Patent Grant
8320143
The present invention is directed to providing a full-wave rectifier having low power loss characteristics.
Power converters are used to interface between power sources and electrical devices. Because alternating current is preferred for efficient power transmission, power sources typically provide power at alternating current. On the other hand the operation of many electrical devices requires direct current. In order to provide direct current for such devices from alternating current, the power sources, power converters need to convert the current supplied from alternating to direct, and use rectifiers for this purpose.
Bridge rectifiers are commonly used in power converters to provide full-wave rectification of alternating current. A typical bridge rectifier is the Graetz circuit or diode bridge which consists of four diodes arranged in a bridge circuit as shown in
One problem resulting from the inefficiency of diodes is that they produce a forward voltage drop. This is most noticeable in low-voltage power converters where the voltage drop may be a significant proportion of the desired voltage output. Schottky diodes, which exhibit very low voltage drops, are often used to minimize the problem.
A further problem results from the heat dissipated by diodes, particularly in high frequency switching power supplies. Apart from reducing overall efficiency of the power converter, resulting high temperatures also reduce the reliability of components. Much design effort is typically required to overcome this problem, and other factors such as the dimensions of the system may be compromised as a result.
MOSFETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors) are electronic switches. A gate signal may be used to switch the MOSFET between an OFF state and an ON state. In the OFF state, current is blocked whereas in the ON state, a current path is provided between the source and the drain terminals, having the characteristics of an ohmic resistor.
A prior art Power MOSFET 130 is shown in
Additionally, it will be noted that MOSFETs have extremely fast switching speeds. This allows them to be used to replace diodes in a rectifier. Typically, the gate signals of the MOSFETs are synchronized with the frequency of the input voltage such that they are switched into their ON state whenever there is a voltage drop between the source 134 and the drain 138 terminals. Such rectifiers are known as synchronous rectifiers and may be used to improve the efficiency of power converters.
In bridge rectifiers, up to two of the diodes of the Graetz circuit may be replaced by MOSFETs, and their gate signal drawn directly from the input voltage. However, if the remaining two diodes are replaced by MOSFETs and also draw gate signals directly from the input voltage, it is difficult to avoid short circuiting between the input and/or the output terminals of the bridge rectifier.
There is a need therefore for a synchronous rectifier characterized by a low associated heat loss and the present invention addresses this need.
In accordance with a first embodiment, the present invention is directed to providing a current-triggered synchro-rectifier comprising an electronic switch having an anode and a cathode, the electronic switch configured to be in its ON setting when current flowing through the cathode exceeds a predetermined threshold.
Preferably, the electronic switch comprises a MOSFET device that comprises a source terminal, a drain terminal and a gate terminal; a half-wave rectifier in parallel with the MOSFET device, wired to the source terminal and the drain terminal of the MOSFET device, and a current monitor configured to monitor a drain-current flowing through the drain terminal and to send a gate signal to the gate terminal, such that the MOSFET is switched to its ON state when the drain-current exceeds a first threshold current and the MOSFET is switched to its OFF state when the drain-current falls below a second threshold current. Optionally, the current monitor comprises a current transformer.
According to other embodiments of the present invention, a full-wave rectifier is disclosed, comprising:
a first half-wave rectifier having one anode wired to a first output terminal and one cathode wired to a first input terminal;
a second half-wave rectifier having one anode wired to the first output terminal and one cathode wired to a second input terminal;
a third half-wave rectifier having one anode wired to the first input terminal and one cathode wired to a second output terminal; and
a fourth half-wave rectifier having one anode wired to the second input terminal and one cathode wired to the second output terminal;
the full-wave rectifier for providing an output of constant polarity from an input of variable polarity, wherein at least one half-wave rectifier comprises the current-triggered synchro-rectifier of the first embodiment.
Alternatively, a full-wave rectifier is disclosed comprising:
a first half-wave rectifier having one anode wired to a first output terminal and one cathode wired to a first input terminal;
a second half-wave rectifier having one anode wired to the first output terminal and one cathode wired to a second input terminal;
a third half-wave rectifier having one anode wired to the first input terminal and one cathode wired to a second output terminal; and
a fourth half-wave rectifier having one anode wired to the second input terminal and one cathode wired to the second output terminal;
the full wave rectifier for providing an output of constant polarity from an input of variable polarity, wherein at least one half-wave rectifier comprises an electronic switch configured to be in its ON state when the current flowing through the cathode of the switch exceeds a predetermined threshold.
