Patent Application
20110009493
The present invention relates to antimicrobial compositions, and in particular, to those solutions useful in disinfection and sterilization.
Over the years, chemical manufacturers have sought to provide broad spectrum, high-level disinfectants and sterilants that are safe for use on hard surfaces. In particular, there is a need to deliver cost-effective disinfectants in concentrated form that can be easily diluted and used in existing delivery systems to provide rapid kill of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and spores. The disinfectants and sterilants must retain potency when exposed to hard water and soil.
Quaternary ammonium compounds, commonly called “quats,” are known to have antimicrobial activity. As a result of their germicidal properties, quats are commonly used in disinfectants and sanitizers. However, quaternary-based disinfectants are typically considered low-level disinfectants that are ineffective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, bacterial spores, and nonlipid viruses. In particular, high concentrations of quaternary-based disinfectants are unable to provide a complete kill of parvoviruses such as the canine parvovirus, a virus that is debilitating and often fatal in the canine population. Furthermore, quaternary-based disinfectants are typically inactivated by soil and hard water.
Monoaldehydes and dialdehydes are also known to exhibit antimicrobial activity. For example, orthophthalaldehyde (OPA), an aromatic dialdehyde, has been FDA approved for sterilization and high-level disinfection. However, OPA can require up to 32 hours to complete the sterilization process. Since OPA does not provide a 10 minute contact time claim versus certain organisms that are a standard in the disinfection field, OPA has been limited commercially to only being utilized as a cold sterilant. Additionally, OPA's efficacy is limited in the presence of organic soil.
French Patent No. 2,321,300 discloses the process for preparing a bactericidal composition in aqueous solution for use in the food industry. The process involves mixing a solution of at least one monoaldehyde or dialdehyde with a quaternary ammonium compound. The preferred aldehydes are formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, and the preferred quat is alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride.
German Patent No. DE 26 11 957 discloses the use of aldehydes and oligohexamethylene biguanide salts with quats as disinfectants of surfaces. The salts of oligomer hexamethylene biguanides are required to increase the persistence, i.e., residual effect, of the disinfectant. The preferred actives are formaldehyde, glyoxal, glutaraldehyde, and alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,661,523 to Disch, et al. is concerned with the corrosive behavior of the disinfectant solutions disclosed in DE 26 11 957. The corrosion properties of known mixtures of quats and aldehydes is reduced by the addition of at least one phosphonocarboxylic acid and then adjusting the pH to 3.5 to 4.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,282,775 to Stonehill disclose sterilization compositions containing saturated dialdehydes containing two to six carbon atoms and cationic surface agents including quats. The preferred saturated dialdehyde is glutaraldehyde.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,124,359 to Wachman, et al. disclose a sterilant including at least one quaternary ammonium compound, at least one aliphatic dialdehyde having from two to six carbon atoms, and at least one aliphatic hydroxyl compound having from one to eight carbon atoms. Wachman, et al. disclose that certain aromatic dialdehydes such as pyridazine-4,5-dicarbaldehyde may also be used. The use of OPA (or its isomers) is not disclosed. Furthermore, Wachman, et al. require alkanols to improve the solubility of the solutes in the sterilant.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,971,999 to Bruckner, et al. disclose the use of phthalaldehyde as a disinfectant in aqueous solution having a pH between 3 to 9. Bruckner, et al. disclose solutions whereby the use dilution of phthalaldehyde is 0.05% to 0.5% by weight. However, Bruckner, et al. teach that the amount of phthalaldehyde used in a concentrated solution is limited by its solubility in water, which is about 5% by weight. Therefore, compositions with an amount of phthalaldehyde greater than 5% by weight would require the addition of a water-miscible co-solvent.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,936,001 to Block discloses a disinfecting and sterilizing concentrate containing an aromatic dialdehyde in a concentration greater than 5% by weight, a water-miscible solvent, and a pH buffering salt. The preferred aromatic dialdehyde is OPA. Block disclose that the pH buffering salt and water-miscible solvents are required to stabilize concentrated aromatic dialdehyde solutions. Additionally, Block recommends the use of a stabilizer to protect the pH buffering salt from the harmful effects of the water-miscible solvent.
French Patent No. 2,743,982 discloses the combination of aromatic dialdehydes with didecyldimethylammonium chloride as a disinfecting agent.
While many broad-spectrum disinfectants and sterilants are known, there remains a need for cost-effective, disinfectants and sterilants to stop the spread of antibiotic resistant organisms and nosocomial infections. There is also a need for broad-spectrum disinfectants and sterilants that have rapid kill times while being non-corrosive.
