Branched amides of L-aspartyl-D-amino acid dipeptides

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
2. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to novel amides of L-aspartyl-D-serine and L-aspartyl-D-O-methylserine which are especially useful in view of their potent sweetening properties, novel methods for their use in foods and edible composition containing them.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,492,131 certain lower alkyl esters of L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine were found to be up to 200 times as sweet as sucrose and to be substantially free of bitter flavor notes which detracted from earlier artificial sweeteners such as saccharin. These compounds were subsequently found to have only limited stability in aqueous systems due to diketopiperazine formation especially at the neutral-acidic pH conditions prevalent in most food systems.
Mazur et al., J. Med. Chem., 16, 1284 (1973) has disclosed that lower alkyl esters of L-aspartyl-D-alanine and certain homologs thereof, especially L-aspartyl-D-alanine isopropyl ester, have sweetness potencies of up to 125 times sucrose.
Sukehiro et al., Seikatsu Kagaku, 11, 9-16 (1977); Chem. Abstr., 87, 168407h (1977) has disclosed certain amides of L-aspartyl-D-alanine of the formula ##STR8## where R.sup.1 is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, secondary butyl, cyclohexyl or the carbon residue of the methyl esters of glycine, d-alanine or l-alanine. The most potent compounds were those wherein R.sup.1 is one of the above butyl groups or cyclohexyl, having respectively, 100-125 and 100 times the sweetness of sucrose. Since the n-butylamide was found to have 125 times the sweetness of sucrose and the isobutyl and secondary butyl amides are 100.times.sucrose, it was concluded that the potency of these amides is affected mainly by the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group, R.sup.1, and that structural isomerism in the alkyl group has little effect on the sweetness potency.
Esters of L-aspartyl-D-serine and L-aspartyl-D-threonine have been found by Ariyoshi et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan, 47, 326 (1974) to be sweeter than the corresponding esters of L-aspartyl-D-alanine and L-aspartyl-D-2-aminobutyric acid, respectively. The most potent of these esters, L-aspartyl-D-serine n-propyl ester, was 320 times as sweet as a 5% sucrose standard.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,822 discloses esters of L-aspartyl-D-alaninol with carboxylic acids, including 2-methylbutyric, cyclopropanecarboxylic, cyclobutanecarboxylic and 2-methylcyclobutanecarboxylic acids. The esters with cyclopropane- and cyclobutanecarboxylic acids were 200.times. and 220.times.sucrose, respectively. The ester with 2-methylcyclobutanecarboxylic acid was only 160.times.sucrose. Corresponding L-aspartyl-D-serinol esters are also disclosed, the sweetest of which, the ester with propionic acid, is 160.times.sucrose.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,959,245 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,907,766 disclose, respectively, L-aspartylaminomalonic acid methyl 2-methylcyclohexyl diester, and the corresponding alkyl fenchyl diester. The former is reported to be 6600.times.sucrose, the latter 4200-33,000.times.sucrose. In a related publication by the inventors, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 24, 2112 (1976), a series of L-aspartylaminomalonic acid diesters is disclosed, one of the ester groups being methyl or ethyl and the other being one of a variety of branched alkyl and cycloalkyl groups.
SUMMARY
In our copending application, Ser. No. 201,745, filed Nov. 5, 1980, it was found that it is not merely the size of the amide substituent that is critical for a high degree of sweetness in L-aspartyl-D-alanine amides, but, to the contrary, it is the precise spatial arrangement of the amide substituent, R, that is critical. Certain L-aspartyl-D-alanine amides which are branched at the alpha carbon atom (the carbon atom bearing the amide nitrogen atom) and also branched again at one or both of beta and beta' carbon atoms were found to have significant advantages.
The present invention provides certain novel branched amides of L-aspartyl-D-serine and L-aspartyl-D-O-methylserine dipeptides which have unexpectedly high sweetness potency and are free from undesirable flavor qualities at conventional use levels. They have also been found to have surprisingly high stability both in solid form and in aqueous systems over the pH range found in most food systems even at the elevated temperatures used in baking and conventional food processing.
The novel compounds of the invention are the L-aspartyl-D-amino acid dipeptide amides of the formula ##STR9## and the physiologically acceptable cationic and acid addition salts thereof, wherein R.sup.a is CH.sub.2 OH or CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.3, and R is a branched member selected from the group consisting of fenchyl, diisopropylcarbinyl, d-methyl-t-butylcarbinyl, d-ethyl-t-butylcarbinyl, di-t-butylcarbinyl, 2-methylthio-2,4-dimethylpentan-3-yl, ##STR10## where at least one of R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6 is alkyl having from one to four carbon atoms and the remainder are hydrogen or alkyl having from one to four carbon atoms; X is O, S, SO, SO.sub.2, C.dbd.O or CHOH; m is zero, 1, 2, 3 or 4; n and p are each zero, 1, 2 or 3 and the sum of n+p is not greater than 3; the sum of the carbon atoms in R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is not greater than six and when both of R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 or R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are alkyl they are methyl or ethyl; ##STR11## where m is as defined above, one of R.sup.7, R.sup.8, R.sup.9 is alkyl having from one to four carbon atoms and the remainder are hydrogen or alkyl having from one to four carbon atoms and the sum of the carbon atoms in R.sup.7, R.sup.8 and R.sup.9 is not greater than six; ##STR12## where m and q are the same or different and each have the values previously defined for m; ##STR13## where each of R.sup.12 and R.sup.13 are methyl or ethyl, or R.sup.12 is hydrogen and R.sup.13 is alkyl having from one to four carbon atoms, Z is O or NH and t is 1 or 2; ##STR14## where w is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, R.sup.14 and R.sup.16 are each alkyl having from one to four carbon atoms, R.sup.15 is hydrogen, OH or alkyl having from one to two carbon atoms, where the sum of the carbon atoms in R.sup.14, R.sup.15 and R.sup.16 is not greater than six and when both of R.sup.14 and R.sup.15 are alkyl they are methyl or ethyl; and ##STR15## where R.sup.17 and R.sup.19 are alkyl having from one to four carbon atoms, R.sup.18 and R.sup.20 are hydrogen or alkyl having from one to two carbon atoms, taken separately, A is OH and B is hydrogen, OH or methyl and when taken together A and B are ##STR16## where the sum of the carbon atoms in R.sup.17, R.sup.18, R.sup.19 and R.sup.20 is not greater than six and when both of R.sup.17 and R.sup.18 or R.sup.19 and R.sup.20 are alkyl they are methyl or ethyl.
While the preferred sweeteners of the invention are those dipeptide amides of formula (I) wherein the aspartylamino acid dipeptide moiety is derived from L-aspartic acid and a D-amino acid, R.sup.a CH(NH.sub.2)COOH, also included within the scope of the invention are mixtures containing the most preferred L-aspartyl-D-amino acid amides of formula (I) wherein one or both of the aspartyl or the other amino acid (i.e., serine or O-methylserine) moieties is racemic such as e.g.,
DL-aspartyl-D-serine amides,
DL-aspartyl-DL-serine amides,
L-aspartyl-DL-serine amides,
L-aspartyl-DL-O-methylserine amides,
DL-aspartyl-DL-O-methylserine, and
DL-aspartyl-D-O-methylserine amides.
Those compounds of formula (I) wherein the aspartyl moiety is entirely of the D-configuration or the other amino acid moiety is entirely of the L-configuration have little or no sweetness.
An especially preferred group of L-aspartyl-D-amino acid amides of formula (I) are those wherein R is an acyclic member selected from the group consisting of diisopropylcarbinyl, d-methyl-t-butylcarbinyl and di-t-butylcarbinyl.
Another especially preferred group of L-aspartyl-D-amino acid amides of formula (I) are those wherein R is a member selected from the group consisting of ##STR17## wherein R.sup.3 -R.sup.9, R.sup.12 -R.sup.20, A, B, X, Z, m, n, p, q, t and w are as defined above; and more particularly preferred are those compounds of formula (I) wherein R has one of the first four values of the group immediately above.
Particularly preferred amides of formula (I) are the L-aspartyl-D-serine amides, i.e., those wherein R.sup.a is CH.sub.2 OH.
Examples of the more valuable L-aspartyl-D-amino acid dipeptide amides of the invention include those of formula (I) wherein R is:
(-)fenchyl,
diisopropylcarbinyl,
d-methyl-t-butylcarbinyl,
di-t-butylcarbinyl,
2,6-diethylcyclohexyl,
2-methylcyclopentyl,
2-ethyl-6-methylcyclohexyl,
2-ethylcyclohexyl,
2-methylcyclohexyl,
2,2-dimethylcyclohexyl,
2-ethylcyclopentyl,
2-methyl-6-isopropylcyclohexyl,
2,2,6,6-tetramethylcyclohexyl,
2,2,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl,
2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl,
2-isopropylcyclohexyl,
2,5-dimethylcyclopentyl,
2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl,
2-isopropylcyclopentyl,
2,2,5,5-tetramethylcyclopentyl,
t-butylcyclopropylcarbinyl,
2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl,
2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,1-dioxothietan-3-yl,
2,2,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrothiophene-3-yl,
3,5-dimethyltetrahydrothiapyran-4-yl,
2-t-butylcyclohexyl or
dicyclopropylcarbinyl;
Especially valuable sweeteners include the above compounds wherein R is:
di-t-butylcarbinyl,
2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl,
2-t-butylcyclohexyl,
2-isopropylcyclohexyl,
2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl,
2,5-dimethylcyclopentyl,
2-isopropylcyclopentyl,
2,2,5,5-tetramethylcyclopentyl,
2,2,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrothiophene-3-yl,
t-butylcyclopropylcarbinyl,
dicyclopropylcarbinyl,
2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietane-3-yl or
2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,1-dioxothietan-3-yl.
More especially preferred are those compounds of formula (I) wherein R is:
2,2,5,5-tetramethylcyclopentyl,
2,2,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrothiophene-3-yl,
t-butylcyclopropylcarbinyl,
dicyclopropylcarbinyl,
2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl, and
2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,1-dioxothietan-3-yl.
Most particularly preferred compounds of formula (I) are those wherein:
R.sup.a is CH.sub.2 OH and R is
dicyclopropylcarbinyl,
2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl,
2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,1-dioxothietan-3-yl, and those wherein R.sup.a is CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.3 and R is
2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl and
2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,1-dioxothietan-3-yl, which
have sweetness potencies of from 200-1200 times that of sucrose.
The invention further provides compositions for sweetening edible materials which comprises a sweetening amount of a compound of formula (I) and a nontoxic carrier. Most particularly preferred compositions are those containing L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(dicyclopropylcarbinyl)amide, L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietane-3-yl)amide, the 1,1-dioxo derivative of the latter.
Additionally, sweetened edible compositions comprising an edible material and a sweetening amount of a compound of the invention, are provided.
Also provided is a method for sweetening edible compositions which comprises adding thereto a sweetening amount of a compound of the invention.
The invention further provides compositions for sweetening edible materials which comprises a sweetening amount of a mixture of a compound of formula (I) and saccharin or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof.
Especially preferred such mixtures are those wherein in said compound of formula (I), R.sup.a is CH.sub.2 OH and R is dicyclopropylcarbinyl, 2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl or 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,1,-dioxothietan-3-yl. Most particularly preferred are mixtures of L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl)amide and said saccharin, especially those wherein said compound and said saccharin are present in a weight ratio of from 1:1 to 1:8.
By physiologically acceptable salts of saccharin is meant the salts of saccharin with physiologically acceptable cations such as e.g., the sodium, potassium, calcium or ammonium salts.
By physiologically acceptable cationic salts of the compounds of the invention is meant the salts formed by neutralization of the free carboxylic acid group of the compounds of formula (I) by bases of physiologically acceptable metals, ammonia and amines. Examples of such metals are sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Examples of such amines are N-methylglucamine and ethanolamine.
By the term physiologically acceptable acid addition salts is meant those salts formed between the free amino group of the compound of formula (I) and a physiologically acceptable acid. Examples of such acids are acetic, benzoic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, citric, fumaric, gluconic, lactic, maleic, malic, nitric, phosphoric, saccharic, succinic and tartaric acids.
The invention still further provides valuable novel intermediates, useful in preparation of the invention compounds of formula (I). Said intermediates are the D-amino acid amides of the formula ##STR18## where R.sup.a is as previously defined and R.sup.c is a member selected from the group consisting of fenchyl, diisopropylcarbinyl, d-methyl-t-butylcarbinyl, d-ethyl-t-butylcarbinyl, di-t-butylcarbinyl, cyclopropyl-t-butylcarbinyl, cyclopentyl-t-butylcarbinyl, dicyclopropylcarbinyl, ##STR19## where m.sub.1 is 1, 2 or 3 and when m.sub.1 is 1: R.sup.30, R.sup.40, R.sup.50 and R.sup.60 are each methyl, when m.sub.1 is 2: R.sup.30 is methyl, ethyl or isopropyl and
R.sup.40, R.sup.50 and R.sup.60 are each hydrogen or R.sup.30 and R.sup.50 are each methyl and R.sup.40 and R.sup.60 are each hydrogen, and when m is 3:
(a) R.sup.30 is isopropyl or t-butyl, R.sup.40, R.sup.50 and R.sup.60 are each hydrogen,
(b) R.sup.30 is ethyl, R.sup.50 is methyl, R.sup.40 and R.sup.60 are each hydrogen, or
(c) R.sup.30 and R.sup.40 are each methyl and R.sup.50 and R.sup.60 are each hydrogen or methyl, and ##STR20## where when n.sub.2 and p.sub.2 are each zero: R.sup.41 and R.sup.61 are each methyl and X.sub.2 is S, SO.sub.2, C.dbd.O or CHOH, when n.sub.2 is zero and p.sub.2 is 1: R.sup.41 and R.sup.61 are each methyl and X.sub.2 is O, S, or SO.sub.2, and when n.sub.2 is 1 and p.sub.2 is 1: R.sup.41 and R.sup.61 are each hydrogen and X.sub.2 is S or SO.sub.2.
The suffix "carbinyl" as used herein denotes the moiety --CH--. Thus, for example, diisopropylcarbinyl is the group (i--C.sub.3 H.sub.7).sub.2 --CH-- and dicyclopropylcarbinylamine is (.DELTA.).sub.2 CHNH.sub.2.
Detailed Description of the Invention
The instant dipeptide amides are conveniently manufactured by methods suitable for coupling of amino acids. A preferred method for preparing the dipeptide amides of formula (I) is outlined below. ##STR21## In the above L-aspartic acid derivatives Q is one of the well known amino-protecting groups which can be selectively removed such as those described by Boissonnas, Advances in Organic Chem., 3, 159-190 (1963). Particularly preferred amino-protecting groups are benzyloxycarbonyl and tert-butyloxycarbonyl. R.sup.10 is preferably an alkyl group having from one to four carbon atoms or benzyl. The D-serine or D-O-methylserine employed may be in the form of the free amino acid wherein R.sup.11 is hydrogen, but is preferably a carboxyl-protected derivative wherein R.sup.11 may be the residue of an ester group such as methyl or ethyl, but is preferably a silyl group such as trialkylsilyl, having from three to twelve carbon atoms. An especially preferred such group is trimethylsilyl for reasons of economy and efficiency.
In the first step of the above reaction sequence the diprotected L-aspartic acid is condensed with the appropriate D-amino acid or a carboxy-protected derivative to provide the diprotected dipeptide of formula (II). While this step may be carried out with the diprotected aspartic acid in the presence of condensing agents such as, for example, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, it is preferred to employ an alphacarboxyl activated derivative of the diprotected aspartic acid. Preferred such carboxyl activated derivatives are the chloride, bromide, anhydride or mixed anhydride. Especially preferred for reasons of efficiency are the mixed anhydrides of the above diprotected-L-aspartic acid with esters of chlorocarbonic acid, particularly the alkyl esters wherein said alkyl has from one to four carbon atoms. Most preferred mixed anhydrides are those prepared from the methyl and ethyl esters of chlorocarbonic acid for reasons of economy.
In one preferred method for preparing the compounds of formula (I), beta-benzyl-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartic acid is reacted with ethyl chlorocarbonate to form the corresponding mixed anhydride by methods known in the art. In a separate vessel the D-amino acid, R.sup.a CH(NH.sub.2)COOH, which is obtained from commercial sources or by resolution of the racemic amino acid by known methods "see e.g. Yamada et al., J. Org. Chem., 38, 4408 (1973)], is converted to the trimethylsilyl ester by contacting the amino acid with an equimolar amount of trimethylsilyl chloride in the presence of a reaction inert organic solvent; for the case when R.sup.a is CH.sub.2 OH, two molar equivalents of silylating agent is ordinarily employed. Suitable solvents for this purpose are, for example, pyridine, dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide; especially preferred is dimethylformamide.
In a typical reaction according to this method, the D-amino acid e.g., D-O-methylserine, dissolved in dimethylformamide and an equimolar amount of trimethylchlorosilane is added at room temperature. In a separate flask beta-benzyl N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartic acid and a molar excess of an acid binding agent, preferably triethylamine are dissolved a mixture of dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran and an equimolar amount of ethylchlorocarbonate is added at room temperature or below, preferably at about -25.degree. to 25.degree. C. and especially at about -10.degree. to 0.degree. C. to form the mixed anhydride. To this is added the solution of e.g., D-O-methylserine trimethylsilyl ester, preferably at a temperature within the same range. Reaction is ordinarly complete within one to two hours after which the reaction mixture is poured into water or aqueous acid, for example hydrochloric acid, and the product of formula (II) extracted with a water immiscible solvent, typically chloroform, methylene chloride or ethyl ether and isolated by standard methods. The diblocked dipeptide (II) is ordinarily of sufficient purity for use in the next step, but may be further purified if desired, for example by column chromatography.
In the second step of this method the diblocked dipeptide (II) is reacted with an equimolar amount of primary amine of formula RNH.sub.2 to provide the corresponding diblocked dipeptide amide intermediate of formula (III) wherein R.sup.a, R, R.sup.10 and Q are as previously defined. As in the first step, the carboxylic acid form of the reactant (II) can be successfully employed by use of condensing agents, for example dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to provide the intermediates of formula (III). However, it is preferred to convert the compound of formula (II) to a carboxyl activated derivative, for example the chloride, bromide or mixed anhydride, the latter being preferred. Thus, employing the particularly preferred compound of formula (II) wherein R.sup.10 is benzyl and Q is benzyloxycarbonyl, the mixed anhydride is prepared. As above, the preferred anhydrides are those obtained from esters of chlorocarbonic acid and the methyl or ethyl esters thereof are particularly preferred. The mixed anhydrides of compound (II) are prepared employing reactants and conditions described above for the first step of this sequence. In a typical reaction the compound of formula (II) and triethylamine in approximately equimolar amounts are combined in a reaction inert organic solvent, for example tetrahydrofuran, the mixture cooled to about -10.degree. C. and ethylchlorocarbonate added to obtain the mixed anhydride. To this is then added an equimolar amount of the amine of formula RNH.sub.2 or a solution thereof, for example in the same reaction inert solvent and at a temperature in the range of from about -50.degree. to 25.degree. C. and preferably at from -35.degree. to -5.degree. C. After the addition of the amine is complete, the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to about room temperature and maintained at this temperature until reaction is substantially complete, ordinarily from about 1 to 20 hours. The desired intermediate of formula (II) is then isolated and purified, if desired, by the same methods described above for compound (II).
In the final step of this method the carboxyl protecting group, R.sup.10 and amino protecting group, Q, are removed to provide the desired sweeteners of formula (I).
The method selected for removal of protecting groups from the dipeptide amide of formula (III) will vary depending on a number of factors which will be apparent to those of skill in the art. Two important factors for such selection are the nature of the protecting groups R.sup.10 and Q, and the nature of the amide substituent, R. For example, when R.sup.10 and Q are, respectively, the especially preferred groups benzyl and benzyloxycarbonyl and R does not contain sulfur, a preferred method for removing said protecting groups is, ordinarily, by hydrogenolysis. However, when R.sup.10 is benzyl or alkyl as defined above and Q is tert-butyloxycarbonyl and R has any of the values above, it is ordinarly preferred to remove the protecting groups by hydrolysis. A combination of hydrolysis and hydrogenolysis is preferred in those cases wherein R.sup.10 is alkyl, Q is benzyloxycarbonyl and R does not contain sulfur.
When hydrogenolysis is selected for removal of protecting groups from the intermediate of formula (III) it is preferred to carry out the reaction in the presence of a catalytic amount of a noble metal catalyst, palladium being especially preferred, and in the presence of a reaction inert solvent. Examples of such solvents include the lower alkanols, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and n-butanol; ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran, ethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane and diethyleneglycol dimethylether; esters such as ethyl acetate, methyl propionate and dimethylsuccinate; and dimethylformamide. Particularly preferred such solvents are methanol and ethanol for reasons of economy and efficiency. While the hydrogenolysis may be carried out successfully at higher pressures and temperatures, use of pressures of from about 1-10 atmospheres and room temperature are preferred for reasons of economy and convenience. At the preferred temperature and pressure the reaction is ordinarily complete in from about 30 minutes to about six hours, after which the catalyst is removed, typically by filtration, the solvent evaporated and the resulting product purified, if desired, by standard methods, for example by recrystallization or column chromatography.
