Patent Application
20150349748
The present invention relates to a broad-band filter.
The current mobile radio standard LTE has mobile radio bands defined for it that are coincident with known frequency bands and are distinguished merely by increased bandwidth. Thus, by way of example, LTE band 26 with 35 MHz of bandwidth corresponds to band 5 defined for WCDMA with 25 MHz of bandwidth, that is 10 MHz wider in comparison therewith. The higher bandwidth decreases the transition bandwidth between the transmission band TX and the reception band RX. This results in increased demands on the frequency accuracy and therefore necessitates a filter with a very steep edge.
Furthermore, there is a need for wider bands in order to comply with new and future transmission techniques in advance. For the aforementioned LTE band 26, no filter solutions for extended bandwidths are known to date, which means that the bands are usually split and are served by two different filters.
In general, it is known practice to manufacture broadband reactance filters using branching technology and to use broadband resonators as well. However, this regularly results in the disadvantage that in a filter with increasing bandwidth the edges of the passband become shallower and thus result in excessive transition bandwidths. Such filters are then no longer suitable for mobile radio bands that have a short spacing from the adjacent band of the same transmission standard, such as the cited LTE band 26.
European Patent No. 0750394 B1 proposes modifying a branching filter, which is in the form of a ladder-type filter with SAW resonators (SAW=surface acoustic wave), such that one type of the resonators, selected from parallel and series resonators, is provided with relatively low coupling by means of a dielectric layer deposited above the resonators. This results in a filter having a higher bandwidth. At the same time, one of the two passband edges remains unaltered and meets the requirements for gradient. The other passband edge flattens out, on the other hand, and therefore exhibits an increased transition bandwidth.
Embodiments of the present invention specify a filter using branching technology that has a sufficiently high bandwidth but that quickly changes to the stop band and hence has a low transition bandwidth.
It has been found that a branching filter that comprises a series circuit containing three filter elements solves the problem.
The reactance filter comprises series-connected and parallel-connected impedance elements. The impedance elements each comprise a resonator, a series circuit containing a resonator and a series coil or a parallel circuit containing a resonator and a capacitance. Each filter element comprises at least one impedance element. Each impedance element has a bandwidth that is expressed by its pole zero distance. In order to achieve the desired effect, a bandwidth means is used to set the bandwidth of the impedance elements in the filter elements differently.
Preferably, the impedance elements of that filter element that is arranged centrally in the series circuit are set to a different value than those of the first and third filter elements.
The bandwidth of a resonator is understood to mean the pole zero distance of the resonator, that is to say the frequency spacing between the (principal) resonance and the antiresonance. The bandwidth of an impedance element can also be defined in precisely this manner. The bandwidth of a filter or filter element, on the other hand, can also be ascertained from the width of the passband, with the spacing between those points on the transmission curve at which the signal has an attenuation of 6 dB, for example, in comparison with the maximum value being chosen in general.
A filter element whose impedance elements have an increased or decreased bandwidth then also itself has an increased or decreased bandwidth. A reactance filter for which the relationship established for the impedance elements of the filter elements in terms of bandwidth is also satisfied for the filter elements likewise achieves the object according to the invention therefore. In that case, the bandwidth of the middle filter element is set differently by a bandwidth means than in the first and third filter elements.
The bandwidth means used may be measures that directly influence the bandwidth of the resonators. Alternatively, bandwidth means may be circuit means that increase the bandwidth of the filter element for a given bandwidth of the resonators of a filter element. This is achieved by impedance elements that comprise a resonator connected up to a series coil or a parallel capacitance.
In one embodiment, the bandwidth of the impedance elements of the second filter element is set differently than the bandwidth of the impedance elements of the first and third filter elements.
A filter formed in this manner achieves bandwidths of 6% or more for a transition bandwidth for 5 MHz on both sides of the passband. Hence, this filter has good suitability for the LTE band 26 cited at the outset. Attempts to model the same filter properties with just two filter elements have surprisingly failed, which means that it is imperative to provide a series circuit containing three filter elements in which the middle filter element differs in terms of bandwidth from the first and second filter elements.
In this case, it is possible for the impedance elements of the second filter element to have a lower bandwidth than those of the first and third filter elements. Conversely, it is also possible for the impedance elements of the second filter element to have a higher bandwidth than those of the first and third filter elements. The bandwidths of the impedance elements of the first and third filter elements may be the same.
It can be seen that the desired filter properties are all the more pronounced the greater the extent to which the bandwidths of the impedance elements in the filter elements differ. An effect is observed just for small differences, however.
