Patent Application
20130231508
The invention relates to alkoxylate compositions and to processes for making and using them. The alkoxylate compositions exhibit favorable properties such as narrow molecular weight distribution and low content of residual alcohol.
Alcohol ethoxylates are an industrially important class of materials that find use in a wide variety of applications, for instance, as surfactants and detergents. Primary alcohol ethoxylates are conventionally prepared by base catalyzed ethoxylation of a primary alcohol. The simplicity of the manufacturing process and its ability to provide quality products (e.g., narrow molecular weight distribution and/or low residual alcohol content) has resulted in a wide variety of these types of materials being prepared.
In contrast to primary alcohols, highly branched secondary alcohols are considerably less reactive and therefore much more difficult to ethoxylate by the base catalyzed process. As a result, alternative procedures for manufacture of highly branched secondary alcohol ethoxylates have been developed.
A commonly used alternative is based on a two-step process. In step one, an alcohol or alcohol mixture is treated with ethylene oxide (EO) in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, BF3 is commonly used, to add a small amount of EO to the alcohol. The low EO adduct is purified by thorough washing to remove the catalyst and by-products and then subjected to distillation to separate the desired product from unreacted alcohols and lower adducts. The purified low EO product (average 2-4 mole EO) is carried to step two in which a base-catalyzed conventional alkoxylation is performed to produce the final surfactant products.
The two-step process has a number of disadvantages. For instance, the product from the first step generally contains considerable amount of byproduct 1,4-dioxane that needs to be removed. In addition, the ethoxylate products typically exhibit an unfavorably broad molecular weight distribution and a large amount of unreacted alcohol starting material. As a result, if final materials of acceptable quality are to be prepared, isolation and purification of intermediates is needed. Such isolation and purification, and the additional second alkoxylation process, however, significantly increase the cost of the process and result in the generation of large amounts of waste.
New highly branched secondary alcohol alkoxylates that exhibit narrow molecular weight distributions and low content of residual alcohols, as well as low-cost and low waste-generating processes for making them, would be a significant advance in the art.
In one aspect, the invention provides an alkoxylate composition that exhibits narrow molecular weight distribution. In some embodiments, the alkoxylate composition may also contain low content of residual unreacted alcohol. The composition comprises one or more alkoxylates of formula I:
wherein EO, n, R, R1 and R2 are as defined below.
In another aspect, the invention provides a process for making an alkoxylate of formula I. The process comprises: reacting under alkoxylation conditions a secondary alcohol having 7 to 16 carbon atoms and a branching degree of 3 or more with ethylene oxide. The alkoxylation is conducted in the presence of a double metal cyanide catalyst.
As noted above, in a first aspect the invention provides a composition comprising one or more alkoxylates of the formula I:
wherein EO is ethyleneoxy; n is 1-40; R and R1 are independently C1-C14 alkyl; and R2 is H or C1-C13 alkyl, wherein the group formed by R, R1, R2 and the carbon to which they are attached contains 7 to 16 carbon atoms and has a branching degree of at least 3.
Alkoxylates of formula I prepared according to the processes described herein have been surprisingly discovered to exhibit a narrow molecular weight distribution, represented by the materials' polydispersity index (weight average molecular weight/number average molecular weight (Mw/Mn) as determined by gel permeation chromatography). A narrow molecular weight distribution generally results in better surfactant performance. In some embodiments, the polydispersity index (PDI) of the alkoxylates is 2.0 or less, alternatively 1.75 or less, alternatively 1.5 or less, alternatively 1.2 or less, or alternatively 1.15 or less.
In addition to exhibiting low PDI, in some embodiments, alkoxylates of formula I may also be prepared as described herein to contain surprisingly low levels of residual unreacted alcohols. In contrast, alkoxylates containing the same or similar number of alkylene oxide repeat units prepared by traditional potassium hydroxide catalyzed reaction contain considerably greater amounts of residual alcohols (see the Examples). The advantages of having low levels of alcohols include enhanced surface activity, low odor, and improved clarity of aqueous formulations. In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention contain 10 weight percent or less, alternatively 5 weight percent or less, alternatively 3 weight percent or less, alternatively 2 weight percent or less, alternatively 1 weight percent or less, or alternatively 0.5 weight percent or less of residual alcohols.
Formula I includes variable “n” that describes the molar amount of charged ethylene oxide used in making the compound. In some embodiments, n is at least about 2, alternatively at least about 3, alternatively at least about 4, alternatively at least about 5, alternatively at least about 6, alternatively at least about 7, or alternatively at least about 8. In some embodiments, n is about 30 or less, alternatively about 20 or less, alternatively about 15 or less, or alternatively about 12 or less. In some embodiments, n falls in the range of from about 2 to about 15, alternatively about 4 to about 15, or alternatively about 8 to about 15. In some embodiments, n is about 8. In some embodiments, n is about 11.
