (250.00 mL), Bis(pinacolato)diboron (35.21 g; 137.28 mmol; 1.20 eq.), dried K2CO3 (47.91 g; 343.19 mmol; 3.00 eq.) and Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (6623 mg; 5.72 mmol; 0.05 eq.) are added. The reaction mixture is then heated at 100° C. under nitrogen atmosphere for 16 h. The reaction mixture is diluted with dichloromethane and filtered through celite. The filtrate is concentrated and the residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with brine. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The crude is purified by column chromatography using 1% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to get 2-(2,4-Dimethyl-benzyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane (11.50 g; 37.84 mmol; 33.1%) as colorless liquid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.04-7.02 (m, 1H), 6.95-6.93 (m, 1H), 6.92-6.90 (m, 1H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 2.23 (s, 2H), 1.24 (s, 12H).
To an ice-cooled solution of 2-(2,4-Dimethyl-benzyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolane (24.00 g; 79.3 mmol; 1.0 eq.) in diethyl ether (240.00 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere, (1S,2S,3R,5S)-2,6,6-Trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane-2,3-diol (20.68 g; 119.07 mmol; 1.50 eq.) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 14 h. TLC analysis shows completion of reaction. The reaction mixture is washed with brine. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated. The crude is purified by flash column chromatography using 2% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to obtain 1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-(2,4-Dimethyl-benzyl)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (28.00 g; 82.96 mmol; 90.0%) as colorless oil.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.05-7.03 (m, 1H), 6.95-6.94 (m, 1H), 6.92-6.90 (m, 1H), 4.27-4.25 (m, 1H), 2.33-2.30 (m, 9H), 2.27-2.17 (m, 1H), 2.05 (t, J=5.76 Hz, 1H), 1.90-1.89 (m, 1H), 1.84-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.38 (s, 3H), 1.28 (s, 3H), 1.11-1.09 (m, 1H), 0.91 (s, 3H) GCMS: m/z: 298.3.
Dichloromethane (37.33 mL; 583.45 mmol; 3.00 eq.) in tetrahydrofuran (140.00 mL) is taken in a RB-flask under a positive pressure of nitrogen and cooled to −99° C. using liquid nitrogen-ethanol mixture. To this solution n-butyl lithium (1.6 M in THF) (133.71 mL; 213.93 mmol; 1.10 eq.) is added dropwise through the sides of the RB-flask (at a medium rate, addition took about 35 min.) so that the internal temperature is maintained between −92° C. and −102° C. After addition, the reaction mixture is stirred for 25 minutes. During the course of the reaction a white precipitate is formed (The internal temperature is maintained between −90° C. and −96° C.). Then a solution of (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-(2,4-Dimethyl-benzyl)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (28.00 g; 93.89 mmol; 0.48 eq.) and (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-(2,4-Dimethyl-benzyl)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (30.00 g; 100.59 mmol; 0.52 eq.) together in tetrahydrofuran (300.00 mL) is added dropwise through the sides of the RB-flask (about 40 min) at a temperature between −94° C. and −100° C. Afterwards the reaction mixture is stirred for 10 min. Then zinc chloride (0.5 M in THF) (388.97 mL; 194.48 mmol; 1.00 eq.) is added dropwise through the sides of the RB-flask (at a medium rate, addition took about 35 min.) at a temperature between −94° C. and −99° C. The reaction mixture is then slowly allowed to reach 20° C. and stirred at 20° C. for 2.5 h. The reaction mixture is concentrated (temperature of the bath 30° C.). The residue is partitioned between diethyl ether and saturated NH4Cl solution. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated (temperature of bath 30° C.) to afford (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-[(S)-1-Chloro-2-(2,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (75.70 g; 154.83 mmol; 79.6%) as white solid.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.12 (d, J=7.64 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=7.68 Hz, 1H), 4.38-4.36 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.62 (m, 1H), 3.18-3.11 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.36 (m, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.23-2.20 (m, 1H), 2.08 (t, J=5.96 Hz, 1H), 1.93-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.14-1.11 (m, 1H), 0.84 (s, 3H). 7.18-7.08 (m, 5H), 4.37 (dd, J=1.32, 8.74 Hz, 1H), 3.77-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.63 (m, 1H), 3.19-3.17 (m, 1H), 3.10-3.08 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.31 (m, 5H), 2.09 (t, J=5.84 Hz, 1H), 1.93-1.86 (m, 4H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.13-1.10 (m, 1H), 0.84 (s, 3H). GCMS: m/z: 346.3.
