Patent Grant
7803605
The present invention relates to a method for breeding yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growth activity, by inducing desirable mutations, by means of controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase in a loss-of-function mutant of yeast such as a gene-disruptant of yeast, and the yeast obtained using such a breeding method. In more detail, the present invention relates to a method for breeding yeast whose high temperature sensitivity is avoided or whose growth activity is recovered, and yeast capable of foreign gene expression, using a loss-of-function mutant of yeast such as a budding yeast or a fission yeast producing glycoprotein with a mammalian type sugar chain by modifying amino acid sequence of DNA polymerase and inducing mutations.
Also, the present invention relates to a method for breeding yeast which produces polysaccharide (especially beta-glucan) efficiently, by inducing desirable mutations, by means of controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase in a loss-of-function mutant of yeast such as a gene-disruptant of yeast, and the yeast obtained using such a breeding method. In more detail, the present invention relates to a method for breeding yeast whose cell wall efficiently contains beta-glucan that is used as an active ingredient in functional foods and medicine, using a loss-of-function mutant of yeast producing glycoprotein with a mammalian type sugar chain by modifying amino acid sequence of DNA polymerase and inducing mutations.
Many glycoproteins having sugar chains have an important function in living organisms. In addition, it is elucidated that removing a sugar chain from glycoprotein leads to disappearance of biological activity about erythropoietin (EPO) and tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) etc. (Yo Kibata, “Protein Nucleic Acids Enzyme” Vol. 36, p 775 (1991); Makoto Takeuchi “Biochemistry” Vol. 62, p 1272 (1990)). This shows that a sugar chain in glycoprotein plays an important role in biological activity. Therefore, producing glycoprotein efficiently is preferable in developing medicines.
In the case of producing glycoprotein, using yeast is considered from a viewpoint of applying techniques of genetics and molecular biology, or from a viewpoint of being a single eukaryote which has high productivity of foreign protein. On the other hand, a sugar chain produced by yeast, having many mannose added structure, shows high antigenicity in a body of higher animals. For this reason, there is a problem that glycoprotein produced by yeast might not be adequate for drugs especially being administrated through blood vessels. To resolve this problem, an yeast strain which produces a sugar chain without antigenicity was established by gene-disruption (for example, see Japanese publication of patent application 1994-277086 bulletin, Japanese publication of patent application 1995-299509 bulletin and Japanese publication of patent application 2001-161376 bulletin.)
Especially triple disruptant comprising och1 disruption (Δoch1), mnn1 disruption (Δmnn1) and mnn4 disruption (Δmnn4) is disclosed in international publication WO01/014522 pamphlet (see below patent literature 1). The document discloses the yeast any of the following gene, which relates to production of an outer sugar chain and yeast specific, is destroyed or any mutation is introduced to the following genes: alpha-1, 6 mannosyl transferase conducting first elongation reaction (OCH1); a gene coding for alpha-1, 3 mannosyl transferase which adds mannose to nonreducing end of sugar chain (MNN1); and a gene regulating addition of mannose-1-phosphate (MNN4). The yeast strain is thought to be useful for developing functional food and drugs because it is excellent in production of glycoprotein with mammalian type sugar chain.
However, the gene-disruptant shows higher temperature sensitivity than a wild strain and lower growth activity, for example, it doesn't grow at 37 degrees C. As a result, compared to wild strains, a gene-disruptant shows defective growth and has a problem that protein productivity is low.
Beta-glucan, which is a kind of polysaccharide, is known to have effects of activating macrophages, NK cells, T cells and killer T cells that attack infected cells and cancer cells in the body, and increasing immunity and resistance. With this immunity increasing effect, ability to exclude bacteria and foreign substances having entered the body is increased, so that resistance for inhibiting development of disease even if infected can be obtained. Also, with such an increase in immunity, effects of reducing allergic reactions and suppressing tumor such as cancer can be expected and antitumor effect has been actually revealed by various clinical tests. Moreover, effects such as a decrease in blood glucose level, diuretic effect, blood pressure adjustment, decrease in blood cholesterol and neutral fat levels can also be obtained.
Yeasts (especially baker's yeast) have long been used for fermented food and are extremely safe as food products. The baker's yeast, usually including about 45% of beta-glucan in the cell wall, is commercialized as a dietary supplement with a target narrowed down to immunity increasing effect. The beta-glucan of the baker's yeast is utilized by being extracted mainly from the cell wall. The beta-glucan derived from the baker's yeast is sold in the United States mainly as zymosan.
In order to obtain more beta-glucan from the cell wall of yeast, culturing yeast in large scale is required. Also, while a high-efficient extraction of beta-glucan is required after the culture, this operation is not easy since a specific technique is required. Therefore, development of a method capable of producing beta-glucan derived from yeast more easily and inexpensively by skipping such processes as much as possible is desired.
On the other hand, a mutagenesis method inducing mutation by making more than two kinds of DNA polymerase with different fidelity coexist in single Escherichia coli cell is known.
Moreover, in the international publication WO00/028015 pamphlet (following patent literature 2), “A method of mutation induction to a gene characterized by introducing more point mutation into one strand than the other strand of double stranded genome DNA of a cell or a living organism” (claim 1 of the bulletin) is disclosed. In the bulletin, “Mutants can be obtained effectively by accumulating more random point mutations into one DNA strand than the other strand and by reducing risks for extinction of mutagenized cells of living organisms while increasing mutation rate” is described (3rd line from the bottom of page 9 onward in the bulletin). However, while an example using Escherichia coli is found in the bulletin, an example using yeast is not found. Therefore, it is not quite clear about what kind of mutation is induced in the case of applying the technique disclosed in the bulletin to yeast.
(Patent literature 1) International publication WO01/014522 pamphlet
(Patent literature 2) International publication WO00/028015 pamphlet
As described above, since negative traits in growth and development, such as high temperature sensitivity and reduction in growth activity are often recognized in a so-called loss-of-function mutant of yeast such as a gene-disruptant of yeast or a gene-mutant of yeast, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for breeding yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growth activity, and yeast obtained by such a breeding method.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for breeding yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity, or recovering growth activity, having excellent thermotolerance and productivity of protein in a loss-of-function mutant of yeast such as a gene-disruptant of yeast or a gene-mutant of yeast having ability to produce glycoprotein with a mammalian type sugar chain.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing glycoprotein with a mammalian type sugar chain using a method for breeding yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growth activity as mentioned above.
Also, since development of a method capable of producing beta-glucan derived from yeast more easily and inexpensively is desired, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for breeding yeast which produces beta-glucan efficiently and yeast obtained by such a breeding method.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing beta-glucan using a method for breeding yeast which produces beta-glucan efficiently as mentioned above.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for breeding yeast capable of foreign gene expression, and a method for producing a foreign protein by using such a breeding method.
The present invention is basically based on experimental evidences having succeeded in breeding novel mutants of yeast with a mammalian type sugar chain, recovering delay of growth and being excellent in thermotolerance and protein productivity as well as yeast with excellent beta-glucan productivity, after induction of useful mutations and repeating such useful mutations, by controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase of a loss-of-function mutant of yeast such as a gene-disruptant of yeast or a gene-mutant of yeast. Namely, the present invention is based on an evidence that yeast suitable to produce protein and to produce beta-glucan can be obtained by causing pol3 gene or cdc6− gene to which mutation related to control of proofreading function is introduced to be expressed in yeast and by repeating culture.