Preferably, the full-wave rectifier is provided wherein: the first half-wave rectifiers comprises a first electronic switch configured to be in its ON setting when the current flowing through its cathode exceeds a first predetermined threshold, and the second half-wave rectifiers comprises a second electronic switch configured to be in its ON setting when the current flowing through its cathode exceeds a second predetermined threshold. Typically, at least one half-wave rectifier comprises an electronic switch configured to be switched between its ON and OFF states in synchrony with the frequency of the input signal.
In certain embodiments, the full-wave rectifier is provided wherein:
the first half-wave rectifier comprises a first electronic switch configured to be in its ON state when the current flowing through its cathode exceeds a predetermined threshold;
he second half-wave rectifiers comprises a second electronic switch configured to be in its ON state when the current flowing through its cathode exceeds a predetermined threshold;
the third half-wave rectifiers comprises a third electronic switch configured to be switched between its ON and OFF states in phase with the voltage signal at the second input terminal, and
the fourth half-wave rectifiers comprises a third electronic switch configured to be switched between its ON and OFF states in phase with the voltage signal at the first input terminal.
Optionally, the electronic switch comprises a transistor. Preferably, the electronic switch comprises a MOSFET device.
Accordingly, a full-wave rectifier is disclosed wherein the electronic switch comprises:
a MOSFET device comprising a source terminal, a drain terminal and a gate terminal;
a half-wave rectifier wired to the source terminal and the drain terminal in parallel with the MOSFET device, and
a current monitor configured to monitor a drain-current flowing through the drain terminal and to send a gate signal to the gate terminal such that the MOSFET is switched to its ON state when the drain-current exceeds a first threshold current and the MOSFET is switched to its OFF state when the drain-current falls below a second threshold current.
The current monitor may comprise a current transformer.
In a further embodiment the full-wave rectifier is incorporated into a power converter.
In an additional embodiment the present invention is directed to providing a power converter comprising a full-wave rectifier as described above.
It is according to other embodiments of the invention to present a current-triggered sychro-rectifier incorporated into an LLC resonant converter. Optionally, the current-triggered sychro-rectifier may be incorporated into an implanted medical device, an inductive power receiver comprising a secondary inductor configured to inductively couple with a remote primary inductor or a power harvesting device.
Alternatively, the current-triggered sychro-rectifier may be incorporated into a device comprising at least power generator. Variously, the power generator may be selected from the group consisting of: at least one solar cell, at least one turbogenerator and at least one fuel-cell.
For a better understanding of the invention and to show how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, purely by way of example, to the accompanying drawings.
With specific reference now to the drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of the preferred embodiments of the present invention Only, and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the invention. In this regard, no attempt is made to show structural details of the invention in more detail than is necessary for a fundamental understanding of the invention; the description taken with the drawings making apparent to those skilled in the art how the several forms of the invention may be embodied in practice. In the accompanying drawings:
a is a circuit diagram of a full-wave diode bridge rectifier of the prior art;
b is a diagram of a Power MOSFET of the prior art;
a is a block diagram of a second synchronous full-wave rectifier according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention in which all four diodes of the diode bridge of
b is a schematic diagram showing a current triggered Power MOSFET which draws a gate signal from the current flowing through its drain terminal;
c is a graphical representation of the variations in drain-current and state of the MOSFET of
Reference is now made to
Four diodes D1-4 are arranged so that two diodes D1 and D2 form a first branch 110 of a Graetz circuit and the other two diodes D3 and D4 form a second branch 120 of the Graetz circuit. The anodes of two upstream diodes D1 and D3 are wired to the first output terminal T3 and the cathodes of the two downstream diodes D2 and D4 are wired to the second output terminal T4. The cathode of the first upstream diode D1 and the anode of first downstream diode D2 are wired to the first input terminal T1 and the cathode of the second upstream diode D3 and the anode of second downstream diode D4 are wired to the second input terminal T2.