When hydrolysis is selected for removal of one or both of protecting groups R.sup.10 and Q any of the well known methods for alkaline hydrolysis or acid hydrolysis of esters and the like may be employed with some success. However, when blocking groups R.sup.10 are to be removed by hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis is preferred, and especially preferred conditions are use of at least an equivalent amount of a strong base, for example, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in the presence of water and a lower alkanol, particularly methanol or ethanol, at or about room temperature. Under these preferred conditions hydrolytic removal of the R.sup.10 group is ordinarily complete in a few hours or less.
When the amino protecting group Q is tert-butyloxycarbonyl it is preferred to use acid hydrolysis for its removal. Especially preferred is dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid in the presence of methanol or ethanol and heating the mixture at reflux. Under these conditions hydrolysis is ordinarily complete in a few hours or less.
Isolation of the products of formula (I) after removal of protecting groups by any of the above hydrolysis methods employs standard procedures known in the art. For example, after acid hydrolysis the reaction mixture is evaporated to remove solvent, the aqueous residue washed with a water immiscible non-polar solvent, for example, ethyl ether or chloroform after which the aqueous layer is made alkaline and the product extracted with a water-immiscible solvent such as, for example, ethyl acetate and the product obtained by evaporation of solvent. If desired, the product can be further purified, for example, by recrystallization or column chromatography. When alkaline hydrolysis to remove a protecting group R.sup.10 is followed by hydrogenolysis to remove the amino protecting group Q, the reaction mixture from the alkaline hydrolysis is preferably neutralized by addition of acid, for example, hydrochloric acid, and the neutralized reaction mixture subjected to hydrogenolysis as described above.
A second preferred method for manufacture of the instant compounds of formula (I) is shown below. ##STR22## R.sup.a, R, R.sup.10 and Q are as defined above.
The amino protected D-amino acid or its carboxyl activated derivative is reacted with an equimolar amount of amine RNH.sub.2 employing methods and conditions described above for the preparation of intermediates (II) and (III) to obtain an amino protected D-amino acid amide of formula (IV). The protecting group Q is removed by hydrogenolysis or hydrolysis as described above and the resulting free amino amide (V) is condensed with a diblocked L-aspartic acid derivative or a carboxyl activated derivative thereof, as described above for the preparation of intermediates of formula (II), to provide the diblocked dipeptide amide of formula (III) from which the desired sweetener of formula (I) is obtained as previously described.
In a modification of this method an intermediate of formula (IV) wherein R contains a cyclic or acyclic sulfide moiety (--S--) may be oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxide or sulfone prior to its conversion to intermediate (V) and subsequent reactions as described above, to provide compounds of formula (I) wherein R is a sulfoxide or sulfone.
In a third preferred method for preparing the compounds of the invention the D-amino acid amide of formula (V), described above, is reacted with L-aspartic acid N-thiocarboxyanhydride to provide directly the compounds of formula (I). In carrying out this method the intermediate (V) in a suitable solvent is contacted with an equimolar amount of L-aspartic acid N-thiocarboxyanhydride at a mildly alkaline pH at a temperature of from about -25.degree. to 10.degree. C. to provide the compound of formula (I). The alkaline pH for this reaction is provided by means of a strong base, for example, sodium hydroxide or potassium carbonate. Suitable solvents for this reaction are those that dissolve at least a portion of the reactants under the reaction conditions employed without reacting with either reactant to an appreciable extent and allow the products formed in the reaction to be isolated with relative ease. Examples of such solvents for this reaction are water, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyleneglycol dimethylether, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide and combinations thereof; preferred solvents are water, and its mixtures with tetrahydrofuran. A preferred alkaline pH range for this reaction is from about 8 to 10 and a pH of about 9 is especially preferred. An especially preferred temperature is in the range of about -10.degree. to 0.degree. C.
Under the preferred conditions mentioned above the reaction is ordinarily complete in one to two hours. The product of formula (I) then isolated by standard methods, for example, the pH of the reaction mixture is adjusted to the isoelectric pH of the product, ordinarily about pH 5.0-5.6, to precipitate the product of formula (I), the bulk of the solvent removed by evaporation or filtration and the crude material slurried with an organic solvent, for example, methanol, ethanol, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate or mixtures thereof. The product of formula (I) is then isolated, by filtration for example. It may be further purified, if desired, by, e.g., recrystallization or column chromatography.
The sweetness potency of the instant compounds was determined by comparison of their gustatory sweetnesses with sucrose. Aqueous solutions of the compound of formula (I) diluted to a suitable range of concentrations were compared with a sucrose standard by an expert taste panel. Comparisons were generally made with aqueous sucrose solutions of 7-9%, i.e., 7-9 g. per 100 ml. Higher sucrose concentrations have a distinctive mouthfeel which may influence results and lower sucrose concentration are not indicative of normal use situations. If, for example a 0.014% solution of the compound of formula (I) is judged to be equally as sweet as a 7% sucrose solution, then the sweetness potency of that compound is 7/0.014=500.times.sucrose. All of the sweetness potency values stated herein for the compounds of the invention were determined by this method. At threshold concentrations (i.e., the lowest concentration at which sweetness is first noticed, which for sucrose is ordinarily at concentrations in the range of 2-3%), the potency of a sweetener, such as the compounds of the invention, is generally twice that observed by comparison of its gustatory sweetness with 7-9% solutions of sucrose.
The requisite amines of formula RNH.sub.2 wherein R is as previously defined are either commercially available or can be obtained from readily available precursors. For example, the 2-alkylcyclohexylamines and 2,6-dialkylcyclohexylamines can be obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of the corresponding alkyl substituted anilines. Many of the amines are obtained by reductive amination of the corresponding ketone using a variety of conditions known in the art. For example, reductive amination by the well known Leuckhart reaction employing formic acid and formamide as reducing agents, see for example, the review in Organic Reactions, Wiley and Sons, New York, Vol. 5, p. 301, 1949, may be employed. Alternatively, the appropriate ketone can be reductively aminated employing sodium cyanoborohydride and ammonium acetate see for example, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 93, 2897 (1971), or by means of ethanolic ammonia in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst such as Raney nickel, platinum or palladium, see, for example, Organic Reactions, 4, 174 (1948). Many of the amines of formula RNH.sub.2 are obtained from the corresponding ketones by formation of an intermediate oxime formed by reacting the ketone with hydroxylamine or its salts under conditions well known in the art. The oxime intermediate is then reduced by catalytic hydrogenation or by means of sodium in the presence of a lower alkanol at elevated temperature. A particularly preferred method, especially useful for reducing oximes of sulfur-containing ketones, employs reduction of the oxime in ethanol and a molar excess of sodium at the reflux temperature of the mixture.
The requisite ketone precursors of the amines RNH.sub.2 are either commercially available, known in the art or prepared by known methods. For example, the ketones of formula (VI) and (VII) ##STR23## where R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6, X, m, n and p are as defined above, except those of formula (VII) wherein X is C.dbd.O, may be obtained by alkylation of the corresponding compounds wherein R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are each hydrogen to provide compounds of the above formula wherein from one to all of R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6 are alkyl as defined above. The alkylation is carried out, for example, employing alkylating agents such as the appropriate alkyl halide or alkyl sulfate under neutral or alkaline conditions provided by strong bases, for example, sodium hydride or sodium amide. Using the same method compounds of the formula (VI) and (VII) wherein only 1, 2 or 3 of the substituents alpha to the keto group are alkyl can be converted to compounds of the same formula wherein from two to four of R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5, R.sup.6 are alkyl. Gem-dialkyl compounds of formula (VI) and (VII) wherein either R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 or R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are said alkyl can be obtained from the appropriate monoalkyl compound by blocking the unsubstituted alpha-position prior to alkylation and subsequent removal of the blocking group. For example, 2,2-dimethylcyclohexanone may be obtained by condensation of 2-methylcyclohexanone with ethylformate in the presence of sodium methoxide and the resulting intermediate alkylated as outlined below. ##STR24##
Ketones of formula (VI) or (VII) wherein one or both of R.sup.3 and R.sup.5 are propyl or butyl may be obtained by condensation of the corresponding alpha-unsubstituted compound with the appropriate aldehyde or ketone under alkaline conditions to an intermediate alpha- or alpha,alpha'-alkylidene ketone which can then be hydrogenated to provide the desired ketone.
The requisite cyclobutanones are obtained by methods described by Conia et al., Bull. Soc. chim. France, 726 (1963) and Conia, Ind. chim. Belge, 31, 981 (1966).
An alternative method for preparing the ketones of formula (VI) and (VII) involves a cyclization of an acyclic precursor. For example, by means of the well known Dieckmann cyclization of dicarboxylate esters and subsequent hydrolysis and decarboxylation; see e.g., Modern Synthetic Reactions, W. A. Benjamin, Menlo Park, Cal., 1972, p. 740. The alpha-keto esters produced, especially those with no other alpha-substituent, can also be alkylated prior to hydrolysis and decarboxylation, if desired. This reaction can also be used to provide ketones (VI) and (VII) which are unsubstituted at the carbons adjacent to the carbonyl group which can be alkylated as described above.
For preparation of diketones of formula (VII) wherein X is C.dbd.O the keto group of acyclic keto-dicarboxylate ester precursor is converted to a ketal or thioketal, e.g., dimethyl ketal, diethylthio ketal, ethylenedioxy ketal or ethylenedithio ketal, prior to Dieckmann cyclization. Ester group hydrolysis and decarboxylation affords a keto-ketal which may be converted to the corresponding amino ketal, by methods described above, followed by hydrolysis of the ketal group by methods well known in the art. The resulting amino ketone can be hydrogenated, if desired, to the corresponding hydroxyamine (X=CHOH) by known methods, e.g. by reduction with sodium borohydride.
2,2,4,4-Tetraalkyl-3-hydroxycyclobutylamines are prepared from the corresponding 1,3-diones by the method of U.S. Pat. No. 3,125,569.
The amines of formula ##STR25## where X is CHOH and R.sup.3 -R.sup.6, n and p are as defined above, or N-protected derivatives thereof e.g., N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives, may be oxidized, e.g. by chromium trioxide, to the corresponding compounds wherein X is C.dbd.O. Alternatively, the hydroxyamine may be reacted first with e.g., a carboxyl activated derivative of an N-protected D-O-methylserine and the resulting intermediate of formula (IV) wherein R is said hydroxy-containing group, oxidized, e.g., with chromium trioxide, to provide the corresponding ketone. The resulting ketone of formula (IV) is then converted to the desired product of formula (I) where R is a keto-containing group as desired above.
Certain of the ketones of formula (VIII) are also obtained from acyclic precursors derived from ketones of the formula (VIII) wherein R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are ##STR26## as previously defined. For example four-membered ketones of formula (VII) where X is O or S are obtained by bromination of (VIII) with two moles of bromine and the resulting alpha,alpha'-dibromo compound cyclized with, e.g., sodium hydroxide to provide an oxetanone or hydrogen sulfide to provide a thietanone. The corresponding five-membered ring ketones (VII) are obtained when (VIII) is first reacted with formaldehyde to provide an intermediate alpha-hydroxymethyl compound which is then brominated at the alpha'-position and cyclized with sodium hydroxide or hydrogen sulfide to provide the corresponding compounds of formula (VII) wherein X is O or S, respectively.
Certain of the tetrahydropyran-4-ones and tetrahydrothiapyran-4-ones of formula (VII) are obtained by adding the elements of water or hydrogen sulfide to the appropriately substituted divinylketone.
Ketone intermediates of formula (IX) which may be converted to amines via the oxime are obtained by methods outlined below where R.sup.17, R.sup.18, R.sup.19 and R.sup.20 are as defined above. ##STR27## The appropriately substituted acetoacetic ester (X) is condensed with formaldehyde, e.g. under alkaline conditions, and the resulting hydroxymethylated intermediate (XI) is then cyclized, for example by heating in the presence of a mild acid or base with removal of ethanol as it forms.
Bromination of acetoacetic esters of formula (X) and subsequent treatment of the product with, e.g. sodium hydroxide, provides ketones of formula (XII) which are converted to the corresponding amine as described above. ##STR28##
Alternatively, the ketolactones (XII) can be prepared by the method described in Zeit. Chemie, 13, 11 (1973); Chem. Abstr., 78, 135596e (1973), by reaction of the appropriate cyclobutan-1,3-dione with hydrogen peroxide.
The dibromo derivative of (VIII), described above, can also be treated with alkali hydroxides, e.g. sodium hydroxide under mild conditions, to form the corresponding 1,3-dihydroxyketone which is converted to the corresponding 1,3-dioxane-2,5-dione of formula (XIII) by reaction with phosgene. ##STR29## The 5-oximino intermediate of (XIII) upon treatment with sodium in ethanol as described above, provides the corresponding 5-amino compound.
Treatment of a monobromo derivative of ketones of formula (VIII) with, e.g. ethyl malonate, and subsequent hydrolysis, decarboxylation and esterification of resulting product affords intermediates of formula (XIV) which serve as precursors of the ketones (XV) as shown below, for example. ##STR30## The ketolactones (XV) are then converted to the corresponding 4-amino compound, e.g. by reduction of the oxime, as described above.
The 1,3-dibromoketone derivatives of (VIII), described above, also can be converted to the corresponding 1,3-dimercaptoketone by reaction with at least two moles of sodium hydrosulfide. Treating the dimercaptoketone with reagents such as iodine, hydrogen peroxide or hypochlorous acid under disulfide forming conditions, well known in the art provides the ketones of formula XVI which are converted to amines by reduction of the oxime employing, e.g., sodium in ethanol. ##STR31##
Amines of formula (XVII) are provided directly, for example, by the method of Nagase et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 17, 398 (1969) as shown below. ##STR32##
Use of ethylene oxide in place of formaldehyde in the first step of the above reaction sequence affords the corresponding 3-amino-2-pyrones, ##STR33##
Lactams corresponding to the above lactone intermediates or those of formula (IX), (XII), (XV) or (XVII), are obtained by reaction of the appropriate lactone with ammonia; for example, the above lactone is contacted with an excess of anhydrous ammonia in ethanol and the mixture allowed to stir overnight at ambient temperature to provide compounds of the formula ##STR34## Alternatively, certain lactam intermediates are provided by the following reaction sequence. ##STR35##
The resulting ketones are then converted to the requisite amines by methods described above.
The isomeric ketolactams are obtained by the following reaction sequence: ##STR36##
The corresponding 5-membered lactams are also obtained by the method of U.S. Pat. No. 3,125,569: ##STR37##
Cyclic or open chain alpha-hydroxyketones or alpha,alpha'-dihydroxyketones of the formula ##STR38## where R.sup.14 -R.sup.20, m, A and B are as previously defined are prepared by bromination with one or two moles of bromine and treatment of the bromo or dibromo intermediate with an hydroxylic base, e.g., sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide as described above. The reaction sequence is exemplified as follows: ##STR39##
Dicycloalkylketones (XVIII) and alkylcycloalkylketones (XIX) are prepared by the reaction of the appropriate acid halide and Grignard reagent employing conditions and reagents well known in the art, e.g., as shown below. ##STR40##
Amines of formula RNH.sub.2 where R is as previously defined are also obtained by the well known Hofmann reaction by conversion of the appropriate carboxamide with alkali metal hypohalite. This procedure is especially useful for the preparation of cyclopropylamines. The corresponding cyclopropyl amides are obtained and converted to amines, e.g. as shown below. ##STR41##
The first step of the above sequence to form the cyclopropylcarboxylic acid ester is known in the art, see for example, Mescheryakov et al., Chem. Abstr., 54, 24436 (1960).
The compounds of formula (I) or intermediate amides therefore, wherein R is ##STR42## where X is SO or SO.sub.2 are obtained from the corresponding compounds wherein X is S by oxidation employing reagents and conditions known to form sulfoxides and sulfones from sulfides. Alternatively, the appropriate ketone of formula (VII) where X is S or the amine derived from said ketone, as described above, can be oxidized to the sulfoxide or sulfone prior to coupling to form the dipeptide amide of formula (I). Preferred reagents and conditions for such oxidation of sulfides include use of hydrogen peroxide in a solvent, for example, acetic acid or acetone. When equimolar amounts of reactants are employed the product is the sulfoxide, which is readily converted to the corresponding sulfone by an additional mole of peroxide. Other preferred oxidants are potassium permangante, sodium metaperiodate or chromic acid, for preparation of the sulfones, and m-chloroperbenzoic acid. The latter reagent being especially useful for conversion of the above thioketones (VII) to the corresponding sulfoxide employing one mole of this reagent, or the sulfone when two moles of the peracid are employed.
The compounds of formula (I) and the physiologically acceptable salts thereof provide advantages as sweetening agents in view of their high potency, their physical form and stability. They are, ordinarily, crystalline, non-hygroscopic, water soluble solids. They are uniquely characterized by possessing a sweet taste, devoid of undesirable harsh or bitter flavor qualities at ordinary use levels. They can be usefully employed to impart sweetness to edible materials. The term "edible materials" as used herein signifies all non-toxic substances consumable by humans or other animals, in solid or liquid form. Illustrative of such substances are: food, including foodstuffs, prepared food items, chewing gum and beverages; food additives, including flavoring and coloring agents as well as flavor enhancers; and pharmaceutical preparations.
The compounds of the invention can be prepared in a variety of forms suitable for utilization of sweetening agents. Typical forms which can be employed are solid forms such as powders, tablets, granules and dragees; and liquid forms such as solutions, suspensions, syrups, emulsions as well as other commonly employed forms particularly suited for combination with edible materials. These forms can consist of the compounds of formula (I) or their physiologically acceptable salts either apart or in association with non-toxic sweetening agent carriers, i.e. non-toxic substances commonly employed in association with sweetening agents. Such suitable carriers include liquids such as water, ethanol, sorbitol, glycerol, citric acid, corn oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, sesame oil, propylene glycol, corn syrup, maple syrup and liquid paraffin, and solids such as lactose, cellulose, starch, dextrin, modified starches, polysaccharides such as polydextrose (see, e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 3,766,165 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,794), calcium phosphate (mono-, di- or tri-basic) and calcium sulfate.
Likewise useful and compatible are compositions containing a compound of the invention combined with a known sweetening agent such as, for example, sucrose, saccharin, cyclamate, L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester and the like, useful for sweetening edible materials. Especially useful are the mixtures of compounds of formula (I) and saccharin or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof, e.g., the sodium, potassium, calcium or ammonium salt of saccharin. In said mixtures with saccharin the compounds of formula (I) reduce or completely mask the well known, undesirable bitter aftertaste of the saccharin.
Particularly useful such sweetener compositions are those containing saccharin in admixture with compounds of formula (I) which are at least 400 times as sweet as sucrose, especially those wherein R.sup.a is CH.sub.2 OH and R is dicyclopropylcarbinyl, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyltietan-3-yl or 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,1-dioxothietan-3-yl. Most particularly preferred are such mixtures of saccharin and L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl)amide, especially such mixtures which contain the latter compound of formula (I) and saccharin in a weight ratio in the range of from 1:1 to 1:8. These mixtures are not only pleasantly sweet tasting and appreciably devoid of bitter aftertaste, they are, unexpectedly, significantly sweeter than calculated by summation of sweetness of the individual components of the mixture. That is, they exhibit a synergist effect, being up to 50% sweeter than calculated. In mixtures of saccharin or its salts and L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl)amide in ratios outside the above range the synergist effect is considerably reduced.
The invention also provides sweetened edible compositions comprising an edible material and a sweetening amount of a compound of formula (I), a physiologically acceptable salt thereof alone or in combination with a non-toxic carrier or known sweetening agent. Examples of specific edible materials which provide such sweetened edible compositions include: fruits, vegetables, juices, meat products such as ham, bacon and sausage; egg products, fruit concentrates, gelatins and gelatin-like products such as jams, jellies, preserves, etc.; milk products such as ice cream, sour cream and sherbet; icings, syrups including molasses; corn, wheat, rye, soybean, oat, rice and barley products such as bread, cereals, pasta, cake and cake mixes; fish, cheese and cheese products, nut meats and nut products, beverages such as coffee, tea, carbonated and non-carbonated soft drinks, beers, wines and other liquors; confections such as candy and fruit flavored drops, condiments such as herbs, spices and seasonings, flavor enhancers such as monosodium glutamate and chewing gum. The instant sweeteners are also of use in prepared packaged products such as dietetic sweeteners, liquid sweeteners, granulated flavor mixes which upon reconstitution with water provides non-carbonated drinks, instant pudding mixes, instant coffee and tea, coffee whiteners, malted milk mixes, pet foods, livestock feed, tobacco and consumable toiletries such as mouth washes and toothpaste as well as proprietary and non-proprietary pharmaceutical preparations and other products of the food, pharmaceutical and sundry industries.
Especially preferred sweetened edible compositions are carbonated beverages containing one or more of the instant sweeteners.
