Patent Application
20060038732
This invention relates generally to radio frequency (RF) circuits and more particularly to RF feed circuits for notch radiator antenna elements.
In communication systems, radar, direction finding and other broadband multifunction systems, having limited aperture space, it is often desirable to efficiently couple a radio frequency transmitter and receiver to an antenna having an array of broadband radiator elements.
Conventional known broadband phased array radiators generally suffer from significant polarization degradation at large scan angles in the diagonal scan planes. This limitation can force a polarization weighting network to heavily weight a single polarization. This weighting results in the transmit array having poor antenna radiation efficiency because the unweighted polarization signal must supply most of the antenna Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of the transmitted signal.
Conventional broadband phased array radiators generally use a simple, but asymmetrical feed or similar arrangement. Since a conventional broadband radiator is capable of supporting a relatively large set of higher-order propagation modes, the feed region acts as the launcher for these high-order propagation mode signals. The feed is essentially the mode selector or filter. When the feed incorporates asymmetry in the orientation of launched fields or the physical symmetry of the feed region, higher-order modes are excited. Those modes then propagate to the aperture. The higher-order modes cause problems in the radiator performance. Since higher-order modes propagate at differing phase velocities, the field at the aperture is the superposition of multiply excited modes. The result is sharp deviations from uniform magnitude and phase in the unit cell fields. The fundamental mode aperture excitation is relatively simple, usually resulting from the TE01 mode, with a cosine distribution in the E-plane and uniform field in the H-plane. Significant deviations from the fundamental mode result from the excited higher-order modes, and the higher order modes are responsible for the radiating element's resonance and scan blindness.
Another effect produced by the presence of higher-order mode propagation in the asymmetrically-fed wideband radiator is cross-polarization. Particularly in the diagonal planes, many higher-order modes include an asymmetry that excites the cross-polarized field. The cross-polarized field is in turn responsible for an unbalanced weighting in the antenna's polarization weighting network, which can be responsible for low array transmit power efficiency.
There is a need for broadband radiating elements used in phased array antennas for communications, radar and electronic warfare systems with reduced numbers of apertures required for multiple applications. In these applications, minimum bandwidths of 3:1 are required, but 10:1 bandwidths or greater are desired. The radiating element must be capable of transmitting and receiving vertical and/or horizontal linear polarization, right-hand and/or left-hand circular polarization or a combination of each depending on the application and the number of radiating beams required. It is desireable for the foot print of the radiator to be as small as possible and to fit within the unit cell of the array to reduce the radiator profile, weight and cost.
Prior attempts to provide broadband radiators have used bulky radiators and feed structures without co-located (coincident) radiation pattern phase centers. The conventional radiators also typically have relatively poor cross-polarization isolation characteristics in the diagonal planes.
In an attempt to solve these problems, a conventional quad-notch type radiator having a shape approximately one half the typical size of a full sized notch radiator (0.2λL vs 0.4λL, where λL is the wavelength for the low frequency) has been adapted to include four separate radiators within a unit cell. This arrangement allows for a virtual co-located phase center for each unit cell, but requires a relatively complicated feed structure.
The typical quad-notch radiator requires a separate feed/balun for each of the four radiators within the unit cell plus another set of feed networks to combine the pair of radiators used for each polarization. Previously fabricated notch radiators used microstrip or stripline circuits feeding a slotline for the RF signal input and output of the radiating element. Unfortunately these conventional types of feed structures allow multiple signal propagation modes to be generated within each unit cell area causing a reduction in the cross polarization isolation levels, especially in the diagonal planes.
In accordance with the present invention, a feed circuit includes a first slotline circuit and a second slotline circuit disposed such that it is orthogonal to the first slotline circuit and at least a portion of a centerline region of the first slotline circuit and at least a portion of a centerline region of the second slotline circuit are substantially aligned such that at least a portion of the first and second slotline circuits share a common centerline.
With this particular arrangement, a dual polarized slotline feed circuit is provided. By providing the feed circuit from two orthogonally disposed slotline feed circuits, the feed circuit can support dual polarizations over a frequency bandwidth which is relativley wide compared with the frequency bandwidth of other types of feed circuits. Also, by providing the first and second feed circuits having common centerline portions, a slotline feed circuit having coincident phase-centers for each polarization is provided. This allows the feed circuit to efficiently feed antenna elements, such as cross-notch radiator elements, which are orthogonal to each other and which share a coincident phase-center. Also, by angling or bending a portion of one of the feed circuits with respect to the common centerline portion, feed circuit input lines can be physically separated from each other. This allows the slotline circuits to be fed independently of each other. In one embodiment, one of the slotline feed circuits includes both first and second bends which allows the input port of each of the slotline feed circuit to be placed in a desired located relative to the input port of the other slotline feed circuit. Also, by utilizing a bend in at least one of the first and second slotline feed circuits, a relatively simple dual polarized feed circuit is provided.