A solution of (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-[(S)-1-Chloro-2-(2,4-dimethyl-phenyl)-ethyl]-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (75.70 g; 218.35 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in THF (400.00 mL) under a positive pressure of nitrogen atmosphere is cooled to −78° C. To this a solution of Lithium(bistrimethylsilyl)amide (1.0 M in THF) (262 mL; 262 mmol; 1.20 eq.) is added dropwise over a period of 30 minutes. The reaction mixture is allowed to attain rt and stirred at rt for 18 h. The reaction mixture is evaporated at a temperature 30° C. The residue is triturated with hexane and the solid formed is filtered. The filtrate is concentrated at a temperature 30° C. to get (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-[(R)-2-(2,4-Dimethyl-phenyl)-1-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl-disilazan-2-yl)-ethyl]-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (80.10 g; 169.84 mmol; 77.8%; brown oil). The crude product is taken to next step without purification.
1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ: 7.06 (d, J=7.64 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=7.80 Hz, 1H), 4.29-4.27 (m, 1H), 3.15-3.10 (m, 1H), 2.87-2.83 (m, 1H), 2.58-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.30 (s, 3H), 2.28 (s, 3H), 2.15-2.13 (m, 1H), 2.03 (t, J=5.88 Hz, 1H), 1.90-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.77 (m, 1H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.01-0.98 (m, 1H), 0.93 (s, 3H), 0.85 (s, 3H), 0.09 (s, 18H).
A stirred solution of (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-[(R)-2-(2,4-Dimethyl-phenyl)-1-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl-disilazan-2-yl)-ethyl]-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (80.10 g; 169.84 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in diethyl ether (400.00 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere is cooled to −10° C. To this 2M solution of hydrochloric acid in diethylether (212.30 mL; 424.59 mmol; 2.50 eq.) is added dropwise. The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 2 h. The reaction mixture is evaporated under reduced pressure to get (R)-2-(2,4-Dimethyl-phenyl)-1-((1S,2S,6R,8S)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]dec-4-yl)-ethylamine hydrochloride (63.00 g; 72.61 mmol; 42.8%; brown hygroscopic solid).
1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 8.19 (s, 3H), 7.05 (d, J=7.68 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8.16 Hz, 1H), 4.31 (dd, J=1.80, 8.76 Hz, 1H), 3.02-3.00 (m, 1H), 2.99-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.87-2.84 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.24 (m, 3H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 2.24 (s, 3H), 2.03-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.91 (t, J=5.68 Hz, 1H), 1.82-1.80 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.66 (m, 1H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.21 (s, 3H), 0.98-0.96 (m, 1H), 0.77 (s, 3H).
To a solution of 2-Hydroxy-3-methyl-benzaldehyde (20.00 g; 139.55 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in dichloromethane (120 mL) is added Tetrafluoroboric acid diethylether complex (1.88 mL; 13.96 mmol; 0.10 eq.). To the resulting dark red mixture, ethyldiazoacetate (31.70 mL; 300.04 mmol; 2.15 eq.) in dichloromethane (80 mL) is added drop wise slowly at 25-30° C. (internal temperature) for about 50 min. After 16 h, concentrated H2SO4 is added. The reaction mixture is stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture is then neutralized with solid NaHCO3, filtered through celite and the filtrate is concentrated to get a crude residue. The residue is purified by column chromatography using 2% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to afford 7-Methyl-benzofuran-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (19.00 g; 86.83 mmol; 62.2%; yellow oil; Purified Product).
HPLC (method A): RT 4.98 min (HPLC purity 93%)
1H NMR, 400 MHz, CDCl3: 8.27 (s, 1H), 7.88-7.90 (m, 1H), 7.25-7.29 (m, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 1H), 4.39-4.45 (m, 2H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 1.44 (t, J=7.16 Hz, 3H).