That is, a first aspect of the present invention is related to a method for breeding yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growth activity including a step controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase in a loss-of-function mutant of yeast such as a gene-disruptant of yeast or a gene-mutant of yeast and a method for breeding yeast which produces beta-glucan efficiently. A preferred embodiment of the present invention is the above-mentioned method for breeding yeast, wherein the yeast is a budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). A preferred embodiment of the present invention is the above-mentioned method for breeding yeast wherein the yeast is a fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). As proved by examples, yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growth activity, especially yeast which produces beta-glucan efficiently, can be bred by controlling a proofreading function of DNA polymerase in a gene-disruptant of yeast (especially och1 gene-disruptant and like that).
A preferred embodiment of the present invention is any one of the above-mentioned methods for breeding yeast, wherein the gene-disruptant of yeast is a strain which has one or more disruptions selected from a group of {och1 disruption, mnn1 disruption, mnn4 disruption and alg3 disruption} or a strain which has one or more mutations selected from a group of {och1 mutation, mnn1 mutation, mnn4 mutation and alg3 mutation}. That is, as proved by examples, yeast exerting productivity of mammalian type protein while avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growth activity, especially yeast which produces beta-glucan efficiently, can be obtained by using a gene-disruptant whose och1 gene and the like related to elongation of a sugar chain was disrupted.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention is any one of the above-mentioned methods for breeding yeast, wherein the step of controlling the proofreading function of DNA polymerase is a step for controlling error prone frequency of DNA polymerase in a loss-of-function mutant of yeast such as a gene-disruptant of yeast or a gene-mutant of yeast, more specifically, any one of the above-mentioned methods for breeding yeast comprising a step of modifying amino acid sequence of Pol3 (for example, polypeptide described in sequence number 1) in a loss-of-function mutant such as a gene-disruptant of budding yeast. Moreover, a preferred embodiment of the present invention is any one of the above-mentioned methods for breeding yeast comprising a step of modifying amino acid sequence of Cdc6 (for example, polypeptide described in sequence number 7) in a loss-of-function mutant of fission yeast such as a gene-disruptant of fission yeast.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to, as proved by the examples, any one of the above-mentioned methods for breeding yeast, wherein the gene-disruptant of yeast is a gene-disruptant of budding yeast in which och1 disruption, mnn1 disruption and mnn4 disruption were introduced, and wherein the step for controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase includes a step for transforming the gene-disruptant of yeast with DNA of POL3 gene, which is shown in sequence number 2, wherein 962nd base A is substituted by C and 968th base A is substituted by C. This embodiment, as proved by using a budding yeast by the example which will be described later, can be regarded as being usable for yeast in general.
Moreover, a preferred embodiment, as proved by the example, relates to any one of the above-mentioned methods for breeding yeast, wherein the gene-disruptant of yeast is a gene-disruptant of fission yeast in which och1 disruption was introduced, and wherein the step for controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase includes a step for transforming the gene-disruptant of yeast with DNA in which GAT ATT GAA that are 898th to 906th bases of cdc6+ gene shown in sequence number 8 are changed to GCC GGC GCT. A gene-disruptant of fission yeast in which och1 disruption was introduced may be a strain in which only och1 disruption was introduced or, for example, a strain which has one or more gene disruptions selected from a group of {mnn1 disruption, mnn4 disruption and alg3 disruption} or a strain which has one or more mutations selected from a group of {och1 mutation, mnn1 mutation, mnn4 mutation and alg3 mutation}.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to any one of the above-mentioned methods for breeding yeast, wherein the yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growing activity is a budding yeast or a fission yeast that produces glycoprotein with a mammalian type sugar chain.
A preferred utilization embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for producing glycoprotein by culturing yeast obtained by any one of the above-mentioned methods for breeding yeast in a culture medium, making the yeast produce glycoprotein, and collecting the glycoprotein from the culture. A glycoprotein obtained by such a production method is, for example, one with mammalian type sugar chain, and can be effectively used for medicine and the like. A budding yeast or a fission yeast is listed as the yeast of this utilization embodiment. Likewise, a preferred utilization embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for producing beta-glucan by culturing yeast obtained by any one of the above-mentioned methods for breeding yeast in a culture medium, making the yeast produce beta-glucan, and collecting the beta-glucan from the culture. A beta-glucan obtained by such a production method, for example, can be effectively used for various functional foods, medicine and the like. A budding yeast or a fission yeast is listed as the yeast of this utilization embodiment.
A second aspect of the present invention relates to an yeast obtained by a method for breeding yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growth activity including a step for controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase in a loss-of-function mutant of yeast such as a gene-disruptant of yeast or a gene-mutant of yeast and an yeast obtained by a method for breeding yeast which produces beta-glucan efficiently including a step for controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase in a loss-of-function mutant of yeast. The yeast avoids high temperature sensitivity, recovers growth activity, produces beta-glucan efficiently and has good growth character despite being a loss-of-function mutant of yeast such as a gene-disruptant of yeast. A budding yeast or a fission yeast is listed as the yeast of this utilization embodiment.
As a specific yeast, an yeast deposited to the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Patent Organism Depositary as a deposit number of “FERM P-20956” or “FERM P-21145” can be mentioned. These yeasts avoid high temperature sensitivity or recover growth activity. Using these yeasts, protein similar to that of mammal can be produced. Also, these yeasts produce beta-glucan efficiently. That is, the present invention provides a method for producing glycoprotein or a method of producing beta-glucan using the yeast produced by any one of the above-mentioned methods or the deposited as “FERM P-20955”, “FERM P-20956” or “FERM P-21145”.
A third aspect of the present invention relates to a method for producing glycoprotein or a method of producing beta-glucan using the yeast produced by any one of the above-mentioned methods or any one of the above-mentioned yeasts. As proved by the example, these yeasts have an excellent productivity of glycoprotein and an excellent productivity of beta-glucan, so that glycoprotein or beta-glucan can be efficiently produced.
A fourth aspect of the present invention relates to a method for breeding yeast capable of foreign gene expression, comprising a step for controlling proofreading function in a loss-of-function mutant of yeast such as a gene-disruptant of yeast or a gene-mutant of yeast and obtaining foreign protein. That is, if a foreign gene, such as human gene etc. can be expressed using yeast, it is useful for development of medicine and the like. As proved by the example, in the present invention, yeast capable of foreign gene expression can be bred. In addition, the present invention of this aspect can adopt various utilization embodiments as the invention of the first aspect. A budding yeast or a fission yeast is listed as yeast of this utilization embodiment.
The present invention can provide a method for breeding a loss-of-function mutant of yeast such as a gene-disruptant (or a strain with a mutant gene) of yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growth activity, and an yeast obtained by such a method for breeding.
The present invention can provide a method for breeding a novel mutant strain of yeast keeping productivity of glycoprotein with a mammalian type sugar chain, recovering delay of growth and being excellent in thermotolerance and productivity of protein, and a method for breeding such a mutant strain.
The present invention can provide a method for producing glycoprotein with a mammalian type sugar chain using the above-mentioned method for breeding yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growth activity.
The present invention can provide a method for breeding yeast which produces beta-glucan efficiently and an yeast obtained by such a breeding method
The present invention can provide a method for producing beta-glucan using the above-mentioned method of breeding yeast which produces beta-glucan efficiently.
The present invention can provide a method for breeding yeast having expression ability of a foreign protein and a method for producing foreign protein by such a method for breeding.