The L-aspartyl-D-amino acid dipeptide amides of the instant invention and the corresponding dipeptide amides of our copending application Ser. No. 201,745, filed Nov. 5, 1980, of the formula ##STR43## where R is as defined herein and R.sup.a' is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl, are also useful in the applications disclosed in the art for L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester and analogs thereof. For example, they are useful in the same functions disclosed in the following patents and patent applications for L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester. In these uses they have the advantages disclosed for the dipeptide ester as well as their previously mentioned advantages in stability and potency:
______________________________________U.S. Pat. Nos.:3,642,491 3,971,857 3,865,9573,761,288 3,982,0233,800,046 4,001,4563,818,077 4,004,0393,829,588 4,007,2883,875,311 4,031,2583,875,312 4,036,9923,886,295 4,051,2683,922,369 4,059,7063,934,048 4,122,1953,947,600 4,139,6363,955,000 4,143,1703,956,507 4,153,737Canadian Patent Nos.:1,026,9871,027,1131,028,1971,043,1581,046,840Netherlands Patent Application Nos.73-04,31473-11,30775-14,92176-05,39076-08,963West German Offenlegungsschrift Nos.:2,438,3172,456,9262,509,2572,518,3022,609,9992,646,2242,713,951Belgian Patent Nos.:830,020838,938863,138882,672______________________________________
Great Britian Pat. No. 1,464,571;
Japan Kokai No. 77-04,176;
French Pat. No. 2,338,651 and
Swiss Pat. No. 590,615.
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples.

EXAMPLE 1
L-Aspartyl-D-serine N-(dicyclopropylcarbinyl)amide ##STR44##
A solution of 4.41 g. (0.042 mole) D-serine in 21 ml. of 2N sodium hydroxide was cooled to 5.degree. to 10.degree. C., adjusted to pH 10.0-11.5 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and 6.9 ml. (0.048 mole) benzyl chloroformate was added in increments over 1.5 hours with simultaneous addition of 2N sodium hydroxide to maintain the mixture within the above range of pH. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature, washed with ethyl ether and the aqueous phase acidified (pH 2.5-3.0) with 6N hydrochloric acid. Extraction with ethyl acetate, washing the extracts with brine and drying (MgSO.sub.4), afforded 3.14 g. of product as a colorless solid which was recrystallized from 20 ml. ethyl acetate to yield 2.64 g. of product, R.sub.f 0.43 [thin layer chromatography (TLC), ethyl acetate/hexane/acetic acid, 9:9:2, by volume]. ##STR45##
To a slurry of 2.4 g. (0.01 mole) of N-Cbz-D-serine, obtained in Part A, in 75 ml. chloroform was added 1.1 ml. (0.01 mole) N-methylmorpholine. A solution was obtained which was cooled to -12.degree. C. To this was added 0.96 ml. (0.01 mole) ethyl chloroformate, the mixture stirred at -10.degree. C. for five minutes, a solution of 1.11 g. (0.01 mole) dicyclopropylamine in 5 ml. chloroform was added and stirring continued to five minutes at -15.degree. C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, washed successively with 0.5N hydrochloric acid, 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, water and the chloroform evaporated in vacuo. The aqueous washes were combined and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extracts were combined with the residue obtained by evaporation of chloroform and the ethyl acetate was dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated in vacuo to afford a white solid which was dried in the vacuum oven overnight to give 3.2 g. of the desired product, R.sub.f 0.54 which was used in the next step. ##STR46##
The 3.2 g. (9.6 mmole) N-Cbz-amide, obtained in Part B, was dissolved in 70 ml. methanol, 1.0 g. 5% Pd/C catalyst added and the mixture hydrogenated at 60 psi (4.2 kg./cm..sup.2) for 30 minutes. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate evaporated in vacuo to yield 1.93 g. of product as a soap-like solid. ##STR47##
A mixture of 3.4 g. (9.5 mmole) beta-benzyl N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartate, 1.0 ml. (9.5 mmole) N-methylmorpholine and 0.9 ml. (9.5 mmole) ethyl chloroformate was stirred at -15.degree. to -10.degree. C. for five minutes and a solution of 1.9 g. (9.5 mmole) D-serine N-dicyclopropylcarbinylamide, obtained in Part C, in 10 ml. chloroform was added at -15.degree. C. The resulting mixture was stirred at -10.degree. C. for five minutes, allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for one hour. The reaction mixture was evaporated in vacuo to remove solvent, the residue taken up in ethyl acetate (250 ml.), washed in turn with 1N hydrochloric acid, 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo to obtain a gelatinous solid. This was taken up in 75 ml. hot ethyl acetate. Upon cooling a crystalline solid was obtained which was dried in vacuo at 40.degree. C. to yield 2.75 g. of the desired diprotected dipeptide amide as a fine white solid, R.sub.f 0.30.
E. A mixture of 2.75 g. of the diprotected dipeptide amide, obtained in Part D, 200 ml. methanol and 1.0 g. 5% Pd/C catlayst was hydrogenated at 60 psi (4.2 kg./cm..sup.2) for one hour during which product precipitated. The catalyst/product mixture was filtered, the filter cake slurried in 100 ml. hot water and filtered again. The combined filtrates were evaporated to dryness, triturated with water, filtered and dried in vacuo to afford 260 mg. of product as a fine white, fluffy solid, M.P. 252.degree.-254.degree. C., R.sub.f 0.58 (TLC, n-butanol/water/acetic acid 4:1:1, ninhydrin spray).
The filter cake from the hydrogenation was slurried in 50 ml. of 0.1N hydrochloric acid, the mixture filtered through diatomaceous earth (Supercel), the filtrate (pH 1.6) was adjusted to pH 5.9 with sodium hydroxide solution, and the precipitated product collected by filtration and dried in vacuo to yield an additional 800 mg. of product. Total step yield, 68%.
Mass spectrum (m/e) 313 (M.sup.+).
Sweetness potency: 700.times.sucrose.
EXAMPLE 2
L-Aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl)amide ##STR48##
A mixed anhydride was prepared as follows: 1.0 g. (4.3 mole) N-benzyloxycarbonyl-D-serine was dissolved in 50 ml. tetrahydrofuran, cooled to -10.degree. C. under a nitrogen atmosphere and 0.47 ml. (4.3 mmole) N-methylmorpholine and 0.41 ml. (4.3 mmole) ethyl chloroformate were added. The mixture was stirred at -10.degree. C. for 30 minutes.
To the solution of mixed anhydride was added 495 mg. (4.3 mmole) 2,4-dimethyl-3-aminopentane dissolved in a small amount of chloroform, the mixture stirred at -10.degree. C. for 15 minutes and allowed to warm to room temperature. Ethyl acetate (40 ml.) was added and the mixture was washed with 1N hydrochloric acid, sodium bicarbonate solution, brine and the organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of solvent in vacuo gave 1.27 g. colorless solid which was triturated with ethyl ether, filtered and air dried to afford 1.0 g. of colorless product, R.sub.f 0.77 (TLC, ethyl acetate/hexane, 7:3 by volume, vanillin spray). ##STR49##
The above 1.0 g. of product was dissolved in 50 ml. methanol, 0.5 g. 5% Pd/C catalyst added and the mixture hydrogenated at 50 psi (3.52 kg./cm..sup.2) until hydrogen uptake ceased. Filtration and evaporation of filtrate gave 700 mg. of the desired product. ##STR50##
A solution of 1.36 g. (3.8 mmole) beta-benzyl N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartate in 10 ml. tetrahydrofuran was cooled to -10.degree. C. and 0.42 ml. (3.8 mmole) N-methylmorpholine was added. To this was added dropwise 0.36 ml. (3.8 mmole) ethyl chloroformate and the resulting mixture stirred at -10.degree. C. for 5 minutes. Then 566 mg. (2.8 mmole) D-serine N-(2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl)amide (from Part B, above) in a few milliliters of tetrahydrofuran was added dropwise and stirring continued for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and evaporated in vacuo to afford a solid residue. This was mixed with ethyl acetate, washed with 1N hydrochloric acid and the organic phase washed with 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate, brine, dried (MgSO.sub.4) and the solvent evaporated to afford 1.6 g. of product as an amorphous solid which was used in the next step. D. To a solution of 2.7 g. of the diblocked dipeptide amide (preparation as described in Part C, above) in methanol was added 1.5 g. 5% Pd/C catalyst and the mixture was hydrogenated at 50 psi (3.52 kg./cm..sup.2) until hydrogen uptake ceased. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate evaporated in vacuo to a small volume and allowed to stand at room temperature. The precipitated product was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo to afford 342 mg. of colorless solid.
Sweetness, 180.times.sucrose.
EXAMPLE 3
L-Aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl)amide ##STR51##
The method is that described by Moroder et al., Z. Physiol. Chem. 357, 1651 (1976), for preparing t-Boc-amino acids. To 10 ml. each of dioxane and water was added 2.18 g. (10 mmole) di-t-butyl dicarbonate 1.6 ml. (11.5 mmole) triethylamine and 1.05 g. (10 mmole) D-serine. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature and the dioxane evaporated in vacuo. The aqueous residue was cooled in ice, ethyl acetate was added and the mixture stirred while adding dilute potassium bisulfate solution to pH 2-3. The aqueous layer was separated, extracted twice with ethyl acetate and the combined extracts washed with water, dried (Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4) and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield 1.7 g. of product as a viscous paste. ##STR52##
A mixed anhydride was prepared from 2.85 g. (14 mmole) of N-t-butoxycarbonyl-D-serine, 1.55 ml. N-methylmorpholine, 1.34 ml. ethyl chloroformate in 75 ml. methylene chloride at -12.degree. to -10.degree. C. by the method of Example 1, Part B. To this mixture was added 2.01 g. (14 mmole) of 3-amino-2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietane and stirring continued for five minutes at -12.degree. C. The product was isolated as described in Example 1, Part B to afford 4 g. of a viscous liquid residue. The residue was dissolved in 40 ml. methylene chloride, 12 ml. trifluoroacetic acid (d=1.480) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for three hours. The reaction mixture was made alkaline with 40% sodium hydroxide solution, the organic layer separated, the aqueous layer was saturated with sodium chloride and extracted with methylene chloride. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO.sub.4) and concentrated to dryness in vacuo to yield 2.21 g. amorphous off-white solid. Crystallization from ethyl ether/hexane gave 1.92 g. of product as a fine, white solid. ##STR53##
A mixture of 2.3 g. (8.0 mmole) beta-t-butyl N-t-butoxycarbonyl-L-asparate, 0.88 ml. (8.0 mmole) N-methylmorpholine and 0.77 ml. (8.0 mmole) ethyl chloroformate in 40 ml. methylene chloride was stirred at -12.degree. C. for five minutes. A solution of 1.85 g. (8.0 mmole) D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl) amide in 5 ml. of the same solvent was added and stirring continued at -12.degree. to -10.degree. C. for ten minutes. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, stirred for one hour at this temperature and the solvent evaporated. The residue was taken up in ethyl acetate, washed with dilute hydrochloric acid, sodium bicarbonate solution, brine, dried (MgSO.sub.4) and the ethyl acetate evaporated to afford 3.34 g. of amorphous solid. Crystallization from ethyl ether/hexane gave 2.91 g. of colorless solid product, R.sub.f 0.70 (ethyl acetate/hexane, 7:3).
D. A solution of 2.4 g. (4.78 mmole) of the product obtained in Part C, above, in 60 ml. chloroform was fitted with a gas inlet tube and anhydrous hydrogen chloride bubbled through the solution. After five minutes, precipitation of solid was observed. The hydrogen chloride addition was continued for ten minutes, then the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for one hour and evaporated to dryness in vacuo. The residue was taken up in water, washed with chloroform, the pH adjusted to 5.6, washed again with chloroform, and the aqueous phase evaporated in vacuo. Ethanol was added to the residue and the mixture evaporated to dryness in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 25 ml. hot water and allowed to cool. The precipitated product was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo to yield 1.12 g. (67%) of product, M.P. 193.degree.-196.degree. C. R.sub.f 0.32 (n-butanol/water/acetic acid, 4:1:1).
Analysis Calculated for C.sub.14 H.sub.25 N.sub.3 O.sub.5 S: C, 48.39; H, 7.25; N, 12.09; S, 9.23. Found: C, 46.77; H, 7.48; N, 11.91; S, 8.82.
Sweetness potency, 1200.times.sucrose.
EXAMPLE 4
L-Aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,1-dioxothietan-3-yl)amide ##STR54##
A. 3-Amino-2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-1,1-dioxide
A solution of 14.53 g. (0.1 mole) 3-amino-2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietane and 64.17 g. (0.3 mole) sodium m-periodate in 500 ml. water was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 13 with sodium hydroxide solution and the precipitated sodium iodate removed by filtration. The filtrate was washed with 100 ml. ethyl ether, the aqueous phase extracted continuously with methylene chloride over 18 hours, the extract dried (MgSO.sub.4) and solvent evaporated in vacuo. The residual solid was recrystallized from ethyl acetate to provide 8.5 g. of product, M.P. 104.degree.-106.5.degree. C. A second crop of crystals was obtained, 2.7 g., M.P. 103.degree.-106.degree. C. Total yield, 63%.
B. D-Serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,1-dioxothietan-3-yl)amide
By the method of Example 1, Part B, 1.33 g. (6.5 mmole) N-benzyloxycarbonyl-D-serine, 0.715 ml. N-methylmorpholine, 0.62 ml. ethyl chloroformate and 1.15 g. (6.5 mmole) 3-amino-2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietane-1,1-dioxide gave 2.3 g. of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,1-dioxothietan-3-yl)amide as a viscous liquid, R.sub.f 0.37 (ethyl acetate/hexane, 7:3). This liquid was dissolved in methanol, 750 mg. of 5% Pd/C catalyst added and the mixture hydrogenated by the method of Example 1, Part C. After filtering to remove the catalyst, the methanol was evaporated in vacuo, the residue taken up in 1N hydrochloric acid and extracted with chloroform. The aqueous layer was made alkaline with sodium hydroxide saturated with sodium chloride and extracted continuously with chloroform overnight. Evaporation of solvent gave 1.54 g. of product as a viscous liquid which solidified upon standing, R.sub.f 0.32 (m-butanol/water/acetic acid, 4:1:1). ##STR55##
The diblocked dipeptide amide of the above formula was prepared on a 4.7 millimolar scale employing the method of Example 1, Part D, with 1.7 g. beta-benzyl N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartate, 0.51 ml. N-methylmorpholine, 0.45 ml. ethyl chloroformate and 1.24 g. D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,1-dioxothietan-3-yl)amide. The product, 2.45 g., was obtained as a colorless amorphous solid. Two grams of this material was purified by chromatography on 60 g. of silica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate to afford 1.2 g. of amorphous solid product, R.sub.f 0.30 (ethyl acetate/hexane, 7:3). D. A mixture of 1.2 g. of purified product from Part C, above, 75 ml. methanol and 0.6 g. of 5% Pd/C was hydrogenated at 80 psi (5.6 kg./cm..sup.2). When hydrogen uptake ceased, the catalyst was removed by filtration, and the filtrate evaporated to afford a colorless solid residue. The residue was taken up in water, washed with chloroform and the aqueous layer evaporated in vacuo. The residual solid was crystallized from ethanol to afford 255 mg. of the desired dipeptide amide as a fine white solid, M.P. 170-173, R.sub.f 0.20. An additional 180 mg. of product was obtained by reworking the filter cake from the hydrogenation.
Sweetness potency: 850.times.sucrose.
EXAMPLE 5
D-O-Methylserine
A. N-Chloroacetyl-dl-O-methylserine
To 125 ml. water was added 59.55 g. (0.5 mole) dl-O-methylserine, the mixture was stirred and 20 g. (0.5 mole) sodium hydroxide was added. The resulting solution was cooled in ice and simultaneously, from two dropping funnels was added over one hour, a solution of 20 g. of sodium hydroxide in 125 ml. water and 47.8 ml. (0.6 mole) chloroacetyl chloride. The addition rates were adjusted to maintain the reaction mixture at pH 9.0-9.5. After the addition was completed, the resulting mixture was stirred for one hour at pH 9.0-9.5. The mixture was washed twice with methylene chloride, the aqueous phase acidified to pH 1.5 with concentrated hydrochloric acid while cooling in ice, saturated with sodium chloride and extracted several times with chloroform. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO.sub.4) and the solvent evaporated in vacuo. The residue was stirred with ethyl ether to precipitate a yellow solid product which was collected by filtration and dried, 69.38 g. (71%). M.P. 104.degree.-107.degree. C., R.sub. f 0.23 (ethyl acetate/hexane/acetic acid, 9:9:2, phosphomolybdate spray). A second crop was obtained from the aqueous phase by adding more sodium chloride and extracting with chloroform. Evaporation of chloroform gave 3.65 g. of product. Total yield 75%.
B. N-Chloroacetyl-D-O-methylserine
To 3000 ml. of water at 35.degree.-37.degree. C. was added 73.03 g. (0.37 mole) N-chloroacetyl dl-O-methylserine and the mixture adjusted to pH 7.18 by addition of concentrated ammonium hydroxide. Water was added to make a total volume of 3700 ml. To this was added 17 mg. of commercial porcine kidney aminoacylase, N-acylamino acid amidohydrolase; EC 3.5.1.14 (Acylase I) having 1845 units/mg. (1 unit is defined as the amount required to hydrolyze 1 micromole of N-acetyl-L-methionine per hour at pH 7.0 and 25.degree. C.). The amount of enzyme added was that calculated to hydrolyze the susceptible isomer in six hours. The resulting solution was maintained at 37.degree.-38.degree. C. for 28 hours with intermittent addition of ammonium hydroxide to maintain the pH at 7.1 to 7.2. An additional 5 mg. of enzyme was added after 24 hours. The hydrolysis mixture was acidified to pH 4.5 with glacial acetic acid, filtered through a 0.6 .mu.m millipore filter (type BD) and the filtrate evaporated in vacuo below 35.degree. C. to reduce the total volume to 100-150 ml. The residual mixture was acidified to pH 2.00 with hydrochloric acid and extracted several times with ethyl acetate and further extracted with chloroform. The separate organic extracts were each washed with water, dried (MgSO.sub.4) and solvent evaporated in vacuo to afford a yellow liquid residue. Addition of hexane and evaporation in vacuo induced crystallization. The ethyl acetate extracts afforded 16.67 g. (46%) of N-chloroacetyl-D-O-methylserine, M.P. 95.degree.-96.degree. C., [alpha].sub.D -15.5 (C=1, 1N NaOH). The chloroform extracts gave 4.61 g. (13%) of the same product, M.P. 90.degree.-94.degree. C. (odor of chloroacetic acid). Both crops of product showed a single spot upon thinlayer chromatography on silica gel plates, R.sub.f 0.35; 9:9:2 ethyl acetate/hexane/acetic acid, phosphomolybdate spray.
C. To 16.67 g. (0.085 mole) N-chloroacetyl-D-O-methylserine was added 25 ml. of 2N hydrochloric acid and the mixture heated at reflux for three hours. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo, chasing any residual chloroacetic acid with additional water. The solid residue was washed with ethyl ether and collected by filtration to afford 12.31 g. (93%) D-O-methylserine hydrochloride, M.P. 188.degree.-190.degree. C.; [alpha].sub.D -16.7.degree. (C=0.7, CH.sub.3 OH).
EXAMPLE 6
L-Aspartyl-D-O-methylserine N-(dicyclopropylcarbinyl)amide ##STR56##
A solution of 12.31 g. (0.079 mole) D-O-methylserine in 40 ml. water containing 6.32 g. (0.158 mole) sodium hydroxide was cooled to 5.degree.-10.degree. C. and 11.74 ml. (0.0806 mole) benzyl chloroformate and 4M sodium hydroxide were added simultaneously at pH 8-9. The resulting mixture was stirred until the pH remained at 8 without further addition of base. After washing with methylene chloride, the aqueous phase was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid, extracted four times with methylene chloride, the extracts dried (MgSO.sub.4) and solvent evaporated in vacuo. The viscous liquid residue was stirred with hexane and the precipitated solid collected by filtration to yield 18.6 g. of product (93%), [alpha].sub.D -2.7.degree. (C=1, 1N NaOH), R.sub.f 0.43. ##STR57##
To a solution of 3.80 g. (0.015 mole) N-benzyloxycarbonyl-D-O-methylserine in 75 ml. methylene chloride was added 1.68 ml. (0.015 mole) N-methylmorpholine and the mixture cooled to -15.degree. C. To this was added 1.43 ml. (0.015 mole) ethyl chloroformate, the mixture stirred at -20.degree. to -15.degree. C. for ten minutes and 1.68 g. (0.015 mole) dicyclopropylcarbinyl amine was added. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for two hours. The resulting mixture was washed twice with 1N sodium hydroxide, twice with 1N hydrochloric acid and dried over magnesium sulfate. Evaporation of solvent in vacuo gave 5.1 g. (98%) of the desired product, R.sub.f 0.59 upon silica gel TLC in 1:1 ethyl acetate/hexane, phosphomolybdate spray.
The structure of the product was confirmed by .sup.1 H-NMR spectroscopy. ##STR58##
The 5.1 g. of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-D-O-methylserine N-(dicyclopropylcarbinyl)amide, obtained in Part B, above, was hydrogenated by the procedure of Example 1, Part C, to afford 2.96 g. (95%) D-O-methylserine N-(dicyclopropylcarbinyl)amide as a liquid, R.sub.f 0.39; [alpha].sub.D -23.2 (C=0.7, 1N HCl). The structure was confirmed by .sup.1 H-NMR spectroscopy.