To a solution of 7-Methyl-benzofuran-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (19.00 g; 86.83 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in Dichloromethane (190.00 mL) under nitrogen is added Diisobutyl Aluminium Hydride (1.0 M in Toluene) (191.03 mL; 191.03 mmol; 2.20 eq.) drop wise at −78° C. The reaction mixture is allowed to come to rt and stirred for 1 h. The reaction mixture is cooled with ice bath and quenched with an aqueous solution of 1.5N HCl. The resultant mixture (which had sticky solid mass suspended in solvent) is diluted with ethylacetate and filtered through celite. The celite bed is washed thoroughly with ethylacetate and dichloromethane. The filtrate is evaporated to get a crude residue. The solid which remained in the celite bed is taken and triturated with ethylacetate and filtered. The filtrate is mixed together with the crude residue and evaporated. The residue thus obtained is taken in ethylacetate and washed with an aqueous solution of 1.5 N HCl and brine. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated. The residue obtained is purified by flash column chromatography using 40-50% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether as eluent to get (7-Methyl-benzofuran-3-yl)-methanol (8.20 g; 48.40 mmol; 55.7%; light yellow oil).
HPLC (method A): RT 3.33 min., (HPLC purity 95.7%).
1H NMR, 400 MHz, CDCl3: 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.50-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.17-7.21 (m, 1H), 7.14 (d, J=7.20 Hz, 1H), 4.86-4.86 (m, 2H), 2.54 (s, 3H).
To an ice-cooled solution of (7-Methyl-benzofuran-3-yl)-methanol (8.20 g; 48.40 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in Diethyl ether (82.00 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere is added phosphorus tribromide (1.53 mL; 16.12 mmol; 0.33 eq.) drop wise and the reaction mixture is stirred at ice cold condition for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture is poured into ice and extracted with diethyl ether. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated to afford 3-Bromomethyl-7-methyl-benzofuran (10.00 g; 44.43 mmol; 91.8%; colorless oil). The crude product is taken for the next step without purification.
1H NMR, 400 MHz, CDCl3: 7.71 (s, 1H), 7.53-7.55 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.16 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (s, 2H), 2.48 (s, 3H).
To a solution of 3-Bromomethyl-7-methyl-benzofuran (10.00 g; 44.43 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in degased Dioxane-1,4 (100.00 mL) were added Bis(pinacolato)diboron (13.68 g; 53.31 mmol; 1.20 eq.), dried K2CO3 (18.61 g; 133.28 mmol; 3.00 eq.) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (2.57 g; 2.22 mmol; 0.05 eq.). The reaction mixture is then heated at 100° C. under nitrogen atmosphere for 16 h. The reaction mixture is diluted with dichloromethane and filtered through celite. The filtrate is concentrated. The residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with brine. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated. The crude is purified by column chromatography using 2% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to get 7-Methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-ylmethyl)-benzofuran (5.00 g; 18.37 mmol; 41.4%; colorless liquid).
1H NMR, 400 MHz, DMSO-d6: 7.65 (s, 1H), 7.33-7.35 (m, 1H), 7.07-7.13 (m, 2H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.13 (s, 2H), 1.16 (s, 12H).
To an ice-cooled solution of 7-Methyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-ylmethyl)-benzofuran (5.00 g; 18.37 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in Et2O (50.00 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere is added 1S,2S,3R,5S-(+)-2,3-pinane diol (4.69 g; 27.56 mmol; 1.50 eq.) and the reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 14 h. TLC analysis showed completion of reaction. The reaction mixture is washed with brine. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated. The crude is purified by flash column chromatography using 2% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether to get (1S,2S,6R,8S)-2,9,9-Trimethyl-4-(7-methyl-benzofuran-3-ylmethyl)-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6] decane (5.00 g; 13.00 mmol; 70.7%; colorless liquid).
GCMS: m/z: 324.2
1H NMR, 400 MHz, CDCl3: 7.53-7.55 (m, 1H), 7.39-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.27 (m, 1H), 7.06-7.08 (m, 1H), 4.31-4.34 (m, 1H), 2.53 (s, 3H), 2.30-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.26 (s, 2H), 2.18-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.07 (t, J=5.76 Hz, 1H), 1.84-1.93 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.29 (s, 3H), 1.12-1.15 (m, 1H), 0.85 (s, 3H).
