The present invention relates generally to tightly coupled antenna elements, and more particularly but not exclusively to antenna arrays, including a broadband single or dual polarized, tightly coupled dipole arrays.
Wideband antenna arrays with radiating antenna elements that are capable of wide-angle electronic scanning are important components of many current and future microwave and millimeter-wave systems. Electronic scanning removes the need for bulky gimbals or other hardware used to point the antennas. Electronic scanning can be faster than mechanical scanning. It also allows multiple transmission and/or reception antenna beams from a single aperture to be positioned at different locations over a broad field of view, depending on the beamforming circuits or networks behind the antenna, in a way that parabolic reflector antenna systems or other gimbaled antennas cannot. There are several radiating-element designs that can be used to create two-dimensional antenna apertures such as dielectrically loaded/unloaded waveguides, slots, cavity/non-cavity backed patches and single or stacked patches. Wideband radiating antenna elements could enable either continuous coverage of a broad range of frequencies or multiple frequency bands to be covered with a single antenna aperture, depending on the application. This can reduce the number of antenna apertures required in space-constrained systems, which can be limiting based on the real estate available on some platforms that require these antennas (e.g., unmanned aerial systems, or mobile devices). Frequency independent antennas, such as spiral or sinuous antennas, have been known since the 1950's; however, the electrical size of these antennas make them too large to operate in phased arrays without causing grating lobes. Furthermore, interwoven tightly coupled spiral arrays possesses polarization purity issues across their usable frequency range. The length and width of each antenna element unit cell within the array must be close to half of the wavelength of the highest frequency of operation for scan angles approaching +/−60 degrees, although some element designs can be as small as a quarter of a wavelength at the upper end of the frequency range of operation. For less severe scan angles, the antenna element spacing may be larger, perhaps approaching about one wavelength in size. Several previous efforts have been made to create wideband phased arrays antennas, including theoretical papers that describe infinite current sheets, how to impedance match them and how they might be employed. More recently, renewed efforts have been made with improvements in microwave electronics. Prominently among these are the current sheet antenna developed by Munk and commercialized by Harris Corporation based on insights gained through work with frequency selective surfaces. The current invention describes antenna elements capable of wideband operation in electronically scanned phased array antennas that can be scanned to large angles from broadside. These antenna elements eliminate the need for a differential feed, do not require a balun below the ground plane and can be fabricated using advanced manufacturing and assembly methods that will allow them to operate at frequencies beyond those commonly addressed by traditional wideband antenna arrays (at frequencies beyond 20 GHz) made exclusively using circuit board technologies or through assemblies of small components. Another example of a wideband antenna element is the Vivaldi flared-notch antenna, such as one developed by Kindt and Pickles. While bandwidths of 12:1 can be achieved, these antennas suffer from high cross-polarized energy levels in the 45-degree scan plane and typically stand two to three wavelengths tall at the highest frequency of operation. The applications for such antennas include radar, communications, sensors, electronic warfare and antenna systems that perform more than one of these functions.
In one of its aspects the present invention may provide a broadband dual polarized, tightly coupled dipole antenna elements and arrays, which may be monolithically fabricated via PolyStrata® processing/technology. Examples of PolyStrata® processing/technology are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,948,335, 7,405,638, 7,148,772, 7,012,489, 7,649,432, 7,656,256, 7,755,174, 7,898,356 and/or U.S. Application Pub. Nos. 2010/0109819, 2011/0210807, 2010/0296252, 2011/0273241, 2011/0123783, 2011/0181376, 2011/0181377, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety (hereinafter the “incorporated Poly Strata® art”). As used herein, the term “PolyStrata” is used in conjunction with the structures made by, or methods detailed in, any of the incorporated PolyStrata® art. Methods and devices of the present invention may provide antenna arrays, including arrays of frequency-scaled broadband elements, that include a feed section having feed posts that are freestanding in a non-solid medium, such as air or a vacuum, and which can be configured and constructed via the PolyStrata® technology to have a shape that permits impedance matching as well as control of capacitive coupling. (As used herein the term “freestanding” is defined to mean structures that are capable of being self-supporting in a non-solid medium, such as air, a vacuum, or liquid, but it is contemplated that such freestanding structures may optionally be embedded in a solid material, though such solid material is not required to support such freestanding structures.) For example, designs of feed sections of the present invention and fabrication via PolyStrata® technology can effect precision control of the geometry of the feed section in order to specify the impedances along the length of the feed section, as well as match the input impedance of the active antenna element to that of the impedance of a feed circuit driving the feed section. In addition, control of spacing between elements of the feed sections helps to tightly control the impedance in the gaps provided by the spacing, and thus capacitive coupling in such locations.
In another of its aspects, the present invention may provide radiator sections in electrical communication with the feed sections to provide antenna elements and arrays, the radiator sections configured for emitting and/or receiving electromagnetic radiation of a selected wavelength. The radiator sections may comprise a generally planar dielectric material patterned with conductive radiator elements and conductive ground elements, such as a printed circuit board. The conductive radiator and ground elements may be configured to distribute capacitance along the length of the radiator element towards the feed connections. In a further of its aspects, the present invention may provide radiator sections that are built as metallic multilayer structures using the PolyStrata® technology, and such radiator sections may be fabricated monolithically with the feed sections or as separate radiator caps which may be subsequently joined to the feed sections.