D. C.sub.6 H.sub.5 CH.sub.2 OCOCH.sub.2 CH(NHCbz)CONHCH(CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.3)CONHCH(.DELTA.).sub.2
A mixture of 4.97 g. (13.9 mmole) beta-benzyl N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartate, 1.55 ml. (13.9 mmole) N-methylmorpholine and 1.33 ml. (13.9 mmole) ethyl chloroformate were reacted as described in Example 1, Part D, to provide 7.43 g. (97%) of the diblocked dipeptide amide which was recrystallized twice from ethyl acetate to give 4.25 g. of colorless product, R.sub.f 0.45 (7:3 ethyl acetate/hexane). The structure was verified by .sup.1 H-NMR. E. Hydrogenation of the 4.25 g. of purified diblocked dipeptide amide obtained in Part D, above, by the procedure of Example 1, Part E, gave 2.4 g. (95%) of the desired dipeptide amide, M.P. 215.degree.-217.degree. C. (dec.); [alpha].sub.D +37.6.degree. (C=0.8, 1.2N HCl); R.sub.f 0.41.
Sweetness potency, 85.times.sucrose.
EXAMPLE 7
L-Aspartyl-D-O-methylserine N-2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl)amide ##STR59##
To a solution of 2.89 g. (18.6 mmole) D-O-methylserine hydrochloride in 11 ml. water was added 6.48 ml. (46.5 mmole) triethylamine, 5.10 g. (20.7 mmole) 2-(t-butoxycarbonyloxyimino)-2-phenylacetonitrile ("BOC-ON") and 11 ml. tetrahydrofuran. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight, diluted with 25 ml. water and washed with ethyl acetate. The aqueous layer was acidified to pH 1.8 with 1M hydrochloric acid, extracted with ethyl acetate (3.times.75 ml.), dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated in vacuo to afford 4.2 g. of product as a viscous liquid, R.sub.f 0.65 (9:9:2 ethyl acetate/hexane/acetic acid, phosphomolybdate spray).
B. N-t-Boc-D-O-Methylserine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl)amide
To a solution of 4.2 g. (18.6 mmole) N-t-Boc-D-O-methylserine in 90 ml. methylene chloride was added 2.08 ml. N-methylmorpholine, the mixture cooled to -15.degree. C. and 1.78 ml. ethyl chloroformate added. After stirring for 8 minutes at -20.degree. to -15.degree. C., 2.70 g. (18.6 mole) 3-amino-2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietane dissolved in 10 ml. methylene chloride was added at the same temperature and the mixture allowed to warm to room temperature. After stirring for two hours the mixture was washed with dilute sodium hydroxide, dilute hydrochloric acid, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to yield 6.04 g. (94%) of colorless solid, R.sub.f 0.35 (3:7 ethyl acetate/hexane, phosphomolybdate spray). The structure was verified by .sup.1 -H-NMR.
C. D-O-Methylserine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl)amide
To a solution of 6.04 g. (17.4 mmole) of N-t-Boc-D-O-methylserine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl)amide in 13.4 ml. methylene chloride was added 6.7 ml. (87 mmole) trifluoroacetic acid (sp. gr. 1.480) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for three hours. An additional 1.0 ml. in 2 ml. methylene chloride was added and stirring continued for one hour. The reaction mixture was made alkaline with 40% (w/w) sodium hydroxide solution, the organic layer separated and the aqueous layer extracted several times with fresh methylene chloride. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO.sub.4) and solvent evaporated in vacuo to give 4.29 g. of crude liquid product. This was taken up in 20 ml. 1N hydrochloric acid, washed with ethyl ether, the aqueous layer made alkaline with sodium hydroxide (40% w/w), saturated with sodium chloride and extracted with methylene chloride. Evaporation of the extracts afforded 3.21 g. (75%) of the desired product, R.sub.f 0.41; [alpha].sub.D -19.8.degree. (C=0.8, 1 N HCl). The structure of this product was verified by its .sup.1 H-NMR spectrum. ##STR60##
By employing 3.76 g. of product obtained by the procedure of Part C, above, the procedure of Example 3, Part C, was repeated on a 13 millimolar scale using 50 ml. methylene chloride as solvent to afford 5.0 g. (74%) of the desired diblocked dipeptide amide as a brittle foam, R.sub.f 0.40 (ethyl acetate/hexane, 1:1; phosphomolybdate spray). The structure was verified by the .sup.1 H-NMR spectrum of the product.
E. Anhydrous hydrogen bromide was bubbled through a solution of 5.0 g. (9.7 mmole) of the diblocked dipeptide amide provided in Part D, above, while stirring at room temperature for one hour. The resulting mixture was evaporated to dryness in vacuo and the resulting yellow solid residue dissolved in water. The solution was washed twice with ethyl ether, once with methylene chloride, the aqueous phase adjusted to pH 5.8 with sodium hydroxide solution and evaporated to dryness in vacuo. The residual solid was dissolved in 10 ml. 95% ethanol and ethyl ether added to precipitate the title compound in two crops:
1.66 g., [alpha].sub.D +13.4.degree. (C=0.9, 1.2N HCl), M.P. 85.degree.-90.degree. C.;
1.20 g., [alpha].sub.D +13.9.degree. (C=0.8, 1.2N HCl). TLC of each crop showed product spot at R.sub.f 0.51 with small amount of material of R.sub.f 0.44.
F. Purification via p-toluenesulfonate salt
To 10 ml. water was added 1.39 g. (3.85 mmole) of the combined crops of product obtained above and 0.66 g. (3.83 mmole) p-toluenesulfonic acid. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for two hours. The precipitated solid was collected by filtration and washed with a small amount of water to afford 0.94 g. of p-toluenesulfonate salt. The salt was combined with 3 ml. of liquid anion exchange resin (Amberlite LA-1.RTM.), 6 ml. hexane, 2 ml. water and the mixture stirred for two hours. The aqueous phase was separated, washed with hexane and evaporated to dryness in vacuo to give 0.72 g. of off-white solid, [alpha].sub.D +22.43.degree. (C=0.8, 1.2N HCl); R.sub.f 0.48.
Sweetness potency: 320.times.sucrose. The sweet taste was judged to be unusually clean, free of off flavor notes and to have a quick sweetness impact.
.RTM.A registered trademark of Rohm and Haas Co.
EXAMPLE 8
L-Aspartyl-D-O-methylserine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,1-dioxothietan-3-yl)amide ##STR61##
In 75 ml. methylene chloride was dissolved 3.8 g. (15 mmole) N-benzyloxycarbonyl-D-O-methylserine. N-methylmorpholine (1.68 ml.) was added, the solution cooled to -15.degree. C. and 1.43 ml. ethyl chloroformate added. The resulting mixture was stirred for 8 minutes at -15.degree. C., then 2.18 g. (15 mmole) 3-amino-2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietane was added and the mixture allowed to warm to room temperature. Stirring was continued for two hours at room temperature, the reaction mixture washed with dilute sodium hydroxide, dilute hydrochloric acid, dried (MgSO.sub.4) and the solvent evaporated in vacuo to give 6.11 g. of liquid product, R.sub.f 0.58 (ethyl acetate/hexane 1:1; phosphomolybdate spray).
B. Oxidation to 1,1-dioxide
The product from Part A, above, 6.11 g., was dissolved in 75 ml. chloroform and cooled in ice while adding 7.12 g. m-chloroperbenzoic acid in portions. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for three hours. Additional chloroform (75 ml.) was added and the solution washed twice each with 5% (w/v) sodium carbonate solution, 0.5N sodium thiosulfate and 1N hydrochloric acid. After drying the organic phase (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporation of solvent, 6.24 g. of product was obtained as a viscous liquid, R.sub.f 0.22 (ethyl acetate/hexane, 1:1; phosphomolybdate spray) with traces of starting material and sulfoxide. The .sup.1 H-NMR spectrum was in agreeement with the structure for the desired sulfone with a small amount of chloroform. ##STR62##
A mixture of 6.11 g. of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-D-O-methylserine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,1-dioxothietan-3-yl)amide, 250 ml. methanol and 3.0 g. 5% palladium-on-carbon catalyst was hydrogenated at 50 psi (3.52 km./cm..sup.2) for two hours. The catalyst was removed by filtration, the filtrate was evaporated in vacuo and the residue taken up in 35 ml. 1N hydrochloric acid. The acidic solution was washed three times with chloroform, made alkaline with solid sodium hydroxide, saturated with sodium chloride and extracted with 3.times.50 ml. chloroform. The combined extracts were dried (MgSO.sub.4) and solvent evaporated in vacuo to give 3.37 g. (80%) of the alpha-amino amide product as a colorless liquid, R.sub.f 0.29; [alpha].sub.D -15.7.degree. (C=0.8, 1N HCl). The structure was verified by .sup.1 H-NMR spectroscopy. ##STR63##
Employing 3.37 g. (12 mmole) of the product obtained in Part C, above, as starting material, in the procedure of Example 1, Part D, the desired diblocked dipeptide amide was obtained as a clear glass, 6.73 g. (91%), R.sub.f 0.28 (ethyl acetate/hexane, 70:30). The .sup.1 H-NMR spectrum was in agreement with the structure for this compound.
E. A mixture of 6.73 g. beta-benzyl N-Cbz-L-aspartyl-D-O-methylserine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,1-dioxothietan-3-yl)amide, 250 ml. methanol and 2.0 g. 5% Pd/C catalyst was hydrogenated by the procedure of Part C, above. The residue remaining after evaporation of solvent was stirred overnight in ethyl ether and the solid product collected by filtration and dried in the vacuum oven to yield 3.3 g. (77%) of the desired dipeptide amide, R.sub.f 0.23; M.P. 140.degree.-150.degree. C. (dec.); [alpha].sub.D +20.3.degree. (C=1, 1.2N HCl).
Sweetness potency: 200.times.sucrose.
EXAMPLE 9
L-Aspartyl-D-serine N-(dl-cis,trans-2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl)amide ##STR64##
A. dl-cis,trans-2,6-Dimethylcyclohexylamine
A solution of 2.1 g. trans-2,6-dimethylcyclohexanone oxime in 30 ml. dry ethanol was heated at reflux. To this was added in portions 3.1 g. of metallic sodium. When the addition was complete, the mixture was maintained at reflux for 30 minutes and allowed to cool to room temperature. The resulting gel was dissolved in water, adjusted to pH 2.0 with hydrochloric acid and washed with ethyl ether. The aqueous phase was made alkaline with sodium hydroxide, extracted with ether, the extracts dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated to provide the desired amine as a colorless liquid.
B. D-Serine N-(dl-cis,trans-2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl)amide
Employing 1.47 g. (6.15 mmole) N-Cbz-D-serine, 775 mg. (6.15 mmole) dl-cis,trans-2,6-dimethylcyclohexylamine and equimolar amounts of N-methylmorpholine and ethyl chloroformate and subsequent removal of amino-protecting group by catalytic hydrogenation by the procedures of Examples 1, Parts B and C, afforded 0.70 g. of the desired D-serine amide as a white solid, R.sub.f 0.64 (ethyl acetate/hexane, 7:3).
C. Diprotected Dipeptide Amide
By employing 600 mg. (2.8 mmole) of D-serine-N-(dl-cis,trans-2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl)amide in the procedure of Example 1, Part D, the corresponding beta-benzyl N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartyl-D-serine amide, 1.2 g., was obtained as a colorless solid. Recrystallization from isopropyl ether gave 1.0 g., R.sub.f 0.35 (ethyl acetate/hexane, 7:3).
D. Catalytic hydrogenation of the diprotected dipeptide amide provided in Part C, above, (1.0 g.) in methanol in the presence of 0.6 g. 5% palladium/carbon catalyst by the procedure of Example 1, Part E, yielded 435 mg. of the title compound as an off-white crystalline solid.
Sweetness potency: 200.times.sucrose.
EXAMPLE 10
Beta-Benzyl N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-Aspartyl-D-O-methylserine ##STR65##
D-O-Methylserine (6.65 g., 56.1 mmole) is dissolved in 100 ml. of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and to the solution is added dropwise at room temperature 6.74 g. (62.4 mmole) of trimethylchlorosilane. In a separate flask is placed beta-benzyl N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartate (18.0 g., 50.4 mmole), triethylamine (12.35 g., 122 mmole) and 110 ml. each of DMF and tetrahydrofuran and the resulting solution cooled to -15.degree. C. To the solution is added ethyl chloroformate (5.95 g., 55.1 mmole) and the resulting mixture stirred for ten minutes at -10.degree. C. To this is then added dropwise the DMF solution of silylated D-O-methylserine prepared above while maintaining the mixture at -5.degree. to -10.degree. C. The mixture is stirred at -5.degree. C. for one hour, 0.2N hydrochloric acid added until the mixture is acidic and the resulting mixture extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extracts are combined and washed several times with dilute hydrochloric acid to remove remaining DMF. The solvent is evaporated in vacuo to provide the title compound.
When the procedure is repeated, but employing D-serine in place of D-O-methylserine and twice the above amount of trimethylchlorosilane, beta-benzyl N-Cbz-L-aspartyl-D-serine is obtained in like manner.
EXAMPLE 11
Beta-Methyl-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartyl-D-serine
A suspension of 80.7 g. (0.78 mole) D-serine in 200 ml. of DMF is cooled to 10.degree. C., 184 g. (1.70 mole) of trimethylchlorosilane is added in portions and the resulting mixture stirred at 25.degree. C. for one hour.
In a separate flask is placed a solution of 158 g. (0.86 mole) of beta-methyl L-aspartic acid hydrochloride in one liter of water. To this is added 34.5 g. (0.86 mole) of sodium hydroxide followed by 80 g. of sodium bicarbonate and the resulting mixture stirred vigorously. After cooling to 5.degree.-10.degree. C. 161 g. (0.94 mole) of benzyloxycarbonyl chloride is added in portions and stirring continued for two hours at this temperature. The reaction mixture is washed with 100 ml. of ethyl acetate, acidified by addition of 80 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate (2.times.450 ml.). The extract (900 ml.) is found to contain 218 g. (0.78 mole, 90% yield) of beta-methyl-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartate. It is used in the next step without further purification.
The ethyl acetate extract is cooled to -20.degree. C., 165 g. (1.63 mole) of triethylamine and 84 g. (0.78 mole) ethyl chloroformate are added. The solution is stirred at -15.degree. to -20.degree. C. for 30 minutes then treated quickly with the DMF solution of silylated D-serine prepared above and the resulting mixture is allowed to warm to ambient temperature over one hour with stirring. The reaction mixture is washed with water (3.times.500 ml.), the organic layer dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated in vacuo to afford the title compound.
When the procedure is repeated, but employing D-O-methylserine in place of D-serine and only half the above amount of trimethylchlorosilane, beta-methyl N-Cbz-L-aspartyl-D-O-methylserine is obtained.
By use of DL-serine or DL-O-methylserine in the procedures of Examples 10 and 11 the corresponding diblocked L-aspartyl-DL-amino acid dipeptides of the formula below are obtained. ##STR66## where Cbz is OCOCH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5, R.sup.b is H or CH.sub.3 and R.sup.10 is CH.sub.3 or CH.sub.2 C.sub.6 H.sub.5.
EXAMPLE 12
L-Aspartyl-D-serine N-(trans-2-methylcyclohexyl)amide
A. To a solution of 228 g. (0.62 mole) of beta-methyl-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartyl-D-serine is one liter of ethyl acetate is added 69 g. (0.68 mole) triethylamine, the mixture is cooled to -20.degree. C. and 67 g. (0.62 mole) of ethyl chloroformate is added. The resulting solution is stirred for 30 minutes at -15.degree. to -20.degree. C., then treated with 76.5 g. (0.68 mole) of trans-2-methylcyclohexylamine and stirring continued for 30 minutes. After allowing to warm to room temperature the mixture is washed twice with 500 ml. portions of water containing 15 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid, twice with 500 ml. of 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate, then water. The organic layer is dried (Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4), concentrated in vacuo to about 200 ml. and 400 ml. of hexane was added whereupon beta-methyl-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(trans-2-methylcyclohexyl)amide precipitated.
B. To 230 g. (0.50 mole) of the product obtained in Part A, above, dissolved in 500 ml. of methanol is added a solution of 24 g. (0.60 mole) of sodium hydroxide in 500 ml. of water. The mixture is stirred at 30.degree. C. for one hour, neutralized to about pH 7 with dilute hydrochloric acid and charged into an autoclave. Two grams of 5% palladium/carbon catalyst is added and the mixture hydrogenated at 25.degree. C., 3.5 kg./cm..sup.2 (50 psi) for one hour. The catalyst is removed by filtration, the filtrate evaporated in vacuo to 200 ml., the concentrate acidified to pH 5.2 with concentrated hydrochloric acid, then granulated at 5.degree. C. for one hour. The resulting precipitate is collected by filtration, the wet cake dissolved in a mixture of water and concentrated hydrochloric acid, carbon treated, filtered and the filtrate adjusted to pH 5.2 with 50% (w/w) sodium hydroxide solution. After granulation at 5.degree. C., filtering, washing with cold water and drying, the desired product is obtained.
By employing the appropriate beta-methyl-N-Cbz-L-aspartyl-D (or DL)-amino acid dipeptide in the above procedures the corresponding dipeptide amides of the formula below, where R.sup.a is CH.sub.2 OH or CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.3, are obtained in like manner. ##STR67##
EXAMPLE 13
L-Aspartyl-D-O-methylserine N-(dl-t-butylcyclopropylcarbinyl)amide: ##STR68##
A. t-Butylcyclopropylcarbinylamine
To 0.5 mole each of cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride and cuprous chloride in 500 ml. of dry ethyl ether was added dropwise under a nitrogen atmosphere 238 ml. (0.5 mole) of 2.1M t-butylmagnesium chloride in the same solvent at -10.degree. C. The reaction mixture was poured into a mixture of 250 ml. of 3M hydrochloric acid and 700 g. of ice, the organic layer separated, washed with water, sodium bicarbonate solution, brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The ether was evaporated at reduced pressure and the residue distilled at atmospheric pressure to provide 45 g. (72%) of t-butylcyclopropylketone, B.P. 145.degree.-153.degree. C.
The 45 g. (0.36 mole) of ketone was reacted with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium acetate in 1:1 ethanol/water by the method of Preparation Q. After heating at reflux overnight the reaction mixture was cooled and the precipitated oxime collected and washed with cold ethanol to obtain 23.5 g. of t-butylcyclopropylketoxime. An additional 7.7 g. was obtained from the mother liquors. The combined crops were recrystallized from 1:1 ethanol/water to provide 25.2 g. (50%) of oxime, M.P. 113.5.degree.-114.degree. C.
To a solution of 5.0 g. (0.035 mole) of oxime in 80 ml. of ethanol was added 8.04 g. (0.35 mole) of sodium and the reaction carried out and product isolated as described in Preparation Q, to afford 3.31 g. of crude dl-t-butylcyclopropylcarbinylamine. This was distilled at atmospheric pressure to yield 2.01 g. (45%) of product boiling at 153.degree.-155.degree. C. ##STR69##
To a 250 ml. three-necked flask fitted with a stopper, thermometer, drying tube and magnetic stirring bar was added 2.82 g. (6.6 mmole) of beta-benzyl-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartyl-D-O-methylserine, 50 ml. tetrahydrofuran and 1.0 ml. (7.0 mmole) triethylamine. The mixture was cooled to -10.degree. C., 0.69 ml. (7.0 mmole) ethyl chloroformate was added, stirred for 20 minutes, cooled to -35.degree. C. and 0.76 g. (0.66 mmole) of dl-t-butylcyclopropylcarbinylamine added. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm slowly to room temperature and stirred overnight. The mixture was poured into 100 ml. water, extracted with 170 ml. of ethyl acetate and the organic phase washed with 5% aqueous sodium bicarbonate (2.times.50 ml.), 3M hydrochloric acid (2.times.50 ml.), brine (1.times.70 ml.) and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The dried extract was evaporated to dryness in vacuo to provide the crude diblocked dipeptide amide which was purified by column chromatography on silica gel.
C. The purified product from Part B, 2.33 g., was hydrogenated over a palladium-on-carbon catalyst as described in Example 1, Part E, to afford the desired dipeptide amide.
The compound of formula (I) wherein R is ##STR70## and R.sup.a is CH.sub.2 OH is similarly obtained from the appropriate diblocked dipeptide.
EXAMPLE 14
By employing the appropriate amine of formula RNH.sub.2 in the procedure of the preceding Examples the following L-aspartyl-D-amino acid amides are provided in like manner.