By providing the feed circuit from slotline feed circuits, the mechanical structure of the feed is such that it is relatively easily to attached the feed to double-Y baluns which are designed to utilize opposing boundary conditions in order operate over a wide bandwidth. Thus, in one embodiment, the slotline feed circuits each utilize a double Y balun.
In one embodiment, the slotline feed circuits are provided from printed circuit boards (PCBs) and a first one of the slotline feed circuit PCBs is provided with an opening (or slot) having a width selected to accept the width of a second one of the slotline feed circuit PCBs. Thus, the second slotline feed circuit PCB is inserted into the slot of the first slotline feed circuit PCB. The PCBS are arranged such that at least a portion of a centerline region of the first slotline circuit and at least a portion of a centerline region of the second slotline circuit are substantially aligned and at least a portion of the first and second slotline circuits share a common centerline. The first slotline feed circuit PCB is provided having at least one bend which physically separates the input ports of each of the slotline feed circuits. In some embodiments, the first slotline feed circuit PCB can be provided having two or more bends as needed to located the feed circuit input port in a desired location.
The foregoing features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, may be more fully understood from the following description of the drawings in which:
Before describing the antenna system of the present invention, it should be noted that reference is sometimes made herein to an array antenna having a particular array shape (e.g. a planar array). One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate of course that the techniques described herein are applicable to various sizes and shapes of array antennas. It should thus be noted that although the description provided herein below describes the inventive concepts in the context of a rectangular array antenna, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the concepts equally apply to other sizes and shapes of array antennas including, but not limited to, arbitrary shaped planar array antennas as well as cylindrical, conical, spherical and arbitrary shaped conformal array antennas.
Reference is also sometimes made herein to the array antenna including a radiating element of a particular size and shape. For example, one type of radiating element is a so-called notch element having a tapered shape and a size compatible with operation over a particular frequency range (e.g. 2-18 GHz). Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize, of course that other shapes of antenna elements may also be used and that the size of one or more radiating elements may be selected for operation over any frequency range in the RF frequency range (e.g. any frequency in the range from below 1 GHz to above 50 GHz).
Also, reference is sometimes made herein to generation of an antenna beam having a particular shape or beamwidth. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, of course, that antenna beams having other shapes and widths may also be used and may be provided using known techniques such as by inclusion of amplitude and phase adjustment circuits into appropriate locations in an antenna feed circuit.
Referring now to
Taking a unit cell 14a as representative of each of the unit cells 14, unit cell 14a is provided from four fin-shaped members 16a, 16b, 18a, 18b each of which is shaded in
As can be seen in
By disposing the members 16a, 16b orthogonal to members 18a, 18b in each unit cell, each unit cell is responsive to orthogonally directed electric field polarizations. That is, by disposing one set of members (e.g. members 16a, 16b) in one polarization direction and disposing a second set of members (e.g. members 18a, 18b) in the orthogonal polarization direction, an antenna which is responsive to signals having any polarization is provided.
In this particular example, the unit cells 14 are disposed in a regular pattern which here corresponds to a rectangular grid pattern. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate, of course, that the unit cells 14 need not all be disposed in a regular pattern. In some applications, it may be desirable or necessary to dispose the unit cells 14 in such a way that the orthogonal elements 16a, 16b, 18a, 18b of each individual unit cell are not aligned between every unit cell 14. Thus, although shown as a rectangular lattice of unit cells 14, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, that the antenna 10 could include but is not limited to a square or triangular lattice of unit cells 14 and that each of the unit cells can be rotated at different angles with respect to the lattice pattern.
In one embodiment, to facilitate the manufacturing process, at least some of the fin-shaped members 16a and 16b can be manufactured as “back-to-back” fin-shaped members as illustrated by member 22. Likewise, the fin-shaped members 18a and 18b can also be manufactured as “back-to-back” the fin shaped members as illustrated by member 23. Thus, as can be seen in unit cells 14k and 14k′, each half of a back-to-back fin-shaped member forms a portion of two different notch elements.