The present invention includes antimicrobial compositions having an aromatic dialdehyde and a quaternary ammonium compound wherein the aromatic dialdehyde is orthophthalaldehyde (OPA), isophthalaldehyde, terephthalaldehyde, or combinations thereof, the quaternary ammonium compound is didecyldimethylammonium bicarbonate, didecyldimethylammonium carbonate, or didecyldimethylammonium bicarbonate/carbonate, and the ratio of aromatic dialdehyde to quaternary ammonium compound is from about 1:1.2 to about 1:2.
The aromatic dialdehyde can be present in an amount from about 5% to about 20% by weight of the composition; and the quaternary ammonium compound can be present in an amount from about 6% to about 40% by weight of the composition.
Preferably, the composition is homogeneous and single phase. In a preferred embodiment, the antimicrobial composition can be made in the absence of required solvents, stabilizers, and buffers. In another embodiment, the composition is substantially solvent free. In yet another preferred embodiment, the composition has a flash point greater than 93° C. In yet another preferred embodiment, the antimicrobial composition can be made in the absence of solvents, stabilizers, and buffers.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to an antimicrobial composition including orthophthalaldehyde in an amount from about 2-20% by weight of the composition and a quaternary ammonium compound in an amount from about 2.5-40% by weight of the composition. The quaternary ammonium compound is didecyldimethylammonium bicarbonate, didecyldimethylammonium carbonate, or didecyldimethylammonium bicarbonate/carbonate. The ratio of aromatic dialdehyde to quaternary ammonium compound is from about 1:1.25 to about 1:2. The composition is homogeneous and single phase.
The invention also includes a method of treating a surface by contacting a surface with an effective amount of an antimicrobial composition including an aromatic dialdehyde and a quaternary ammonium compound wherein the aromatic dialdehyde is OPA, isophthalaldehyde, terephthalaldehyde, or combinations thereof, the quaternary ammonium compound is didecyldimethylammonium bicarbonate, didecyldimethylammonium carbonate, or didecyldimethylammonium bicarbonate/carbonate, and the ratio of aromatic dialdehyde to quaternary ammonium compound is from about 1:1.2 to about 1:2.
In one embodiment, the method includes treating the surface for a time sufficient to effect disinfection. The time sufficient to effect disinfection can be at most about 1 minute, in another embodiment at most about 5 minutes, and in yet another embodiment at most about 10 minutes.
The disinfection may take place is the presence of soil, hard water, serum, or combinations thereof.
In another embodiment, the method includes treating the surface for a time sufficient to effect sterilization. The time sufficient to effect sterilization can be significantly reduced. For example, the sterilization time is preferably 16 hours, more preferably 8 hours, and most preferably 4 hours. Preferably, corrosion on the surface is not increased by sterilization.
As a result of present invention, an antimicrobial composition is provided which can be engineered to be used in multiple roles, e.g., as a sterilant or a disinfectant, depending upon the level of dilution of the composition. The antimicrobial composition can function as a high level disinfectant or sterilant that can be used on hard surfaces to rapidly kill pathogenic organisms in the presence of soil, serum, and hard water. In particular, kill times of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are drastically reduced even in the presence of soil.
It has been discovered that the combination of the aromatic dialdehydes and quats of the invention exhibit synergistic behavior with regard to efficacy and speed of kill of microorganisms. For example, the speed of kill of microorganisms by OPA is significantly enhanced. Moreover, the composition of the invention effectively kills Pseudomonas aeruginosa in as little as one minute in the presence of 5% soil and 400 ppm hard water at concentrations in which OPA alone would not be effective, e.g., 1000 ppm.
Another advantage of the present invention is that high concentrations of didecyldimethylammonium bicarbonate/carbonate (DDABC) can be used in the composition without the need for any solvents, stabilizers, or buffers to increase OPA's solubility. When DDABC is used as the quaternary compound in the composition, the solubility of the aromatic dialdehydes greatly increases in aqueous solution. Consequently, highly concentrated disinfectants and sterilants can be formulated without the use of solvents which can be toxic and contribute to Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) entering the atmosphere, without pH adjustment for optimum efficacy, and without additional stabilizers.
Another advantage of the present invention is that the combination of OPA and DDABC inhibits corrosion. Therefore, a solution of OPA and DDABC can safely be used to disinfect and sterilize metal objects including those made of steel, copper, aluminum, zinc, and tin.