______________________________________ ##STR71## where R.sup.a is CH.sub.2 OH:R R______________________________________2,5-dimethylcyclopentyl, 2,6-diisopropylcyclohexyl,2,5-diethylcyclopentyl, 2,2-dimethylcyclohexyl,2,5-diisopropylcyclopentyl, 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexyl,2-methyl-5-isopropylcyclo- 2,2,6,6-tetramethylcyclo-pentyl, hexyl,2,2,5-trimethylcyclopentyl, .sub.-l-fenchyl, ##STR72## --dl-fenchyl, ##STR73## 2-methylcyclopentyl,ethylcyclohexyl, 2-ethylcyclopentyl,2,2,5,5-tetramethylcyclo- 2-isopropylcyclopentyl,pentyl 2- .sub.-t-butylcyclopentyl,2,2,4,4-tetramethyltetra- .sub.-t-butylcyclopentylcarbinyl,hydrofuran-3-yl, diisopropylcarbinyl,2-methyl-6-ethylcyclohexyl, -d-methyl- .sub.-t-butylcarbinyl,2,6-diethylcyclohexyl, --dl-methyl-t-butylcarbinyl,2-isopropylcyclohexyl, di- .sub.-t-butylcarbinyl,2- .sub.-t-butylcyclohexyl, isopropyl-t-butylcarbinyl,2-methyl-6- .sub.-t-butylcyclohexyl, methyl-isobutylcarbinyl,dicyclobutylcarbinyl, 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclo-dicyclopentylcarbinyl, propyl,dicyclohexylcarbinyl, 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutyl,dicycloheptylcarbinyl, 2-methyloxetan-3-yl,cyclobutylcyclopropyl- 2,2-dimethyloxetan-3-ylcarbinyl 2- .sub.-t-butyl-4-methyloxetan-3-cyclobutylcycloheptyl- yl,carbinyl 2,4-diethyl-2,4-dimethyl-cyclopentylcyclopropyl- oxetan-3-yl,carbinyl 2,4-dimethyloxetan-3-yl,2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-oxo- 2,2-diethyl-4,4-dimethyl-cyclobutyl oxetan-3-yl,2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3- 2- --sec-butylcyclopentyl,hydroxycyclobutyl, 2,2-di- -n-propylcyclopentyl,2-methylcyclobutyl, 2,4-dimethyltetrahydrofuran-2,4-dimethylcyclobutyl, 3-yl,2,2-dimethyl-4-ethylcyclo- 2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl,butyl, 2- .sub.-t-butyltetrahydrofuran-3-2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclo- yl,butyl 2-ethyl-4- -n-butyltetrahydro-2,2-diethyl-4,4-dimethyl- furan-3-yl,cyclobutyl, 2- -n-butyl-4-ethyltetrahydro-2,4-diisopropylcyclobutyl, furan-3-yl,2- .sub.-t-butylcyclobutyl, 3,5-dimethyltetrahydropyran-2-methylcycloheptyl, 4-yl,2-isopropylcycloheptyl, 3,5-diisopropyltetrahydro-2- .sub.-t-butylcycloheptyl, pyran-4-yl,2,7-dimethylcycloheptyl, 3,3,5,5-tetramethyltetra-2,7-diisopropylcycloheptyl, hydropyran-4-yl3- .sub.-t-butyl-5-methyltetrahydro- 2,2,4,4-tetrahydropyran-3-yl,pyran-4-yl 4,4-dimethyltetrahydropyran-2-methyltetrahydropyran-3-yl, 3-yl,4-methyltetrahydropyran-3-yl, 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-3-cyclo-4- --sec-butyltetrahydropyran- pentenyl,3-yl 2,5-dimethyl-3-cyclopentenyl,2-isopropyltetrahydropyran- 2-methyl-3-cyclopentenyl,3-yl, 2,5-diisopropyl-3-cyclo-2,4-diisopropyltetrahydro- pentenyl,pyran-3-yl, 4-methyloxepane-3-yl,2-methyloxepane-3-yl, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyloxepane-2,4-dimethyloxepane-3-yl, 3-yl,2,4-diisopropyloxepane-3-yl, 2,2-dimethyloxepane-3-yl,3-methyloxepane-4-yl, 5,5-dimethyloxepane-4-yl,3,3-dimethyloxepane-4-yl, 3-isopropyloxepane-4-yl,3,5-diisopropyloxepane-4-yl, 2,4-dimethyltetrahydropyran-5-isopropyloxepane-4-yl, 3-yl,2-isopropylcyclopropyl, 2- .sub.-t-butylcyclopropyl,2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl, ethylcyclopropylcarbinyl,isopropylcyclopropylcarbinyl______________________________________
where R.sup.a is CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.3 :
____________________________________________________________________________2,2-dimethyl-5- .sub.-t-butylcyclopentyl,2-isobutylcyclohexyl,2- -n-butyl-6-ethylcyclohexyl,2,2-diethylcyclohexyl,2- .sub.-t-butyl-6-methylcyclohexyl,2,4-diethyl-2,4-dimethyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl,2,4-dimethyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl,2,2,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran-3-yl,3,5-dimethyltetrahydropyran-4-yl,3,3,5,5-tetramethyltetrahydropyran-4-yl,2,2,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydropyran-3-yl,4,4-dimethyltetrahydropyran-3-yl,2,2-dimethyltetrahydropyran-3-yl,3,3,5,5-tetramethyloxepane-4-yl,2,3-diisopropylcyclopropyl,2- .sub.-t-butylcyclopropyl,isopropylcyclopropylcarbinyl, -d-methyl- .sub.-t-butylcarbinyl,diisopropylcarbinyl,di- .sub.-t-butylcarbinyl, .sub.-l-fenchyl,2,2,5-trimethyl-3-cyclopentenyl.______________________________________R R R______________________________________ ##STR74## ##STR75## ##STR76## ##STR77## ##STR78## ##STR79## ##STR80## ##STR81## ##STR82## ##STR83## ##STR84## ##STR85## ##STR86## ##STR87## ##STR88## ##STR89## ##STR90## ##STR91## ##STR92## ##STR93## ##STR94## ##STR95## ##STR96## ##STR97## ##STR98## ##STR99## ##STR100## ##STR101## ##STR102## ##STR103## ##STR104## ##STR105## ##STR106## ##STR107## ##STR108## ##STR109## ##STR110## ##STR111## ##STR112## ##STR113## ##STR114## ##STR115##______________________________________
EXAMPLE 15
L-Aspartyl-D-O-methylserine N-(3,5-dimethyltetrahydrothiopyran-4-yl)amide: ##STR116## mixture of cis/trans and trans/trans isomers
A. 3,5-Dimethyltetrahydrothiopyran-4-one
A mixture of 2 g. of sodium acetate and 25 ml. of ethanol was saturated with hydrogen sulfide gas. To this was added 7.0 g. (0.063 mole) diisopropenylketone while cooling in an ice bath until the reaction was no longer exothermic. The mixture was stirred at room temperature while passing hydrogen sulfide through the mixture for four hours then allowed to stand overnight. The ethanol and excess H.sub.2 S were evaporated in vacuo and the residue taken up in ethyl ether, washed in turn with water, potassium carbonate solution, dilute hydrochloric acid, and water again. The ether extracts were dried (Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4) and evaporated to provide 6.8 g. of oil. This was distilled in vacuo through a 10 cm. Vigreaux column to provide 1.67 g. of product, B.P. 83.degree.-86.degree. C./9 mm. which was used in the next step without further purification.
B. 4-Oximino-3,5-dimethyltetrahydrothiopyran
A mixture of 1.67 g. (0.011 mole) of the cyclic ketone obtained in Part A, 1.6 g. (0.023 mole) hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 1.9 g. (0.023 mole) sodium acetate in 30 ml. of water and 10 ml. of ethanol were heated at reflux for three hours, cooled and the precipitate recovered by filtration. After recrystallization from 1:1 methanol-water 1.5 g. of oxime was obtained as a white solid, M.P. 60.degree.-85.degree. C. which is a mixture of isomers of suitable purity for use in the next step.
C. trans/trans and cis/trans-4-Amino-3,5-dimethyltetrahydrothiopyran
To a solution of 1.45 g. (0.009 mole) of the oxime obtained in Part B in 15 ml. of ethanol was added in portions 5 g. of sodium shot followed by an additional 25 ml. of ethanol and the resulting mixture heated at reflux for about 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was diluted with water, extracted with ethyl ether, and the extracts washed with water. The ether layer was extracted with dilute hydrochloric acid and the aqueous layer washed with fresh ether. The aqueous layer was made alkaline by addition of sodium hydroxide solution and extracted with ether again. The organic layer was dried (MgSO.sub.4) and the ether evaporated to obtain 1.1 g. of residual colorless oil. Gas-liquid chromatography (OV-1 column with temperature programming from 80.degree. to 100.degree. C.) showed the product to contain two major components in a 60/40 ratio. .sup.1 H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3) indicated the product to be a mixture of 4-amino-3-trans-5-trans-dimethyltetrahydrothiopyran and the corresponding 3-cis-5-trans-isomer.
D. N(3,5-Dimethyltetrahydrothiopyran-4-yl)-t-butoxycarbonyl-D-O-methylserineamide ##STR117##
Under anhydrous conditions, to a mixture of 1.96 g. (8.9 mmole) of N-t-Boc-D-O-methylserine obtained in Example 7, Part A, 1.98 g. (19 mmole) triethylamine and 40 ml. of tetrahydrofuran, cooled to -10.degree. C., is added dropwise 0.96 g. (8.9 mmole) ethyl chloroformate and the resulting mixture stirred at this temperature for 20 minutes. To this is added 1.1 g. (7.5 mmole) of the mixture of isomers of 4-amino-3,5-dimethyltetrahydrothiopyran obtained in Part C and the resulting mixture stirred at -10.degree. C. for 10 minutes then allowed to warm to room temperature. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with sodium bicarbonate solution, dilute hydrochloric acid, water, brine then dried (Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4) and the solvent evaporated at reduced pressure to obtain the product.
E. N-(3,5-Dimethyltetrahydrothiopyran-4-yl)-D-O-methylserine amide ##STR118##
The t-Boc-amide obtained in Part D is dissolved in 15 ml. of ethanol and a mixture of 5 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 10 ml. of water are added. The resulting mixture is heated at reflux for 30 minutes, cooled and the ethanol removed by evaporation in vacuo. The aqueous residue is washed with ethyl ether, made alkaline with sodium hydroxide solution, extracted with ether and the extracts dried (Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4). Evaporation of solvent provides the desired amino amide.
F. Coupling of D-O-methylserine amide with L-aspartic acid N-thiocarboxyanhydride
The D-O-methylserine amide provided in Part E, 1.25 g. (5.1 mmole) is dissolved in 5 ml. of tetrahydrofuran and 5 ml. of water was added. The clear solution is cooled in ice and 0.89 g. (5.1 mmole) of L-aspartic acid N-thiocarboxyanhydride is added in one portion. To this is added as required, 0.5M sodium hydroxide to maintain the mixture at pH 9. After stirring 30 minutes the reaction mixture is washed with ethyl ether then ethyl acetate and the washes discarded. The aqueous phase is acidified with dilute hydrochloric acid to pH 5.6 and evaporated to dryness at reduced pressure. The residue is taken up in hot methanol (100 ml.), filtered and the methanol evaporated. The residue was taken up again in hot methanol, filtered and the filtrate decolorized with activated carbon, filtered through diatomaceous earth and the filtrate evaporated to obtain the crude product. The crude product is dissolved in hot water (11 ml.) and filtered, evaporated under a stream of nitrogen to 5 ml. and cooled in ice to precipitate the product which is collected by filtration and dried.
Use of t-Boc-D-serine, t-Boc-DL-serine or t-Boc-DL-O-methylserine in place of t-Boc-D-O-methylserine in the procedure of Part D, above, and reacting the resulting N-t-Boc-D (or DL)-amino acid in the procedures of Parts D, E and F, provides the corresponding compounds of formula (I) wherein R is 3,5-dimethyltetrahydrothiopyran-4-yl and R.sup.a is CH.sub.2 OH or CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.3.
EXAMPLE 16
L-Aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrothiophene-3-yl)amide: ##STR119##
To a solution of 2.26 g. (11 mmole) of N-t-butoxycarbonyl-D-serine in 75 ml. of tetrahydrofuran is added 1.47 ml. (10 mmole) of triethylamine and the mixture cooled to -10.degree. C. At this temperature is added 0.96 ml. (10 mmole) of ethyl chloroformate and stirring continued for 15 minutes. After cooling to -20.degree. C., 1.6 g. (10 mmole) of dl-3-amino-2,2,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrothiophene is added and the resulting mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature. Ethyl acetate is added and the mixture is washed twice with 50 ml. portions of 5% (by weight) aqueous citric acid, aqueous sodium bicarbonate (1.times.50 ml.) and saturated brine (1.times.50 ml.). The organic layer is dried (Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4) and evaporated to dryness at reduced pressure to afford N(2,2,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrothiophene-3-yl)-t-butoxycarbonyl-D-serine amide. This product is used without further purification in the next step. ##STR120##
To 3 g. of the product from Part A is added 5 ml. of methanol and 30 ml. of 1M hydrochloric acid and the mixture is heated on the steam-bath for 30 minutes. The methanol is removed by evaporation and the residue extracted with ether. The ether is discarded and the aqueous phase is adjusted to pH 11.0 with sodium hydroxide solution, extracted with ethyl acetate, the extracts dried (Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4) and evaporated to dryness to obtain D-serine N(2,2,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrothiophene-3-yl)-amide.
C. Coupling to form dipeptide amide
The D-serine amide obtained in Part B, 1.03 g. (4.25 mmole) is mixed with 10 ml. of water, cooled in ice and the pH of the mixture adjusted to 9.2 with 0.5N sodium hydroxide solution. To this is added portionwise with stirring 0.8 g. (4.25 mmole) of L-aspartic acid N-thiocarboxyanhydride while maintaining the mixture at pH 9 with sodium hydroxide solution (0.5N). When the addition is completed the resulting mixture is stirred at 0.degree. C. for 45 minutes, adjusted to pH 5.2 with hydrochloric acid and evaporated to dryness in vacuo. The residue is slurried with methanol, filtered to remove precipitated solids and methanol removed from the filtrate by evaporation at reduced pressure. The resulting crude product is purified by column chromatography on silica gel.
EXAMPLE 17
Employing the procedures of Examples 3, 7, 8, 15 and 16, corresponding L-aspartyl-D-amino acid amides (I) wherein R.sup.a is CH.sub.2 OH or CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.3 and R is as defined below are prepared from the appropriate starting materials via D-R.sup.a CH(NH.sub.2)CONHR intermediates. The corresponding L-aspartyl-DL-amino acid amides are similarly provided when a t-Boc-DL-amino acid is employed in place of the D-enantiomer. Likewise, use of DL-aspartic N-thiocarboxyanhydride in the coupling step affords the DL-D or DL-DL compounds of formula (I).
______________________________________ ##STR121## (I)where R.sup.a = CH.sub.2 OH or CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.3 R R R______________________________________ ##STR122## ##STR123## ##STR124## ##STR125## ##STR126## ##STR127## ##STR128## ##STR129## ##STR130## ##STR131## ##STR132## ##STR133## ##STR134## ##STR135## ##STR136## ##STR137## ##STR138## ##STR139## ##STR140## ##STR141## ##STR142## ##STR143## ##STR144## ##STR145## ##STR146## ##STR147## ##STR148## ##STR149## ##STR150## ##STR151## ##STR152## ##STR153## ##STR154## ##STR155## ##STR156## ##STR157## ##STR158## ##STR159## ##STR160## ##STR161## ##STR162## ##STR163## ##STR164## ##STR165## ##STR166## ##STR167## ##STR168## ##STR169## ##STR170## ##STR171## ##STR172## ##STR173## ##STR174## ##STR175## ##STR176## ##STR177## ##STR178## ##STR179##______________________________________
EXAMPLE 18
L-Aspartyl-D-serine N-(2-methylthio-2,4-dimethylpentan-3-yl)amide
A. 2-Methylthio-2,4-dimethylpentan-3-one
A solution of 200 ml. of methanol containing 9.2 g. (0.40 mole) sodium metal was cooled in an ice-bath and saturated with gaseous methyl mercaptan. To this was added 77.2 g. (0.40 mole) of 2-bromo-2,4-dimethylpentan-3-one at room temperature and the resulting mixture stirred for two hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water, extracted with ethyl ether, the extracts washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The ether was evaporated and the residue distilled in vacuo to afford 50.4 g. of product, B.P. 76.degree. (20 mm.).
B. 2-Methylthio-2,4-dimethyl-3-aminopentane
A solution of 6.0 g. (0.038 mole) 2-methylthio-2,4-dimethylpentan-3-one, 9.9 g. formamide and 2.1 g. of 100% formic acid was heated at reflux while removing water formed in the reaction by means of a fractionating head. After 12 hours an additional 2.5 g. of formic acid was added and reflux continued for another 24 hours in the same manner, by which time the reaction mixture reached a temperature of 190.degree. C. The mixture was cooled, diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts were washed with water and evaporated to dryness at reduced pressure to provide 5.3 g. of residual oil. The oil was refluxed with 40 ml. of 6N hydrochloric acid for six hours, diluted with water, washed with ether and the aqueous phase made strongly alkaline with sodium hydroxide. After extracting with ethyl ether and evaporation of the extract, 3.3 g. (56%) of colorless amine was obtained which gave a single peak by gas-liquid chromatography on a six foot OV-1 column at 110.degree. C.; retention time 412 seconds.
C. D-Serine N-(2-methylthio-2,4-dimethylpentan-3-yl)amide
To a solution of 3.47 g. (0.017 mole) of N-t-butoxycarbonyl-D-serine and 2.5 g. (0.017 mole) triethylamine in 100 ml. of tetrahydrofuran at -15.degree. C. is added 1.63 ml. of ethyl chloroformate. After stirring for 15 minutes, 2.49 g. (0.017 mole) 2-methylthio-2,4-dimethyl-3-aminopentane is added and the mixture stirred for one hour. The reaction mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with water, 5% aqueous citric acid (w/v), sodium bicarbonate solution and brine. The organic phase is evaporated to dryness. The residue is taken up in 100 ml. methanol, 60 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid added and the mixture refluxed for one hour. After evaporation of methanol, the residue is taken up in water, washed with ether, the aqueous phase adjusted to pH 12 with sodium hydroxide and extracted with ethyl ether. Evaporation of the extracts affords the desired D-serine amide.
D. A solution of 3.3 g. (0.013 mole) of the D-serine amide, obtained in Part C, in 30 ml. acetone and 17 ml. water is adjusted to pH 9.9 with sodium hydroxide solution and cooled to -2.degree. C. To this is added 2.78 g. (0.013 mole) L-aspartic N-thiocarboxyanhydride in small portions over 20 minutes while maintaining the pH at 9.9 with 1N sodium hydroxide. When the addition is completed, the resulting mixture is stirred for 30 minutes at -2.degree. C., washed with ethyl acetate acidified to pH 2 with hydrochloric acid and washed again with ethyl acetate. The aqueous phase is then adjusted to pH 5.2 and evaporated to dryness. The crude dipeptide amide is obtained by slurrying the residue in methanol, filtering, treatment of the filtrate with ether and filtering to obtain a second crop.
The crude product is purified by preparative layer chromatography on silica gel plates (20.times.20.times.2 mm.) eluting with butanol/water/acetic acid, 4:1:1 by volume. The product zone was cut out and eluted with methanol to give the purified L-aspartyl-D-serine amide.
When N-t-butoxycarbonyl-D-O-methylserine is employed in the procedure of Part C, above, in place of the N-t-Boc-D-serine used therein, and the resulting product treated by the procedure of Part D, above, the corresponding L-aspartyl-D-O-methylserine amide is obtained.
EXAMPLE 19
L-Aspartyl-D-serine N-(2-hydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl)amide, ##STR180##
A. 2-Hydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone
To a stirred solution of 28.3 ml. (0.2 mole) 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone in 100 ml. chloroform was added dropwise 10.3 ml. (0.2 mole) bromine in 30 ml. of the same solvent. The resulting mixture was stirred for a few minutes, the solvent evaporated in vacuo, the residue taken up in 100 ml. ethanol. Water, 50 ml., and 10M sodium hydroxide, 50 ml., added. The resulting mixture was stirred at reflux for one hour, diluted with 200 ml. water and extracted with 3.times.50 ml. ethyl ether. The extracts were dried (MgSO.sub.4) evaporated to dryness and the residue distilled to obtain 15.95 g. (61%) of the hydroxy-ketone, b.p. 60.degree.-62.degree. C./18 mm.
B. 3-Amino-2-hydroxy-2,4-dimethylpentane
The hydroxy ketone from Part A, 15 g. (0.115 mole) was reduced in refluxing mixture of formamide and formic acid by the method of Example 13, Part D, to obtain 4.5 g. (30%) of the hydroxy amine, b.p. 80.degree.-81.degree. C./17 mm.
C. Diblocked dipeptide amide
To a solution of 2.22 g. (5.0 mmole) beta-benzyl-N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-aspartyl-D-serine in 35 ml. tetrahydrofuran cooled to -15.degree. C. is added 0.55 ml. (5.0 mmole) N-methylmorpholine and 0.48 ml. (5.0 mmole) ethyl chloroformate. The mixture is stirred at -15.degree. to -10.degree. C. for two minutes and 0.66 g. (5.0 mmole) 3-amino-2-hydroxy-2,4-dimethylpentane is added. The mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature, stirred overnight and worked-up as described in Example 13, Part B, to obtain the diprotected dipeptide amide which is used directly in the next step. D. The product from Part C, above, in 250 ml. methanol is hydrogenated over 1.0 g. 5% Pd/C at 60 psi (17 kg./cm..sup.2) for two hours. The catalyst is removed by filtration and the solvent evaporated in vacuo. The residue is dissolved in methanol and ethyl ether is slowly added with stirring to precipitate the title compound which is collected by filtration, and dried in vacuo.
EXAMPLE 20
L-Aspartyl-D-O-methylserine N-(DL-2-amino-3,3-dimethyl-4-hydroxybutanoic acid lactone)amide, ##STR181##
A. DL-2-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-4-hydroxybutyric acid lactone hydrochloride
Prepared by the method of Wieland, Chem. Ber., 81, 323 (1948):
2-Keto-3,3-dimethyl-4-hydroxybutyric acid lactone, 3.5 g. was neutralized with dilute sodium hydroxide and the aqueous solution evaporated to dryness in vacuo. The residue was taken up in 100 ml. warm ethanol, filtered hot and a solution of 700 mg. sodium metal in 10 ml. ethanol containing 2 g. hydroxylamine hydrochloride was added. The sodium salt of 3,3-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-2-oximinobutyric acid lactone, 5 g. precipitated and was recrystallized from methanol. The oxime was formed by decomposition of the sodium salt in 2N hydrochloric acid, from which it slowly crystallized. After recrystallization from benzenehexane, M.P. 160.degree. C.