The plurality of fins 16a, 16b (generally referred to as fins 16) form a first grid pattern and the plurality of fins 18a, 18b (generally referred to as fins 18) form a second grid pattern. As mentioned above, in the embodiment of
The fins 16a, 16b and 18a, 18b of each radiator element 14 form a tapered slot from which RF signals are launched for each unit cell 14 when fed by a balanced symmetrical feed circuit (described in detail in conjunction with
By utilizing symmetric back-to-back fin-shaped members 16, 18 and a balanced feed, each unit cell 14 is symmetric. The phase center for each polarization is concentric within each unit cell. This allows the antenna 10 to be provided as a symmetric antenna.
This is in contrast to prior art notch antennas in which phase centers for each polarization are slightly displaced.
It should be noted that reference is sometimes made herein to antenna 10 transmitting signals. However, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that antenna 10 is equally well adapted to receive signals. As with a conventional antenna, the phase relationship between the various signals is maintained by the system in which the antenna is used.
In one embodiment, the fins 16, 18 are provided from an electrically conductive material. In one embodiment, the fins 16, 18 are provided from solid metal. In some embodiments, the metal can be plated to provide a plurality of plated metal fins. In an alternate embodiment, the fins 16, 18 are provided from a nonconductive material having a conductive material disposed thereover. Thus, the fin structures 16, 18 can be provided from either a plastic material or a dielectric material having a metalized layer disposed thereover.
In operation, RF signals are fed to each unit cell 14 by the balanced symmetrical feed 19. The RF signal radiates from the unit cells 14 and forms a beam, the boresight of which is orthogonal to cavity plate 12 in a direction away from cavity plate 12. The pair of fins 16, 18 can be thought of as two halves making up a dipole. Thus, the signals fed to each substrate are ordinarily 180° out of phase. The radiated signals from antenna 10 exhibit a high degree of polarization purity and have greater signal power levels which approach the theoretical limits of antenna gain.
In one embodiment, the notch element taper of each transition section of tapered slot formed by the fins 16a, 16b is described as a series of points in a two-dimensional plane as shown in tabular form in Table I.
It should be appreciated, of course that the size and shape of the fin-shaped elements 16, 18 (or conversely, the size of the slot formed by the fin-shaped elements 16, 18) can be selected in accordance with a variety of factors including but not limited to the desired operating frequency range. In general, however, a fin-shaped member which is relatively short with relatively fast opening rate provides a higher degree of cross-polarization isolation at relatively wide scan angles compared with the degree of cross-polarization isolation provided from a fin-shaped member which is relatively long. It should be appreciated, however that if the fin-shaped member is too short, low frequency H-plane performance can be degraded.
Also, a relatively long fin-shaped element (with any opening rate) can result in an antenna characteristic having VSWR ripple and relatively poor cross-polarization performance.
The antenna 10 also includes a matching sheet 30 disposed over the elements 14. It should be understood that in
The matching sheet 30 has first and second surfaces 30a, 30b with surface 30b preferably disposed close to but not necessarily touching the fin-shaped elements 16, 18. From a structural perspective, it may be preferred to having the matching sheet 30 physically touch the fin-shaped members. Thus, the precise spacing of the second surface 30b from the fin-shaped members can be used as a design parameter selected to provide a desired antenna performance characteristic or to provide the antenna having a desired structural characteristic.
The thickness, relative dielectric constant and loss characteristics of the matching sheet can be selected to provide the antenna 10 having desired electrical characteristics. In one embodiment, the matching sheet 30 is provided as a sheet of commercially available PPFT (i.e. Teflon) having a thickness of about 50 mils.
Although the matching sheet 30 is here shown as a single layer structure, in alternate embodiments, it may be desirable to provide the matching sheet 30 as multiple layer structure. It may be desirable to use multiple layers for structural or electrical reasons. For example, a relatively stiff layer can be added for structural support. Or, layers having different relative dielectric constants can be combined to such that the matching sheet 30 is provided having a particular electrical impedance characteristic.
In one application, it may be desirable to utilize multiple layers to provide the matching sheet 30 as an integrated radome/matching structure 30.
It should thus be appreciated that making fins shorter improves the cross-polarization isolation characteristic of the antenna. It should also be appreciated that using a radome or wide angle matching (WAIM) sheet (e.g. matching sheet 30) enables the use of even shorter fins which further improves the cross-polarization isolation since the radome/matching sheet makes the fins appear electrically longer.
