Patent Application
20130248518
The invention described herein relates generally to brazing. More specifically, the invention relates to a method of brazing.
Armature stator bars in large generators are usually liquid cooled and contain a combination of individually insulated conductors, comprising both solid and hollow strands. The hollow strands are used to transmit liquid coolant, as well as electric current through the length of the armature stator bar. A header, including generator connection rings, must be fluid tight and capable of conducting electric current. This assembly is affixed to each end of each armature stator bar. All plumbing should be impervious to hydrogen leaks from the generator atmosphere, pressurized hydrogen, into the circulating cooling fluid inside the plumbing.
The headers and connection rings presently in service in generators serve as electrical connections between the stator bars or phase rings of the armature circuit and are also the sealed enclosure for transferring the liquid coolant to and from the stator bars. Conventional headers and connection rings are normally brazed to both the hollow and solid strands at each end of the stator bars. Thus, the liquid coolant is in direct contact with the brazed joints, which can result in liquid coolant leaks due to braze joint corrosion or braze joint imperfections. One known method of reducing leaks is to use phosphorus—free BAg alloys. However, the phosphorus—free BAg alloy family typically cannot be brazed in air without a flux or a vacuum or reducing atmosphere. Process issues with use of a flux or reducing atmosphere present major challenges to plumbing assembly or repair. Even with the known methods, ensuing leaks of liquid coolant can damage the armature insulation and result in costly maintenance outages. In addition, on-site repair of generator components is extremely difficult, time consuming and costly.
In an aspect of the present invention, a brazing method for a dynamoelectric machine includes the steps of providing a first dynamoelectric machine part and a second dynamoelectric machine part, at least a first portion of the first dynamoelectric machine part is configured to fit inside a second portion of the second dynamoelectric machine part. Preplacing a non-self-fluxing braze alloy on one or more of the first portion and the second portion. Thermally treating at least one of the first portion and the second portion, to create a temperature differential and size differential between the first portion and the second portion. Inserting the first portion into the second portion, and heating at least one of the first portion and the second portion to melt the non-self-fluxing braze alloy. The first portion is joined to the second portion by brazing without the use of a flux, vacuum or inert atmosphere.
In another aspect of the present invention, a brazing method for a dynamoelectric machine is provided. The dynamoelectric machine includes a first dynamoelectric machine part and a second dynamoelectric machine part. At least a first portion of the first dynamoelectric machine part is configured to fit inside a second portion of the second dynamoelectric machine part. The method includes the steps of preplacing a non-self-fluxing braze alloy on one or more of the first portion and the second portion. Thermally treating at least one of the first portion and the second portion, to create a temperature differential between the first portion and the second portion. Inserting the first portion into the second portion, and heating at least one of the first portion and the second portion to melt the non-self-fluxing braze alloy. The first portion is joined to the second portion by brazing in an ambient air environment.
One or more specific aspects/embodiments of the present invention will be described below. In an effort to provide a concise description of these aspects/embodiments, all features of an actual implementation may not be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design method, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with machine-related, system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.
When introducing elements of various embodiments of the present invention, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. Any examples of operating parameters and/or environmental conditions are not exclusive of other parameters/conditions of the disclosed embodiments. Additionally, it should be understood that references to “one embodiment”, “one aspect” or “an embodiment” or “an aspect” of the present invention are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments or aspects that also incorporate the recited features.
A dynamoelectric machine is defined as a machine that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy or vice-versa, including but not limited to generators and motors. However, it is to be understood that the present invention could also be applied to turbomachines and general brazing methods as well.
A brazing method is herein described for joining two parts in a reliable manner without requiring the use of a flux, vacuum, inert gas or reducing atmosphere. Brazing is generally defined as a joining process wherein coalescence is produced by heating to a suitable temperature above about 800° F. and by using a suitable brazing alloy, having a melting point below that of the materials to be joined. Brazing in an ambient air environment greatly expands potential uses for the brazing method, as well as, reduces costs and shortening service/construction times, thereby returning the machine to service much more promptly. An ambient air environment is defined as an environment comprising a substantially colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous mixture of mainly nitrogen (approximately 78 percent) and oxygen (approximately 21 percent) with lesser amounts of argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, neon, helium, and other gases. Ambient air is a mixture with varying amounts of moisture and particulate matter, enveloping the earth and may also be referred to as the atmosphere. Ambient air may also be the air that surrounds the average person when the person is located outside or within a building or enclosure, or the air in the immediate surroundings of something.