Depending on the aim of optimization, suitable bandwidth means allow particularly narrowband impedance elements in a filter element to be combined with two filter elements having broadband impedance elements in order to achieve steep passband edges. Alternatively, the bandwidth of the impedance elements of one or two filter elements is set to a maximum value without simultaneously reducing the bandwidth of the impedance elements of the remaining filter element too greatly in the process. Hence, a reactance filter is obtained that is distinguished by a particular broadband nature. Specific filter properties therefore require a tradeoff between the two measures.
Resonators used for the branching filter may be acoustic wave resonators. Such resonators may be selected from SAW resonators (SAW=Surface Acoustic Wave), BAW resonators (BAW=Bulk Acoustic Wave) and GBAW resonators (GBAW=Guided Bulk Acoustic Wave).
For the purpose of shaping the bandwidth, which may be increased or decreased in one filter element in comparison with another filter element, it is possible for the bandwidth means to be a coil connected in series with the relevant filter element in order to increase the bandwidth. In one embodiment, the branching filter therefore contains a filter element with increased bandwidth, in the case of which the bandwidth means is a series resonator connected in series with a coil. The high inductance of the coil that is necessary for this bandwidth means usually requires a separate coil, that is to say a discrete component that has a sufficiently high quality. Impedance elements in the form of a resonator connected in series with a series coil can be used at arbitrary points in the reactance filter as a series or parallel impedance element.
A further bandwidth means consists in the provision of a second different substrate on which one or two of the filter elements of the series circuit are formed. The selection of the suitable substrate for setting the bandwidth of impedance elements or filter elements produced thereon is made such that achieving a higher bandwidth in the impedance elements involves the substrate of the corresponding filter element or of the impedance elements having a higher level of coupling than the substrate for the remaining filter element(s) or impedance element(s).
Piezoelectric substrates on which the acoustic wave resonators are formed have substrate-specific coupling that increases monotonously with bandwidth. A plausible definition of the coupling via the relative pole zero distance pzd (normalized to the resonant frequency of the resonator) would be:
k
2=0 0.25*π2*pzd/(1+pzd)
In a preferred embodiment, the second filter element is therefore formed on a substrate material having a first electromechanical coupling constant, which is a measure of the coupling, and the first and third filter elements are, by contrast, formed on a second substrate material having another, second electromechanical coupling constant. Preferably, the second electromechanical coupling constant is greater than the first electromechanical coupling constant.
By way of example, quartz has a relatively low coupling constant. A relatively high coupling constant is achieved with lithium niobate substrates. Lithium tantalate substrates, on the other hand, have a medium coupling constant. Furthermore, for a given material it is possible to influence the coupling by means of the choice of suitable cutting angles. Depending on the level of the coupling ratio between the filter elements or the impedance elements of the filter elements, the corresponding substrates are selected. In this case, it is possible for the first and third filter elements to be set up on the same substrate and the same chip. In addition, it is possible for the first and third filter elements to be formed on the same substrate material, admittedly, but on separate chips.
In a further embodiment, the bandwidth means for decreasing the bandwidth of an impedance element, a filter element or a circuit branch of a filter element is a capacitance connected in parallel with a resonator. An effect is already obtained for the whole branching filter when single instances of the resonators are connected up to a capacitance. In one embodiment, all of the series resonators of the corresponding filter element are each connected in parallel with a capacitance.
In addition, the parallel resonators of the corresponding filter element can also each be connected in parallel with a capacitance. Impedance elements in the form of a resonator with a parallel capacitance can, in principle, be used in any series or parallel branches of the branching filter (reactance filter).
Connecting a capacitance in parallel with a resonator provides an impedance element having an increased capacitance ratio for static to dynamic capacitance, from which it is possible to directly compute the bandwidth, expressed as a normalized pole zero distance pzd, which in this case is reduced:
pzd=√{square root over ((1+1/r))}−1
The differently ascertained parameters electromechanical coupling, bandwidth and capacitance ratio between static and dynamic capacitance denote the same correlations and can be converted from one another into one another. Within the context of the invention, it is therefore of no importance whether the bandwidth, the electromechanical coupling or the capacitance ratio of an impedance element, a resonator or a filter element is altered, since all three cases involve the bandwidth being influenced in equal measure.
In a further embodiment, the bandwidth means is a dielectric layer arranged above the acoustic wave resonators in one or more filter elements. This succeeds in decreasing the coupling and hence the bandwidth of the resonator or of the filter element.
The extent to which the coupling or the bandwidth is varied increases usually monotonously with the layer thickness of the dielectric layer. The mechanical properties of the dielectric layer also make a greater impression on the piezoelectric substrate material as layer thickness increases.