Referring now to
The balanced symmetrical feed 108 includes a dielectric 110 having a cavity 116 with the dielectric having internal surfaces 118a and external surfaces 118b. A metalization layer 114c is disposed on the internal surface 118a and a metalization layer 120c is disposed on the external surface 118b. In a similar manner, a metalization layer 114d is disposed on the internal surface 118a and a metalization layer 120d is disposed on the external surface 118b. It should be appreciated by one of skill in the art that the metalization layer 114c (also referred to as feed line or RF feed line 114c) and the metalization layer 120c (also referred to as ground plane 120c) interact as microstrip circuitry 140a wherein the ground plane 120c provides the ground circuitry and the feed line 114c provides the signal circuitry for the microstrip circuitry 140a. Furthermore, the metalization layer 114d (also referred to as feed line or RF feed line 114d) and the metalization layer 120d (also referred to as ground plane 120d) interact as microstrip circuitry 140b wherein the ground plane 120d provides the ground circuitry and the feed line 114d provides the signal circuitry for the microstrip circuitry 140b.
The balanced symmetrical feed 108 further includes a balanced-unbalanced (balun) feed 136 having an RF signal line 138 and first RF signal output line 132 and a second RF signal output line 134. The first RF signal output line 132 is coupled to the feed line 114c and the second RF signal output line 134 is coupled to the feed line 114d. It should be appreciated two 180° baluns 136 are required for the unit cell similar to unit cell 14, one balun to feed the radiator elements for each polarization. Only one balun 136 is shown for clarity. The baluns 136 are required for proper operation of the radiator element 100 and provide simultaneous dual polarized signals at the output ports with relatively good isolation. The baluns 136 can be provided as part of the balanced symmetrical feed 108 or as separate components, depending on the power handling and mission requirements. A first signal output of the balun 136 is connected to the feed line 114c and the second RF signal output of the balun 136 is connected to the feed line 114d, and the signals propagate along the microstrip circuitry 140a and 140b, respectively, and meet at signal null point 154 with a phase relationship 180 degrees out of phase as described further herein after. It should be noted that substrate 104c includes a feed surface 106c and substrate 104d includes a feed surface 106d that is diposed along metalization layer 120c and 120d, respectively.
The radiator element 100 provides a co-located (coincident) radiation pattern phase center for each polarization signal being transmitted or received. The radiator element 100 provides cross polarization isolation levels in the principal plane and in the diagonal planes to allow scanning beams out to 60°.
In operation, RF signals are fed differentially from the balun 136 to the signal output line 132 and the signal output line 134, here at a phase difference of 180 degrees. The RF signals are coupled to microstrip circuitry 140a and 140b, respectively and propagate along the microstrip circuitry meeting at signal null point 154 at a phase difference of 180 degrees where the signals are destructively combined to zero at the feed point. The RF signals propagating along the microstrip circuitry 140a and 140b are coupled to the slot 141 and radiate or “are launched” from transition sections 105c and 105d. These signals form a beam, the boresight of which is orthogonal to the cavity plate 12 in the direction away from the cavity 116. The RF signal line 138 is coupled to receive and transmit circuits as is know in the art using a circulator (not shown) or a transmit/receive switch (not shown).
Field lines 142, 144, 146 illustrate the electric field geometry for radiator element 100. In the region around metalization layer 120c, the electric field lines 150 extend from the metalization layer 120c to the feed line 114c. In the region around metalization layer 120d the electric field lines 152 extend from the feed line 114d to the metalization layer 120d. In the region around feed surface 106c, the electric field lines 148 extend from the metalization layer 120c to the feed line 114c. In the region around feed surface 106d, the electric field lines 149 extend from the feed line 114d to the metalization layer 120d. At a field point 154 (also referred to as a signal null point 154), the electric field lines 148 and 149 from the feed lines 114c and 114d substantially cancel each other forming the signal null point 154. The arrangement of feed lines 114c and 114d and transition sections 105c and 105d reduce the excitation of asymmetric modes which increase loss mismatch and cross polarization. Here, the launched TEM modes shown as electric field lines 142 are transformed through intermediate electric field lines 144 having Floquet modes shown as field lines 146. Received signals initially having Floquet modes collapse into balanced TEM modes.