When the polarity of the first input terminal T1 is positive relative to the second input terminal T2, current flows through the first downstream diode D2 and through the second upstream diode D3. When the polarity of the first input terminal T1 is negative relative to the second input terminal T2, current flows through the second downstream diode D4 and through the first upstream diode D1.
Diode bridge rectifiers, such as that shown in
It will be appreciated that power is lost from each diode with each reversal of polarity. In high frequency power converters, where the polarity of the input terminals T1 and T2 may oscillate at a frequencies of 100 kHz or more, such power losses may result in significant heating of the bridge circuit and its surrounding components, which may result in reduced reliability or failure.
Power loss may be reduced by replacing diodes with electronic switches, such as the Power MOSFETs shown in
The electronic switches M2 and M4 are controlled by switching signals G2 and G4 which switch them between the ON and OFF states. The switching signal G2 controlling the electronic switch M2 must be synchronized to switch to the ON state whenever the polarity of the first input terminal T1 is positive relative to the second input terminal T2. The switching signal G4 controlling the electronic switch M4 must be synchronized to switch to the ON state whenever polarity of the first input terminal T1 is negative relative to the second input terminal T2.
Typically, this synchronization is achieved by drawing the first switching signal G2 from the voltage of the second input terminal T2 and drawing the second switching signal G4 from the voltage of the first input terminal T1.
The above described synchronous full-wave rectifier 200 in which two diodes are replaced by MOSFETs may reduce power loss from the rectifier by up to 50% as compared with the diode bridge rectifier 100 of the prior art. Where further reduction in power loss is required it would be desirable to replace the remaining two diodes D1 and D3 with electronic switches. However, it is much more difficult to synchronize four electronic switches without inadvertently causing short circuits between either the input or output terminals.
a is a block diagram of a second synchronous full-wave rectifier 300 in which all four diodes D1-4 of the diode bridge of
When the polarity of the first input terminal T1 is positive relative to the polarity of the second input T2, the first upstream and second downstream electronic switches M1 and M4 must be switched to the OFF state and the first downstream and second upstream electronic switches M2 and M3 must be switched to the ON state. When the polarity of the first input terminal T1 is negative relative to the polarity of the second input terminal T2, the first upstream and second downstream electronic switches M1 and M4 must be switched to the ON state and the electronic switches first downstream and second upstream electronic M2 and M3 must be switched to the OFF state.
Synchronization of the switching signals G1-4, is complicated by an additional constraint. In order to prevent shorting across the output terminals, the upstream and downstream electronic switches along a common branch 310, 320 must never be in the ON state at the same time. In practice, when both of the switching signals G1 and G2 controlling the two electronic switches M1 and M2 along the first branch 310 are each drawn from one of the input terminals T1 and T2, the two switches M1 and M2 are periodically both in their ON states. Because the switches M1 and M2 are adjacent along the first branch 310 of the circuit, a short circuit is formed between the output terminals T3 and T4. Similar shorting may occur along the second branch 320 when the switching signals G3 and G4 which control the other two electronic switches M3 and M4 are each drawn from one of the input terminals T1 and T2.
According to preferred embodiments of the invention, only the switching signals G2 and G4 for the downstream electronic switches M2 and M4 are drawn directly from the voltage at the input terminals T1 and T2 whilst the switching signals G1 and G3 for the upstream switches M1 and M3 are controlled independently. Preferably, the switching signals G1 and G3 are responsive to changes in the cathode current of switches M1 and M3 respectively.
b shows a current-triggered synchro-rectifier 330 according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, which may serve as an electronic switch M incorporated into a bridge synchro-rectifier 300. The current-triggered synchro-rectifier 330 includes a Power MOSFET 130, such as that shown in
In order to understand the functioning of the current-triggered synchro-rectifier 330 consider the case where a sinusoidal alternating voltage is connected across the cathode 334 and the anode 336 terminals of the current-triggered synchro-rectifier 330.