Dichloromethane (2.96 mL; 46.26 mmol; 3.00 eq.) in THF (40 mL) is taken in a RB-flask under a positive pressure of nitrogen and cooled to −95° C. using liquid nitrogen-ethanol mixture. To this n-butyl lithium (1.6 M in hexanes) (10.60 mL; 16.96 mmol; 1.10 eq.) is added drop wise through the sides of the RB-flask (at a medium rate, addition took about 30 min.) so that the internal temperature is maintained between −95° C. and −100° C. After addition, the reaction mixture is stirred for 20 minutes. During the course of the reaction a white precipitate is formed (The internal temperature is maintained between −95° C. and −100° C.). Then a solution of (1S,2S,6R,8S)-2,9,9-Trimethyl-4-(7-methyl-benzofuran-3-ylmethyl)-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (5.00 g; 15.42 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in THF (20 mL) is added drop wise through the sides of the RB-flask (about 25 min) so that the internal temperature is maintained between −95° C. and −100° C. After addition, immediately zinc chloride (0.5 M in THF) (27.76 mL; 13.88 mmol; 0.90 eq.) is added drop wise through the sides of the RB-flask (at a medium rate, addition took about 45 min.) so that the internal temperature is maintained between −95° C. and −100° C. The reaction mixture is then slowly allowed to attain rt and stirred at rt for 16 h. The reaction mixture is concentrated (temperature of the bath 30° C.). The residue is partitioned between diethylether and saturated NH4Cl solution. The organic layer is separated, dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated (temperature of bath 30° C.) to afford (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-[1-Chloro-2-(7-methyl-benzofuran-3-yl)-ethyl]-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (5.90 g; 15.83 mmol; 102.7%; brown liquid).
1H NMR, 400 MHz, CDCl3: 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.42-7.44 (m, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 7.09-7.18 (m, 1H), 4.34-4.36 (m, 1H), 3.74-3.76 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.30 (m, 1H), 3.20-3.22 (m, 1H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.32-2.34 (m, 1H), 2.07 (t, J=5.88 Hz, 1H), 1.85-1.91 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.29 (s, 3H), 1.06-1.09 (m, 1H), 0.85 (s, 3H).
A solution of (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-[1-Chloro-2-(7-methyl-benzofuran-3-yl)-ethyl]-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (5.90 g; 15.83 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in THF (40.00 mL) under a positive pressure of nitrogen atmosphere is cooled to −78° C. To this a solution of lithium (bistrimethylsilyl)amide (1.0 M in THF) (17.41 mL; 17.41 mmol; 1.10 eq.) is added drop wise over a period of 30 minutes. The reaction mixture is allowed to attain rt and stirred at rt for 18 h. The reaction mixture is evaporated at 30° C. The residue is triturated with n-hexane and the solid formed is filtered. The filtrate is concentrated at 30° C. to get (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-[1-(1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexamethyl-disilazan-2-yl)-2-(7-methyl-benzofuran-3-yl)-ethyl]-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (6.00 g; 12.06 mmol; 76.2%; brown dark oil).
1H NMR, 400 MHz, CDCl3: 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.41-7.43 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.16 (m, 1H), 7.06-7.08 (m, 1H), 4.29-4.32 (m, 1H), 3.17-3.09 (m, 1H), 2.70-2.89 (m, 1H), 2.52-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.28-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.14-2.14 (m, 1H), 2.03 (t, J=5.68 Hz, 1H), 1.78-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.31 (s, 3H), 1.01-1.04 (m, 1H), 0.90-0.92 (m, 2H), 0.88 (s, 3H), 0.12 (s, 18H).