The pair of substrates 104c and 104d and corresponding transition sections 105c and 105d can be thought of as two halves making up a dipole. Thus, the signals on feed lines 114c and 114d will ordinarily be 180° out of phase. Likewise, the signals on each of the feed lines of the orthogonal transitions (not shown) forming the unit cell similar to the unit cell 14 (
In an alternative embodiment, the metalization layer 120c and 120d along the feed surface 106c and 106d, respectively, can be omitted with the metalization layer 120c connected to the feed surface 106c where they intersect and the metalization layer 120d connected to the surface 106d where they intersect. In this alternative embodiment, the feed surface 106c and 106d provide the ground layer for the microstrip circuitry 140a and 140b, respectively along the bottom of the substrate 104c and 104d, respectively.
In another alternate embodiment, amplifiers (not shown) are coupled between the balun 136 signal output lines 132 and 134 and the transmission feeds 114c and 114d respectively. In this alternate embodiment, most of the losses associated with the balun 136 are behind the amplifiers.
Referring now to
The transition section 105′ has improved impedance transfer into space. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, the transition sections 105′ can have an arbitrary shape, for example, the arch formed by notched ends 107 can be shaped differently to affect the transfer impedance to provide a better impedance match. The taper of the transition sections 105′ can be adjusted using known methods to match the impedance of the fifty ohm feed to free space.
More specifically, the balanced symmetrical feed 108′ includes a dielectric 110 having a cavity 116 with the dielectric having internal surfaces 118a and external surfaces 118b. A metalization layer 114c is disposed on the internal surface 118a and a metalization layer 120c is disposed on the external surface 118b. In a similar manner, a metalization layer 114d is disposed on the internal surface 118a and a metalization layer 120d is disposed on the external surface 118b. It should be appreciated by one of skill in the art that the RF feed line 114c and the metalization layer 120c (also referred to as ground plane 120c) interact as microstrip circuitry 140a wherein the ground plane 120c provides the ground circuitry and the feed line 114c provides the signal circuitry for the microstrip circuitry 140a. Furthermore, the or RF feed line 114d and the metalization layer 120c (also referred to as ground plane 120d) interact as microstrip circuitry 140b wherein the ground plane 120d provides the ground circuitry and the feed line 114d provides the signal circuitry for the microstrip circuitry 140b.
The balanced symmetrical feed 108′ further includes a balun 136 similar to balun 136 of
In operation, RF signals are fed differentially from the balun 136 to the signal output line 132 and the signal output 134, here at a phase difference of 180 degrees. The signals are coupled to microstrip circuitry 140a and 140b, respectively and propagate along the microstrip circuitry meeting at signal null point 154′ at a phase difference of 180 degrees where the signals are destructively combined to zero at the feed point. The RF signals propagating along the microstrip circuitry 140a and 140b are coupled to the slot 141 and radiate or “are launched” from transition sections 105c′ and 105d′. These signals form a beam, the boresight of which is orthogonal to the cavity plate 12 in the direction away from cavity 116. The RF signal line 138 is coupled to receive and transmit circuits as is known in the art using a circulator (not shown) or a transmit/receive switch (not shown).
Field lines 142, 144, 146 illustrate the electric field geometry for radiator element 100′. In the region around metalization layer 120c, the electric field lines 150 extend from the metalization layer 120c to the feed line 114c. In the region around metalization layer 120d the electric field lines 152 extend from the feed line 114d to the metalization layer 120d. In the region around feed surface 106c′, the electric field lines 148 extend from the metalization layer 120c to the feed line 114c. In the region around feed surface 106d′, the electric field lines 149 extend from the feed line 114d to the metalization layer 120d. At a signal null point 154′, the RF field lines from the RF feed lines 114c and 114d substantially cancel each other forming a signal null point 154′. The arrangement of RF feed lines 114c and 114d and transition sections 105c′ and 105d′ reduce the excitation of asymmetric modes which increase loss mismatch and cross polarization. Here, the launched TEM modes shown as electric field lines 142 are transformed through intermediate electric field lines 144 having Floquet modes shown as field lines 146. Received signals initially having Floquet modes collapse into balanced TEM modes.
In one embodiment the radiator element 100′ includes fins 102b′ and 102c′ (generally referred to as fins 102′) having heights of less than 0.25λL, where λL refers to the wavelength of the low end of a range of operating wavelengths. Although in theory, radiator elements this short should stop radiating or have degraded performance, it was found the shorter elements actually provided better performance. The fins 102b′ and 102c′ are provided with a shape which matches the impedance of the balanced symmetrical feed 108′ circuit to free space. The shape can be determined empirically or by mathematical techniques known in the art. The electrically short crossed notch radiator element 100′ includes portions of two pairs of metal fins 102b′ and 102c′ disposed over an open cavity 116 provided by the balanced symmetrical feed 108′. Each pair of metal fins 102′ is disposed orthogonal to the other pair of metal fins (not shown).