A solution of 25 g. of the oxime in 100 ml. ethanol was added in portions to 5 g. platinum oxide suspended in 150 ml. 2N hydrochloric acid and the mixture hydrogenated at atmospheric pressure for 2 days. The catalyst was filtered off, the filtrate evaporated and the residue taken up in 150 ml. ethanol. Treatment with 500 ml. ethyl ether precipitated DL-2-amino-3,3-dimethyl-4-hydroxybutyric acid lactone hydrochloride, 22 g., which was recrystallized from ethanol/ether, M.P. 208.degree.-212.degree. C.
B. Diblocked dipeptide amide
The aminolactone hydrochloride from Part A, 1.65 g. (0.010 mole) in 10 ml. methylene chloride and an equimolar amount of triethylamine is employed in the procedure of Example 13, Part B, to provide ##STR182##
C. The product from Part B, above, (2.5 g.) is dissolved in 200 ml. methanol, 0.2 g. of 5% Pd/C catalyst added, the mixture hydrogenated and the product isolated as described in Example 13, Part C, to afford the desired dipeptide amide.
EXAMPLE 21
L-Aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-hydroxycyclobutyl)amide, ##STR183##
N-Benzyloxycarbonyl-D-serine (0.1 mole), is reacted with cis/trans 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-hydroxycyclobutylamine by the method of Example 8, Part A, to provide the N-Cbz-serine amide.
B. Hydrogenation of N-Cbz-serine amide by the method of Example 8, Part C provides the corresponding 2-amino compound, D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-hydroxycyclobutyl)amide. The latter compound is converted to the title compound by the procedure of Example 8, Parts D and E.
The corresponding L-aspartyl-D-O-methylserine amide is obtained in like manner.
EXAMPLE 22
L-Aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetrametyl-3-oxocyclobutyl)amide ##STR184##
N-Benzyloxycarboyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-hydroxycyclobutyl)amide prepared in Example 21, Part A, 36.4 g., (0.10 mole) dissolved in 1500 ml. acetone is cooled to -10.degree. C. under a dry nitrogen atmosphere and 42 ml. (0.11 mole) 2.67M chromic anhydride in diluted sulfuric acid is added. After stirring for 15 minutes at -10.degree. C., the solvent is evaporated in vacuo, the residue poured into an ice-water mixture, neutralized with sodium hydroxide solution and extracted with ethyl ether. The ether extracts are dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated to dryness to obtain the crude product which may be purified, if desired, by column chromatography on silica gel.
B. Hydrogenation of the product of Part A, above, by the method of Example 8, Part C provides D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-oxocyclobutyl)amide. This is, in turn, converted to the title compound by the methods described in Example 8, Parts D and E.
EXAMPLE 23
Employing the appropriate amine of formula RNH.sub.2 in the above procedures the compounds of formula (I) below, where R.sup.a is CH.sub.2 OH or CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.3, are similarly prepared
______________________________________ ##STR185## (I) R R______________________________________ ##STR186## ##STR187## ##STR188## ##STR189## ##STR190## ##STR191## ##STR192## ##STR193## ##STR194## ##STR195## ##STR196## ##STR197## ##STR198## ##STR199## ##STR200## ##STR201## ##STR202## ##STR203## ##STR204## ##STR205## ##STR206## ##STR207## ##STR208## ##STR209## ##STR210## ##STR211## ##STR212## ##STR213## ##STR214## ##STR215## ##STR216## ##STR217## ##STR218## ##STR219## ##STR220## ##STR221## ##STR222## ##STR223## ##STR224## ##STR225## ##STR226## ##STR227## ##STR228## ##STR229## ##STR230## ##STR231## ##STR232## ##STR233## ##STR234## ##STR235## ##STR236## ##STR237## ##STR238## ##STR239## ##STR240## ##STR241## ##STR242## ##STR243## ##STR244## ##STR245## ##STR246## ##STR247## ##STR248## ##STR249## ##STR250## ##STR251## ##STR252## ##STR253## ##STR254## ##STR255## ##STR256## ##STR257## ##STR258## ##STR259## ##STR260## ##STR261## ##STR262## ##STR263## ##STR264## ##STR265## ##STR266## ##STR267## ##STR268## ##STR269## ##STR270## ##STR271## ##STR272## ##STR273## ##STR274## ##STR275## ##STR276## ##STR277## ##STR278## ##STR279## ##STR280## ##STR281## ##STR282## ##STR283## ##STR284## ##STR285## ##STR286## ##STR287## ##STR288## ##STR289## ##STR290## ##STR291## ##STR292## ##STR293## ##STR294## ##STR295## ##STR296## ##STR297## ##STR298## ##STR299## ##STR300## ##STR301## ##STR302##______________________________________
EXAMPLE 24
Carbonated Cola Beverage
A carbonated cola beverage was prepared according to the composition given below. The resulting beverage was judged to have sweetness intensity comparable to a control beverage containing 11% sucrose.
______________________________________Ingredient %, weight______________________________________Caffeine (1% aqueous solution) 0.700L-Aspartyl-D-serine N--(cis,trans-2,6- 0.540dimethylcyclohexyl)amide (10% aqueous)Cola flavor concentrate 0.080Phosphoric acid (50% aqueous) 0.040Citric acid (50% aqueous) 0.066Sodium citrate (25% aqueous) 0.210Caramel color (25% aqueous) 0.370Lemon oil extract 0.012Lime oil extract 0.021Carbonated water (3.5 volumes carbon dioxide) q.s. 100.000______________________________________
Replacement of the L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(cis,trans-2,6-dimethylcyclohexyl)amide in the above formulation with 0.090% of 10% aqueous L-aspartyl-D-serine acid N-(dicyclopropylcarbinyl)amide or 1.35% of 10% aqueous L-aspartyl-D-O-methylserine N-(dicyclopropylcarbinyl)amide affords carbonated cola beverages of like quality.
EXAMPLE 25
Dietetic Hard Candy
A hard candy is prepared according to the following formulation and procedure:
______________________________________Ingredients Grams______________________________________L-Aspartyl-D-serine N--(dicyclopropylcarbinyl)- 0.59amideWater 4.00FD and C Red #40 (10% aqueous) 0.30Cherry flavor 0.60Citric acid 6.00Polydextrose* 420.00Water 180.00______________________________________ *U.S. Pat. No. 3,766,165
In a small beaker dissolve the sweetener in water, add color, flavor and citric acid and mix well to dissolve. In a separate beaker combine polydextrose and water. Stir while heating to 140.degree. C. then allow to cool to 120.degree.-125.degree. C. Add other ingredients from small beaker and mix or knead thoroughly. Transfer mass to an oil coated marble slab and allow to cool to 75.degree.-80.degree. C. Extract the mass through an oil coated impression roller.
Use of 0.49 g. of L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,1-dioxothietan-3-yl)amide or 2.33 g. of L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-pentyl)amide as sweetening agent in place of L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(dicyclopropylcarbinyl)amide affords similar results.
EXAMPLE 26
A gelatin dessert is prepared according to the following composition and procedure.
______________________________________Ingredients Grams______________________________________Gelatin 225 Bloom 7.522Citric acid 1.848Sodium citrate 1.296Strawberry flavor 0.298L-Aspartyl-D-serine N--(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl- 0.036thietan-3-yl)amideBoiling water 240.000Cold water 240.000 491.000______________________________________
Premix the first five ingredients, add to boiling water and stir to dissolve completely. Add cold water and stir briskly. Transfer to serving dishes and refrigerate until set.
EXAMPLE 27
Low calorie table sweeteners are prepared according to the following formulations:
A. A powder form of sweetener is prepared by blending the following ingredients.
______________________________________Ingredients %, weight______________________________________L-Aspartyl-D-serine N--(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl- 0.421,1-dioxothietan-3-yl)amideCrystalline sorbitol 49.52Dextrin (dextrose equivalent 10) 50.00Monosodium glutamate 0.02Glucono-delta-lactone 0.02Sodium citrate 0.02 100.00______________________________________
One gram of the resulting blend is equivalent in sweetness to about three grams of sucrose.
B. A table sweetener in liquid form is prepared as follows.
______________________________________Ingredients %, weight______________________________________L-Aspartyl-D-serine N--(dicyclopropylcarbinyl)- 0.17amideWater 99.73Sodium benzoate 0.10 100.00______________________________________
One gram of the resulting solution is equivalent in sweetness to about 1.2 grams of crystalline sucrose.
When the sweetener of formula (I) employed in Part A, above, is 0.83 g. of a 1:4 mixture of L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl)-amide and sodium saccharin comparable results are obtained. Similarly when the L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(dicyclopropylcarbinyl)amide employed in Part B, above, is replaced by 0.34 g. of a 1:6 by weight mixture of the same compound and sodium saccharin a comparable liquid table sweetener is obtained.
EXAMPLE 28
Frozen Dessert
A vanilla sugarless frozen dessert is prepared according to the following formulation by conventional practice.
______________________________________Ingredients %, weight______________________________________Heavy cream (35% butterfat) 23.00Nonfat milk solids 10.50Mono- and diglyceride emulsifier 0.25Polydextrose* 11.20Water 54.49L-Aspartyl-D-O--methylserine N--(2,2,4,4- 0.06tetramethyl-1,1-dioxothietan-3-yl)amideGelatin (225 Bloom) 0.50 100.00______________________________________ *U.S. Pat. No. 3,766,165
EXAMPLE 29
Canned Pears
Fresh pears was washed, peeled, cored, sliced into pieces and immersed in an aqueous solution containing 0.05% by weight of ascorbic acid. The sliced fruit is packed into screw-cap jars and the jars filled with a syrup containing the following ingredients:
______________________________________ %, weight______________________________________Sorbitol 25.000L-Aspartyl-D-serine N--(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl- 0.025thietan-3-yl)amideCitric acid 0.125Water q.s. 100.000______________________________________
The jars are capped loosely and placed in an autoclave containing hot water and processed at 100.degree. C. for 45 minutes. The jars are removed, immediately sealed by tightening the caps and allowed to cool.
EXAMPLE 30
Powder Beverage Concentrate
______________________________________Powder Beverage ConcentrateIngredients %, Weight______________________________________Citric acid 31.78Sodium citrate 5.08Strawberry flavor 57.72Strawberry FD and C color 0.54L-Aspartyl-D-O--methylserine N--(2,2,4,4-tetra- 2.44methylthietan-3-yl)amideCarboxymethyl cellulose 2.44 100.00______________________________________
Combine all ingredients in a blender and blend until homogeneous. For use, 1.73 g. of powder beverage concentrate is dissolved in 4 fluid ounces (118 ml.) of water.
EXAMPLE 31
Baked Cake
A highly acceptable vanilla cake was prepared employing the following recipe:
______________________________________Ingredients Grams______________________________________Emulsified shortening 16.09Water 20.83Eggs 23.00Sodium bicarbonate 1.10Vanilla extract, single fold 0.28Glucono-delta-lactone 1.75Polydextrose*, 70% aqueous solution 80.00Nonfat dry milk 2.50Cake flour 56.20Whole milk powder 0.80Wheat starch 1.40L-Aspartyl-D-serine N--(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl- 0.05thietan-3-yl)amide 204.00______________________________________ *U.S. Pat. No. 3,766,165
Combine nonfat dry milk, whole milk powder, polydextrose solution and emulsified shortening. Mix at low speed until creamy and smooth (about 3 minutes), add eggs and beat until a homogeneous creamy mix is obtained. Dissolve sweetener in water, add to creamy homogenate and mix 2-3 minutes. Add remaining ingredients and mix until creamy and smooth (3-5 minutes). Place 120 g. of batter in small pregreased pan and bake at 350.degree. F. (176.degree. C.) for 30 minutes.
EXAMPLE 32
Synergistic Mixtures of L-Aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl)amide, ##STR303##
Blends of L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl)amide and sodium saccharin were prepared and evaluated for taste acceptability and sweetness intensity by comparison with aqueous sucrose standards. Sweetness potency factors of sodium saccharin and the invention compound ##STR304## of 300 and 1200.times.sucrose, respectively, were used to calculate the theoretical sweetness of the blends. A series of taste panel evaluations were carried out comparing aqueous solutions of the experimental blends with sucrose solutions ranging 6 to 12% (w/v) and 0.033% sodium saccharin solution. Results are tabulated below.
______________________________________Blend, Parts by Weight[I, R.sup.a = CH.sub.2 OH, ##STR305## charinsac- Sodium TheoryActual(T)(A)SucrosePotency .times.Sweetness ergySyn-% QualityTaste______________________________________1 : 1 750 1125 50 clean, sweet, not bitter1 : 2 600 900 50 clean, sweet, not bitter1 : 4 480 720 50 clean, sweet, not bitter1 : 6 430 580 35 clean, sweet, not bitter1 : 8 400 520 30 sweet, per- ceptible metallic taste1 : 9 390 sweet, slight metallic taste1 : 10 381 sweet, slight to moderate metallic taste______________________________________
The % synergy was calculated according to the following formula ##EQU1## where A is the actual sweetness determined by averaging the taste panel results and T is the theoretical sweetness determined from the composition of the mixtures by weight e.g., for the 1:4 blend the theoretical sweetness is (1/5.times.1200)+(4/5.times.300)=480.
From the results it is seen that with mixtures of from 1:1 to 1:8 there is an unexpected increase in sweetness potency of 30-50%. While there appeared to be synergy at the higher ratios, the metallic taste due to saccharin interfered with an accurate determination. Furthermore there is complete masking of the well known bitter aftertaste of saccharin with blends of from 1:1 to 1:6 and effective masking of bitterness in blends containing up to one part L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl)amide and 8 parts sodium saccharin.
The 1:8 blend of L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan-3-yl)amide/sodium saccharin at a concentration of 0.0192% (w/v) was found to be equivalent in sweetness to a 10% (w/v) sucrose solution and to 1:10 saccharin/cyclamate at 0.1177% (w/v).
In further sensory evaluation, a triangle test in which trained taste panel members were presented three samples consisting of aqueous solutions of the above 1:8 blend of invention compound/sodium saccharin at 0.0192% and 1:10 saccharin/cyclamate at 0.1177%. Panelists were asked to match the two like samples and to indicate any preference. Seven of ten taste panel members were not able to correctly differentiate the two sweetener blends. Of those that correctly paired the like samples, the degree of difference between the two blends was rated as being "very slight" or "just perceptible".
These results indicate that there is no significant difference between the 1:8 blend of invention compound/saccharin and the 1:10 blend of saccharin/cyclamate.
When the above procedure is repeated but the invention compound employed is of the formula (I) wherein R.sup.a is CH.sub.2 OCH.sub.3 and R is ##STR306##
EXAMPLE 33
Sodium Salt of L-Aspartyl-D-serine N-(dicyclopropylcarbinyl)amide
To a solution of 3.12 g. (0.01 mole) L-aspartyl-D-serine N-(dicyclopropylcarbinyl)amide in 100 ml. of ethanol was added 2 ml. of 5N sodium hydroxide. The resulting mixture is stirred for ten minutes at room temperature then evaporated to dryness in vacuo. The residue is triturated with anhydrous ethanol, filtered and air dried.
When the sodium hydroxide employed above is replaced with an equivalent amount of potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide the corresponding potassium, calcium, magnesium and ammonium salts are formed in like manner.
The remaining L-aspartyl-amino acid dipeptide amides of formula (I) are also converted to carboxylate salts as described above.
EXAMPLE 34
Acid Addition Salts
The L-aspartyl-D-amino acid dipeptide amide of formula (I) is slurried in a small amount of water and an equivalent amount of an acid such as hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric, acetic, maleic, fumaric, lactic, tartaric, citric, gluconic or saccharic acid is added. The resulting mixture is stirred for 15-30 minutes then evaporated to dryness or precipitated by addition of a cosolvent such as methanol or ethanol.
PREPARATION A
Alkylcycloalkylcarbinylamines and dicycloalkylcarbinylamines
i. To a mixture of 118.5 g. (1.0 mole) of cyclobutylcarbonyl chloride and 99 g. (1.0 mole) cuprous chloride in 1000 ml. of dry ether under a nitrogen atmosphere is added dropwise 478 ml. (1.0 mole) of 2M t-butylmagnesium chloride in the same solvent. The addition is carried out at -5.degree. to -15.degree. C. The resulting mixture is poured into 500 ml. of 3M hydrochloric acid and 700 g. ice, the organic layer is separated and washed successively with water, sodium bicarbonate solution, brine and dried (MgSO.sub.4). The dried ether extract is evaporated at reduced pressure and the residue distilled to provide t-butylcyclobutylketone.
ii. The ketone, 105 g, (0.75 mole), is mixed with hydroxylamine hydrochloride 38.3 g. (1.16 mole) and sodium acetate, 123 g. (1.50 mole), in sufficient water to effect solution, heated on the steam-bath for one hour, cooled and the mixture adjusted to pH 7.5 with sodium hydroxide solution. After extracting the mixture with ether, the extracts are dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated to dryness to afford the oxime. The oxime is dissolved in anhydrous ethanol (about two liters per mole of oxime) and the solution heated at reflux. Sodium metal (about 10 moles per mole of oxime) is added in portions at a rate sufficient to maintain reflux temperature. When all the sodium is added the resulting mixture is cooled and 200 ml. of ethanol followed by 300 ml. of water is added. The mixture is acidified with hydrochloric acid, evaporated to remove ethanol and the residue made alkaline (pH 12-13) with 10M sodium hydroxide. The alkaline mixture is extracted several times with ether and the combined extracts dried (MgSO.sub.4). Dry hydrogen chlorine is passed through the dried extracts until precipitation is complete. The precipitated hydrochloride salt is collected by filtration, washed with ether and air dried. The salt is converted to the free base by means of aqueous sodium hydroxide, extraction with ethyl ether and evaporation of the extracts. The product, t-butylcyclobutylcarbinylamine is of suitable purity for use in preparing the amides of the invention but may be further purified, if desired, e.g. by distillation or column chromatography.
iii. By employing the appropriate acid halide and Grignard reagent in the above procedure in place of cyclobutylcarbonyl chloride and t-butylmagnesium chloride the following amines are obtained in like manner.
______________________________________ ##STR307## m R.sup.7 R.sup.8 R.sup.9______________________________________0 H H H0 CH.sub.3 H H0 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 H0 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.20 CH.sub.3 -n-C.sub.4 H.sub.7 H0 (CH.sub.3).sub.2 CH (CH.sub.3).sub.2 CH H0 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 C(CH.sub.3).sub.31 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 H1 -n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 H H1 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 H1 CH.sub.3 -n-C.sub.4 H.sub.7 H1 -n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 -n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 H1 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 (CH.sub.3).sub.3 C H2 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 *2 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 H H2 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub. 3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.22 CH.sub.3 H H2 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 H2 -n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 (CH.sub.3).sub.2 CH H2 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 -n-C.sub.4 H.sub.7 H3 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.33 -n-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 H H3 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 H4 CH.sub.3 H H4 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.34 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 H______________________________________ *B.P. 80-90.degree. C. (21 mm.)
iv. The amines of the following formula are also provided in like manner.
______________________________________ ##STR308## m q______________________________________ 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 3 4 4 4______________________________________
The following amines are also prepared by this method:
2,2-dimethyl-3-aminopentane, B.P. 123.degree.-126.degree. C., atmospheric pressure;
2,2,4-trimethyl-3-aminopentane, B.P. 149.degree.-150.degree. C., atmospheric pressure.
PREPARATION B
2,2-Dimethylcyclohexylamine
i. 2,2-Dimethylcyclohexanone
To a suspension of 13.5 g. (0.25 mole) sodium methoxide in 500 ml. of ethyl ether was added 30.8 g. (0.28 mole) 2-methylcyclohexanone and 20.3 g. (0.28 mole) ethyl formate. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours, filtered under a nitrogen atmosphere, the solids washed with ethyl ether and dried in the vacuum oven at 75.degree. C. The dried cake was ground in a mortar and pestle to a fine powder to obtain 17.5 g. (43%) of sodium 2-formyl-6-methylcyclohexanone which was used in the next step.
The above product, 17.5 g. (0.11 mole) was added to a mixture of 2.88 g. (0.13 mole) sodium shot, 500 ml. anhydrous ammonia and about 0.1 g. ferric chloride. The resulting gray suspension was cooled to -45.degree. C. and stirred for one hour at the reflux temperature of the system. To this was added 20.86 g. (0.15 mole) methyl iodide, the mixture stirred three hours at reflux and allowed to evaporate while warming to room temperature overnight. The residue was suspended in 300 ml. ethyl ether, refluxed to expell traces of ammonia and water added to dissolve the solids. The ether was extracted with water (3.times.100 ml.), the combined aqueous layers treated with 6 g. of solid sodium hydroxide and heated to steam distill the ketone. The steam distillate was extracted with ethyl ether, the extracts washed with brine, dried and ether evaporated to provide 2,2-dimethylcyclohexanone as a colorless liquid, 2.0 g.
ii. The ketone provided above is converted to the oxime and the latter reduced with sodium in ethanol as described in Preparation A, Part ii, to provide 3.1 g. of 2,2-dimethylcyclohexylamine.