In yet another of its aspects, the present invention may provide antenna elements and arrays of such elements which are structured to be assembled in egg-crate type fashion. For example, the parts may have generally planar shapes which may be slid together into one another to provide a three-dimensional array. In this regard, slots may be provided in each of the parts, and the parts assembled by sliding respective slots together.
In a further of its aspects, the present invention may provide methods of forming larger arrays of antenna elements from smaller arrays. This can be useful because of manufacturing limitations that necessitate large antenna apertures to be built from arrays of smaller arrays (or subarrays) or because arrays may need to be faceted across non-planar surfaces, such as on an aircraft wing. For these arrays to operate as intended, electrical continuity across these adjacent subarrays must be preserved in a way that preserves antenna performance.
The foregoing summary and the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the present invention may be further understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings, in which:
Referring now to the figures, wherein like elements are numbered alike throughout,
The feed section 120 may be optimized to provide impedance matching at the single ended feed end 123. Specifically, the capacitance/inductance (impedance “Z”) may be adjusted (increased/decreased) along the length of the feed section 120 to optimize performance,
The input impedance, Zin, of the feed posts 122, 124, connected to the radiator section 140, may be matched over the frequency range of interest to the characteristic impedance of the feed circuit by creating different impedance sub-sections Z1-Z4 of the feed posts 122, 124. The geometry shown in
Returning to
The radiator section 140 may also include a dielectric superstrate 170, which may have an aperture 172 disposed therein, which may be attached to the radiator board 150 via a bond film 160. The aperture 172 in the superstrate 170 may assist in decreasing the effective dielectric constant of 170 and may be positioned at a location over the radiator board 150 at which the conductive radiator elements 152 are not disposed. The usefulness of the apertures 172 may be better appreciated when the antenna elements 100 are utilized to form an array 300, such as a tightly coupled dipole array, as illustrated in
In a further aspect of the present invention, the radiator section 240, like the feed section 220 and ground plane 210, may be built by a multilayer process, such as the Poly Strata® process, and may be formed monolithically together with the feed section 220,
A dual polarized, tightly coupled dipole 4×4 array 250 of antenna elements 200 may be provided with apertures 272 disposed within the superstrate 270,
In yet another of its aspects, the present invention may provide a subarray 400 built by a multilayer process (e.g., PolyStrata® technology) from a conductive material, such as a metal, in which one or more of the ground plane 410, feed section 420 (including feed posts 422, 424) and radiator section 440 are built by a multilayer process, and in which the radiator section 440 comprising radiating elements 452, 453. A non-continuous dielectric matching layer 470 may be fabricated separately from the feed section 420 and installed on the radiating elements 452, 453,
The antenna elements 100, 200, 500 and arrays 250, 300 that may be formed therefrom do not require a balun or impedance transformer. The antenna elements 100, 200, 500 may be fed by a single 50-Ohm port for the V-polarization and H-polarization. The antenna elements 100, 200, 500 and arrays 250, 300 may be fabricated using the PolyStrata® process with +/−2 μm tolerances in all three axes, which is far better than what is required at 83 GHz, and better than other fabrication methods such as 3-d printing (20-micron tolerance for high-end systems) and machining (12-micron tolerance).
In yet another of its aspects, the present invention may provide particular structures for realizing an egg-crate approach 1400 for assembling antenna elements in accordance with the present invention,
In addition to using the egg-crate type approach for the feed structures and ground planes of
The cards 701, 702 may have respective mating slot 733, 737 configured for insertion into one another, so the cards 701, 702 may be joined to one another as indicated in
In still a further example of an antenna array in accordance with the present invention,
The cards 810, 820, 910, 920 may include respective radiator sections 812, 822, 912, 922 and may include respective ground sections 814, 824, 914, 924,
A difference between the arrays 800, 900 relates to differences in the shapes of the ground posts at the periphery of the array. In the antenna array 800, the ground posts 815 extend beyond the edge of the ground planes 830 and the electronic component cards 840, whereas in the antenna array 900 ground posts 917 disposed around the periphery of the array 900 are flat slats that fit within the shadow of the array 900 and do not extend over the edges of the ground planes 930. Although not illustrated by a figure, if the ground sections 814, 824, 830 conform to the share of the ground posts 815 in the plane perpendicular to the ground posts, it is possible for adjacent antenna arrays 800 to be inserted or removed in any order into a larger array, while the array shown in
When connecting two or more antenna arrays 800, 900 to create a larger array, a sealing material may be desired between the edges of the arrays proximate their respective ground plane tiles 830, 930. For example,
In yet another inventive aspect of the present invention, monolithically formed multilayer arrays of the types shown in
These and other advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing specification. Accordingly, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that changes or modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments without departing from the broad inventive concepts of the invention. It should therefore be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described herein, but is intended to include all changes and modifications that are within the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth in the claims.
This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 62/522,258 filed on Jun. 20, 2017 and 62/614,636 filed on Jan. 8, 2018, the entire contents of which application(s) are incorporated herein by reference.
This invention was made with government support under contract number N00014-14-C-0134 awarded by the Office of Naval Research, contract numbers NNX14AI04A and NNX16CG11C awarded by NASA, and contract number FA9453-17-P-0403 awarded by the Air Force Research Laboratory. The government has certain rights in the invention.
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Number | Date | Country | |
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20210203085 A1 | Jul 2021 | US |
Number | Date | Country | |
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62614636 | Jan 2018 | US | |
62522258 | Jun 2017 | US |