A first aspect of the present invention relates to a method for breeding yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growth activity, comprising a step for controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase by using a loss-of-function mutant of yeast such as a gene-disruptant of yeast or a gene-mutant of yeast and a method for breeding yeast which produces beta-glucan efficiently. A second aspect of the present invention relates to an yeast produced according to such a method for breeding. Moreover, a preferred embodiment of the present invention is a method for producing glycoprotein with a mammalian type sugar chain or beta-glucan, including such a method for breeding yeast. It is to be noted that in the present specification, “loss-of-function mutant” means a strain incorporating either one of or both of gene-disruption and gene-mutation. However, a strain incorporating both of gene-disruption and gene-mutation is included in a gene-disruptant or a gene-mutant.
The yeast used in the present invention is not limited so long as it is commonly called as yeast, and budding yeast, fission yeast and the like can be used appropriately. As a typical yeast, those which belong to Saccharomycetaceae or Schizosaccharomycetaceae are included. As a more specific yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is a kind of budding yeast and Schizosaccharomyces pombe which is a kind of fission yeast, that are widely used for a model of eukaryote are included. As other yeasts used in the present invention, for example, Aureobasidium pullulans are included. Among these, budding yeast or fission yeast is preferable as proved in the examples, but the present invention is not limited to budding yeast or fission yeast particularly and can be applied to general yeast widely. Especially, about fission yeast, similar to budding yeast, by disrupting a specific gene, it is known to prevent an addition of mannose to a sugar chain effectively and to produce glycoprotein with a mammalian type sugar chain (Takehiko Yoko-o et al., FEBS letters 489 (2001) 75-80; Clinton E. Ballow et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 91. pp 9327-9331, 1994; Naotaka Tanaka et al., Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 330 (2005) 813-820; Sandra Fanchiotti et al., Journal of Cell Biology, Vol. 143, No. 3, 1988, pp 625-636). And about Pichia pastoris, for example, it is described in Wouter Vercken et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 70, No. 5, 2004, pp 2639-2646, and about yeast Yarrowia Lipolyticam for example, it is described in Stephnie Barnay-Verdier et al., Microbiology (2004), 150, p 2185-2195. And in the present invention, as a gene involved in proofreading function of DNA polymerase which is modified for introduction of mutations is thought to be not so strongly related to genes associated with a sugar chain, by controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase against gene-disruptants disclosed in these literatures or gene-disruptants easily obtained from these gene-disruptants by a person skilled in the art, yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growth activity can be thought to be obtained.
The gene-disruptant of yeast used in the present invention is not especially limited so long as it is a strain in which some gene in wild-type yeast was disrupted. A strain which has some gene disruption generally decreases thermotolerance and growth activity, compared to wild-type yeast. The present invention can provide a strain to which mutation is introduced by controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase and which recovered decreased functions by genetic disruption. Moreover, function can be exerted which is absent or poor in wild-type strain by introducing mutations by controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase. While examples shows, as will be described later, avoid of high temperature sensitivity and recovery of growth activity by using triple disruptant of budding yeast and fission yeast, the present invention is not limited to triple disruptant of budding yeast and fission yeast, as described above, but can be applied to various gene-disruptants of yeast. Hereinafter, specific gene-disruptants will be described.
A double disruptant (Δoch1 mnn1) with mnn1 disruption on OCH1 gene-disruptant (Δoch1) is disclosed in the Japanese patent 3091851 bulletin (see example 1 of the bulletin for example). That is, when a gene-disruptant of yeast used in the present invention is a double disruptant (Δoch1 mnn1), such a double disruptant may be obtained according to the method described in the bulletin. Further according to the bulletin, using such a double disruptant, core type sugar chain which is the same as high mannose produced by mammalian cells such as human cells, or glycoprotein of high mannose type having this sugar chain structure can be produced in large quantity and in high purity. It is thought that by using this double disruptant in a method for breeding yeast of the present invention, high temperature sensitivity is avoided and growth activity is recovered, so that core type sugar chain and the like which is the same as high mannose produced by mammalian cells can be produced effectively. In addition, in the bulletin, disruptants (Δoch1 mnn1 his1 and/or his3) etc. are disclosed and those can be included in a gene-disruptant of yeast in the present invention.
A triple disruptant Δoch1 mnn1 mnn6) with Δoch1 disruption, mnn1 disruption, and mnn6 disruption is disclosed in the Japanese patent 3091851 bulletin (for example, see example 1 of the bulletin). That is, in the case that a gene-disruptant of yeast used in the present invention is a triple disruptant (Δoch1 mnn1 mnn6) etc., such strains can be obtained by the method described in the bulletin. And according to the bulletin, using such triple disruptant etc., core type sugar chain which is the same as high mannose produced by mammalian cells such as human cells, or glycoprotein of high mannose type having this sugar chain structure can be produced in large quantity and in high purity. It is thought that by using these strains in a method for breeding yeast of the present invention, high temperature sensitivity is avoided and growth activity is recovered, so that core type sugar chain and the like which is the same as high mannose produced by mammalian cells can be produced effectively. In addition, in the bulletin, disruptants (Δoch1, mnn1, mnn6, his1 and/or his3, ura3) etc. are disclosed and those can be included in a gene-disruptant of yeast of the present invention. Moreover, according to techniques disclosed in the bulletin, double disruptant whose OCH1 gene and MNN1 gene were disrupted can be obtained.
Further a quadplex disruptant with disrupted function of MNN4 gene and KRE2 gene as well as Δoch1 and Δmnn1 disruption is disclosed in Japanese patent publication 1997-266792 bulletin. As disclosed in the bulletin, for example, by transferring diploid cells obtained by conjugating mutant strains of different conjugation types or gene-disruptants to a sporulation medium lacking nitrogen source [for example, see F. Sherman, Method in Enzymology, vol. 194, p 17 (1991)] meiosis is occurred, 4 spores produced by this were separated individually under a microscope and various mutant strains can be produced by checking their phenotype.
A triple disruptant with och1 disruption (Δoch1), mnn1 disruption (Δmnn1) and mnn4 disruption (Δmnn4) is disclosed in the international publication WO01/014522 bulletin. That is, a gene-disruptant of yeast is disclosed in which function of a gene coding for alpha-1,6 mannosyl transferase which conducts first elongation reaction (OCH1), a gene coding for alpha-1,3 mannosyl transferase which adds mannose to nonreducing end of sugar chain (MNN1) and a gene regulating addition of mannose-1-phosphate (MNN4) were disrupted among genes involved in biosynthesis of outer sugar chains specific to yeast. TIY20 used in the examples of the present invention, is different from TIY19 by mat disclosed in the bulletin and is obtained from the same clone by tetrad analysis. About tetrad analysis, it can be done, for example, according to Dan Burke et al. (Teiichi Oya et al. translated) experimental manual of yeast gene, Maruzen Co. Ltd. Issued on Dec. 10, 2002.
In international publication WO01/014522 pamphlet (patent literature 1), a disruptant of budding yeast in which disruptions including och1 disruption, mnn1 disruption, mnn4 disruption and alg3 disruption were introduced is disclosed and a disruptant of budding yeast whose OCH1 gene, MNN1 gene, MNN4 gene and ALG3 gene were disrupted is disclosed. And in the bulletin, besides those mutant traits due to gene-disruption, mutant of yeast having auxotrophy mutation trait selected from a group of ura3 mutation, his3 mutation, leu3 mutation, leu2 mutation, ade2 mutation, trp1 mutation and can1 mutation is disclosed. According to the bulletin, it is disclosed that these mutants can easily introduce foreign gene by using auxotrophy selection marker and that a mammalian type sugar chain or glycoprotein with a mammalian type sugar chain can be produced in large quantity and with high purity by using these mutants. Consequently, in a method for breeding yeast of the present invention, using a mutant strain disclosed in the bulletin, it is thought that mammalian type glycoprotein etc. can be produced efficiently as temperature sensitivity is avoided and growth activity is recovered. Moreover, it is thought that mutants thus having temperature sensitivity avoided and growth activity recovered produce beta-glucan efficiently.