In the formula I alkoxylates, R, R1, R2 and the carbon to which they are attached form a group that is the organic residue of the highly branched secondary alcohol used to make the alkoxylate. In general, the group contains between 7 and 16 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the group contains between 9 and 12 carbon atoms. The group also has a branching degree of 3 or more. In some embodiments of the invention, the branching degree is 4 or more. The term “branching degree” as used herein means the total number of methyl (—CH3) groups minus 1. For instance, if there are four methyl groups, then the branching degree is 3.
In some embodiments of the invention, R is C3-C12 alkyl, alternatively C3-C8 alkyl, or alternatively C4-C6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R contains at least 2 methyl groups.
In some embodiments of the invention, R1 is C3-C12 alkyl, alternatively C4-C10 alkyl, or alternatively C6-C8 alkyl. In some embodiments, R1 contains at least 2 methyl groups.
In some embodiments of the invention, R2 is C1-C3 alkyl. In some embodiments, R2 is H.
In some embodiments of the invention, the alkoxylate is of the formula II:
wherein R3 is H or iso-propyl and n is as defined above.
In some embodiments of the invention, the alkoxylate is of the formula:
wherein n is as defined above.
In some embodiments, the alkoxylate is of the formula:
wherein n is as defined above.
In another aspect, the invention provides a process for making the alkoxylates of formula I. According to the process, a highly branched secondary alcohol is reacted with ethylene oxide, under alkoxylation conditions in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst used for the alkoxylations is a double metal cyanide compound.
The highly branched secondary alcohol is a compound containing 7 to 16 carbon atoms, a branching degree of 3 or more, and one hydroxy group. In some embodiments, the compound contains between 9 and 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the branching degree is 4 or more. Examples of suitable secondary alcohols include 2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonanol, and 2,6-dimethyl heptan-4-ol.
Prior to the alkoxylation reaction, it may be advantageous to dry the starting alcohol in order to reduce its water content. Various techniques may be used, including for instance application of reduced pressure, elevated temperature, nitrogen purge, or a combination of these. The water content may be reduced to, for example, 300 ppm or less, alternatively 200 ppm or less, or alternatively 100 ppm or less, or alternatively 50 ppm or less, or alternatively 25 ppm or less.
The ethylene oxide is reacted with the alcohol under alkoxylation conditions. In a non-limiting embodiment illustrative of suitable alkoxylation conditions, this reaction may be carried out at an elevated temperature or temperatures ranging from about 80° C. to about 180° C. In other non-limiting embodiments, the temperature may range from about 100° C. to about 160° C. Pressures from about 14 psia to about 60 psia may, in certain non-limiting embodiments, be particularly efficacious, but other pressures may also be effectively employed. Those skilled in the art will be able to determine appropriate conditions with, at most, routine experimentation.
The alkoxylation reaction is conducted in the presence of an effective amount of a double metal cyanide compound as catalyst. The amount of the catalyst may, in some embodiments, range from about 1 ppm to about 1000 ppm by weight, based on the total charge of alcohol and oxides. In some embodiments, the amount may range from about 10 ppm to about 300 ppm. Suitable double metal cyanide catalysts include those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,429,342, which is incorporated herein by reference. By way of example, Zn3[Co(CN)6]2 may be used as the catalyst.
In a typical process illustrative of the invention, the catalyst may be dissolved or dispersed in the dried alcohol or, alternatively, the two may be mixed first and then the alcohol dried, e.g., using the techniques discussed above, to reduce the residual water content. The ethylene oxide may then be continuously added and the reaction continued until a desired level of alkoxylation has occurred. In some embodiments, the ethylene oxide may instead be added in a batch manner, such as through two, three, or four charges throughout the reaction process. The reaction may be subjected to digestion periods (e.g., about 1-10 hours at about 100 to 160° C.) between ethylene oxide additions and/or after the final ethylene oxide addition.
Following the alkoxylation reaction, the product may be discharged from the reactor directly to be packaged without removal of the catalyst. If desired, the product may be filtered prior to packaging or use, or treated by different means to remove or recover the catalyst, such as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,355,188; 4,721,818; 4,877,906; 5,010,047; 5,099,075; 5,416,241, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The product may also be subjected to additional purification steps. For instance, in some embodiments, the level of residual alcohol may be further reduced by heating the crude ethoxylated product at elevated temperature, such as 120° C. or greater, alternatively 150° C. or greater. In addition, in some embodiments, a vacuum may be applied, e.g., 250 Torr or less, or 200 Torr or less, or 150 Torr or less, such that the boiling point of any residual alcohol is exceeded. An inert gas, such as nitrogen, may be flowed over (head-space sparge) or through (sub-surface sparge) the product to further facilitate removal of the alcohol. Combinations of the foregoing techniques may be applied.