For the first half of the sinusoidal cycle the voltage drop Vd between the cathode 334 and the anode 336 is negative, thus the polarity of the cathode 334 is negative relative to the anode 336. Consequently, no current flows through the drain-terminal 136 and the MOSFET remains in the OFF state.
At the beginning of the second half of the sinusoidal cycle, the voltage drop Vd between the cathode 334 and the anode 336 increases above zero. The polarity of the cathode 334 becomes positive relative to the anode 336 so a small drain-current Id begins to flow through the diode 132. This current is measured by the current monitor 332.
During the third quarter of the cycle, the voltage drop Vd between the cathode 334 and the anode 336 continues to rise. The current monitor 332 measures an increasing drain-current Id.
When the drain-current Id exceeds the predetermined threshold Ith, the current-based gate signal Gi triggers the MOSFET 130 to switch to the ON state.
As long as the MOSFET 130 is in the ON state, current flows through the ohmic conductive path of the electronic switch 131. Consequently, the drain-current Id varies in proportion to the voltage drop Vd.
During the last quarter of the cycle, the voltage drop Vd between the cathode 334 and the anode 336 decreases. The current monitor 332 measures a decreasing drain-current Id.
When the drain-current falls below the predetermined threshold Ith, the current-based gate signal Gi triggers the MOSFET 130 to switch to the OFF state.
The electronic switches M1-4 of the exemplary embodiment are all MOSFET transformers having three terminals: a source terminal, a drain terminal and a gate terminal. The upstream MOSFETs M1 and M3 are both n-channel MOSFETs and their source terminals are both wired to the first output terminal T3 of the rectifier. The downstream MOSFETs M2 and M4 are both p-channel MOSFETs and their source terminals are both wired to the second output terminal T4 of the rectifier. The drain terminals of the first upstream MOSFET M1 and the first downstream MOSFET M2 are both wired to the first input terminal T1 of the rectifier and the drain terminals of the second upstream MOSFET M3 and the second downstream MOSFET M4 are both wired to the second input terminal T3 of the rectifier.
The input terminals T1 and T2 are wired to a secondary coil L2 of a power transformer which is inductively coupled to a primary coil (not shown). The secondary coil L2 provides an alternating current input to the two input terminals T1 and T2.
The gate terminals of the downstream MOSFETs M2 and M4 are wired to the input terminals T2 and T1 via smoothing circuits 420, 440 respectively. The switching signals G2 and G4, are therefore out of phase with each other.
The gate terminals of the upstream MOSFETs M1 and M3 receive switching signals G1 and G3 driven by their own drain-currents Id1 and Id3. The drain current Id1 of the first upstream MOSFET M1 is monitored by a first current transformer 410, in which a primary current monitor coil CT1P transfers the current signal to a secondary current monitor CT2S the output of which is rectified and relayed to a first input IN1 of a driver 450 which amplifies the signal before outputing a signal from a first output OUT1. This first output signal from the driver is then fed back to the first upstream MOSFET M1 such that when the drain current Id1 exceeds a threshold value the MOSFET M1 switches itself to the ON state. This produces a switching signal G1 at the same frequency as the alternating current input ACin.
Similarly the drain current Id3 of the second upstream MOSFET M2 is monitored by a second current transformer 430, in which a primary current monitor coil CT2P transfers the current signal to a secondary current monitor CT2S the output of which is rectified and relayed to a second input IN2 of the driver 450 which amplifies the signal before outputing a signal from a second output OUT2. The second output signal from the driver is then fed back to the second upstream MOSFET M3 such that when the drain current Id2 exceeds a threshold value the MOSFET M3 switches itself to the ON state. This produces a switching signal G3 at the same frequency as the alternating current input ACin.
Although in the example hereabove, current transformers 410, 430 are used to monitor the drain-currents Id1, Id2, in alternative embodiments other current monitors such as ammeters, galvanometers, Hall effect sensors or the like may be preferred.
It will be appreciated that embodiments of the present invention may be useful in a wide range of applications, in particular where rectification of alternating current is required. For example, in receivers adapted to receive power from inductive power providers. Inductive power receivers may be used to wirelessly provide power for a variety of electrical devices. Embodiments of the present invention may be integrated into such inductive power receivers, particularly where low heat losses are necessary or high power is required by the electrical device, for example. Thus embodiments of the current invention may be of particular use when incorporated within power tools, kitchen appliances, bathroom appliances, computers, media players, office equipment and the like, which may require high power for operation.