Consequently, for example, as a loss-of-function mutant of yeast such as a gene-disruptant of yeast or a gene-mutant of yeast, a strain having one or more disruption selected from a group consisting of {och1 disruption, mnn1 disruption, mnn4 disruption and alg3 disruption} or a strain having one or more mutations selected from a group consisting of {och1 mutation, mnn1 mutation, mnn4 mutation and alg3 mutation} can be mentioned. Namely, a problem similar to that described above is present not only in a gene-disruptant whose loss of specific gene function is due to a gene-disruption but also in a gene-mutant due to a gene-mutation, so that yeast having avoided high temperature sensitivity and recovered growth activity can be obtained by controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase, whereby beta-glucan can be produced efficiently. Among loss-of-function mutants of yeast such as gene-disruptants of yeast or gene-mutants of yeast, gene-disruptants of yeast with only och1 disruption or och1 disruption together with other mutations are preferably used. In addition, in Japanese publication of patent application 2001-161376 och1 disruptant of fission yeast (Δoch1) whose sugar transfer enzyme och1+ function is lost is disclosed. In the present invention, as a gene-disruptant of yeast, och1 disruptant of fission yeast ((Δoch1) can be used. Consequently, for example, even when a fission yeast is used as the yeast, a gene disruptant with only och1 disruption or och1 disruption together with other mutations can be preferably used.
A Step for Controlling Proofreading Function of DNA Polymerase
As a step for controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase in a loss-of-function mutant of yeast such as a gene-disruptant of yeast or a gene-mutant of yeast, what contains a step for controlling error prone frequency of DNA polymerase in a gene disrupted yeast strain is included and more specifically, what contains a step modifying amino acid sequence of Pol3 in a loss-of-function mutant of budding yeast such as a gene-disruptant of budding yeast is included. And what contains a step modifying amino acid sequence of cdc6 in a loss-of-function mutant of fission yeast such as a gene-disruptant of fission yeast is included.
In this specification, “error prone frequency” means level of character of error prone. Error prone frequency, for example, is expressed by absolute number of mutations (number of mutation point itself) or by relative number (ratio of mutation number in full-length) in gene sequences. Alternatively, when referring to an organism or enzyme, error prone frequency may be expressed by absolute number or relative number of mutations in gene sequences per a reproduction or a division of an organism. In the absence of a specific reference, error prone frequency is expressed by a number of error in gene sequence per one replication process. Error prone frequency may be named as “fidelity” as a reverse index in this specification. “Error prone frequency is even” means that error prone frequencies are substantially equal to each other when referring to factors (polymerase etc.) performing gene replication. On the other hand, “error prone frequency is uneven” means the case that significant difference exists in factors (polymerase etc.) performing gene replication.
In the present invention, “control of error prone frequency” means to change error prone frequency. While such control of error prone frequency includes increase and decrease of error prone frequency, increase of error prone frequency is more preferable. As a method for controlling error prone frequency, for example, modification of DNA polymerase which has proofreading function, insertion of inhibiting or repressing factor of polymerization or elongation reaction during replication, inhibition or repression of a factor which promotes these reaction, loss of single or multiple base(s), loss of DNA repair enzyme, modification of an enzyme comprising a function of removing and repairing an abnormal base, modification of repair factor of mismatched base pairing, decrease of fidelity of replication itself etc. can be mentioned, but not limited to these. Control of error prone frequency may be done to both strands of double stranded DNA and may be done to one strand. Control of error prone frequency done to only one strand of double stranded DNA is preferable because an induction of a toxic mutation is reduced.
In the present specification, “error prone” means character of misincorporation rate in gene (DNA) replication (that is, of replication error). Error prone is influenced by fidelity of proofreading function of enzyme comprising proofreading function (for example, DNA polymerase). In this specification “replication error” means misincorporation of nucleotide during replication of genes (DNA etc.). Replication error is extremely low in living organisms generally at the frequency of once in 108 to 1012 times. The reasons of low frequency of replication error include the fact that replication is initiated by having complementary base pairing formed between template DNA and incorporated nucleotide in the nucleotide incorporation and that there is a function that proofreading function of DNA polymerase etc., that is, 3′→5′ exonuclease detect misincorporation and immediately cut out the nucleotide that is not complementary to template when misincorporated. Therefore, in the present invention, a control of error prone frequency at the replication can be done by disorder of specific base pairing, disorder of proofreading function etc.
In this specification, “error free” means there is few misincorporation at the gene (DNA etc.) replication, more preferably, a character with substantially no misincorporation. Error free is mainly influenced by the fidelity of proofreading function of enzyme comprising proofreading function. In the present specification, error prone and error free can be classified absolutely (that is, determined by level of error prone frequency etc.) or relatively (for error prone frequencies in factors assuming replication of 2 or more types of genes (for example, DNA polymerase etc.), the higher can be classified as error prone and the lower can be classified as error free.
In addition, “DNA polymerase” means an enzyme comprising function polymerizing DNA and releasing pyrophosphate from 4 kinds of deoxyribonucleoside 5′-triphosphates, wherein Pol3 of budding yeast and Cdc6 of fission yeast are included. For DNA polymerase reaction, template DNA, primer molecule, Mg2+ etc. are required. Molecular strand is elongated by sequentially adding nucleotides complementary to template at the 3′-OH end of primer.
In the present invention, for controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase, by some method, it is only necessary to make yeast cells disequilibrium mutator. To make yeast cell disequilibrium mutator, it is only necessary to disrupt a gene involved in proofreading function of DNA polymerase among DNA polymerase genes or to introduce some mutation in such genes according to known method. Method for gene disruption or introduction of mutation in a gene is, for example, because gene regions involved in proofreading function among DNA polymerase genes is known, DNA sequence of those gene regions has only to be replaced, for example, by 1 to 100 other base(s), preferably 1 to 10 other base(s), more preferably 1 to 3 other bases(s) for transformation. For example, yeast cells can be made disequilibrium mutators by expression in target yeast cells of mutant protein with eliminated proofreading function of polymerase δ (Polδ) which is involved in replication of lagging strand at eukaryotic chromosome DNA replication. That is, methods for expression of Polδ mutant protein in target yeast cells include one in which polδ mutant genes are obtained artificially, having mutant gene expressed and functioned by transformation into target yeast. That is, as a method for producing mutant type Pol3 that is a Polδ in budding yeast with eliminated proofreading function, proofreading function may be controlled by replacing a part of amino acid sequence of active site of the proofreading function artificially using POL3 gene as template which is cloned in advance. In addition, from a strain which has the same trait as pol3 mutant and which was already identified as natural mutant, the mutant gene can be cloned and used (in following examples the latter method was used). A gene of DNA polymerase may include not only structure gene of DNA polymerase, but also both regulatory sequences of transcription and/or translation such as promoter of DNA polymerase.
And as another example, yeast cells can be made disequilibrium mutators by expression in target yeast cells of mutant protein with eliminated proofreading functions of Cdc6 (Cell division cycle 6) which a Polδ in fission yeast. That is, methods for expressing Cdc6 mutant protein in target yeast cells include one in which cdc6 mutant gene is obtained artificially, having mutant gene expressed and functioned by transformation into target yeast. Specifically, by the same production method as the pol3 mutant gene, cdc6 (cdc6−) of mutant type with eliminated proofreading function can be obtained.