In one embodiment, the cavity 116 wall thickness is 0.030 inches. This wall thickness provides sufficient strength to the array structure and is the same width as the radiator fins 102′ used in the aperture. Radiator fin 102′ length, measured from the feed point in the throat of the crossed fins 102′ to the top of the fin is 0.250 inches without a radome (not shown) and operating at a frequency of 7-21 GHz. The length may possibly be even shorter with a radome/matching structure (e.g. matching sheet 30 in
The theory of operation behind the electrically short crossed notch radiator element 100′ is based on the Marchand Junction Principle. The original Marchand balun was designed as a coax to balanced transmission line converter. The Marchand balun converts the signal from an unbalanced TEM mode on a first end of the coaxial line to a balanced mode on a second end. The conversion takes place at a virtual junction where the fields in one mode (TEM) collapse and go to zero and are reformed on the other side as the balanced mode with very little loss due to the conservation of energy. Mode field cancellation occurs when the RF field on the transmission line is split into two signals, 180 degrees out-of-phase from each other and then combined together at a virtual junction. This is accomplished by splitting the signal at a junction equidistant from two opposing boundary conditions, such as open and short circuits. For the electrically short crossed notch radiator element 100′, the input for one polarization is a pair of microstrip lines provided by feed surfaces 106′ and notched ends 107 (operating in TEM mode) which feed one side with a zero degree signal and the other side with a 180 degrees out-of-phase signal. These signals come together at a virtual junction signal null point 154′, also referred to as the throat of the electrically short crossed notch radiator element 100′.
At the signal null point 154′, the fields collapse and go to zero and are reformed on the other side in the balanced slotline of the electrically short crossed notch radiator element 100′ and propagate outward to free space. The two opposing boundary conditions for the electrically short crossed notch radiator element 100′ are the shorted cavity beneath the element 100′ and the open circuit formed at the tip (disposed near electric field lines 146) of each pair of the radiator fins 102b′ and 102c′. The operation of the virtual junction is reciprocal for both transmit and receive.
In one embodiment the short radiating fins and cavity are molded as a single unit to provide close tolerances at the gap where the four crossed fins 102′ meet. The balanced symmetrical feed circuit 108′ can also be molded to fit into the cavity area below the fins 102′ further simplifing the assembly. For receive applications balun circuits 136 are included in the balanced symmetrical feed circuit 108′ further reducing the profile for the array. The short crossed notch radiator element 100′ represents a significant advance over conventional wideband notch radiators by providing broad bandwidth in a relatively smaller profile using printed cirucit board technology and relatively short radiator elements 100′. The radiator elements 100′ use co-located (coincident) radiation pattern phase centers which are advantageous for certain applications and the physically relatively short profile. Other wideband notch radiators, including the more complex quad notch radiator, do not have the wide angle diagonal plane cross-polarization isolation characteristics of the electrically short crossed notch radiator element 100′. The combination of the balanced symmetrical feed circuit 108′ and the short fins 102′ provides a reactively coupled notch antenna. The reactively coupled notch enables the use of shorter fin lengths, thereby improving the cross-pol isolation. The length of the fins 102′ directly impacts the wideband performance and the cross-polarization isolation levels acheived.
In another embodiment, the fins 102′ are much (previous discussion page 15 line 6 had less than . . . guess this should be much shorter) shorter than approximately 0.25λL, where λL refers to the wavelength of the low end of a range of operating wavelengths and the broadband dual polarized electrically short crossed notch antenna radiator element 100′ transmits and receives signals with selective polarization with co-located (coincident) radiation pattern phase centers having excellent cross-polarization isolation and axial ratio in the principal and diagonal planes. When coupled with the inventive balanced symmetrical feed arrangement, the radiator element 100′ provides a low profile and broad bandwidth. In this embodiment, short fins 102′ also provide a reactively coupled notch antenna. The length of the prior art fins was determined to be the main source of the poor cross-polarization isolation performance in the diagonal planes. It was determined that both the diagonal plane co-polarization and diagonal plane cross-polarization levels varied as a function of the electrical length of the fin. A further advantage of the electrically short crossed notch radiator fins used in an array environment is the high cross polarization isolation levels achieved in the diagonal planes out past ±fifty degrees of scan as compared to current notch radiator designs which can scan out to only ±twenty degrees.