The reduced heat loss, associated with sychro-rectifiers of embodiments of the invention, is particularly useful when heat dissipation is difficult for example when power receiver has small dimensions or for heat-sensitive equipment such as measuring devices. Also, it is desirable that devices implanted into a living body do not dissipate large amounts of heat into the body. Therefore, the low heat losses associated with the synchro-rectifier, make it particularly suited to implanted devices, such as pace makers, trackers and the like.
It is also noted that in recent years public concern about the threat of a global energy crisis has resulted in a greater emphasis being placed upon optimizing the efficiency of energy transfer. It is difficult to achieve more demanding specifications using existing technology and increasingly, new topologies such as LLC resonant converters are being adopted. It will be appreciated that such topologies require rectification and the diodes typically used may be readily replaced with more efficient sychro-rectifiers. In this context, embodiments of the present invention may be used to provide high powers with very low energy losses. Consequently the current invention is an important element in the drive for greater efficiency.
Furthermore embodiments of the present invention may be advantageously utilized in inductive power transfer systems in which power is transferred from a primary coil to a remote secondary coil. The further the secondary coil is situated from the primary coil, the lower the voltage which is induced in the secondary coil. The aforementioned voltage drop associated with traditional diodes is particularly problematic is such settings. Amongst others, such applications include:
medical applications in which power is transferred remotely to devices implanted in a patient,
communications with remote RFID tags,
military application in which power is transferred across thick armored plating,
communication or inductive energy transfer to secondary inductive coils buried underground,
communication or inductive energy transfer to secondary inductive coils submerged under water, for example in submarine applications, and
communication or inductive energy with secondary coils which are moving relative to the primary coil.
Other applications, in which low voltage drop associated with the synchro-rectifier is advantageous, include power harvesting applications in which low power devices such as watches, remote controls, wireless alarms etc. Power harvesting devices use ambient power from radio waves, for example, to charge a local power store. Embodiments of the present invention may significantly reduce energy losses in such sensitive applications.
Still further applications include solar cells which may be used to generate low voltage electricity, typically at 0.5V. The voltage drop, associated with traditional diodes may be problematic and may require a number of solar cells to be connected in series to generate higher initial voltages. Embodiments of the synchro-rectifier having lower voltage drops may be preferred in such applications. Similarly, the synchro-rectifier may be applied to prevent voltage drops from turbogenerators, fuel-cells and the like.
The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and includes both combinations and sub combinations of the various features described hereinabove as well as variations and modifications thereof, which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description.
In the claims, the word “comprise”, and variations thereof such as “comprises”, “comprising” and the like indicate that the components listed are included, but not generally to the exclusion of other components.
This application is based upon and claims the benefit of the filing date of co-pending, commonly assigned U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/071,151, filed on Apr. 15, 2008, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3207975 | Pintell | Sep 1965 | A |