In the following examples, pol3-01 mutant gene of POL3 gene comprising DNA sequence shown in sequence number 2 is what base A of 962nd in POL3 gene shown in sequence number 2 is substituted by C, 968th base A is substituted for C. However, method for controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase in budding yeast is not limited to the above-mentioned methods and includes various methods such as a method, for example, including replacement at the above position, that base sequence of other position are replaced by the number of 1 to 10 (preferably 2 to 5, more preferably 2 to 5 of 898th to 980th of POL3 gene shown in sequence number 2). Additionally, cdc6-1 mutant gene (shown in sequence number 10) in cdc6+ gene comprising a sequence shown in sequence number 8 is that 898th to 906th bases GAT ATT GAA in cdc6+ shown in sequence number 8 is replaced to GCC GGC GCT. However, method for controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase in fission yeast is not limited to above-mentioned method but for example, method including a replacement at the above-mentioned positions and replacing 1 to ten of nucleotide sequence of other positions (preferably 2 to 5, more preferably 2 to 5 of 898th to 980th nucleotide of cdc6+ gene shown in sequence number 8).
In this specification, proofreading function is “lower than that of wild-type” means proofreading function is lower than its wild-type enzyme (that is, a number of mutations which remains after proofreading treatment by the enzyme is more than a number of mutations which remain after proofreading treatment by wild-type enzyme) when it is mentioned about an enzyme having a proofreading function. Such comparison with wild-type can be described by relative or absolute description. Such comparison can also be done by error-prone frequency etc.
In this specification, “mutation” means, as stating about genes, occurrence of change of the gene sequence or a status of a sequence of the gene (nucleic acid of amino acid) occurred by the change. In this specification, for example, mutation is used for a change of gene sequence on proofreading function. In this specification, if not specifically stated, mutation is used in the same meaning as modification.
To make a useful mutant, mutagenesis in organisms is most common. Mutation generally means a change of gene sequence that codes genes and includes a change of DNA sequence. Mutation is largely classified, by effects on a solid object where the mutation is generated, into following 3 kinds: A) neutral mutation: most mutation corresponds to this mutation and has little effect on growth and metabolism of organisms. B) Deleterious mutation: this mutation occurs fewer than neutral mutation. It inhibits growth or metabolism of organisms. Deleterious mutation includes lethal mutation that disrupts genes essential to growth and development. In the case of microorganisms, while depending on species, rate of deleterious mutation in all mutation is generally estimated about 1/10 to 1/100. C) Beneficial mutation: this mutation is beneficial for breeding organisms. Its frequency of occurrence is extremely low compared to that of neutral mutation. Consequently, to obtain an individual of organism having introduced beneficial mutation, large population of living organisms and long time are required. In addition, sufficient effect of breeding of organisms rarely appears from a single mutation and accumulation of multiple beneficial mutations is often necessary. As well, the introduction of these mutations, for example, can be done according to the method described in Dan Burke et al. (translated by Teiichi Oya) Experimental manual of a yeast gene, Maruzen Co. Ltd. Heisei 14, December 10 issued etc.
In what follows, a case in which POL3 gene was used as a gene controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase, whereby yeast cells are made disequilibrium mutators is explained. In addition, yeast cells can be made disequilibrium mutators in the case of using cdc6 gene of fission yeast as a gene controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase, in the same way as the case using POL3 gene. In addition, Pol3 and cdc6 are DNA replication enzyme designated as polymerase delta (Polδ) in eukaryotic organism that correspond to Polδ in budding yeast and fission yeast respectively. Specifically, POL3 gene can be obtained by PCR method using, as a template, genome obtained from budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) strain W303-1A (ura3, leu2, his3, trp1, ade2) (Kainuma et al. Glycobiology, Vol. 9. 133-141 (1999)). As a primer, restriction site added primer may preferably be used for easily cutting out a part coding for Pol3 protein. Specifically explaining, after cloning POL3 gene of budding yeast in an appropriate vector, primers are designed for introducing mutation controlling proofreading function of Pol3 and mutant type pol3 can be obtained.
And to express above-mentioned mutant pol3 in yeast, by inserting promoter in upstream and terminator in downstream, expression cassette may be constructed which may be inserted to expression vector. And if promoter and terminator have already existed in expression vector for introducing the gene, without construction of expression cassette, utilizing the promoter and terminator, only the fused gene can be introduced between them.
While the promoter in the expression cassette is not limited so long as being used in yeast expression system generally and being able to express the gene in transformed yeast cells, for example, PGK, GAP, TP1, GAL1, GAL10, ADH2, PHO5 and CUP1 etc. are included. Among these, GAP promoter is preferable.
On the other hand, the terminator may be one used in yeast expression system generally and enabling termination of transcription by being present in downstream of an introduced fused gene and for example, including ADH1, TDH1, TFF, TRP5 and the like.
The expression vector in which an expression cassette is inserted it is not particularly limited so long as being one which is used for yeast expression system generally. As specific expression vectors, plasmids from Escherichia coli (for example, pBR322, pBR325, pUC12 and pUC13), plasmids from Bacillus subtilis (for example, pUB110, pTP5 and pC194), plasmids from yeast (for example, pSH19 and pSH15), bacteriophage such as λ phage etc., animal viruses such as retrovirus, vaccinia virus etc. and insect disease viruses such as baculovirus etc. can be used but plasmids from yeast can be used preferably.
While plasmids utilized for transformation of yeast are not limited so long as plasmids can be used for yeast transformation, for example, yeast episome plasmid abbreviated as YEp, yeast replicating plasmid abbreviated as YRp etc. are included. Yeast episome plasmid vector contains 2 micro plasmid sequence which is contained in yeast primarily and is a vector which can be replicated in host yeast cells utilizing the replication origin. Yeast episome expression vector is preferred to contain at least ARS sequence of 2 micro plasmid sequence and capable to replicate outside of chromosome in host yeast cells. As specific plasmid, Yep51, pYES2, Yep351, Yep352 and pREP etc. are included.
As an yeast episome type expression vector, a shuttle vector which can replicate in Escherichia coli is preferable to subclone in recombinant Escherichia coli, and one which includes a selectable marker such as an ampicillin resistant gene etc. is more preferable. And the expression vector includes marker gene which can be used for selection of yeast clones by nutrient requirement or drug resistant. As marker gene, for example, HIS3, TRP1, LEU2, URA3, ADE2, CAN1, SUC2, LYS2 and CUP1 etc. are included (edited by Yasuji Oshima, Experimental methods for biochemistry 39, Experimental methods for yeast molecular genetics, 119-144 (1996)). These are just examples and can be selected appropriately according to genotype of a host yeast strain for gene introduction. The series of techniques relating to construction of above-mentioned gene expression vector can be conducted by a person skilled in the art appropriately referring to following examples or by techniques in common use.
To an expression vector, a promoter, an enhancer, a splicing signal, a polyA addition signal, a selectable marker, a replication origin of SV40 and DNA coding for tag etc. can be added. And expression vectors may be fusion protein expression vectors. As fusion protein expression vectors available in the market, pGEX series (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech company), pET CBD Fusion System 34b-38b (Novagen company), pET Dsb Fusion Systems 39b and 40b (Novagen company), and pET GST Fusion System 41 and 42 (Novagene company) are included.
In the present invention, host yeast transformed with the above-mentioned mutant pol3 expression vector (mutator) includes to use yeast belonging to Saccharomyces, Candida but not limited to these specifically. As yeast of Saccharomyces, for example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae KK4 strain, Y334 strain, Inv-Sc1 strain and W303 are included. And in the present invention, as host yeast transformed with the mutant cdc6 gene expression vector, yeast belonging to Shizosaccharomyces or Candida is included but not limited to particularly. As yeast of Shizosaccharomyce, for example, Shizosaccharomyces pombe and TN8 strain are included.