A stirred solution of (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-[1-(1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexamethyl-disilazan-2-yl)-2-(7-methyl-benzofuran-3-yl)-ethyl]-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (6.00 g; 12.06 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in Diethyl ether (60.00 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere is cooled to −10° C. To this 2M solution of Hydrochloric acid in diethylether (15.07 mL; 30.14 mmol; 2.50 eq.) is added drop wise. The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 2 h. The reaction mixture is evaporated at 30° C. To the residue diethyl ether (20 mL) is added and the solid formed is filtered off, washed with cold diethyl ether and dried under vacuum to get 2-(7-Methyl-benzofuran-3-yl)-1-((1S,2S,6R,8S)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]dec-4-yl)-ethylamine hydrochloride (3.50 g; 8.98 mmol; 74.5%; brown orange solid).
1H NMR, 400 MHz, DMSO-d6: 8.09 (s, 3H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.52-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.12-7.19 (m, 2H), 4.39 (dd, J=1.84, 8.62 Hz, 1H), 3.07-3.13 (m, 1H), 3.03-3.07 (m, 2H), 2.43 (s, 4H), 2.28-2.30 (m, 1H), 2.07-2.08 (m, 1H), 1.92 (t, J=5.68 Hz, 1H), 1.82-1.84 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.75 (m, 1H), 1.19-1.25 (m, 8H), 1.00-1.08 (m, 1H), 0.78 (s, 3H).
To a solution of (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-Benzofuran-3-ylmethyl-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (5.00 g; 10.72 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in methanol (100.00 mL) in a tiny clave is added palladium on carbon (10 wt %) (2.28 g; 2.14 mmol; 0.20 eq.). The contents were hydrogenated under a H2 pressure of 5 Kg/cm2 for 3 h. The reaction mixture is filtered through celite and the filtrate is evaporated. The crude is purified by Biotage-isolera column chromatography (C18 column; mobile phase: ACN/H2O; 50:50 isocratic) to get a (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-3-ylmethyl)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (4.10 g; 13.13 mmol; 122.5%; pale yellow liquid).
GCMS: m/z: 312.3.
Dichloromethane (2.46 mL; 38.44 mmol; 3.00 eq.) in THF (40.00 mL) is taken in a RB-flask under a positive pressure of nitrogen and cooled to −95° C. using liquid nitrogen-ethanol mixture. To this n-butyl lithium (1.6 M in THF) (8.81 mL; 14.09 mmol; 1.10 eq.) is added drop wise through the sides of the RB-flask (at a medium rate, addition took about 20 min.) so that the internal temperature is maintained between −95° C. and −100° C. After addition, the reaction mixture is stirred for 25 minutes. During the course of the reaction a white precipitate is formed (The internal temperature is maintained between −95° C. and −100° C.). Then a solution of (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-3-ylmethyl)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (4.00 g; 12.81 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in THF (15.00 mL) is added drop wise through the sides of the RB-flask (about 25 min) so that the internal temperature is maintained between −95° C. and −100° C. After addition, immediately zinc chloride (0.5 M in THF) (25.62 mL; 12.81 mmol; 1.00 eq.) is added drop wise through the sides of the RB-flask (at a medium rate, addition took about 25 min.) so that the internal temperature is maintained between −95° C. and −100° C. The reaction mixture is then slowly allowed to attain rt and stirred at rt for 18 h. The reaction mixture is concentrated (temperature of the bath 30° C.). The residue is partitioned between diethylether and saturated NH4Cl solution. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated (temperature of bath 30° C.) to afford (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-[(S)-1-Chloro-2-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-3-yl)-ethyl]-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (4.60 g; 12.75 mmol; 99.5%; yellow oil).
1H NMR, 400 MHz, CDCl3: 7.29 (d, J=6.72 Hz, 1H), 7.21-7.10 (m, 1H), 6.90-6.77 (m, 2H), 4.68-4.65 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.29 (m, 2H), 3.65-3.60 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.08 (m, 4H), 1.94-1.85 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 3H), 1.33 (s, 3H), 1.22 (s, 3H), 1.17-1.15 (m, 1H), 0.86 (s, 3H).