| 3771085 | Hojo et al. | Nov 1973 | A |
| 3938018 | Dahl | Feb 1976 | A |
| 4139880 | Ulmer et al. | Feb 1979 | A |
| 4160193 | Richmond | Jul 1979 | A |
| 4319144 | King et al. | Mar 1982 | A |
| 4423456 | Zaidenweber | Dec 1983 | A |
| 4431948 | Elder et al. | Feb 1984 | A |
| 4473757 | Farago et al. | Sep 1984 | A |
| 4535203 | Jenkins et al. | Aug 1985 | A |
| 4754180 | Kiedrowski | Jun 1988 | A |
| 4831508 | Hunter | May 1989 | A |
| 4977515 | Rudden et al. | Dec 1990 | A |
| 5119285 | Liu et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5221877 | Falk | Jun 1993 | A |
| 5278771 | Nyenya | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5367242 | Hulman | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5455466 | Parks et al. | Oct 1995 | A |
| 5486394 | Stough | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5528113 | Boys et al. | Jun 1996 | A |
| 5550452 | Shirai et al. | Aug 1996 | A |
| 5600225 | Goto | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5680035 | Haim et al. | Oct 1997 | A |
| 5713939 | Nedungadi et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5734254 | Stephens | Mar 1998 | A |
| 5762250 | Carlton et al. | Jun 1998 | A |
| 5821728 | Schwind | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5821731 | Kuki et al. | Oct 1998 | A |
| 5870031 | Kaiser et al. | Feb 1999 | A |
| 5907285 | Toms et al. | May 1999 | A |
| 5929598 | Nakama et al. | Jul 1999 | A |
| 5949214 | Broussard et al. | Sep 1999 | A |
| 6042005 | Basile et al. | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6078512 | Bouvier | Jun 2000 | A |
| 6127799 | Krishnan | Oct 2000 | A |
| 6211649 | Matsuda | Apr 2001 | B1 |
| 6230029 | Hahn et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6349047 | Yu | Feb 2002 | B1 |
| 6396935 | Makkonen | May 2002 | B1 |
| 6436299 | Baarman et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6441589 | Frerking et al. | Aug 2002 | B1 |
| 6484260 | Scott et al. | Nov 2002 | B1 |
| 6532298 | Cambier et al. | Mar 2003 | B1 |
| 6586909 | Trepka | Jul 2003 | B1 |
| 6624616 | Frerking et al. | Sep 2003 | B1 |
| 6644557 | Jacobs | Nov 2003 | B1 |
| 6673250 | Kuennen et al. | Jan 2004 | B2 |
| 6721540 | Hayakawa | Apr 2004 | B1 |
| 6731071 | Baarman | May 2004 | B2 |
| 6766040 | Catalano et al. | Jul 2004 | B1 |
| 6825620 | Kuennen et al. | Nov 2004 | B2 |
| 6888438 | Hui et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| 6894457 | Germagian et al. | May 2005 | B2 |
| D519275 | Shertzer | Apr 2006 | S |
| 7043060 | Quintana | May 2006 | B2 |
| 7126450 | Baarman et al. | Oct 2006 | B2 |
| 7132918 | Baarman et al. | Nov 2006 | B2 |
| 7164255 | Hui | Jan 2007 | B2 |
| 7180248 | Kuennen et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7180265 | Naskali et al. | Feb 2007 | B2 |
| 7224086 | Germagian et al. | May 2007 | B2 |
| 7233319 | Johnson et al. | Jun 2007 | B2 |
| D553852 | Brandenburg | Oct 2007 | S |
| 7385357 | Kuennen et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7392068 | Dayan et al. | Jun 2008 | B2 |
| 7405535 | Frerking et al. | Jul 2008 | B2 |
| 7462951 | Baarman | Dec 2008 | B1 |
| D586809 | Jones et al. | Feb 2009 | S |
| 7518267 | Baarman | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7522878 | Baarman | Apr 2009 | B2 |
| 7576514 | Hui | Aug 2009 | B2 |
| D599735 | Amidei et al. | Sep 2009 | S |
| D599736 | Ferber et al. | Sep 2009 | S |
| D599737 | Amidei et al. | Sep 2009 | S |
| D599738 | Amidei et al. | Sep 2009 | S |
| D603603 | Laine et al. | Nov 2009 | S |
| 7612528 | Baarman et al. | Nov 2009 | B2 |
| D607879 | Ferber et al. | Jan 2010 | S |
| D611407 | Webb | Mar 2010 | S |
| D611408 | Ferber et al. | Mar 2010 | S |
| 20020057584 | Brockmann | May 2002 | A1 |
| 20020158512 | Mizutani et al. | Oct 2002 | A1 |
| 20030210106 | Cheng et al. | Nov 2003 | A1 |
| 20040023633 | Gordon | Feb 2004 | A1 |
| 20040195767 | Randall | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040203537 | Yoshida et al. | Oct 2004 | A1 |