In one embodiment, the dielectric layer is an SiO2 layer arranged above the resonators of a filter element in order to decrease the electromechanical coupling. Since a dielectric layer of this kind simultaneously has a temperature coefficient TCF for the frequency whose arithmetic sign is opposite that of the TCF for most piezoelectric materials, this allows the effective temperature coefficient for the frequency of the filter element to be decreased and/or even compensated for entirely.
In a preferred embodiment, the first, second and third filter elements are provided with a dielectric layer, particularly an SiO2 layer, wherein the layer thicknesses of the SiO2 layer in the first and third filter elements are set lower than in the second filter element. This embodiment can be combined with production of the filter on two separate chips (second filter element on a separate chip), it being possible for the same or different substrate material to be used for the two chips. It is also advantageous for an additional dielectric layer to be applied to the SiO2 layer for the purpose of passivation, e.g., from SiN.
According to one embodiment, the filter using branching technology comprises resonators that use acoustic waves. The first and third filter elements are formed on a first chip, whereas the second filter element is formed on a second chip. The first and second chips each have a different coupling set for the impedance elements. Both chips are arranged on a common circuit carrier and connected up in series via electrical conductor sections of the circuit carrier.
Along with the circuit carrier, the two chips are packaged together, that is to say accommodated in a common package. Preferably, packaging involves the use of encapsulation that is in close contact with the chips and the circuit carrier and seals a cavity holding the two chips but is indispensable for interference-free operation of the acoustic wave resonators or of the whole filter.
This two-chip solution lends itself in all the cases in which the use of bandwidth means cannot otherwise be limited to individual filter elements; particularly when the bandwidth means chosen are different substrate materials or when the resonators are covered with different layers, the two-chip solution lends itself as an advantageous refinement.
It is also possible for the filter to be constructed from two chips that each carry resonators of a filter element, with different resonator technologies being used for different filter elements. According to a refinement, BAW resonators are used for the filter elements having low bandwidth while SAW resonators are used for the resonators having the higher bandwidth. Such a split has the advantage that BAW resonators currently have lower bandwidths by nature and high bandwidths, as are required for achieving the object according to the invention, can be attained only with SAW resonators.
Resonators and/or filter elements having a different bandwidth can be set to an appropriate bandwidth not just using a single bandwidth means. It is also possible for a plurality of bandwidth means to be used simultaneously in order to attain greater differentiation between resonators having high and low bandwidth.
In one embodiment, two chips are used for the branching filters, said chips differing in at least two parameters that are selected from substrate material, cutting angle for the piezoelectric material, dielectric material, filter technology and layer thickness of the dielectric layer that is applied above the filter elements. Furthermore, it is also possible for additional bandwidth means to be used on the individual chips, particularly capacitances connected in parallel with the resonators. If the bandwidth means are combined such that the resultant effects are added constructively, the use of a plurality of bandwidth means allows far greater differentiation to be achieved between the filter element having different bandwidth.
In the extreme case, a filter element may be constructed from just one resonator or just one impedance element. However, it is also possible for a plurality of first and/or second resonators to be provided per filter element. One of the filter elements may consist of just one series or parallel resonator. According to one embodiment, the number of resonators in the first and third filter elements is the same. In this case, this number can also correspond to the number of resonators in the second filter element.
In addition, it is preferred for the connection sequence for the resonators in the first, second and third filter elements to be chosen such that the whole filter has a connection sequence for the resonators that is symmetrical around the circuit center. Connection sequence is understood to mean the order in which series resonators and circuit nodes, at which parallel branches containing parallel resonators branch, follow one another. The connection sequence does not have to match the geometric arrangement of the resonators on the chip(s).
The invention is explained in more detail below using exemplary embodiments and the associated figures.
In the exemplary embodiment shown, the second filter element or at least a series resonator of the second filter element TF2 is equipped with a bandwidth that differs from the bandwidth of the series resonators of the first and third filter elements TF3. In this case, the bandwidth of the series resonator(s) in the second filter element TF2 can be set above or below that of the resonators of the other two filter elements.
In the filter shown, the second filter element or at least a series resonator RS2 of the second filter element TF2 is equipped with a bandwidth that differs from the bandwidth of the series resonators in the first and third filter elements. In this case, the bandwidth of the series resonator(s) in the second filter element can be set above or below that of the series resonators of the other two filter elements.
It is of no importance to the invention what technology is used to embody the individual resonators of the filter using branching technology. Different bandwidth means can be used depending on the resonator technology used, however.