The following 2,2-disubstituted ketones are prepared and converted to amines by the above method in like manner.
2,2-dimethylcyclopentanone
2,2-diethylcyclopentanone
2,2-di-n-propylcyclopentanone
2,2-diethylcyclohexylamine
3,3-dimethylthiepane-4-one
3,3-dimethyloxepane-4-one
4,4-dimethyloxepane-5-one
PREPARATION C
2,2,6,6-Tetramethylcyclohexylamine
i. 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylcyclohexanone
A 50% suspension of sodium hydride in mineral oil, 14.3 g. (0.30 mole), was suspended in tetrahydrofuran, the liquid decanted and the solid resuspended and decanted again to remove the oil. Then 15 g. (0.12 mole) of 2,6-dimethylcyclohexanone was added followed by dropwise addition of a mixture of 11 g. t-butanol and 20 ml. of tetrahydrofuran (vigorous hydrogen evolution) and the resulting mixture refluxed until hydrogen evolution was complete. To this was added dropwise 37.8 g. (0.30 mole) methylsulfate and the mixture heated at reflux for 24 hours. After dilution with water, extraction with ethyl ether, washing the extracts with water, drying and evaporation of solvent below 40.degree. C., 17 g. of tetramethylketone was obtained. This was distilled to obtain 14.6 g. of product, B.P. 62.degree.-64.degree. C. (15 mm.).
ii. The 2,2,6,6-tetramethylcyclohexanone (8 g.) obtained above was converted to the oxime and the latter compound reduced by the procedure of Preparation A, Part ii, to provide 1.4 g. of the desired amine as a colorless liquid which was of suitable purity for use as intermediate.
PREPARATION D
i. 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylcyclopentanone
To a slurry of 2.0 moles of sodium hydride (washed to remove oil) in tetrahydrofuran was added 190 ml. (2.0 mole) methyl sulfate at a fast rate. Simultaneously, 35.7 g. (0.425 mole) cyclopentanone in 50 ml. of the same solvent was added at a slow rate. The reaction mixture warmed spontaneously to a gentle reflux and hydrogen evolution was vigorous. When the addition was completed, the mixture was allowed to stir overnight at ambient temperature. After heating to reflux for two more hours a mixture of t-butanol in tetrahydrofuran was added and reflux continued for three hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water, extracted with ethyl ether, the extracts washed with water, brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO.sub.4 and the solvent evaporated to yield 48.2 g. of crude product. This was distilled to afford 24.2 g. of tetramethylketone, B.P. 63.degree.-68.degree. C., 40 mm.
By employing a lower mole ratio of methyl sulfate to cyclopentanone, the same method affords 2-methylcyclopentanone, 2,5-dimethylcyclopentanone and 2,2,5-trimethylcyclopentanone.
ii. The following ketones are prepared in like manner when the appropriate starting materials are employed in the procedures of Part i, above, and Preparation C. The alpha-propyl and alpha-butylketones are prepared using e.g., the appropriate alkylbromide as alkylating agent.
2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone
2-ethylcyclopentanone
2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutanone
2-methylcyclobutanone
2,2-dimethylcyclobutanone
2,4-diisopropylcyclobutanone
2-t-butylcyclopentanone
2,2-dimethyl-5-t-butylcyclopentanone
2,5-diisopropylcyclopentanone
2-sec-butylcyclopentanone
2-isobutylcyclohexanone
2-methylcycloheptanone
2-t-butylcycloheptanone
2,7-dimethylcycloheptanone
2,7-diisopropylcycloheptanone
3,5-dimethyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one
3,5-diisopropyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one
3,3,5,5-tetramethyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one
3-methyl-5-t-butyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one
3,3,5,5-tetramethyltetrahydro-4H-thiapyran-4-one
3-isopropyltetrahydro-4H-thiapyran-4-one
3,5-diisopropyltetrahydro-4H-thiapyran-4-one
3,-t-butyltetrahydro-4H-thiapyran-4-one
2-methyltetrahydro-4H-thiapyran-3-one
2,4-dimethyltetrahydro-4H-thiapyran-3-one
2-methylthiepane-3-one
4-methylthiepane-3-one
2,4-diethylthiepane-3-one
2,4-diisopropylthiepane-3-one
3,5-dimethylthiepane-4-one
3,3,5,5-tetramethylthiepane-4-one
4-methyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-3-one
4sec-butyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-3-one
2-isopropyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-3-one
2,4-diisopropyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-3-one
2,4-dimethyltetrahydro-4H-pyran-3-one
2-methyloxepane-3-one
4-methyloxepane-3-one
2,4-dimethyloxepane-3-one
2,2,4,4-tetramethyloxepane-3-one
3-methyloxepane-4-one
5-methyloxepane-4-one
3,5-dimethyloxepane-4-one
3,3,5,5-tetramethyloxepane-4-one
3,5-diisopropyloxepane-4-one
3-t-butyloxepane-4-one
5-t-butyloxepane-4-one
The ketones provided above are converted to the corresponding amines by conversion to the oxime and reduction with sodium in ethanol as described in Preparation A, Part ii, or Leuckart reduction of the ketone as described in Preparation G, Part ii.
PREPARATION E
2,2,5,5-Tetramethylcyclopentylamine
A flask was charged with 35 g. (0.61 mole) of 40% sodium dispersion in mineral oil. The oil was removed by washing with ethyl ether and decantation. The sodium was then mixed with 400 ml. of ether and a mixture of 32.8 g. (0.20 mole) 2,2,5,5-tetramethyladiponitrile, prepared by the method of Coffman et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80, 2868 (1957), and 400 ml. of tetrahydrofuran was added slowly. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours, the excess sodium decomposed by dropwise addition of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride, the organic layer washed with water, dried (Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4) and evaporated to afford 25.1 g. of crude 2,2,5,5-tetramethylcyclopentylimine. The imine was dissolved in 75 ml. of ethanol and added dropwise to a flask containing 23.3 g. (1 mole) sodium shot. An additional 75 ml. ethanol was added and the mixture heated at reflux until the remaining sodium metal was consumed. The reaction mixture was diluted with water, acidified to pH 1 with concentrated hydrochloric acid, the aqueous phase washed with ether then made strongly basic by addition of sodium hydroxide. The organic layer was extracted with ether, washed with brine, dried (Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4) and evaporated to dryness. The residue was distilled in vacuo to afford 6.6 g. (23%) of the desired amine, B.P. 60.degree.-61.degree. C. (20 mm.).
PREPARATION F
2-Alkyl- and 2,6-Dialkylcyclohexylamines
To a solution of 25 g. of 2,6-diisopropylaniline in 250 ml. each of ethanol and water was added 10 g. of dry 5% ruthenium-on-carbon catalyst. The mixture was hydrogenated in an autoclave at 100.degree. C. 1000 psi (70.4 kg./cm..sup.2) until hydrogen uptake ceased. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate evaporated to remove solvent. The residue was distilled in vacuo to obtain 11.2 g. of 2,6-diisopropylcyclohexylamine as a mixture of cis,trans and trans,trans-isomers, B.P. 122.degree.-124.degree. C. at 22 mm.
By employing the appropriate 2-alkylaniline or 2,6-dialkylaniline as starting material and hydrogenating by the above method the following cyclohexylamines are also obtained.
2-methyl-6-ethylcyclohexylamine, B.P. 82.degree.-87.degree. C. at 19 mm. (50% yield);
2-methyl-6-isopropylcyclohexylamine, B.P. 86.degree. at 14 mm. (45% yield);
2-n-butylcyclohexylamine;
2-ethyl-6-n-butylcyclohexylamine;
2-methyl-6-t-butylcyclohexamine;
2-t-butylcyclohexylamine;
2,6-dimethylcyclohexylamine;
trans-2-ethylcyclohexylamine, B.P. 77.degree.-78.degree. (23 mm.); 2,6-diethylcyclohexylamine, B.P. 96.degree. C., (17 mm.);
trans-2,-isopropylcyclohexylamine;
2-isobutylcyclohexylamine;
2-methyl-6-n-butylcyclohexylamine.
PREPARATION G
2-t-Butylcyclohexylamine
i. 2-t-Butylcyclohexanone
A solution of 31.25 g. (0.20 mole) t-butylcyclohexanol in 80 ml. of ethyl ether was cooled to 10.degree. C. To this was added dropwise, with stirring, a solution of 21.0 g. (0.07 mole) sodium dichromate dihydrate and 15.75 ml. (0.30 mole) concentrated sulfuric acid in 100 ml. water while maintaining the reaction mixture below 25.degree. C. The mixture was then warmed to room temperature, stirred for two hours, poured onto ice-water, ether layer separated, the aqueous phase extracted again with ether and the combined extracts washed with water, sodium bicarbonate and dried (MgSO.sub.4). Evaporation of the ether afforded 30.6 g. (99%) of the desired ketone.
ii. Leuckart Reduction of Ketone
A mixture of 2-t-butylcyclohexanone 30.6 g. (0.20 mole), formamide 50 ml. (1.2 mole) and formic acid (10 ml.) was heated at reflux while removing water as it formed in the reaction while returning the ketone to the reaction vessel. Formic acid (10 ml.) was added as needed to control deposition of ammonium carbonate in the condenser. After four hours the reaction temperature reached 197.degree. C. and distillation ceased. The mixture was cooled, diluted with water (50 ml.) and extracted with ethyl acetate (75 ml.). The organic layer was evaporated, concentrated hydrochloric acid added (50 ml. per 100 ml. of residue), the mixture boiled overnight, cooled and washed with 50 ml. of ethyl ether. The aqueous phase was adjusted to pH 11 with sodium hydroxide, cooled, extracted with ether (2.times.40 ml.) and the extracts dried over sodium hydroxide pellets. The solvent was evaporated and the residue distilled through a 10 cm. column to obtain 21.93 g. of the title amine (71%), B.P. 86.degree.-88.degree. C. (21 mm.) as a mixture of cis and transisomers.
iii. dl-Fenchone and l-fenchone are reduced to the corresponding fenchylamines by the Leuckart reduction method of Part ii, above. (-)Fencylamine is obtained as a water white liquid, B.P. 55.degree.-60.degree. C. (6 mm.), [alpha].sub.D -21.9.degree. in 30% yield.
PREPARATION H
2,4-Dimethyl-3-aminopentane
In a shaker bottle was placed 0.2 g. platinum dioxide and 10 ml. water. The slurry was hydrogenated at 50 psi (3.5 kg./cm.sup.2.) for 15 minutes. To the resulting slurry of platinum black was added 34.26 g. (0.30 mole) 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone, 20.0 g. (0.37 mole) ammonium chloride, 225 ml. ammonia saturated methanol and 25 ml. concentrated ammonium hydroxide. The resulting slurry was hydrogenated at 60 psi (4.2 kg./cm..sup.2) and room temperature for 20 hours, filtered, refluxed for for 1 hour and cooled. The mixture was adjusted to pH 2.0 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and the volume was reduced by evaporation at reduced pressure. After washing with 75 ml. ethyl ether, the aqueous solution was brought to pH 13 with 10M sodium hydroxide solution and extracted with three 100 ml. portions of ether. The extracts were combined, dried over anhydrous MgSO.sub.4 and saturated with gaseous hydrogen chloride. The precipitated amine hydrochloride was collected by filtration, air dried and decomposed with 75 ml. 10M sodium hydroxide solution. The oily amine layer was separated and distilled at atmospheric pressure, B.P. 129.degree.-132.degree. C., yielding 17.6 g.
PREPARATION I
trans-2-Ethylcyclopentylamine
i. 2-Ethylcyclopentanone
In a three-necked flask 5.0 g. of sodium metal was dissolved in 250 ml. of dry ethanol and 31.24 g. (0.20 mole) 2-carboethoxycyclopentanone added. To the resulting yellow solution 18.4 ml. (0.23 mole) ethyl iodide was added dropwise and the mixture heated at reflux for two hours. After cooling, 250 ml. of brine and 50 ml. of water were added and the mixture extracted with ethyl ether (2.times.100 ml.). After drying (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporation of solvent 36.5 g. (99%) of 2-ethyl-2-carboethoxycyclopentanone was obtained.
This was decarboxylated by heating at reflux with a mixture of 200 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 100 ml. of water. After four hours at reflux carbon dioxide evolution was complete. The mixture was cooled, saturated with sodium chloride, extracted with ethyl ether, the extracts dried (MgSO.sub.4) and ether evaporated. The residue was distilled to obtain 12.62 g. (56%) of 2-ethylcyclopentanone, B.P. 97.degree.-98.degree. C. (100 mm.).
ii. The product obtained above was converted to trans-2-ethylcyclopentylamine by the procedure of Preparation A, Part ii, B.P. 150.degree.-151.degree. C. in 35% yield. The identity of the product was verified by its .sup.1 H-NMR spectrum.
By employing the appropriate 2-carbethoxycycloalkanone or a corresponding hetercyclic ketone (prepared by the well known Dieckmann cyclization of the appropriate dicarboxylate ester, see e.g., H. O. House, "Modern Synthetic Reactions", W. A. Benjamin, Menlo Park, Cal., 1972, p. 740.) and the appropriate alkyl halide in place of ethyl iodide in the above procedure the following amines of formula R NH.sub.2 are prepared in like manner.
______________________________________ ##STR309## m R.sup.3______________________________________1 CH.sub.31 C.sub.2 H.sub.52 .sub.-t-C.sub.4 H.sub.92 CH.sub.3 ##STR310##4 CH.sub.34 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9______________________________________ ##STR311## X n p R.sub.3______________________________________O 1 0 2-CH.sub.3O 1 0 4-CH.sub.3O 1 0 2- .sub.-t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9O 0 2 2-CH.sub.3O 0 2 4-CH.sub.3O 0 2 ##STR312##O 0 2 2- .sub.-i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7O 0 3 2-CH.sub.3O 0 3 4-CH.sub.3O 1 2 3-CH.sub.3O 1 2 5-CH.sub.3O 1 2 5- .sub.- t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9O 1 2 3- .sub.-t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9S 0 1 2-CH.sub.3S 0 1 4-CH.sub.3S 1 1 i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7SO.sub.2 1 1 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9S 0 2 2-CH.sub.3S 0 3 2-CH.sub.3S 0 3 4-CH.sub.3______________________________________
PREPARATION J
trans-2-Isopropylcyclopentylamine
i. 2-Isopropylcyclopentanone
To a solution of 10 g. of sodium metal in 670 ml. of ethanol was added dropwise a mixture of 100 g. (1.19 mole) cyclopentanone and 60 g. (1.03 mole) acetone and the resulting mixture refluxed for 1.5 hours. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo, the residue taken up in ether, the solution washed with 3M hydrochloric acid (5.times.200 ml.), 5% sodium bicarbonate (3.times.200 ml.), brine (1.times.200 ml.) and dried (MgSO.sub.4). The ether was evaporated with mild heating to afford 97 g. of dark liquid which was distilled in vacuo to obtain 55 g. of 2-isopropylidenecyclopentanone, B.P. 96.degree.-100.degree. (2.7 mm.).
To 12.75 g. of the above product in 250 ml. of methanol was added 2.0 g. 5% palladium-on-carbon catalyst and the mixture hydrogenated at 50 psi (3.5 kg./cm.sup.2.). After one hour the hydrogen uptake was complete. The catalyst was removed and solvent evaporated in vacuo to afford 12.75 g. of colorless liquid. This was distilled to obtain 9.64 g. of 2-isopropylcyclopentanone, B.P. 74.degree.-76.degree. C. (20 mm.).
Reduction of 2-isopropylcyclopentanone by the method of Preparation A, Part ii afforded the corresponding amine, B.P. 167.degree. (atm.) in 31% yield.
PREPARATION K
2,2-Dimethyl-3-aminobutane
In a 500 ml. flask was placed 10.0 g. (0.10 mole) 2,2-dimethyl-3-butanone, 250 ml. methanol, 76.94 g. (1.0 mole) ammonium acetate and 4.37 g. (0.07 mole) sodium cyanoborohydride, and the mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 24 hours. The pH was adjusted to 2.0 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and the methanol removed at reduced pressure. The residual solid was dissolved in 500 ml. water and washed with three 100 ml. portions of ether. The pH of the aqueous solution was adjusted to 13 with 10M sodium hydroxide and the mixture extracted with three 100 ml. portions of ether. The extracts were combined, dried over anhydrous MgSO.sub.4, filtered and distilled. The amine (2.4 g.) distilled at 102.degree.-103.degree. C. at atmospheric pressure.
The racemic amine was resolved by the Polarimetric Control method described by Bruck et al., J. Chem. Soc., 921 (1956) employing the amine hydrogen tartarates and crystallizing from 70:30 methanol/water (by volume) to obtain dextrorotatory amine of 93.+-.4% purity and levorotatory amine of 80.+-.4% purity.
When an equivalent amount of 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentanone is employed in place of 2,2-dimethyl-3-butanone in the above procedure 2,2-dimethyl-3-aminopentane is obtained and resolved into its enantiomers.
PREPARATION L
L-Aspartic acid N-thiocarboxyanhydride
A. L-Aspartic acid (582 g., 4.29 mole) was added gradually with stirring to 350.9 g. (8.58 mole) of 50% sodium hydroxide solution at 0.degree. C. Methyl methyl xanthate (550 g., 4.51 mole) in 405 ml. of methanol was then added as rapidly as possible. The mixture was heated at 45.degree. C. for 1.5 hours, cooled to room temperature, and washed with two portions of methylene chloride. The methylene chloride washes were discarded and the aqueous phase acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid at 0.degree. C. The solution was extracted with three portions of ethyl acetate, and the combined extracts washed with brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo to give a yellow oil which crystallized upon addition of ethylene dichloride and n-hexane. The N-methoxy-thiocarbonyl-L-aspartic acid was collected by filtration, washed with fresh n-hexane, and dried (420 g., 47%).
M.P. 128.degree.-130.degree. C.; .sup.1 H-NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6), (delta) 2.73 (d, 2H, J=6 Hz), 3.63 (s, 3H), 4.43 (dt, 1H, J=6 Hz, 8 Hz), 6.63 (d, 1H, J=8 Hz); infrared spectrum (KBr) 1715, 1515 cm.sup.-1.
B. N-methoxythiocarbonyl-L-aspartic acid (207.0 g., 1.00 mole) was dissolved in 1200 ml. ethyl acetate at 0.degree. C. and phosphorous tribromide (47 ml., 0.50 mole) was added in one portion. The cooling bath was removed and the temperature allowed to rise spontaneously to 35.degree. C. The solution was stirred for 10 minutes after which time a granular white precipitate had formed. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0.degree.-5.degree. C., the product collected by filtration, washed with a small volume of ether, and dried. The yield of analytically pure L-aspartic acid N-thiocarboxyanhydride was 157.4 g. (90%).
M.P. 200.degree.-205.degree. C. (dec.); [alpha].sub.D.sup.25 =-109.5.degree. (C=1, THF); infrared spectrum (KBr) 3225, 1739, 1724, 1653, 1399 cm.sup.-1 ; .sup.1 H-NMR (DMSO-d.sub.6) ppm (delta) 2.83 (d, 2H, J=5.0 Hz), 4.70 (t, 1H, J=5.0 Hz), 9.23 (bs, 2H, ex); mass spectrum (m/e) 175 (M.sup.+), 87, 60 .
PREPARATION M
2,2,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopropylamine
i. Ethyl 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate
The method of Mesheheryakov, Chem. Abstr., 54, 24436d (1960) was employed. To a mixture of 19 g. (0.226 mole) of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene and 2 g. of cupric sulfate is added at reflux a mixture of 51 g. (0.447 mole) ethyl diazoacetate and 19 g. of 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene. The resulting mixture is heated at reflux for 3 hours, cooled, filtered and distilled to afford 19.8 g. (26%) of the desired cyclic ester, B.P. 76.degree.-77.degree. (15 mm.).
ii. To 300 ml. of ethanol containing 40 g. of ammonia is added 17 g. (0.10 mole) of the ester obtained above and the resulting mixture allowed to stand overnight. After heating at reflux for one hour the ethanol was evaporated in vacuo to obtain 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide.
A solution of 2.82 g. (0.02 mole) of the amide in 8 ml. tetrahydrofuran and 4 ml. of water is cooled to 5.degree. C. and 10 ml. of 2M sodium hypochlorite added dropwise followed by 8 ml. of 20% (w/v) sodium hydroxide. The two phase mixture is stirred at 5.degree. C. for 30 minutes then at 20.degree. C. for one hour. The organic layer is extracted with ether, the ether layer extracted with 2M hydrochloric acid (3.times.20 ml.), the aqueous acidic layer is made strongly alkaline with sodium hydroxide and extracted with ether. The extracts are dried (Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4) and the ether evaporated at 25.degree. (50 mm.) to give 0.67 g. (25%) 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropylamine. .sup.1 H-NMR (CDCl.sub.3) ppm (delta):
0.95 (6H, singlet); 1.00 (6H, singlet); 1.83 (1H, multiplet); 1.7 (2H, multiplet).
iii. The following substituted cyclopropylamines are prepared in an analogous fashion from the appropriate olefin.