Following methods are included, for example, for transformation of yeast with fusion gene expression vector. Methods such as a method to treat with lithium phosphate and to incubate adding DNA and PEG, and electroporation method etc. are included (Becker and Guarente, Methods Enzymol., 194, 182-187 (1991)). And spheroplast method in which spheroplast cells whose cell walls were digested by enzyme, PEG and DNA are incubated in the presence of calcium ion from calcium chloride (Hinnen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75:1929 (1978)) and a transformation method by bombardment of particles coated with DNA to cells (Fox T. D. et al., 1988. Plasmids can stably transform yeast mitochondria lacking endogenous mt DNA. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 85:7288-7292) can be used.
Transformation of yeast may be done by the method including a step maintaining log phase yeast cells in a solution containing gene for introduction to the yeast cell and polyethylene glycol (Japanese patent 3682530).
Appropriate selectable markers are used for screening of transgenic yeast. For example, it is desirable to use a gene which is involved in metabolism on chromosomal DNA of host cells. That is, using host cells in which the gene on chromosomal DNA does not function by an appropriate method such as a mutation etc., by transformation with an expression vector including a corresponding normal gene, it is desirable that can be used for screening by growing only transformant cells containing a normal metabolic gene. Specifically, a selectable marker gene such as above-mentioned URA3, LEU2 etc. which are widely used is ligated to an expression vector. These genes may be selectable markers for screening in the case of chromosomal integration type (YIP type).
To introduce many mutations to transformed transgenic yeast, it is cultured to repeat divisions over several generations. Specifically, it is cultured in 5 ml medium overnight, scale-up culture is repeated such as 2 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml, and culture is repeated in the condition in which yeast can divide for about 1 week. As a culture method of transgenic yeast, it can be done according to a normal method used for yeast culture. As a medium, a medium is used so long as it contains carbon source assimilable for yeast, nitrogen source, inorganic salts etc. and transformant can be cultured effectively, specifically, YPD medium, YPG medium, YPDG medium, YPAD medium, glucose minimum medium (SD), iodide added minimum medium (SMM), Hartwell complete medium (HC), GAL fermentation test medium, or sporulation medium etc. can be used appropriately. And for example, synthetic medium (including carbon source, nitrogen source, inorganic source, amino acid, vitamin etc.) can be utilized which is added with various medium content supplied by Difco Company and from which amino acids are removed which can be supplied by a marker necessary for replication and maintenance of plasmid (Sherman, Methods Enzymol., 194, 3-57 (1991)).
To adjust pH of a medium between 6 and 8 is appropriate. Adjustment of pH is done by regulating additive amount of inorganic or organic acid, alkaline solution, urea, calcium carbonate and ammonia etc. Culture may preferably done at 28 degrees C. to 32 degrees C., preferably 30 degrees C. for about 1 week (for example, 1 day to 1 month, preferably 5 days to 10 days) with aeration or agitation appropriately. Especially, although to culture at 30 degrees C. adding KCl and sorbitol to culture TIY20 strain effectively is preferable, culture may be done without addition of KCl and sorbitol for adding moderate selection pressure. In addition, it may be cultured at a little higher temperature than 30 degrees C. such as 31 degrees C. to 35 degrees C. (or 32 degrees C. to 33 degrees C.) etc.
An Yeast Avoiding High Temperature Sensitivity or Recovering Growth Activity
An yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growth activity means the yeast which was produced by the above-mentioned method. And specifically, it includes budding yeast or fission yeast producing glycoprotein having a mammalian type sugar chain. More specifically, it includes yeast obtained by modifying genes related to proofreading function of DNA polymerase in a known gene-disruptant or a known gene-disruptant which can be produced by a known method from a known gene-disruptant.
A Glycoprotein Having Mammalian Type Sugar Chain
A glycoprotein having mammalian type sugar chain may preferably be at least one which is produced by a known gene-disruptant as described above. As for a method for isolating and/or purifying glycoprotein from a gene-disruptant, the method disclosed in any of literatures described in this specification or a known method can be used as appropriate. For example, after culture, cells are collected by centrifugation and are suspended in a water type buffer. After that, cells are crushed using an ultrasonic crusher, a French press, a homogenizer or a dynomill appropriately and cell free extract is obtained. The cell free extract obtained as above is centrifuged and supernatant is recovered. As extraction method from the supernatant, solvent extraction method, salting-out method by ammonium sulfate, precipitation by organic solvent, anion exchange chromatography using resin such as diethylaminoethyl-sepharose etc., affinity chromatography method can be combined appropriately.
In this specification, Man represents mannose and GlcNAc represents N-acetyl glucosamine. And asterisk represents phosphorylation site. As a specific glycoprotein having mammalian type sugar chain, glycoprotein with oligo saccharide chain shown in the following formula (I), or (II) as asparagine-linked sugar chain are included.
An Yeast Which Produces Beta-Glucan Efficiently
An yeast which produces beta-glucan efficiently includes, in the same way as the yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growth activity, the yeast which was produced by the above-mentioned method. On the other hand, it is thought that beta-glucan may be obtained efficiently by using yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growth activity without controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase in a gene-disruptant of yeast. As an example of yeast which produces beta-glucan efficiently, a budding yeast or a fission yeast which produces beta-glucan efficiently can be mentioned. More specifically, it includes yeast obtained by modifying genes related to proofreading function of DNA polymerase in a known gene-disruptant or a gene-disruptant produced according to a known method from a known gene-disruptant.
Beta-Glucan
Beta-glucan may preferably be at least one which is produced by the above-mentioned known gene-disruptant. For example, as a specific type of beta-glucan, beta-1, 3-D-glucan and beta-1, 6/1, 3-D glucan can be mentioned. As a method for isolating and/or purifying beta-glucan from a gene-disruptant (especially from cell wall of yeast), a known method may be used as appropriate. For example after completing culture, the obtained culture (cell) is collected by centrifugation, and suspended in water type buffer. Thereafter, cells are crushed by using a ultrasonic crusher, a vortex mixer, a French press, a homogenizer, a dynomill and the like as appropriate, whereby cell lysate is obtained. The obtained cell lysate is centrifuged and pellets (including cell wall) are obtained, whereby resuspension, centrifugation and pellet collection are repeated for a number of times as appropriate. Thereafter, predetermined operations such as solvent elimination, reduced-pressure drying and resuspension are performed before performing, for example, a preferable method of carbohydrate analysis using HPLC by pyridylamino (PA) method and the like, where HPLC analysis by the PA method is more preferable.
The second aspect of the present invention relates to a method for breeding yeast having foreign gene expression ability including a step controlling proofreading function of DNA polymerase in a gene-disruptant of yeast. The second aspect of the present invention is the same as the first aspect other than using a gene-disruptant introduced with a foreign gene. A method for breeding a gene-disruptant introduced with a foreign gene is conducted according to methods of public domain appropriately. Although a foreign gene in the second aspect of the present invention is not limited particularly, if it is not a gene from the species, human alpha-galactosidase A gene from human is included for example. As proved by following example 5, a foreign gene can be expressed effectively according to the method. The second aspect of the present invention provides, as the first aspect, not only a method for breeding yeast having foreign gene expression ability but also yeast which has a foreign gene expression ability foreign gene and protein etc. produced by the method for breeding. Also, the invention according to this aspect provides a method for producing foreign protein effectively by culturing the yeast obtained by the above-mentioned method for breeding on a culture media, having foreign protein generated by expression of foreign gene and extracting foreign protein generated from the culture obtained.