A solution of (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-[(S)-1-Chloro-2-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuran-3-yl)-ethyl]-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (4.60 g; 12.75 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in THF (45.00 mL) under a positive pressure of nitrogen atmosphere is cooled to −78° C. To this a solution of Lithium(bistrimethylsilyl)amide (1.0 M in THF) (16.58 mL; 16.58 mmol; 1.30 eq.) is added drop wise over a period of 30 minutes. The reaction mixture is allowed to attain rt and stirred at rt for 18 h. The reaction mixture is evaporated at 30° C. The residue is triturated with hexane and the solid formed is filtered. The filtrate is allowed to stand for some time under vacuum and any solid if formed is filtered again. The filtrate is concentrated at 30° C. to get (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-[(R)-2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-3-yl)-1-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl-disilazan-2-yl)-ethyl]-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (3.77 g; 7.76 mmol; 60.9%; yellow oil).
1H NMR, 400 MHz, CDCl3: 7.22-7.10 (m, 2H), 6.90-6.79 (m, 2H), 4.62-4.59 (m, 1H), 4.33-4.27 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.07-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.94-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.30 (s, 3H), 1.15-1.13 (m, 1H), 0.86 (s, 3H), 0.10 (s, 18H).
A stirred solution of (1S,2S,6R,8S)-4-[(R)-2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-3-yl)-1-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl-disilazan-2-yl)-ethyl]-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]decane (3.77 g; 7.76 mmol; 1.00 eq.) in Et2O (35.00 mL) under nitrogen atmosphere is cooled to −10° C. To this 2M solution of Hydrochloric acid in diethylether (9.70 mL; 19.41 mmol; 2.50 eq.) is added drop wise. The reaction mixture is stirred at rt for 2 h. The reaction mixture is evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to get a solid. The solid formed is triturated with diethylether, filtered, washed with diethylether and dried under vacuum to get (R)-2-(2,3-Dihydro-benzofuran-3-yl)-1-((1S,2S,6R,8S)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]dec-4-yl)-ethylamine hydrochloride (2.30 g; 5.25 mmol; 67.7%; pale brown solid).
Analysis showed the presence of isomers (˜65.50%+20.75%) at the indicated (*) position.
LCMS: 4.73 min., 86.25% (max), 80.47% (220 nm), 342.20 (M+1).
1H NMR, 400 MHz, DMSO-d6: 8.11 (s, 3H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 1H), 7.13-7.10 (m, 1H), 6.85 (t, J=7.40 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (d, J=8.04 Hz, 1H), 4.61-4.57 (m, 1H), 4.48-4.45 (m, 1H), 4.25-4.22 (m, 1H), 3.68-3.62 (m, 1H), 2.90-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.32 (m, 1H), 2.19-2.17 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.77 (m, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.25 (s, 3H), 1.17-1.14 (m, 1H), 0.82 (s, 3H).
By similar sequences described for intermediates 1 to 4 the following compounds can be prepared
wherein the group Y denotes one of the following groups:
Triethylamine (4.77 mL; 34.38 mmol) is added dropwise to a solution of Methyl bromoacetate (2.90 mL; 31.25 mmol) and 3-mercapto-propan-1-ol (2.80 mL; 31.25 mmol) in 10.5 mL dried methanol over 30 min at rt under stirring. The reaction mixture is stirred for an additional hour. After removal of the solvent the residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate and the insoluble triethylammonium bromide is removed by filtration. The ethyl acetate filtrate is concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (silica gel; n-heptan/ethyl acetate gradient; 0-50% ethyl acetate) to yield 4.78 g (93%) of the title compound as colourless oil.
LCMS (Agilent 70108359—Chromolith Speed Rod RP18e 50-4.6 mm; polar.m; 2.4 mL/min; 220 nm; buffer A: 0.05% HCOOH/H2O, buffer B: 0.04% HCOOH/ACN; 0.0-2.8 min 4%-100% buffer B; 2.8-3.3 min 100% buffer B; 3.3-3.4 min 100%-4% buffer B): (M+H) 165.0; Rt 1.18 min.
In a 250 mL round bottom flask (3-Hydroxy-propylsulfanyl)-acetic acid methyl ester (4.78 g; 29.11 mmol) is dissolved in 24 mL TH and 24 mL deionised water. Using an ice water bath the emulsion is cooled down to 0° C. and LIOH (697 mg) is added. After 1.5 h the THF is evaporated and the residue is lyophilized to give 4.464 of the title compound as white solid which is used for the next step without further purification.
