The present invention relates to antennas using a self-complementary antenna structure and more particularly using a few dielectric slabs for obtaining a broadband array antenna.
Self-complementary antennas are basic prototypes of frequency independent antennas. They exist both as single antenna elements and antenna arrays. It is well known that planar self-complementary antennas have a constant impedance of Z0/2=188.5 Ω, i.e., half the intrinsic impedance of space. Since the planar self-complementary antenna array radiates both up and down, i.e., bidirectional, the effect of inserting a backing ground plane is devastating [1]. The effects of the ground plane can be reduced by radar absorbing material between the antenna elements and the ground plane. This gives a broadband array at the expense of half the power is absorbed in the radar absorbing material. In this paper, it is shown that stacking of dielectric slabs above planar self-complementary antenna elements can reduce the degrading effect of the ground plane and hence be used to design ultra-wideband antennas. The dielectric slabs act as filters and transform the impedance seen by the antenna elements. The slabs are chosen to be of equal optical thickness, and, hence, resembling the use of quarter-wave length transformers in broadband matching [2]. Numerical results are presented for the infinite antenna array with broadside bandwidths of 4.7:1 at −13 dB and of 5.5:1 at −17 dB for the cases of two and three dielectric slabs, respectively.
The use of dielectric slabs to improve antenna performance is not new. A dielectric slab can be used for wide-angle impedance matching of planar arrays as shown in [3]. In [2], it has also been shown that dielectric slabs can be used to improve the bandwidth of an array composed of closely spaced dipoles.
A thin dielectric slab (‘dielectric under-ware’) is used as an environmental protection of the patch array. It is observed that the thin dielectric slab hardly changes the impedance at all. Due to the constant impedance character of the complementary array, the effect of a ground plane is profound. The effect of changing the ground-plane distance is mainly a rotation and stretching of the impedance in the Smith chart, i.e., a frequency scaling. A wide band antenna array comprising patch elements and a ground plane, in which the array constitutes an infinite self-complimentary structure providing large bandwidth and utilizes dielectric slabs above the antenna elements whereby the dielectric slabs will match the impedance of the antenna elements to free space. In a typical embodiment at least three slabs are used, whereby each slab adds a loop to the input impedance as can be seen visualized in a Smith chart.
The invention, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by making reference to the following description taken together with the accompanying drawings, in which:
a illustrates the array geometry in a top view where thr infinite array consists of a periodic repetition of square perfectly electric conductor (PEC) patches at the corners;
b illustrates a side view where dielectric slabs with optical thickness d are stacked above the patches;
a the patch array as the dot in the centre, patch array together with the environmental protection as the short arc leaving the centre, the ground plane transforms impedance to rotate around Z0/2;
b with impedance normalized to 175 Ω for the single dielectric slab with ε1=4 giving a −10 dB bandwidth of 4:1;
c with impedance normalized to 120 Ω for the two dielectric slabs case with d=8 mm, ε1=7 and ε2=3 giving a −13 dB bandwidth of 4.7:1;
d with impedance normalized to 120 Ω for the three dielectric slabs case with d=8 mm, ε1=7.2 and ε2=3.4 and ε3=1.8 giving a −17 dB bandwidth of 5.5:1;
a illustrates simulated reflection coefficients normalized to 120 Ω for the two slab case for the scan angles of 30°, 45°, and 60° for H-plane;
b illustrates simulated reflection coefficients normalized to 120 Ω for the two slab case for the scan angles of 30°, 45°, and 60° for E-plane;
a illustrates simulated reflection coefficients normalized to 120 Ω for the three slab case for the scan angles of 30°, 45°, and 60° for H-plane;
b illustrates simulated reflection coefficients normalized to 120 Ω for the three slab case for the scan angles of 30°, 45°, and 60° for E-plane;
a illustrates a parametric study of the patch with two dielectric slabs when impedance is simulated and normalized to 120 Ω and variation of the patch width for a fixed ground plane distance d=10 mm and fixed dielectric slabs;
b illustrates a parametric study of the patch with two dielectric slabs when impedance is simulated and normalized to 120 Ω and variation of the ground plane distance d and slab thickness for fixed patch width of a=4.8 mm.
In this paper, we consider an infinite antenna array consisting of PEC patches as depicted in
A thin dielectric slab (‘dielectric under-ware’ [2]) is used as an environmental protection of the patch array. From the results in
We now consider the patch array together with its environmental protection as fixed and improve the bandwidth by placing dielectric slabs above the elements. The transformation properties of the thin slab are minimal [2]. The dielectric slabs act as a filter matching the antenna for a range of frequencies f1•f•fu. The upper frequency fu is limited by the onset of grating lobes and the destructive interference from a ground plane at half a wavelength distance. In analogy with quarter-wave transformers in broadband matching, the ground plane distance and the slabs are chosen to be of equal optical thickness, i.e., a slab thickness of d/{square root}εi is used [2]. The case with a single dielectric slab is easily analyzed with a parametric study. The result with a single dielectric slab is seen in
It is reasonable that the bandwidth can be improved by stacking more dielectric slabs above the patch array. As the number of slabs increases, the parametric study gets more involved. The effect of stacking several dielectric slabs above the patch array can be analyzed with a global optimization algorithm, e.g., the Genetic Algorithm [6]. However, empirical studies have showed that the permittivities can be chosen from a parametric study of a set of slabs generated by a constant reflection coefficient between two slabs, i.e., εi=εi+1(1+ρ)2/(1−ρ)2 for i=1, . . . , N where N is the number of slabs (here N=2 or N=3) and εN+1=1. The parametric study (or line search) in ρ gives good initial values of the permittivities. These values are easily improved by the use of a parametric study.
The −10 dB bandwidth increases to 5.8:1 and 7.1:1 for two and three dielectric slabs, respectively. The loops are centred in the Smith chart with a normalization of 120 Ωas seen in
The magnitude of the reflection coefficient ═⊕═ is used to illustrate the behaviour versus the scan angle. The effects of increasing scan angles are shown in
In this paper it has been shown that infinite self-complementary antenna arrays above a ground plane together with dielectric slabs above the antenna elements can be used to design broadband antennas. The dielectric slabs match the impedance of the antenna elements to free space. It is shown that, at least for the three first slabs, each slab adds one loop to the input impedance in the Smith chart. Moreover, the radius of the loops reduces with increasing number of slabs, and hence reducing the reflection coefficient over a large bandwidth. It is interesting to observe that the circular loop pattern gives an almost constant reflection factor over the matched frequencies. The presented results based on an infinite antenna and a simple feed model indicates that dielectric slabs are useful in the design of broadband arrays based on self-complementary structures. When realizing as antenna design it is of course necessary to improve the model of the feeding network, analyze finite arrays, and obtain experimental verification. It is interesting to compare the performance of the self-complementary array presented here with results for arrays composed of closely spaced wire dipoles presented in [2]. In free space, the dipole array is broad band but not frequency independent as the self-complementary array. This is utilized in the dipole case by carefully balancing the reactive effects between the dipoles and the ground plane, and hence increasing the bandwidth [2].
Number | Date | Country | |
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60572774 | May 2004 | US |