The ability to produce a highly concentrated antimicrobial composition greatly diminishes transportation and packaging costs and promotes greater flexibility in the use of existing delivery systems in hospitals, rest homes, restaurants, food plants, and other locations where routine disinfection is practiced.
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further advantages, reference is made to the following detailed description, and its scope will be pointed out in the claims.
The antimicrobial compositions of the invention include an aromatic dialdehyde and a quat. The aromatic dialdehyde is orthophthalaldehyde (OPA), isophthalaldehyde, terephthalaldehyde, or combinations thereof. The structures of the phthalaldehyde isomers are shown below:
The preferred aromatic dialdehyde is OPA.
The quats useful in the invention exhibit antimicrobial properties. A single quat or a blend of quats may be used in the composition. The quats may contain aliphatic and/or aromatic moieties. Additionally, the quats may contain one or more quaternary ammonium groups within a molecule. For example, the quat may be a polyquaternary such as a Gemini surfactant, i.e., a quat containing two quaternary ammonium groups.
Although quaternary ammonium salts are preferred, cationic phosphonium, or sulfonium, or any other positive nonmetallic nuclei may be selected. Silicone quaternary ammonium compounds may also be used.
Examples of quats useful in the invention include, but are not limited to, an alkyldimethylbenzylammonium halide, a didecyldimethylammonium halide, didecyldimethylammonium bicarbonate/carbonate, a benzethonium halide, a cetalkonium halide, cetrimide, a cetrimonium halide, a cetylpyridinium halide, a glycidyltrimethylammonium halide, a stearalkonium halide, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the quat is an alkyldimethylbenzylammonium halide, a didecyldimethylammonium halide, didecyldimethylammonium bicarbonate/carbonate, or combinations thereof. Most preferably, the quat is didecyldimethylammonium bicarbonate, didecyldimethylammonium carbonate, or didecyldimethylammonium bicarbonate/carbonate (DDABC).
The preferred counter ions for the quaternary ammonium salts are halides, especially chloride and bromide, and carbonate/bicarbonate. The most preferred counter ion is carbonate/bicarbonate.
DDABC is sold by Lonza under the tradename Carboquat MW50. DDABC has been found to increase the solubility of OPA in water. As a result, other solvents such as alcohols are not required to make a solution of OPA and DDABC that is homogeneous and single phase. DDABC has also been found to inhibit corrosion on metal surfaces. See Example 4 below.
The optimal ratio of aromatic dialdehyde to quaternary ammonium in the composition depends upon factors such as the specific microorganisms to be targeted, the use of the composition as a disinfectant or a sterilizer, the cost of the composition, and the solubility of the actives. The most preferred ratio of aromatic dialdehyde to quaternary ammonium compound is from about 1:1.2 to about 1:2. For example, if the composition contains 20% OPA and 40% DDABC by weight, then the ratio of aromatic dialdehyde to quaternary ammonium compound is 1:2.
The maximum concentration of the aromatic dialdehyde in the composition is not greater than about 30% by weight of the composition. In another embodiment, the maximum concentration of the aromatic dialdehyde is not greater than about 20% by weight of the composition, preferably not greater than about 10% by weight of the composition. The minimum concentration of the aromatic dialdehyde is not less than about 5% by weight of the composition. A preferred range for the concentration of the aromatic dialdehyde is 5-20% by weight of the composition.
The maximum concentration of quat is preferably not greater than about 60% by weight of the composition; more preferably the maximum concentration of quat is not greater than about 40% by weight of the composition; even more preferably not greater than about 30% by weight of the composition; and most preferably not greater than about 20% by weight of the composition. The minimum concentration of the quat is not less than about 6% by weight of the composition, and preferably not less than about 10% by weight of the composition. A preferred range for the quat is between 6-40% by weight of the composition, more preferably between 10-40% by weight of the composition.
It is to be understood that the instant invention contemplates embodiments in which each minima may be combined with each maxima to create all feasible ranges. For example, a maximum concentration of aromatic dialdehyde of 20% by weight of the composition may be combined with a minimum concentration of aromatic dialdehyde of 5% by weight of the composition to produce a range of between 5-20% of aromatic dialdehyde based upon the weight of the composition.
Antimicrobial compositions according to the invention may contain high concentrations of DDABC and OPA without the addition of solvents, stabilizers, or buffers. For example, a stable composition according to the invention can be made that only contains 40% DDABC, 20% OPA, and 40% water.