The final formula I alkoxylate of the invention may be used in formulations and compositions in any desired amount. By way of example, when used as a surfactant, typical amounts in many conventional applications may range from about 0.05 to about 90 weight percent, more frequently from about 0.1 to about 30 weight percent, and in some uses from about 0.5 to about 20 weight percent, based on the total formulation. Those skilled in the art will be able to determine usage amounts via a combination of general knowledge of the applicable field as well as routine experimentation where needed.
Applications of the alkoxylates of the invention may include a wide variety of formulations and products. These include, but are not limited to, as surfactant, or wetting, emulsifying, solubilizing, dispersing, demulsifying, cleaning, foam controlling agents, or adjuvant, or combination of these functions in cleaners, detergents, hard surface cleaning formulations, polyurethanes, epoxies, emulsion polymerization, thermoplastics, metal products, agricultural products including herbicides and pesticides, oilfield products and processes, pulp and paper products, textiles, water treatment products, flooring products, inks, colorants, pharmaceuticals, cleaning products, personal care products, and lubricants. As an example of the dispersing application, the alkoxylates of the invention may be used as dispersing agents for fluororesins.
The following examples are illustrative of the invention but are not intended to limit its scope. Unless otherwise indicated, the ratios, percentages, parts, and the like used herein are by weight.
2,6,8-Trimethylnonan-4-ol (TMN) and 2,6-dimethyl heptan-4-ol (diisobutyl carbinol or DIBC) are supplied by The Dow Chemical Company.
Double metal cyanide (DMC) catalyst is supplied by Bayer.
Ethylene Oxide (EO) is supplied by The Dow Chemical Company.
DMC catalyzed alkoxylate samples are prepared using a semi-batch process in a 9 liter, stirred, baffled, and jacketed reactor.
Conventional GPC is used for general molecular weight analysis. Reported results are relative to linear polyethylene glycol standards. Polymer Laboratories PEG-10 Polyethylene glycol standards are used with 3rd order fitting. Molecular weight is measured with an Agilent 1100 system equipped with a Polymer Labs Mixed E column coupled to a Differential Refractive Index detector operated at 40° C. The chromatographic mobile phase is tetrahydrofuran (THF). Each sample (100 ul, 25 mg/mL) is dissolved in THF, injected twice, and eluted at 1.0 mL/min.
% OH and hydroxyl equivalent molecular weight (HEMW) are determined on alkoxylate samples by titration according to ASTM D4274 (Test method B). The HEMW is calculated using Eq. 1.
where N is the functionality of the sample (1 in the case of the secondary alcohol ethoxylate monols used in the present study).
The amount of unreacted alcohol in alkoxylate samples is determined by gas chromatography, using the response of an internal standard, 1-nonanol. Approximately 0.05 g of ethoxylate sample and 0.03 to 0.1 g of internal standard stock solution (n-nonanol in hexane, 9.9% (w/w)) are weighed (nearest 0.1 mg) into an auto-sampler vial. The samples are derivatized for 15 minutes at 60° C. using 1 mL of Regisil (99% BSTFA and 1% TMCS)) to increase the volatility of the high molecular weight components. The samples are further diluted, as necessary, in hexane and tetrahydrofuran. Derivatized samples are evaluated with an Agilent model 6890 instrument equipped with an HP-7673 auto sampler, an on-column inlet, and a flame ionization detector. The alcohol concentration data reported are from single injections.
The ethoxylates of TMN alcohol is prepared by reaction between EO and TMN in the presence of the DMC catalyst. DMC catalyst (0.15 g) is slurried into 1,193 g of dried (90° C., with nitrogen sweep, until water is less than 200 ppm (23 ppm)) starter alcohol (TMN), activated (200 g EO, 130° C., under 20 psia nitrogen), and then 626 g EO is added (826 g total) continuously (5 g/min) with stirring resulting in the alkoxylate product after 81 min digestion period (130° C.). An intermediate sample (1-A in Table 1, 120 g) is removed. The reaction product measures a hydroxyl content of 5.37% OH and hydroxyl equivalent molecular weight (HEMW) of 317, corresponding to the 2.9 EO/TMN molar ratio alkoxylate. Subsequently, a second ethylene oxide (1,268 g EO, 2,094 g EO total) feed (5 g/min) and digestion period (67 minute, 130° C.) are applied. An intermediate sample (1-B, 123 g) is removed. The reaction product measures a hydroxyl content of 3.33% OH and HEMW of 511, corresponding to the 7.3 EO/TMN molar ratio alkoxylate. Subsequently, a third ethylene oxide (879 g EO, 2,976 g EO total) feed (5 g/min) and digestion period (7 hour, 130° C.) are applied. The reaction product (1-C) measures a hydroxyl content of 2.56% OH and HEMW of 663, corresponding to the 10.8 EO/TMN molar ratio alkoxylate. As listed in Table 1, the TMN/2.9EO sample contains 18.6 wt % of unreacted TMN alcohol residue and has PDI of 1.24. The TMN/7.3EO sample contains 2.8 wt % unreacted TMN alcohol residue and has PDI of 1.13. The TMN/10.8EO sample contains 2.3 wt % unreacted TMN alcohol residue and has PDI of 1.24.