______________________________________ ##STR313## R.sup.3 R.sup.4 R.sup.5 R.sup.6______________________________________CH.sub.3 H CH.sub.3 HCH.sub.3 H H H .sub.-i-CH.sub.3 H.sub.7 H H H .sub.-i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 H .sub.-i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 HCH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 H Ht-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 H H HCH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 H______________________________________
PREPARATION N
3-Amino-2,2,4,4-tetramethyloxetane
To 13.6 g. (0.12 mole) of diisopropylketone is added 0.2 ml. of phosphorus tribromide. To this is added dropwise at 10.degree. C., 38.4 g. (0.24 mole) bromine and the mixture warmed to 55.degree.-60.degree. C. and held at this temperature for 1.5 hours. After cooling and partioning between chloroform and water, the organic layer is washed with sodium carbonate solution until neutral, dried and the solvent evaporated to obtain 2,4-dibromo-2,4-dimethylpentan-3-one.
To 0.1 mole of the dibromoketone in 160 ml. of ethanol is added a solution of 8 g. of sodium hydroxide in 80 ml. water and the resulting mixture is stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. After diluting with water the reaction mixture is extracted with ethyl ether, the extracts washed with water, brine and dried (MgSO.sub.4). The ether is evaporated to provide 2,4-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone. This is dissolved in 50 ml. chloroform and 1.5 ml. concentrated sulfuric acid added dropwise. The resulting mixture is heated at reflux for five hours while removing water as its azeotropic mixture with chloroform. When no more water is evolved the reaction mixture is washed with water, the organic layer dried (MgSO.sub.4) and solvent evaporated to provide 2,2,4,4-tetramethyloxetane-3-one which is purified by distillation.
The ketone is converted to the oxime and reduced with sodium/ethanol by the procedure of Preparation A, Part ii.
PREPARATION O
3-Amino-2,2-dimethyloxetane
3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone, 0.20 mole, is treated dropwise with a equimolar amount of bromine at room temperature and the resulting mixture stirred for three hours. The mixture is taken up in chloroform, washed with sodium carbonate solution until neutral, dried and solvent evaporated to obtain 1-bromo-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butanone.
To 0.1 mole of the bromoketone in 160 ml. of ethanol is added a solution of 4 g. of sodium hydroxide in 80 ml. water and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture is diluted with water, extracted with ether, the extracts washed with water, brine and dried (MgSO.sub.4). The solvent is evaporated and the residue taken up in 50 ml. of chloroform. To this is added dropwise 1.5 ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid and the resulting mixture heated at reflux while removing water as its azeotrope with chloroform. When water evolution is complete the resulting ketone is isolated and converted to the desired amine as described in Preparation N.
PREPARATION P
Employing the procedures of Preparation N and O but starting with the appropriate ketone or alphahydroxyketone in each case the following amines are prepared in like manner.
______________________________________ ##STR314## R.sup.3 R.sup.4 R.sup.5 R.sup.6______________________________________CH.sub.3 H H HCH.sub.3 H .sub.-t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 HCH.sub.3 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 CH.sub.3 C.sub.2 H.sub.5CH.sub.3 H CH.sub.3 HCH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 .sub.-i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 H H H .sub.-i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 H .sub.-i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 HC.sub.2 H.sub.5 C.sub.2 H.sub.5 H H______________________________________
PREPARATION Q
Dicyclopropylcarbinylamine
In a 500 ml. round bottom flask was placed 41.7 g. (0.60 mole) hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 80 ml. water. With stirring, 44 ml. of 10M sodium hydroxide solution and 44.4 g. (0.40 mole) dicyclopropyl ketone were added. The mixture was stirred at reflux for three hours. After cooling, 60 ml. methylene chloride was added and the mixture stirred until all oxime had dissolved. The methylene chloride layer was separated and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was removed by evaporation at reduced pressure and the residue recrystallized from 55 ml. hexane, yielding 40.0 g. dicyclopropylketoxime, M.P. 69.degree.-72.degree. C.
In a 500 ml., three-necked round bottom flask was placed 18.8 g. (0.15 mole) dicyclopropylketoxime and 150 ml. anhydrous ethanol. With efficient stirring 19.2 g. (0.83 mole) sodium spheres was added in portions as rapidly as possible, maintaining reflux throughout the addition. Following dissolution of the sodium, the reaction was cooled to 60.degree. C. and 60 ml. water was added. After cooling, 78 ml. concentrated hydrochloric acid was added dropwise with stirring. Ethanol was distilled at reduced pressure and 50 ml. water added to dissolve salts. The mixture was adjusted to pH 13 with 10M sodium hydroxide solution and extracted with three 40 ml. portions of methylene chloride. The extracts were combined, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated at reduced pressure. The residual amine was distilled at 88.degree.-90.degree. C./95 mm Hg, yielding 11.0 g. of the desired product.
PREPARATION R
2-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-gamma-butyrolactone Hydrochloride
The method is that of Nagase et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull., 17, 398 (1969).
To a stirred solution of 2,2-dimethylhydroacrylaldehyde [prepared from sec-butyraldehyde and formaldehyde by the method of Stiller, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 62, 1785 (1940)] 5.11 g. in methanol (25 ml.), a solution of ammonium chloride, 2.94 g., and sodium cyanide, 2.9 g., in water (40 ml.) is added dropwise. After stirring for three hours the mixture is saturated with ammonia gas and allowed to stand at room temperature overnight. The resulting mixture is concentrated in vacuo to a small volume and 40 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid is added. After refluxing for three hours the mixture is evaporated in vacuo and the residue crystallized from ethanol-ethyl ether and then from ethanol to give 2.2 g. of the title compound, M.P. 214.degree.-215.degree. C. (dec.).
Use of homologs of 2,2-dimethylhydracrylaldehyde in the above procedure affords the corresponding compounds of the formula ##STR315## where one of R.sup.12 and R.sup.13 is alkyl having from one to four carbon atoms and the other is hydrogen or alkyl having from one to four carbon atoms.
PREPARATION S
4-Amino-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-tetrahydro-4H-pyran-2-one
i. Methyl 5-Hydroxy-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-ketovalerate
A mixture of 172 g. (1.0 mole) methyl 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-ketovalerate, 5.4 g. (0.10 mole) sodium methoxide and 33 g. (0.36 mole) paraformalde in 250 ml. methanol is heated at reflux for eight hours. The mixture is quenched by addition of water, neutralized with hydrochloric acid, extracted with ethyl ether, washed with water, brine and solvent evaporated. The residue is purified by vacuum distillation or chromatography on silica gel to provide the purified product.
ii. 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-2,4-dioxotetrahydro-4H-pyran
A solution of 101 g. (0.50 mole) of the above product in 200 ml. methanol and 20 ml. concentrated hydrochloric acid is heated at reflux for two hours, cooled, poured into ice-water, extracted with ethyl ether, the extracts washed with sodium bicarbonate solution, water, dried and evaporated to dryness. The residue was heated in vacuo at 80.degree.-100.degree. C. for two hours to obtain product of suitable purity for use in the next step.
iii. The ketolactone obtained above is converted to the corresponding 4-oximino derivative and this reduced to the title compound by the procedure of Preparation Q.
PREPARATION T
4-Amino-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-2-piperidone
i. Methyl 5-Dibenzylamino-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-ketovalerate hydrochloride
To a mixture of 86 g. (0.50 mole) methyl 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-ketovalerate, 117 g. (0.64 mole) dibenzylamine hydrochloride and 19.8 g. (0.22 mole) paraformaldehyde is added a solution of 1 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid in 150 ml. 95% ethanol and the mixture is heated at reflux for four hours. The mixture is filtered, 500 ml. of hot acetone added to the filtrate and the resulting mixture cooled then refrigerated overnight. The precipitated product is collected by filtration, washed with acetone and dried.
ii. 3,3,5,5-tetramethylpiperidin-2,4-dione
The above hydrochloride salt is partitioned between 0.1N sodium hydroxide solution and ethyl ether. The ether extracts are dried (MgSO.sub.4) evaporated to dryness and the residue taken up in methanol. To the methanol solution is added 1 g. of 10% Pd/C and the mixture hydrogenated at 3-4 atmospheres pressure until hydrogen uptake is complete. The catalyst is removed by filtration, the filtrate heated at reflux for two hours, solvent evaporated and the residue heated at 70.degree.-80.degree. C. in vacuo for two hours. The residual product is purified by chromatography on silica gel.
iii. The piperidinedione obtained above is converted to the 4-oximino derivative and this reduced to the title 4-amino analog by the procedure of Preparation Q.
PREPARATION U
3,3,5,5-Tetramethylpyrrolidin-2,4-dione
A mixture of 80 g. of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanedione monoxime, prepared by the method of U.S. Pat. No. 3,125,569, and 250 ml. 98% (w/w) sulfuric acid was warmed at 50.degree.-60.degree. C. for one hour and allowed to stand overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was poured onto 800 g. ice, extracted with methylene chloride, the extracts washed with sodium bicarbonate solution, water, dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated to remove solvent. The resulting mixture of products was purified by column chromatography on silica gel and the fractions containing the title compound combined and evaporated to dryness.
The ketolactam thus obtained is converted to 3-amino-3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-2-pyrrolidone by methods described above.
PREPARATION V
3-Amino-2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietan and its 1,1-Dioxide
A. 2,4-Dibromo-2,4-dimethylpentan-3-one
To 136 g. (1.2 mole) of diisopropylketone was added 2 ml. of phosphorus tribromide and the mixture cooled to 10.degree. C. To this was added dropwise 384 g. (2.4 mole) of bromine, the mixture allowed to warm to room temperature. After two hours at this temperature the mixture was warmed at 55.degree.-60.degree. C. for one hour then cooled and partioned between chloroform and water. The water was discarded and the organic layer washed with sodium carbonate solution until neutral. The organic layer was dried (MgSO.sub.4) and solvent evaporated to obtain 316 g. (97%) of the desired product.
B. 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl-3-oxothietane
Sodium metal, 23 g. (1.0 mole), was dissolved in 500 ml. of dry methanol and the resulting mixture cooled to 10.degree. C. Hydrogen sulfide gas was passed through the mixture until it was saturated. Then 136 g. (0.5 mole) of the dibromoketone obtained in Part A was added dropwise while continuing to allow hydrogen sulfide to pass through the reaction mixture. After the addition was completed the mixture was stirred for two hours at 10.degree. C., allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred overnight. After pouring the reaction mixture into water, it was extracted with ethyl ether and the extracts washed with dilute hydrochloric acid and brine. After drying over magnesium sulfate the ether was evaporated, the residue slurried with methanol, cooled and filtered to obtain 46 g. (64%) of solid product which was used without purification in the next step.
C. Reductive amination of ketone
To 75 ml. of dry methanol was added 4.5 g. (0.031 mole) of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-oxothietane, 23.9 g (0.31 mole) ammonium acetate and 1.36 g. (0.0217 mole) sodium cyanoborohydride and the resulting mixture heated at reflux for four hours. Additional sodium cyanoborohydride (1.36 g.) was added and refluxing continued for three days with a third increment of the same reagent added at the start of the third day. The resulting mixture was acidified to pH 2 with hydrochloric acid and evaporated to dryness on the rotary evaporator at reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in water, washed with ethyl ether, the aqueous phase adjusted to pH 11 with sodium hydroxide solution and extracted with ethyl ether. The extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated to dryness to obtain 1.9 g. (42%) of the desired amine as a crystalline solid. The structure of the product was verified by its .sup.1 H-NMR spectrum.
D. 3-Amino-2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietane-1,1-dioxide
The amine obtained in Part C, above, 29 g. (0.2 mole) was dissolved in 50 ml. acetonitrile and 250 ml. water added. While maintaining the mixture at pH 10 with sodium hydroxide, 35.8 g. (0.21 mole) carbobenzoxy chloride was added over 30 minutes, the mixture stirred for one hour, filtered, the precipitate washed with water and dried in vacuo at 50.degree. C. to provide the NCbz-amine, R.sub.f 0.7 (hexane/ethyl acetate 4:1 v/v, phosphomolybdic acid spray), 52.1 g. (93.4%). This was dissolved in 700 ml. methylene chloride, 77 g. (0.372 mole) m-chloroperbenzoic acid was added slowly while maintaining the temperature below 45.degree. C. (20.degree.-42.degree. C.). The precipitated solid was collected by filtration, the filtrate was washed with 1N hydrochloric acid, aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, dried (MgSO.sub.4) and the solvent evaporated. The residue was crystallized from acetone-water to obtain 42 g. (73%) of the Cbz-protected amine 1,1-dioxide, R.sub. f 0.7 (hexane/ethyl acetate 1:1 v/v, phosphomolybdic acid spray).
The protecting group was removed by hydrogenolysis of 5 g. of Cbz-amine in 250 ml. methanol, 5 ml. concentrated hydrochloric acid and 2 g. of 5% Pd/C (50% wet). The product was isolated in the usual manner. Yield: 2.4 g. (85%), R.sub.f 0.6. The retention time upon gas-liquid chromatography on a 1 meter, OV-1 column at 180.degree. C. was 1.3 minutes. The overall yield for the three steps starting from 3-amino-2,2,4,4-tetramethylthietane was 65%.
By employing equivalent amounts of amine and m-chloroperbenzoic acid in the above procedure the corresponding sulfoxide is obtained in like manner.
E. Employing the appropriate ketone of formula R.sup.3 R.sup.4 CHCOCHR.sup.5 R.sup.6 in place of diisopropylketone in the procedures of Parts A-C affords the corresponding amines of the formula shown below.
______________________________________ ##STR316## R.sup.3 R.sup.4 R.sup.5 R.sup.6______________________________________CH.sub.3 H CH.sub.3 HCH.sub.3 H H HC.sub.2 H.sub.5 H H H .sub.-i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 H H H .sub.-i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 H .sub.-i-C.sub.3 H.sub.7 H .sub.-t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 H H H .sub.-t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 H t-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 H -n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 H -n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 HC.sub.2 H.sub.5 H C.sub.2 H.sub.5 H______________________________________
The corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones are prepared by the procedure of Part D above.
PREPARATION W
3-Amino-2,2,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrothiophene
A. 1-Hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylpentan-3-one
To sodium methoxide prepared from 7.5 g. of sodium metal and 250 ml. of methanol was added 72.5 g. (2.4 moles) paraformaldehyde followed by 250 g. (2.2 moles) diisopropylketone and the resulting mixture heated at reflux for three hours. The reaction was quenched with water, neutralized with hydrochloric acid, extracted with ethyl ether, washed with water, brine and the solvent evaporated. The residual oil (90 g.) was distilled in vacuo to obtain 28 g. of the desired product boiling at 92.degree.-98.degree. C. at 16-20 mm. GLC on OV-1 column at 107.degree. C., retention time 314 sec., 96% pure.
When the above procedure was repeated on the same scale but the reaction mixture refluxed for 16 hours, 31 g. of product was obtained of 96% purity by GLC.
B. 4-Bromo-1-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylpentan-3-one
To a stirred, refluxing solution of 69 g. (0.48 mole) of 1-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylpentan-3-one in 500 ml. of chloroform was added dropwise a solution of 77 g. (0.48 mole) bromine in 100 ml. of chloroform. When the addition was completed the mixture was stirred at reflux for one hour, allowed to cool and stand overnight at room temperature. Evaporation of solvent at reduced pressure afforded 127 g. of product which was used in the next step without purification.
C. 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyltetrahydrothiophen-3-one
The product obtained in Part B, 79 g. (0.3 mole) was dissolved in 300 ml. of dry pyridine, cooled to 0.degree. C. and 114 g. (0.6 mole) of p-toluenesulfonyl chloride was added in portions at 0.degree. C. The resulting mixture was stirred at this temperature for 3 hours, 15 minutes, poured into ice/water and extracted with ethyl ether. The extracts were washed with dilute hydrochloric acid, water and brine then dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated to provide 111 g. (98%) of crystalline tosylate.
The tosylate, 94 g. (0.25 mole) was dissolved in one liter of pyridine, 180 g. (0.75 mole) of sodium sulfide monohydrate added and the mixture heated to 75.degree. C. and held at this temperature for one hour and allowed to stand at room temperature overnight. Water was added and the mixture was extracted with ether. The extracts washed with hydrochloric acid, brine, dried (MgSO.sub.4) and the solvent evaporated to obtain 35 g. of the title compound, 89% yield. The product showed only one spot upon silica gel TLC, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexane (1:4 by volume, R.sub.f 0.5. The .sup.1 H-NMR spectrum was in agreement with the structure for the title compound.
D. Leuckart reduction of ketone
To a 100 ml. round-bottomed three-necked flask fitted with stirrer, thermometer and condenser with fractionating head was added 10.0 g. (0.063 mole) of 2,2,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrothiophen-3-one, 15.2 ml. (0.38 mole) formamide and 3.5 ml. (0.092 mole) formic acid and the mixture heated at reflux (163.degree. C.) while removing water. The reaction mixture was maintained at 160.degree.-180.degree. C. for 20 hours with addition of formic acid (10 ml.) at intervals. The pot temperature increased to 200.degree. C. over this period. The reaction mixture was cooled, water added and the mixture extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts were evaporated in vacuo. The residue was refluxed with 20 ml. of 6N hydrochloric acid for two hours, cooled, the resulting mixture washed with ethyl ether, the aqueous phase adjusted to pH 11 with sodium hydroxide solution and extracted with ethyl ether. The extracts were dried and evaporated to obtain 2 g. of 3-amino-2,2,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrothiophene which was identified by .sup.1 H-NMR and appeared homogeneous upon silica gel TLC. E. By employing the appropriate ketone as starting material in place of diisopropylketone in the above procedures and that of Preparation X, the following amines are similarly obtained.
______________________________________ ##STR317## X R.sup.3 R.sup.4 R.sup.5 R.sup.6______________________________________S CH.sub.3 H CH.sub.3 HS H H CH.sub.3 HS CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 H CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 HS (CH.sub.3).sub.2 CH H (CH.sub.3).sub.2 CH HS CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 H HO CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 H CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 HO CH.sub.3 H CH.sub.3 HO H H CH.sub.3 HO CH.sub.3 H H HO H H (CH.sub.3).sub.3 C HO CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 H -n-C.sub.4 H.sub.9 HO CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.3 CH.sub.2______________________________________
When the tetrahydrothiophenes of the above formula are contacted with an equimolar amount of hydrogen peroxide or m-chloroperbenzoic acid the corresponding sulfoxide (X=SO) is formed in each case. Treatment of the same starting material or the sulfoxide with a molar excess of the same reagents or potassium permanganate affords the corresponding sulfone (X=SO.sub.2).
PREPARATION X
3-Amino-2,2,4,4-tetramethyltetrahydrofuran
A. 2,2,4,4-Tetramethyltetrahydrofuran-3-one
4-Bromo-1-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylpentan-3-one (prepared as described in Preparation W, Parts A and B) 25 g. (0.1 mole) was dissolved in 160 ml. of ethanol and a solution of 8 g. (0.2 mole) sodium hydroxide in 80 ml. of water was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes, diluted with water, extracted with ethyl ether, the extracts washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. The solvent was evaporated to afford 17.7 g. of 2,2,4-trimethylpentan-1,4-diol as a colorless liquid which was identified by .sup.1 H-NMR. The diol was dissolved in 50 ml. of chloroform, 1.5 ml. of concentrated sulfuric acid added dropwise. The mixture was heated at reflux for 3 hours, while distilling water/chloroform azeotrope from the mixture. After standing overnight at room temperature the reaction mixture was washed with water, the organic layer dried (MgSO.sub.4) and solvent evaporated in vacuo to provide 13.9 g. of colorless liquid. Distillation afforded 8.3 g. of the desired product, B.P. 70.degree.-72.degree. (50 mm.), overall yield 58%. B. The ketone obtained in Part A, 8.0 g. (0.056 mole), hydroxylamine hydrochloride, 8.0 g. (0.113 mole) and sodium acetate, 2.3 g. (0.113 mole), were combined with 85 ml. of ethanol and the mixture heated at reflux for 48 hours. The resulting mixture was diluted with water, extracted with ethyl ether, the extracts washed with water, dried and evaporated to yield 9.0 g. of a mixture of syn- and anti-oximes, identified by its .sup.1 H-NMR spectrum.
The oxime obtained above, 1.3 g. (8.28 mmole) was dissolved in 70 ml. of dry ethanol, 1.9 g. of sodium metal added and the mixture warmed to reflux and held at this temperature for 15 minutes. Heating was continued for two hours with addition of two more increments (1.9 g. each) of sodium. The reaction mixture was then diluted cautiously with water, extracted with ethyl ether. The ether layer extracted with dilute hydrochloric acid, the aqueous phase made alkaline with sodium hydroxide and re-extracted with ether. The extracts were dried (MgSO.sub.4) and evaporated to dryness and the residue distilled to obtain the desired amine, B.P. 68.degree.-69.degree. C. (15 mm). After further purification by precipitation of the hydrochloride salt from ethyl ether-methanol, basifying the salt and extracting again with ether 0.87 g. of amine of 93% purity by gas chromatography (OV-1 column) was obtained.

Number	Name	Date	Kind
3101367	Ehrhart et al.	Aug 1963
3639382	Christensen et al.	Feb 1972

Number	Date	Country
1022233	Jan 1958	DEX
335691	Mar 1959	CHX
405870	Feb 1974	SUX

	Number	Date	Country
Parent	201745	Nov 1980
Parent	113800	Jan 1980

Branched amides of L-aspartyl-D-amino acid dipeptides

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Schon et al., Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung., 98, pp. 215-223, (1978).
Schon et al., CA 90:187304a, (1979).