Stable compositions of the invention are preferably homogenous and single phase. Therefore, in the preferred ratios and concentrations, OPA and DDABC are dissolved in water. See Example 6 for a table with phase stability of OPA/DDABC formulations.
In the present invention, the term “in the absence of required solvents, stabilizers, and buffers” means that no solvents, stabilizers, or buffers are necessary in the compositions to obtain a stable formula wherein the active ingredients are completely dissolved. For example, a composition prepared in the absence of required solvents, stabilizers, and buffers, may contain up to about 4% propylene glycol as a consequence of one or more of the components but the propylene glycol is not necessary to solubilize the active ingredient.
While the term “in the absence of required solvents, stabilizers, and buffers” means that solvents, stabilizers, and buffers can be used in the composition, one preferred embodiment is a composition which does not include one or more (including all) of a solvent, a stabilizer, or a buffer. One such preferred embodiment is a composition which does not include a solvent irrespective of the presence of a stabilizer or a buffer.
In another preferred embodiment, solvents other than residual quantities are excluded from the composition. The term “residual quantities of solvents” generally refers to a composition containing less than 4% of organic solvents. In this embodiment, the antimicrobial composition has a flash point greater than 93° C.
Solvents in the composition in residual quantities are not present in the composition for solubilizing purposes. For example, in a composition with 3% propylene glycol, 10% OPA, 20% DDABC, and 67% deionized water, the propylene glycol is not required to effect solubility of OPA in water.
In a preferred embodiment, the composition is substantially solvent free. The term “substantially solvent free” refers to compositions with less than 4% of organic solvents and compositions with flash points greater than 93° C. Any residual quantities of solvents in a composition that is substantially solvent free are not present for solubilization purposes.
The antimicrobial concentrate may be diluted to any strength necessary to effect the desired level of antimicrobial activity. For example, the antimicrobial compositions of the present invention can be used as disinfectants or stabilizers based upon the concentration of the active ingredients. The level of dilution depends upon factors such as the specific microorganisms to be targeted, whether the composition will be used on a clean or dirty, i.e., contaminated by soil, serum, etc., surface, the desired kill time, and the level of decontamination required. The level of dilution can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
The compositions according to the invention demonstrate antimicrobial properties. In this specification, antimicrobial properties refer to the ability to destroy and/or resist growth of bacteria, fungi, viruses, spores, algae, yeast, and mold.
Depending upon the concentration of the actives, the compositions of the invention may be classified by the FDA as sterilants, e.g., chemical compounds which destroy all microorganisms including bacterial spores. At lower concentrations, the compositions of the invention may be classified by the EPA as high-level disinfectants, e.g., chemical compounds which destroy all microorganisms, but not necessarily high numbers of bacterial spores.
The antimicrobial composition according to the invention is broad-spectrum, i.e., it is active against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Some examples of Gram positive bacteria include, for example, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, and Staphylococus aureus. Some examples of Gram negative bacteria include, for example, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus vulgaris.
The compositions of the invention have been found to be particularly useful in rapidly destroying Mycobacterium tuberculosis and parvoviruses. The compositions have also been found to exhibit efficacy against Mycobacterium immugenum. See the Examples section below.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating a surface by contacting the surface with an effective amount of an antimicrobial composition of the invention. The surface may be any hard surface that requires treatment with an antimicrobial composition.
Some examples of surfaces include, but are not limited to, hospital floors, walls, tabletops, countertops, bed rails, door knobs, light switches, toilets, and medical equipment such as thermometers, blood pressure cuffs, scissors, scalpels, and endoscopes.
The antimicrobial composition may be in contact with the surface for a sufficient time to effect disinfection or sterilization. Typically, sterilization requires exposure to the antimicrobial composition for a longer time than disinfection does. As discussed above, sterilization also requires a higher concentration of active ingredient than disinfection. The time of contact to effect disinfection or sterilization and the appropriate concentration of active ingredients in the composition can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
For example, the time sufficient to effect disinfection can be at most about 1 minute, in another embodiment at most about 5 minutes, and in yet another embodiment at most about 10 minutes.
The disinfection may take place is the presence of soil, hard water, serum, or combinations thereof.
The time sufficient to effect sterilization, for example, is preferably 16 hours, more preferably 8 hours, and most preferably 4 hours.
Preferably, disinfection and sterilization of a surface using the antimicrobial compositions of the invention does not cause increased corrosion.
The method of treating the surface may also take place in the presence of organic soil, hard water, and serum.