| 20040242264 | Cho | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20040261802 | Griffin et al. | Dec 2004 | A1 |
| 20050007067 | Baarman et al. | Jan 2005 | A1 |
| 20050083020 | Baarman | Apr 2005 | A1 |
| 20050130593 | Michalak | Jun 2005 | A1 |
| 20050164636 | Palermo et al. | Jul 2005 | A1 |
| 20050169506 | Fenrich et al. | Aug 2005 | A1 |
| 20050192062 | Michkle et al. | Sep 2005 | A1 |
| 20050233768 | Guo et al. | Oct 2005 | A1 |
| 20060028176 | Tang et al. | Feb 2006 | A1 |
| 20060043927 | Beart et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060052144 | Seil et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060061325 | Tang et al. | Mar 2006 | A1 |
| 20060071632 | Ghabra et al. | Apr 2006 | A1 |
| 20060091222 | Leung et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060093132 | Desormiere et al. | May 2006 | A1 |
| 20060202665 | Hsu | Sep 2006 | A1 |
| 20070023559 | Scapillato et al. | Feb 2007 | A1 |
| 20070057763 | Blattner et al. | Mar 2007 | A1 |
| 20070076459 | Limpkin | Apr 2007 | A1 |
| 20070136593 | Plavcan et al. | Jun 2007 | A1 |
| 20070165371 | Brandenburg | Jul 2007 | A1 |
| 20070182367 | Partovi | Aug 2007 | A1 |
| 20070279002 | Partovi | Dec 2007 | A1 |
| 20080001922 | Johnson et al. | Jan 2008 | A1 |
| 20080030985 | Joen et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080049988 | Basile et al. | Feb 2008 | A1 |
| 20080055047 | Osada et al. | Mar 2008 | A1 |
| 20080079388 | Sarnowsky et al. | Apr 2008 | A1 |
| 20080132293 | Gundlach et al. | Jun 2008 | A1 |
| 20080157715 | Rosenboom et al. | Jul 2008 | A1 |
| 20080223926 | Miller et al. | Sep 2008 | A1 |
| 20080258680 | Frerking et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20080265835 | Reed et al. | Oct 2008 | A1 |
| 20090026959 | Lin et al. | Jan 2009 | A1 |
| 20090040807 | Doumae et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090047768 | Jain | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090047769 | Bhat et al. | Feb 2009 | A1 |
| 20090075704 | Wang | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090079387 | Jin et al. | Mar 2009 | A1 |
| 20090084705 | Justiss | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090097221 | Sayed et al. | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090102416 | Burley | Apr 2009 | A1 |
| 20090134972 | Wu, Jr. et al. | May 2009 | A1 |
| 20090146608 | Lee | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090153098 | Toya et al. | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090153297 | Gardner | Jun 2009 | A1 |
| 20090174263 | Baarman et al. | Jul 2009 | A1 |
| 20090203355 | Clark | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090212639 | Johnson | Aug 2009 | A1 |
| 20090226050 | Hughes | Sep 2009 | A1 |
| 20090243791 | Partin et al. | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090251102 | Hui | Oct 2009 | A1 |
| 20090273891 | Peiker | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20090278494 | Randall | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| 20100039066 | Yuan et al. | Feb 2010 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 0160990 | Nov 1985 | EP |
| 0160990 | Jan 1991 | EP |
| 0558316 | Sep 1993 | EP |
| 1990734 | Nov 2008 | EP |
| 2399466 | Sep 2004 | GB |
| 2399466 | Nov 2005 | GB |
| 2429372 | Feb 2007 | GB |
| 9602879 | Feb 1996 | WO |
| 0201557 | Jan 2002 | WO |
| 0215320 | Feb 2002 | WO |
| 2005043775 | May 2005 | WO |
| 2006015143 | Feb 2006 | WO |
| 2008030985 | Mar 2008 | WO |
| 2008086080 | Jul 2008 | WO |
| 2008093334 | Aug 2008 | WO |
| 2008114268 | Sep 2008 | WO |
| 2009040807 | Apr 2009 | WO |
| 2009047768 | Apr 2009 | WO |
| 2009047769 | Apr 2009 | WO |
| 2009049657 | Apr 2009 | WO |
| 2009108958 | Sep 2009 | WO |
| 2010025156 | Mar 2010 | WO |
| 2010025157 | Mar 2010 | WO |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20090257259 A1 | Oct 2009 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61071151 | Apr 2008 | US |