Referring now to
Referring to
In one particular embodiment, the balanced symmetrical feed 220 is a molded assembly that conforms to the feed surface of the substrate of the fins 204a and 204b. In this particular embodiment, the microstrip feed lines 240 and 238 are formed by etching the inner surface of the assembly. In this particular embodiment, the housing 226 and the feed portions 232 and 236 molded dielectrics. In this embodiment, the radiator height is 0.250 inches, the balanced symmetrical feed 220 is square shaped with each side measuring 0.285 inches and having a height of 0.15 inches. The corresponding lattice spacing is 0.285 inches for use at a frequency of 7-21 GHz. At the center feed point 234, a 0.074 inch square patch of ground plane material is removed to allow the RF fields on the microstrip feed lines 240 and 238 to propagate up the radiator elements 204 and radiate out the aperture. In order to radiate properly the microstrip feed lines 240 and 238 for each polarization are fed 180 degrees out-of-phase so when the two opposing signals meet at the center feed point 234 the signals cancel on the microstrip feed lines 240 and 238 but the energy on the microstrip feed lines 240 and 238 is transferred to the radiator elements 204a and 204b to radiate outward. For receive signals, the opposite occurs where the signal is directed down the radiator elements 204a and 204b and is imparted onto the microstrip feed lines 240 and 238 and split into two signals 180 degrees out-of-phase. In another embodiment, the balun (not shown) is incorporated into the balanced symmetrical feed 220.
Referring now to
Referring now to
When fed by a balun approaching ideal performance, the electrically short crossed notch radiator element 100′ can be considered as a 4-port device, one polarization is generated with ports one and two being fed at uniform magnitude and a 180° phase relationship. Ports three and four excited similarly will generate the orthogonal polarization. From two through eighteen GHz, the mismatch loss is approximately 0.5 dB or less over the cited frequency range and 60° conical scan volume. The impedance match also remains well controlled over most of the H-plane scan volume.
Referring now to
An embedded element pattern is the element pattern in the array environment that includes the mutual coupling effects. The embedded element pattern taken on a mutual coupling array (MCA) was measured. The data shown was taken on the center element of this array near mid band.
Patterns are given for the co-polarized and cross-polarized performance for the various planes (E, H, and diagonal (D)). As can be seen from the curves 292-310, the antenna is provided having better than 10 dB cross-polarization isolation over a 60° conical scan volume. Curves 292, 310 illustrate the co-polarized and cross-polarized patterns of the center element in the electrical plane (E), respectively. Curves 249 and 300 illustrate the co-polarized and cross-polarized patterns of the center element in the magnetic plane (H), respectively. Curves 290 and 296 illustrate the co-polarized and cross-polarized patterns of the center element in the diagonal plane, respectively. Curves 292, 310, 249, 300, 290, and 296 illustrate that the electrically short crossed notch radiator element 100′ exhibits good cross-polarization isolation performance.
In an alternate embodiment, an assembly of two sub components, the fins 102 and 102′and the balanced symmetrical feed circuits 108 and 108′ of
In a further embodiment, the fin components of the radiator elements 100 and 100′ can be machined, cast, or injection molded to form a single assembly. For example, a metal matrix composite such as AlSiC can provide a very lightweight, high strength element with a low coefficient of thermal expansion and high thermal conductivity.
In another alternate embodiment, radiator elements 100 and 100′ are protected from the surrounding environment by a radome (not shown) disposed over the radiating elements in the array. The radome can be an integral part of the antenna and used as part of the wideband impedance matching process as a single wide angle impedance matching sheet or an A sandwich type radome can be used as is known in the art.
Referring now to
In this exemplary unit cell 160, the radiator portion 164 is includes a pair of cross-notched radiators provided from regions 168a, 168b, 168c, 168d and orthogonally intersecting slot regions 170a (aligned in a plane with regions 168a, 168b) and 170b (aligned in a plane with regions 168c, 168d). A notch radiator (also referred to as a notch antenna element) may be provided by etching or otherwise removing portions of conductive material disposed over a dielectric substrate to provide a slot having a desired size, shape and length. The size, shape and length are selected to cause signals fed to one end of the slot to radiate from the other end of the slot with desired radiation characteristics. The unit cell 160 is thus provided having orthogonally intersecting slot regions 170a, 170b (i.e. regions void of conductive material) as well as the regions 168a, 168b, 168c, 168d (which represent regions of conductive material e.g. regions in which conductive material was not removed from the dielectric substrate).