The method of treating may take place at ambient temperature or room temperature. Other operable temperatures can be determined by a person having ordinary skill in the art.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of inhibiting corrosion on a metal surface. The method involves contacting the metal surface with a solution which includes an aromatic dialdehyde and a quaternary ammonium compound. The solution is described above as the antimicrobial composition.
The term “inhibiting corrosion” is used herein to denote the prevention or reduction in the rate of oxidation of a metal surface, generally when the metal is exposed to water or air, or a combination of the two. The oxidation of metal is an electrochemical reaction generally resulting either in a loss of metal from the surface or an accumulation of oxidation products at the surface of the metal. The term “metal” as used herein includes, but is not limited to, steel, cast iron, aluminum, metal alloys, and combinations thereof.
The present invention may be better understood by reference to the following examples. The following examples illustrate the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention or its scope in any manner.
The tests were performed using the ISO-GRID™ membrane filter system (Neogen Corp., Lansing, Mich., USA) according to a slightly modified procedure described in the ISO-GRID™ Methods Manual (3rd Ed.; QA Life Sciences, Inc., San Diego, Calif., USA; 1999). The test results are compiled in Table 1 below.
iOrthophthalaldehyde
iiDidecyldimethylammonium bicarbonate/carbonate
The combination of OPA and DDABC resulted in complete kill of the gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. Neither OPA nor DDABC alone were sufficient to kill all of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
iOrthophthalaldehyde
iiDidecyldimethylammonium bicarbonate/carbonate
iiiDidecyldimethylammonium chloride
ivAlkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride
As demonstrated in Table 2, quats alone are incapable of killing parvovirus, even at levels of 6800 ppm. However, combinations of OPA and DDABC are sufficient to provide complete kill of the parvovirus.
ididecyldimethylammomum bicarbonate/carbonate
iiOrthophthalaldehyde
Mycobacterium bovis, often used as a test substitute for the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is completely killed by the composition of the invention. However, neither OPA, nor DDABC alone was sufficient to provide complete kill.
Corrosion inhibition tests were performed to compare two formulations containing OPA and either didecyldimethylammonium chloride (Lonza's BARDAC 22) or DDABC (Lonza's Carboquat MW50).
Two formulations were prepared in deionized water, one with 0.5% OPA and 0.5% didecyldimethylammonium chloride and another with 0.5% OPA and 0.5% DDABC. The formulations were placed in glass beakers. Both solutions were colorless and clear. Two coupons made of 1010 steel were submerged approximately ⅓ in each solution for 4 hours.
After 4 hours, no corrosion could be seen on the steel coupon submerged in 0.5% OPA and 0.5% DDABC in deionized water. The solution of 0.5% OPA and 0.5% DDABC in deionized water remained colorless and clear. By contrast, corrosion could be seen on the steel coupon submerged in 0.5% OPA and 0.5% didecyldimethylammonium chloride, and the resulting solution of 0.5% OPA and 0.5% didecyldimethylammonium chloride was yellow. The yellow color indicated that iron was dissolved in the water.
A solution of DDABC and OPA prevents corrosion compared to a solution of didecyldimethylammonium chloride and OPA.
An endoscope is placed in a solution of 20% OPA and 40% DDABC in deionized water. The endoscope is fully submerged for 16 hours at room temperature. The endoscope is sterile and ready for use after it is removed from the solution.
Phase stability of OPA/DDABC formulations at high OPA concentrations were demonstrated. Mixtures of OPA and DDABC were prepared in water at the indicated concentrations and phase stability monitored.
Formulations with the following percentages of OPA and DDABC, respectively, showed solubility at 20° C. and 40° C.: (2%, 2.5%), (3%, 4%), (5%, 10%), (10%, 15%), (15%, 20%), and (20%, 40%). The concentrations of OPA to DDABC for these formulations are as follows: (1:1.25), (1:1.33), (1:2), (1:1.5), (1:1.33), and (1:2).
Therefore, the formulations were homogeneous and single phase when OPA was present in amounts from about 2-20% and DDABC was present in amounts from about 2.5-40%; and the concentrations of OPA to DDABC were from about 1:1.25 to about 1:2.
Thus, while there have been described what are presently believed to be the preferred embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art will appreciate other and further changes and modifications thereto, and it is intended to include such other changes as come with the scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/367,592 filed Feb. 9, 2009, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/027,890, filed Feb. 12, 2008. Both applications are incorporated herein by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 61027890 | Feb 2008 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 12367592 | Feb 2009 | US |
| Child | 12856312 | US |