Description of Sequence Number
Sequences described in sequence table in this specification indicate following sequences:
Description of deposited strains
While the present invention is described in detail using examples next, the present invention is not limited to these examples.
As follows, plasmid pAB100 (see
Isolation of a Thermotolerant Strain from a Sugar Chain-Modified Strain
Plasmid pAB100 obtained as above was transformed to a sugar chain-modified strain TIY20 (mat α och1::hisG mnn1::hisG mnn4::hisG) of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). TIY20 was obtained by tetrad analysis from the same clone as TIY19 shown in the international publication WO01/014522 pamphlet (patent literature 1). Obtained transformants (TIY20/pAB100) was cultured in a synthetic medium SD-U (6.7 g of Yeast nitrogen base without amino acids (Difco laboratories), 20 g of glucose, 0.77 g of CMS-URA (Sunrise Science Products)) (liquid) for budding yeast to introduce more mutation regulating condition to enable division as much as possible. To obtain thermotolerant strains from these transformants, it was plated and cultured on SD-U solid medium at 37 degrees C. for 3 days and appeared colonies were picked up. To cure pAB100 from obtained strains, they were streaked on complete medium YPAD (10 g of Yeast extract (Difco laboratories), 20 g of peptone (Difco), 0.2 g of adenine sulfate (Sigma), 20 g of Glucose/IL), cultured and collected 20 single colonies each. Colonies which can not grow on SD-U medium were isolated from these colonies.
Analysis of Sugar Chain Length which is Added to Yeast Invertase
To measure N-linked sugar chain length of 9 strains (C15, C27, C28, C30, C3-20, C4-1, C3-3-1, C3-7-2 and C3-3-9) obtained in example 1, the length of N-linked sugar chain, which was added to invertase produced in yeast, was measured as follows. After each strain was cultured in 5 ml YPAD, it was cultured in 5 ml YPSuc (10 g of Yeast extract (Difco laboratories), 20 g of peptone (Difco), and 10 g of sucrose/I L) for more than 3 hours and yeast cells were collected. The collected yeast cells were broken using vortex by adding 50 micro litter of SDS-PAGE sample buffer (15% Glycerol, 0.125M Tris-HCl (pH6.8), 2 mM PMSF, 3% SDS, 0.1% Bromophenol blue, 1% 2-mercaptoethanol) and glass beads. After centrifugation for 5 min at 15,000 rpm, each 5 micro litter of supernatant was electrophoresed by 5% SDS-PAGE (100V, 3 hours). The gel was transferred to reaction solution (3.4 g of sucrose, 3 ml of 3 M Na-acetate/100 ml), incubated at 37 degrees C. for 30 minutes and was washed twice using deionized water. It was transferred in staining solution (2 g of NaOH, 50 mg of triphenyltetrazoliumchloride/50 ml) and was boiled until color developed. The results are shown in
Analysis of Growth Recovery Rate
Next, growth recovery rate of the strain obtained in example 1 was analyzed. It was cultured in 5 ml of YPAD at 30 degrees C., transferred to 10 ml of YPAD so as to adjust OD600 to 0.1 and cultured at 30 degrees C. or 37 degrees C. Yeast cells were collected and OD600 was measured at each timepoint. The results are shown in
Sugar chain structure of mannoprotein in the strain obtained in example 1 was analyzed. The yeast cultured in 50 ml scale was collected, and was washed with water. Then, the yeast was suspended in 8 ml of 100 mM citrate buffer (pH7.0) and was autoclaved at 121 degrees C. for 2 hours. Supernatant was recovered by centrifugation, was added with 24 ml of cold ethanol and stand for 30 min. at −20 degrees C. After standing, the supernatant was centrifuged and its precipitation was recovered. The precipitation was suspended in water. Protein solution was prepared to 3 mg/ml and was treated with 5 micro litter of Glycopeptidase F (Takara Bio Co. Inc. 4450). After incubation at 37 degrees C. for 17 hours, it was added with water to 100 micro litter, was added with phenol:chloroform:isoamylalcohol (25:24:1), was mixed well and supernatant was recovered by centrifugation (extraction of phenol/chloroform). After chloroform was added to recovered solution and stirred, supernatant was recovered by centrifugation (chloroform extraction) and was dried up. After the dry-upped sample was pyrisylaminated by Pyridylamination manual kit (manufactured by Takara Bio Inc. 4480), extra reagent was removed by 7 times phenol/chloroform extraction. After chloroform extraction, the supernatant was dried up, redissolved in water and sugar chain structure was analyzed by HPLC (manufactured by Shimazu Co. Class-VP, column TOSOH TSK-GEL AMIDE-80 (Φ4.6 mm×250 mm), flow rate 1 ml/min, detection, 320 nm (excitation), 400 nm (fluorescent), buffer A, acetonitrile, buffer B, 200 mM TEAA (each sugar was eluted by increasing buffer concentration), gradient condition of buffer B, 0-40 min, 30 to 60%, 40-50 min, 30%). The result is shown in
An efficiency of secretion of the protein secreted from the strain obtained in example 1 was analyzed. To supernatant of 40 ml culture yeast, 40 mg of wet chitin (Sigma) was added and stirred overnight at 4 degrees C. Chitin was recovered by centrifugation and was washed 3 times with PBS. It was suspended in 100 micro litter of SDS-PAGE sample buffer, treated at 100 degrees C. for 10 min, 10 micro litter of the chitin was electrophoresed by SDS-PAGE and lectin blotted using ConA-biotin (Seikagaku Kogyo Co.). The blotting was detected using by Streptaridin-HRP (Seikagaku Kogyo) As a detection reagent, Immobilon Western Chemiluminescent HRP Substrate (Millipore) was used and Fuji film LAS1000 was used as a detection apparatus. The result is shown in
Activity Assay of Alpha-Galactosidase A (Investigation of Expression Ability of Foreign Gene)
C4-1, C3-20, C3-7-2 and C27 were transformed respectively with a vector (pRS4-GAP-alpha Gala) (Chiba, Y. et al., Glycobiology, 12, 821-828, 2002) which has an expression cassette in which human alpha-galactosidase A gene was ligated at the downstream of GAPDH promoter. After the obtained transformants were cultured for the time shown in
As follows, plasmid pREP1cdc6-1 (see
Amino acid sequence of Cdc6 of fission yeast is shown in sequence number 7 and DNA sequence coding Cdc6 is shown in sequence number 8. cdc6-1 mutant gene obtained by this example is the one in which 898th to 906th base (GAT ATT GAA) in sequence number 8 is substituted by GCCGGCGCT. That is, a mutation was introduced in which amino acid residue coded by 898th to 906th sequence has DIE substituted by AGA. Thus obtained amino acid sequence of cdc6-1 is shown in sequence number 9 and DNA sequence coding cdc6-1 is shown in sequence number 10. Specifically, mutated cdc6 gene fragment was amplified using genome DNA extracted from fission yeast wild-type strain, TN8 strain (h90leu1-32) as a template by site—directed method using PCR. For PCR reaction, forward primer (sequence number 11): 5′-AGCTCGGATCC (BamHI) GATGACAGATAGGTCTTCAAATGAGGGCGTC-3′, reverse primer (sequence number 12): 5′-TCGAGGCGACCTGCGCAAGCGCCGGCAAAGCTCATGAT-3′, forward primer (sequence number 13): 5′-AGCTCAGGATCATGAGCTTTGCCGGCGCTTGCGCAGGTCGCA-3′, reverse primer (sequence number 14): 5′-TCGAGGCGGCCGC (NotI) TCACCAGGACATTTCATCAAATCTTTTCA-3′ were used. By reverse primer of sequence number 12 and forward primer of sequence number 13, replacement of bases from 898th to 906th described as above occurs. The both sides of the obtained amplified fragment were digested by restriction enzyme BamHI and NotI and cloned into BamHI-NotI site of pREP1 vector (thus obtained plasmid is designated as pREP1cdc6-1). This plasmid could express mutated cdc6 gene (cdc6-1) under nmt1 promoter.