Following the same procedure, other TMN/EO products are prepared and listed in Table 1 (Examples 2 to 8).
aWater content in alcohol initiator
The ethoxylates of DIBC alcohol is prepared by reaction between EO and DIBC in the presence of the DMC catalyst. DMC catalyst (0.16 g) is slurried in 1,535 g of dry (90° C., with nitrogen sweep, until water is less than 200 ppm (23 ppm)) starter alcohol (DIBC), activated (215 g EO, 130° C., under 20 psia nitrogen), and then 1,320 g EO is added (1,535 g total) continuously (5 g/min) with stirring resulting in the alkoxylate product after 75 min digestion period (130° C.). The reaction product (9, in Table 2) is removed and measures a hydroxyl content of 2.90% OH and a HEMW of 587, corresponding to the 10.0 EO/DIBC molar ratio alkoxylate. As listed in Table 2, the DIBC/10.0EO sample contains 0.2 wt % of unreacted DIBC alcohol residue and has PDI of 1.04.
Following the same procedure, other DIBC/EO products are prepared as listed in Table 2 (Examples 9-11).
aWater content in alcohol initiator
The alkoxylate product is prepared by reaction between EO and TMN in the presence of the KOH catalyst. KOH catalyst (5.80 g, 45% aqueous solution, 2.55 g contained KOH) is dissolved in 999 g of TMN alcohol, stripped (90° C., under vacuum, with nitrogen sweep, until water is less than 300 ppm (215 ppm)), activated (200 g EO, 130° C., under 20 psia nitrogen), and then 1,425 g EO added (1,625 g total) continuously (5 g/min) with stirring resulting in the alkoxylate product after 120 min digestion period (130° C.). An intermediate sample (12-A, 122 g) is removed. The reaction product measures a hydroxyl content of 3.5% OH and HEMW of 486, corresponding to the 6.7 EO/TMN molar ratio alkoxylate. Subsequently, a second ethylene oxide (552 g EO, 2,177 g EO total) feed (5 g/min) and digestion period (122 minute, 130° C.) are applied. An intermediate sample (12-B, 153 g) is removed. The reaction product measures a hydroxyl content of 2.8% OH and HEMW of 601, corresponding to the 9.4 EO/TMN molar ratio alkoxylate. Subsequently, a third ethylene oxide (607 g EO, 2,784 g EO total) feed (5 g/min) and digestion period (112 minute, 130° C.) are applied. The reaction product (12-C, 3,241 g) measures a hydroxyl content of 2.2% OH and HEMW of 762, corresponding to the 13.0 EO/TMN molar ratio alkoxylate. As listed in Table 3, the TMN/6.7EO sample contains 16.7 wt % of unreacted TMN alcohol residue and has PDI of 2.59. The TMN/9.4EO sample contains 16.5 wt % unreacted TMN alcohol residue and has PDI of 2.43. The TMN/13.0EO sample contains 10.7 wt % unreacted TMN alcohol residue and has PDI of 2.09.
Following the same procedure, other TMN/EO products are prepared at listed in Table 3 (Example 13).
aWater content in alcohol initiator
DMC catalyst converts more starting alcohol and has less impurities (polyethylene glycol, PEG) compared to KOH catalysis at similar EO/TMN charge ratios.
Even though the DMC catalyzed ethoxylation process of the invention results in product with desirably low polydispersity, in some cases it may also be desirable to further reduce the concentration of residual alcohol in the product, for instance in order to improve cloud point and/or to reduce odor. In general, the post ethoxylation processing involves heating the alkoxylate product under vacuum with a head space nitrogen purge and with agitation. Through post ethoxylation processing samples containing residual alcohol content of <1 wt % may be obtained. Exemplary data are shown in Table 4. The table shows the approximate temperature, pressure, and time used for the post processing. Residual alcohol content, cloud point and PDI of the final product are also shown.
While the invention has been described above according to its preferred embodiments, it can be modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using the general principles disclosed herein. Further, the application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within the known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fall within the limits of the following claims.
This application claims priority from provisional application Ser. No. 61/416,462, filed Nov. 23, 2010, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US11/59058 | 11/3/2011 | WO | 00 | 4/16/2013 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61416462 | Nov 2010 | US |