The two parts 110, 120 can be joined by brazing and both portions of the joint should be precleaned. However, an important feature of the present invention is that both parts can be brazed without requiring the use of a flux, a vacuum, an inert gas or reducing atmosphere. The method herein described has resulted in substantially improved results that were unexpected, because typical practice has required the use of a flux or a reducing atmosphere. The terms vacuum, inert gas and reducing atmosphere are viewed as generally equivalent in the sense that they are all used to prevent contamination of the parts during brazing. For example, when copper is heated to elevated brazing temperatures, contamination, such as, oxidation and scaling can occur quickly and this contamination interferes with or prevents a successfully brazed joint. The braze alloy is prevented from satisfactorily adhering to the parts by the contaminated or oxidized layers. In the past, the only method to avoid this was to use either self-fluxing braze alloy, a flux, a vacuum, an inert gas or a reducing atmosphere. It can be appreciated that it is extremely difficult, costly and time consuming to create a reducing atmosphere around a large scale generator at the point of use. It can also be appreciated that a joint that must remain water-tight through many years of service cannot be contaminated by a self-fluxing braze alloy containing phosphorus, which causes copper to corrode, or any sort of residual flux, which is also corrosive.
In order to obtain high-quality brazed joints, the parts must be closely fitted, and the base metals must be exceptionally clean and free of oxides. In most cases, joint clearances of about 0.002 inches to about 0.008 inches are recommended for the best capillary action and joint strength. However, in some brazing operations it may be desirable to have joint clearances above or below this range. Cleanliness of the brazing surfaces is also important, as any contamination can cause poor wetting (i.e., flow of the filler metal or braze alloy). Two methods for precleaning parts, prior to brazing, are chemical cleaning, and abrasive or mechanical cleaning In the case of mechanical cleaning, it may be desirable to maintain a predetermined surface roughness as wetting on a rough surface occurs much more readily than on a smooth surface of the same geometry.
A phosphorus free braze alloy (or phosphorus free filler metal) 116 may be used in the brazing method, according to an aspect of the present invention. A non-self-fluxing braze alloy 116 may also be used. For example, a BAg-18 alloy is comprised of silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and tin (Sn), and has a solidus point of about 1,115° F. and a liquidus point of about 1,325° F. A BAg-24 alloy may also be used and is comprised of silver (Ag), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni), and has a solidus point of about 1,220° F. and a liquidus point of about 1,305° F. It is to be understood that other non-phosphorous, phosphorus free, BAg alloys or non-self-fluxing brazing alloys may also be used as desired in the specific application, as long as they meet desired brazing and performance specifications. The phosphorous free braze alloy and non-self-fluxing braze alloy may be any suitable BAg alloy.
The braze alloy 116 may be preplaced on at least one of the parts to be joined. For example, the braze alloy can be preplaced on part 110 in the region (i.e., portion 122) of the joint. The second part 120 can be thermally treated by preheating to thermally expand the inner diameter of portion 122. The thermal treatment creates a temperature differential (and resulting size differential) between the first portion and the second portion. For example, the second part 120 may be heated by induction heating to a temperature of about 400° F. to about 500° F. It would be desirable to prevent or reduce oxidation of the heated parts during the thermal treatment step, so lower temperatures are desired. Other heating methods (e.g., torch heating, furnace, carbon arc, resistance, etc.) and other temperature ranges above or below those listed may also be used as desired in the specific application. After the second part 120 is preheated and portion 122 has thermally expanded, the first part 110 can be inserted into the second part 120.