To a solution of (R)-2-Benzofuran-3-yl-1-((1S,2S,6R,8S)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]dec-4-yl)-ethylamine hydrochloride (0.300 g; 0.799 mmol; mixture containing ˜15% (S)-2-Benzofuran-3-yl-1-((1S,2S,6R,8S)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]dec-4-yl)-ethylamine hydrochloride) in 10 mL dried N,N-dimethylformamide, Lithium 2-(3-hydroxypropylsulfanyl)acetate (0.129 g; 0.799 mmol) is added at −10° C. under argon atmosphere. Then N-Ethyldiisopropylamine (0.407 mL; 2.396 mmol) and [(Benzotriazol-1-yloxy)-dimethylamino-methylene]-dimethyl-ammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU) (0.308 g; 0.958 mmol) is added and the yellow solution is stirred at −10° C. overnight. The DMF solution is diluted with EE and washed with aqueous NaHCO3 solution, water and brine. The organic layer is dried, concentrated and absorbed on silica to be purified by flash chromatography (silica gel; n-heptane/EE gradient; 0-90% EE). The obtained mixture of diastereomers is separated using chiral preparative HPLC (Chiral Pak AD-H; n-heptan/2-propanol 90:10; 220 nm) to yield 90 mg the title compound as colourless amorphous solid.
LCMS (Agilent 70108359—Chromolith Speed Rod RP18e 50-4.6 mm; polar.m; 2.4 mL/min; 220 nm; buffer A: 0.05% HCOOH/H2O, buffer B: 0.04% HCOOH/ACN; 0.0-2.8 min 4%-100% buffer B; 2.8-3.3 min 100% buffer B; 3.3-3.4 min 100%-4% buffer B): (M+H) 472.0; Rt 2.45 min
To a two phase system of N-[(R)-2-Benzofuran-3-yl-1-((1S,2S,6R,8S)-2,9,9-trimethyl-3,5-dioxa-4-bora-tricyclo[6.1.1.02,6]dec-4-yl-ethyl]-2-(3-hydroxy-propylsulfanyl)-acetamide (0.090 g; 0.191 mmol) in 7 mL n-pentane and 3.5 mL methanol isobutylboronic acid (0.078 g; 0.764 mmol) and 0.9 mL hydrochloric acid, 1 mol/L (4.5 eq.) were added at 0° C. The colourless mixture is stirred at 0° C. overnight. The reaction mixture is washed with pentane (4×). The methanolic aqueous layer is evaporated (bath temperature 30° C.), the residue is basified with 1N NaOH and extracted with DCM (3×). The aqueous phase is acidified with 1 N HCl and extracted again with DCM (5×). The aqueous layer is concentrated and the residue purified using RP chromatography (RP silica gel C18; water/ACN gradient; 0-50% ACN; 220 nm). The fractions containing product were reduced to dryness and lyophilisates to give 29 mg of the title compound as an off-white powder (yield 45%).
1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6/D2O) d 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.61-7.58 (m, 1H), 7.47 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.29-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.23-7.19 (m, 1H), 3.35 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.27 (dd, J=8.4, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.10-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.92-2.86 (m, 1H), 2.78 (dd, J=15.0, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 2.39 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.55 (p, J=6.5 Hz, 2H).
Waters XBridge C8 3.5 μm 4.6×50 mm (A19/533—La Chrom Elite; 70173815); 8.1 min; 2 mL/min; 215 nm; buffer A: 0.05% TFA/H2O; buffer B: 0.04% TFA/ACN; 0.0-0.2 min 5% buffer B; 0.2-8.1 min 5%-100% buffer B; 8.1-10.0 min 100%-5% buffer B: (percent area) 98.8%; Rt 3.65 min.
HPLC MS (Agilent 70108359—Chromolith Speed Rod RP18e 50-4.6 mm; polar.m; 2.4 mL/min; 220 nm; buffer A: 0.05% HCOOH/H2O, buffer B: 0.04% HCOOH/ACN; 0.0-2.8 min 4%-100% buffer B; 2.8-3.3 min 100% buffer B; 3.3-3.4 min 100%-4% buffer B): 381.2 [M+H-H2O]; Rt 1.60 min.