Isolation of a Sugar Chain-Modified Thermotolerant Strain
Sugar chain-modified strain KT97 (h-leu1-32 ura4-D18 Δoch1::ura4+) of fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) was transformed with the plasmid pREP1cdc6-1 obtained as above. KT97 (Yoko-o T et al., FEBS Letters 489, 75-80. (2001)) is disclosed in Japanese publication of patent application 2001-161376. That is, KT97 is a gene disruptant of fission yeast its OCH1 gene was disrupted. Obtained transformant (KT97<pREP1cdc6-1) was cultured for introducing more mutations, regulating the conditions to enable division as much as possible in synthetic medium for fission yeast EMM (3 g phthalic acid K+, 2.2 g NA2HPO4, 5 g NH4Cl2.2H2O, 1 g KCl, 0.04 g Na2SO4, 1 mg pantothenic acid, 10 mg nicotinic acid, 10 mg myo-inositol, 1 mg biotin, 0.5 mg boric acid, 0.4 mg MnSO4, 0.4 mg ZnSO4.7H2O, 0.2 mg FeCl2.6H2O, 40 mg molybdic acid, 0.1 mg Kl, 40 mg CuSO4.H2O 1 mg Citric acid/IL)(liquid). To obtain thermotolerant strain, these transformants were cultured on EMM solid medium at 37 degrees C. for 6 days and appearing colonies were picked up.
To measure length of N-linked sugar chain of 4 strains (C2-1, C2-2, C2-3 and C2-11) obtained in example 6, length of N-linked sugar chain which is added to yeast acid phosphatase produced in yeast was measured using following method. After each strain was cultured in 5 ml of YEA medium (30 g glucose, 5 g Yeast extract, 20 g agarose, 0.6 g adenine-SO4, 0.05 g Uracil), it was cultured overnight in 5 ml low phosphate YPD medium.(10 g Yeast extract, 20 g Bacto Peptone, 10 mM MgSO4, 20 g glucose/IL) and yeast cells were collected. To collected yeast cells, lysis buffer (62.5 mM Tris-HCl (pH6.8), 1 mM EDTA, 10% glycerol, 0.1 mM DTT, 2 mM PMSF) and glass beads were added to assume 20 OD/50 micro litter and were broken by vortex mixer at low-temerature. After centrifugation of yeast lysate at 15000 rpm for 10 min, supernatant was recovered. To 25 micro litter of supernatant, 7 micro litter of sample buffer (62.5 mM Tris-HCl (pH6.8), 0.01% bromophenol blue, 15% glycerol) was added and each 10 micro litter thereof was electrophoresed (150V, 2 hours) using 4-20% gradient gel (upper layer buffer: 5.16 g Tris, 3.48 g glycine/IL; lower layer buffer: 14.5 g Tris, 0.024N HCl/IL). The gel was stirred in 100 mM sodium acetate (pH4.0) for 15 min, was transferred to color developing solution (100 mM Na-acetate (pH4.0), 24.6 mg 1-naftyl phosphate 1 sodium 1 hydrate, 16.7 mg o-dianisidine, Tetrazotized/50 ml) which is prewarmed to 37 degrees C. and was incubated at 37 degrees C. until color is developed. The result is shown in
Analysis of Growth Recovery Rate
Next, a growth recovery rate was analyzed about the strain obtained in example 6. After culture in 5 ml YEA at 30 degrees C., yeast cells were transferred to 10 ml of YEA so as to adjust OD600 to 0.1 and were cultured at 30 degrees C. Yeast cells were collected at each timepoint and OD600 was measured. The result is shown in
According to each of the above-mentioned examples, new mutant yeast strains of budding yeast and fission yeast which are excellent in thermotolerancy, growth activity and glycoprotein productivity can be obtained. As above, since an useful mutant yeast strain could be obtained by using a method of the present invention in budding yeast and fission yeast, the present invention need not be limited to budding yeast and fission yeast used in above examples but can be widely applied to the entire yeast and in every case, a new mutant strain of yeast can be obtained which is excellent in thermotolerance, growth activity and productivity of glycoprotein.
Analysis of Monosaccharide in Cell Wall of Yeast
Yeasts C4-1 and C3-7-2 obtained by example 1 were cultured by infiltration in 5 ml YPD at 30 degrees C. for 15 hours, yeast cells were collected by centrifugation (4000 rpm for 5 minutes) and then suspended in 1 ml of 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5, 1 mM PMSF) and yeast cells were collected by centrifugation (4000 rpm for 5 minutes). This operation was performed three times to wash the yeast cells. The yeast cells were resuspended in the above-mentioned Tris-HCl buffer 0.1 ml, glass beads were added until the liquid level is reached and presereved at −20 degrees C. for 1 hour. After braking yeast cells with a voltex mixer, only cell lysate was collected and pellets were collected by centrifugation (1000 g, 10 minutes). Pellets (cell walls) were suspended in 1 ml of 1M NaCl and centrifuged, This operation was repeated three times to wash the pellets. Thereafter, the pellets were washed with 1 ml of 1 mM PMSF. The pellets were resuspended in 0.2 ml of 1 mM PMSF.
50 micro litter of sterilized ultrapure water was added to 50 micro litter of cell wall suspension, 100 micro litter of 4M TFA was added thereto, and then incubated at 100 degrees C. for 4 hours. After completely evaporating the solvent in a reduced-pressure dryer, 100 micro litter of 0.2 M ammonium acetate and 10 micro litter of acetic acid were added and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. After drying in a reduced-pressure dryer, 100 micro litter of 0.2 M ammonium acetate and 10 micro litter of acetic acid were added and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Suspension was moved to a PA tube and dried. PA labeling was performed by using a PA labeling kit (PALSTATION Pyridylamination Reagent Kit for monosaccharide analysis (TaKaRa)). HPLC was performed with column: TSK-GEL SUGAR AX type (TOSHO), solvent: 0.7M potassium borate (pH9.0); acetonitrile=9:1, 65 degrees C., flow rate: 0.3 ml/min. Relative proportion of monosaccharide was calculated from a peak area ratio (
As shown in
Yeast avoiding high temperature sensitivity or recovering growth activity and breeding method thereof of the present invention provides yeast which is excellent in thermotolerance, growth activity and productivity of glycoprotein and can be widely applied not only to budding yeast and fission yeast but also to yeast in general. Yeast which produces beta-glucan efficiently and breeding method thereof of the present invention provides yeast which is further excellent in producing beta-glucan compared to the conventionally known yeast, and can be widely applied not only to budding yeast and fission yeast but also to yeast in general. The present invention can be utilized in medical industry because effective use for production of glycoprotein and beta-glucan using yeast is enabled. Also, the present invention can be utilized for reagent industry because an appropriate control for specifying a gene-disruptant is enabled.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006-193445 | Jul 2006 | JP | national |
| 2007-031396 | Feb 2007 | JP | national |
| 2007-044796 | Feb 2007 | JP | national |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20070077560 | Furusawa | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20080038778 A1 | Feb 2008 | US |