Alternatively, the first part 110 and/or first portion 112 can be thermally treated by cooling to contract or shrink the first part 110 and/or first portion 112. The thermal treatment creates a temperature differential (and resulting size differential) between the first portion and the second portion. For example, the first portion 112 may be immersed in a nitrogen bath. The nitrogen bath may comprise liquid and/or solid nitrogen, or mixtures thereof. In this aspect, the nitrogen bath shrinks or contracts the first portion, while also providing a benefit to the method of reducing oxide formation or contamination. At cooler temperatures, oxide formation on metals (e.g., copper) is greatly reduced (or effectively eliminated) compared to a method where the metal is heated. In other aspects of the present invention, a combined cooling of the first portion and pre-heating of the second portion may be employed to create a compressive fit-up between the two parts.
The two parts form a compressive type fit-up and the thermal treatment (resulting in relative expansion and/or contraction) allows for easier insertion of the first part 120 (portion 112) into the second part 120 (portion 122). The small clearances also permit the avoidance of using a flux, vacuum, inert gas or reducing atmosphere. After the brazing operation and upon cooling of the parts, a high quality and long lasting mechanical bond is formed between the two parts.
To braze, a heating step can be performed on both parts, and this can be performed by induction heating or other suitable heating method (e.g., torch heating, furnace, carbon arc, resistance, etc.). The two parts 110, 120 (and/or portions 112 and 122) may be heated to about 1,300° F. to about 1,500° F., or any other suitable temperature range as required by the specific materials. The heating cycle melts the braze alloy and the braze alloy distributes along the joint through capillary action. The braze alloy bonds to both parts and forms a seal preventing any undesired leaks in the joint. As stated previously, conventional wisdom and practice always required a flux or reducing atmosphere when brazing at such elevated temperatures. However, the combination of the compressive fit-up and phosphorous free or non-self-fluxing braze alloys (such a BAg alloys) enables the brazing method to be performed in air without any corrosive flux or phosphorus, and without the need for a vacuum, inert, or reducing atmosphere.
Method 300 may also include a step of providing an inert gas purge inside the second portion or an inert atmosphere in the area surrounding the joint and/or any heated or pre-heated elements. The braze alloy may be a BAg-18 alloy or a BAg-24 alloy. The thermal treatment and/or heating steps may be performed by induction heating, and one or both parts, or portions thereof may be heated to about 400° F. to about 500° F. The heating step 360 may also be performed by induction heating, and both parts should be heated to about 1,300° F. to about 1,500° F. As a further advantage provided by the present invention, a fluxing step and/or a fluxing step before the precleaning step may be avoided. Further, a cleaning step after the heating step may also be avoided so that one does not have to perform a cleaning step after the heating step. However, a cleaning step could be performed if desired.
Method 300 may also include the steps of providing the first part 110 made of copper and the second part 120 made of copper. Copper is to be understood as any predominantly copper alloy including but not limited to tough-pitch copper, oxygen-free copper, and silver-bearing copper. A thermal expansion or contraction during the thermal treatment step of the first portion or second portion provides a compression fitting (or fit-up) between the first portion 112 and the second portion 122 upon the first portion 112 and second portion 122 reaching a temperature equilibrium.
As stated previously, an important feature of the present invention is that copper can be brazed using BAg alloys without requiring the use of a flux, a vacuum, an inert gas or reducing atmosphere. In the past, conventional wisdom always relied on a flux or reducing atmosphere when brazing with BAg alloys, as satisfactory brazed joints were not obtained without the use of a flux or reducing atmosphere. In contrast, the method herein described has resulted in substantially improved results that were unexpected, because satisfactory brazed joints can be obtained when brazing BAg alloys and copper in air, without the use of a flux and/or reducing atmosphere. The new method will greatly reduce the cost of brazing, the time required to braze and increase the locations where brazing may be performed. As one example only, brazing can now be completed at a customer site or point of use, rather than only in a specialized factory.
This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.
This application is a continuation-in-part to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/428,006, filed on Mar. 23, 2012, which is fully incorporated herein by reference and made a part hereof.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13428006 | Mar 2012 | US |
| Child | 13860556 | US |