Further exemplary compounds are described in Table 1 below. These compounds can be synthesized starting from commercial available acids (or acids synthetized by saponification of commercial available esters) or acids described in the literature according to example 1 steps 3 and 4. In some cases these examples contain mixtures of stereoisomers which have not been separated:
Biological Activity
Determination of LMP7 Activity:
Measurement of LMP7 inhibition is performed in 384 well format based on fluorescence intensity assay.
Purified human immuno proteasome (0.25 nM) and serial diluted compounds in DMSO (range of concentrations from 30 μM to 15 μM) or controls are incubated for 20 minutes or 120 minutes (long incubation) at 25° C. in assay buffer containing 50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 0.03% SDS, 1 mM EDTA and 1% DMSO. The reaction is initiated by the addition of the fluorogenic peptide substrate, Suc-LLVY-AMC (Bachem 1-1395), at a concentration of 40 μM. After 60 minutes of incubation at 37° C., fluorescence intensity is measured at λex=350 nm and λem=450 nm with a fluorescence reader (Perkin Elmer Envision reader or equivalent).
The LMP7 activity of the compounds is summarized in Table 3. Unless indicated otherwise the results are obtained after incubation for 20 minutes.
Determination of Beta5 Activity:
Measurement of Beta5 inhibition is performed in 384 well format based on fluorescence intensity assay.
Purified human constitutive proteasome (1.25 nM) and serial diluted compounds in DMSO (range of concentrations from 30 μM to 15 μM) or controls are incubated for 20 minutes or 120 minutes (long incubation) at 25° C. in assay buffer containing 50 mM Tris pH 7.4, 0.03% SDS, 1 mM EDTA and 1% DMSO. The reaction is initiated by the addition of the fluorogenic peptide substrate, Suc-LLVY-AMC (Bachem 1-1395), at a concentration of 40 μM. After 60 minutes of incubation at 37° C., fluorescence intensity is measured at λex=350 nm and λem=450 nm with a fluorescence reader (Perkin Elmer Envision reader or equivalent).
Table 3 shows the Beta5 activity of compounds according to the invention and their selectivity to LMP7 versus Beta5. Unless indicated otherwise the results are obtained after incubation for 20 minutes.
The following examples relate to medicaments:
A solution of 100 g of an active ingredient of the formula (I) and 5 g of disodium hydrogenphosphate in 3 l of bidistilled water is adjusted to pH 6.5 using 2 N hydrochloric acid, sterile filtered, transferred into injection vials, lyophilised under sterile conditions and sealed under sterile conditions. Each injection vial contains 5 mg of active ingredient.
A mixture of 20 g of an active ingredient of the formula (I) with 100 g of soya lecithin and 1400 g of cocoa butter is melted, poured into moulds and allowed to cool. Each suppository contains 20 mg of active ingredient.
A solution is prepared from 1 g of an active ingredient of the formula I, 9.38 g of NaH2PO4 2 H2O, 28.48 g of Na2HPO4.12 H2O and 0.1 g of benzalkonium chloride in 940 mL of bidistilled water. The pH is adjusted to 6.8, and the solution is made up to 1 l and sterlised by irradiation. This solution can be used in the form of eye drops.
500 mg of an active ingredient of the formula (I) are mixed with 99.5 g of Vaseline under aseptic conditions.
A mixture of 1 kg of active ingredient of the formula I, 4 kg of lactose, 1.2 kg of potato starch, 0.2 kg of talc and 0.1 kg of magnesium stearate is pressed in a conventional manner to give tablets in such a way that each tablet contains 10 mg of active ingredient.
Tablets are pressed analogously to Example E and subsequently coated in a conventional manner with a coating of sucrose, potato starch, talc, tragacanth and dye.
2 kg of active ingredient of the formula (I) are introduced into hard gelatine capsules in a conventional manner in such a way that each capsule contains 20 mg of the active ingredient.
A solution of 1 kg of active ingredient of the formula (I) in 60 l of bidistilled water is sterile filtered, transferred into ampoules, lyophilised under sterile conditions and sealed under sterile conditions. Each ampoule contains 10 mg of active ingredient.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 18185848.1 | Jul 2018 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2019/069744 | 7/23/2019 | WO | 00 |