The series coils LS may be produced on the filter chip on which the resonators are also formed. However, it is also possible for the series coils to be produced on a substrate that carries at least one chip of the filter using branching technology. It is also possible for the series coils LS to be integrated in a multilayer substrate that carries one or more chips of the filter using branching technology.
In order to achieve high quality and a sufficiently high inductance value, coils embodied as discrete elements are preferred, however.
However, it is also possible for at least the series resonators of the first and third filter elements to be connected up to a further parallel capacitance CP, whereas the series resonators of the second filter element are not. This provides a filter using branching technology in which the bandwidth of the first and third filter elements is reduced in comparison with the bandwidth of the second filter element TF2.
However, it is also possible for the circumstances shown in
For the layer thickness d2 of the dielectric layer DS2, which has been applied above the second filter element TF2, and the layer thickness d1 of the dielectric layer DS1, which has been applied above the resonators of the first and third filter elements, d1≠d2 applies. Both cases are possible: d1<d2 and d1>d2. In this situation, one of the two layer thicknesses may also be zero.
The extent to which the bandwidth is altered by the application of the dielectric layer is dependent on the layer thickness d of the dielectric layer. Different layer thicknesses above impedance elements or filter elements can therefore be used to set different bandwidths, even if using resonators that have the same bandwidth without the dielectric layer applied.
The stiffness of the dielectric layer may be greater or less than the stiffness of the piezoelectric material of the resonators. This determines the direction in which the properties of the respective impedance element shift.
The options shown in
Connected up in parallel with a series resonator RS3 of the second filter element is a first capacitance CP1 to form an impedance element. A further capacitance CP2 is connected in parallel with the parallel resonator RP2 of the second filter element and likewise forms an impedance element.
The parallel branches that contain the parallel resonators of the first to third filter elements are connected to a ground connection via a respective inductance, the ground connection being able to be connected to an external ground via a further inductance. These inductances may be in the form of supply line inductances, that is to say produced by the inductance of “normal” interconnects (supply lines). Higher inductance values can be produced by especially long supply lines, via which the resonators are connected to ground and which in turn form impedance elements with the resonators.
The figure does not show the dielectric layers DS1 and DS2 that have been applied above the acoustic resonators of the first to third filter elements such that the layer thickness of the dielectric layer above the resonators of the second filter element is set higher than above the resonators of the first and third filter elements. The material used for the dielectric layer is an SiO2 layer, which simultaneously has the effect that it reduces or compensates for the temperature coefficient of the frequency (TCF) of the corresponding filter element. The higher layer thickness of the SiO2 layer above the second filter element achieves better compensation for the TCF for this filter element, which is important particularly because in this embodiment the critical filter edges are produced primarily by the second filter element. A critical filter edge is the one that separates a passband of the filter from a closely adjacent further band. Consequently, three measures for setting bandwidth are implemented in the exemplary embodiment shown in
In the filter elements, the center frequencies of the series and parallel resonators can be chosen differently, as a result of which the bandwidth of the whole filter can be increased further. In addition, the resonators can be embodied such that they have different static capacitances C0. The capacitance values of the capacitances connected in parallel with the resonators can also be set differently.
In one exemplary embodiment, the variable parameters of the filter in
All the resonators of the second filter element have a capacitance ratio r=C0/CD of 14.6 and hence a smaller bandwidth than the resonators of the first and third filter elements with a capacitance ratio of r=12.5. Formation of impedance elements with parallel capacitances in the second filter element TF2 reduces the bandwidths further, while the impedance elements of the first and third filter elements have series coils that increase the bandwidth further.
In a further exemplary embodiment, other values are chosen for the impedance elements in
With basically similar interconnection but differently chosen center frequencies, the invention can also be used to produce filters for other bands and particularly for TX bands in any mobile radio standards that place high requirements on bandwidth and transition bandwidth.
The invention is not limited to the embodiments shown in the exemplary embodiments. The invention covers all filters using branching technology that have three filter elements connected up in series and for which the bandwidth of the second filter element differs from the bandwidth of the first and third filter elements. Further elements may be connected up between the two filter elements and between the filter elements and the external connections. The measures for reducing or increasing the bandwidth of the respective filter element can be combined in an arbitrary manner.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10 2013 100 286.2 | Jan 2013 | DE | national |
This patent application is a national phase filing under section 371 of PCT/EP2013/075674, filed Dec. 5, 2013, which claims the priority of German patent application 10 2013 100 286.2, filed Jan. 11, 2013, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2013/075674 | 12/5/2013 | WO | 00 |