Unlike conventional radiators used in dual-polarized notch arrays, the novel cross-notch radiators described in conjunction with
As described above in conjunction with
Such a microstrip circuit cavity-type feed structure has two performance limitations. The microstrip balun combined with the feed circuit structure has a fractional operating bandwidth in the range of about 3:1. An antenna provided from an array of wide-band cross-notch radiators of the type described above, however, can have a fractional bandwidth in the range of 10:1 to 20:1. Thus, the range of operation of the microstrip circuit cavity-type feed structure described above in conjunction with
Additionally, the balun design without a termination structure would allow equal-amplitude, equal phase signals to be fed into the radiator. This mode is referred to as the “even-mode” and is unwanted since the unwanted mode does not radiate into free space.
In the embodiment of
It should be appreciated that the printed circuit boards 166a, 166b are aligned such that at least a portion of a centerline region of the first slotline circuit having input port 186a and at least a portion of a centerline region of the second slotline circuit having input port 186b are substantially aligned such that at least a portion of the first and second slotline circuits share a common centerline.
To provide the intersecting boards, an opening is made in the board 166b and the board 166a is inserted in to the opening. The board 166b is bent in two locations 182, 184 so as to separate the antenna feed input ports 186a, 186b while still ensuring that at least a portion of a centerline region of the first slotline transmission line 172 and at least a portion of a centerline region of the second slotline transmission line 174 are substantially aligned such that at least a portion of the first and second slotline transmission lines share a common centerline. This provides the antenna feed circuits having coincident phase-centers for each polarization.
The particular bend radius to used at bend points 182, 184 can be selected in accordance with the needs of any particular application. It is desirable to select a bend radius which does not significantly degrade antenna performance. Some factors to consider in selecting a bend radius include, but are not limited to the operating frequency and the physical space available to accommodate a unit cell. In general, it is desirable to make the bend radius as large as possible given any mechanical constraints. An appropriate bend radius for any particular application can be selected empirically by measuring S-parameters over frequency for a particular bend radius. It should also be appreciated that the bend need not be provided as a curved radius. Rather the bend may be achieved with a series of bend segments with each of the bend segments corresponding to a flat (or straight) piece of the PCB.
In one embodiment for operation in the 3-10 GHz frequency range, printed circuit boards having a thickness of about 10 mils and a relative dielectric constant of about 2.2 were used. The input impedance of the microstrip lines was about 50 ohms at the input port and about 100 ohms at the transition point from the microstrip line to the slotline transmission line portion of the feed. A 20 mil opening was made in one of the PCBs to accept the other PCB. From a mechanical perspective, it is desirable to make the gap as large as possible while from an electrical perspective, it is desirable to make the gap as small as possible. Thus, there is a trade-off between gap size and electrical performance.
Referring now to
The second end (i.e. the Y-shaped end) of the microstrip transmission line 190 overlaps a first end 172a (or Y-shape end 172a) of the slotline 172 which is provided on a side of the dielectric board which is opposite the microstrip transmission line 190. The second end 172b of the slotline transitions into the slotline 170 (
The above described double-Y balun is a well-known structure and can be redesigned and optimized for different media. This structure uses the Marchand Principle of field cancellation to convert a signal from an unbalance microstrip mode to a balanced slotline mode, which is required to efficiently feed a notch radiator element. Field cancellation occurs when proper boundary conditions are placed within the circuit. In the embodiment of
Referring now to
Surface 204b has a conductive material (e.g. copper) provided thereon to provide the ground plane 205. Portions of the conductive material have been removed to provide a slotline transmission line 210 having a first Y-shaped end 210a and a second end 210b. Although not shown in
It should be appreciated that printed circuit board 204, microstrip transmission line 206, conductive path 208 and slotline 210 may be similar to the PCBs 166a, 166b, microstrip transmission line 190, path 192 slotline 172 described above in conjunction with
All publications and references cited herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Having described the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will now become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating their concepts may be used. It is felt therefore that these embodiments should not be limited to disclosed embodiments but rather should be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
This application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of co-pending application Ser. No. 10/617,620, filed Jul. 11, 2003 and this application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. s. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional application No. 60/518,813 filed Nov. 10, 2003, which is application is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This invention was made with government support under Contract No. N-00014-99-C-0314 awarded by the Department of the Navy. The government has certain rights in the invention.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60518813 | Nov 2003 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 10617620 | Jul 2003 | US |
| Child | 10989231 | Nov 2004 | US |
