Patent Grant
11509386
The present invention generally relates to electronic signal and data repeaters and, more particularly, to a repeater to be used in conjunction with ultrawideband technologies.
In the coming years, ultrawideband (UWB) transmission technologies will dominate high data rate communications in the last 10-1000 meters of wireless/portable access to a telecommunications grid. With the huge data rates and position location capabilities afforded by UWB, offices, homes, and small environments such as doctors offices, vehicles, or small buildings will rely on UWB communication devices for connections between consumer electronic devices and computer devices.
As UWB devices proliferate, it will be possible to provide immense data rates, at burst rates up to 480 Megabits per second and even greater, in order to create a wireless Universal Serial Bus (USB) capability or home/enterprise networking capability. This will allow cameras, cellphones, computers, and computer and home entertainment and video systems to have very good and fast data rate transmissions in small (say 10 to 50 feet or greater) distances. The great data rates of UWB will open up an entire new world of high speed personal area networks which currently does not exist. Companies such as Time Domain, Xtreme Spectrum Inc, Motorola, Intel and Texas Instruments, are likely to be leading manufacturers or developers of products for UWB communications.
In typical doctors offices, homes, apartment buildings, and large warehouses and store rooms, etc, today there are Wireless (WiFi) access points that can be connected to the ethernet backbone in order to provide WLAN access and internet access to computer platforms. The backbone medium is typically Cat-3 or Cat-5 cabling that has 10 baseT, 100 baseT or 1 GHz ethernet signaling, and higher. In the future, this backbone may be wireless, for example, where cable companies or telephone/wireless/internet service providers may use mesh networks, WiMax, or last mile MIMO modem devices that bring broadband video, audio, and data/internet traffic to homes from lampposts or street corners. Satellite radio and fiber cable are also viable methods of delivering the backbone plant to buildings and cars.
Today, the expense of the WiFi access points is on the order of one to several hundred dollars when the hardware and installation is factored in. These access points provide the ability of multiple WLAN users (typically computer or PDA users) to gain portable access the internet, and hot spots such as those implemented by Schlotzskys Deli and Starbucks are becoming popular throughout the world. However, these WiFi access points are made to allow users to access the internet, which is a different use and approach than is likely to emerge with UWB networks, which connect devices together in close-in networks.
Ultrawideband technologies are about to become mainstream, and are described in US patent application 20030096578, published May 22, 2003, by John McCorkle, et. al. of Xtreme Spectrum, Inc., U.S. Pat. No. 6,505,032 (the patent publication and U.S. patent being herein incorporated by reference), as well as in “Recent Applications of Ultra Wideband Radar and Communications Systems”, by Robert Fonatna of Multispectral Solutions, Inc. The IEEE 802.15.3 standards bodies have been developing Physical (PHY) and MAC layer standards for dynamic channel selection and repeater service for UWB, which falls under the general IEEE 802.15.3 standards body.
As explained in the powerpoint presentation by Nishant Kumar, of Virginia Tech's MPRG, as well as in the IEEE standards proceedings, the IEEE 802.15.3 MAC operation provides for repeater service request and repeater service grant commands. Devices use passive scanning to listen for beacon frames or for any nearby user device. If there are not nearby devices which are radiating, a device may establish its own piconet. There are a number of frame and superframe structures, and subsections which permit various types of access, such as contention based schemes using, for example, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), as well as guaranteed time slots for asynchronous or isochoronous data streams and management time slots.
While the MAC standard suggests repeater service to be used by IEEE 802.15.3 devices when the links between devices are not satisfactory, these types of links can only be established if there is sufficient time available in the channel seen by one of the devices which is involved in the repeating operation. As proliferation of UWB devices is likely to be rapid, there is likely to be contention such that the current mode of MAC repeater operation, envisioned by the presently proposed 802.15.3 standard, is not adequate to provide one or more of sufficient security, proper traffic filtering, bandwidth provisioning, network management features, or flexibility of networks that can be installed or controlled easily by a consumer. That is to say, the current repeater operation contemplated by 802.15.3 and proposed UWB devices is based on the assumption that a single chip can perform necessary repeater functions, but this functionality alone will not be adequate for the rapid emergence of UWB and the onslaught of wireless data that is certain to occur.
Currently, IEEE 802.15.3a, the Ultrawideband Physical Layer standard committee, is working on creating a standard that may either be Multiband OFDM transmission (MBOA), with 500 MHz channels, or a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum impulse radio standard that has broader channel bandwidths (UWB Forum). Ratification of one or both of these standards may occur by the end of 2004, as described in a recent paper submitted to High Frequency Electronics, coauthored by the present inventor.
The High-Tech article by Woz Ahmed and Bipin Parmar (the Chilli) provides a glimpse at the various activities in the Ultrawideband standard bodies. Ultra-Wideband Technology was also discussed in the New Technology Bulletin in March 2001, Vol. 1, Issue 7, before the multiband OFDM proposal was created. In fact, Time Domain's Paul Withington presented the talk “Time Modulated Ultra-Wideband” to the Federal Wireless User's Forum in May 2001. As described by Robert X. Cringely in his Aug. 8, 2002 article, “Good News!”, it was mentioned that Xtreme Spectrum had already produced a working UWB chip capable of 100 megabits per second over 10 meters, and the article further explained the idea of mesh networking, which will provide efficient network paths that allow very high data rates across the internet for remote downloading of files.
In “Ultrawideband.ca Mesh Networking Explained”, Ultrawideband.ca explains they have software that allows a user to install, on their PC, a MeshBoot disk which attempts to find internet gateways at particular Internet Protocol addresses using a DHCP client. If no gateway can be found, the software causes the users' PC to simply serve as a wireless repeater-cell. This type of operation is controlled by the software on the CD, and requires installation by the user. In future years, there are parallels that can be drawn between some of the features and functionality in the MeshBoot software for Internet use, and the capabilities that will be required to be embedded in network hardware, rather than provided on a CD for installation on PCs, in order to support massive amounts of traffic in and around homes and offices (Rather than on the world-wide web or internet).
Repeaters are well known in the art, and they have been manufactured for decades in the cellular and PCS industries, and more recently, a company in Melbourne Fla., WiDeFi has developed WiFi repeaters for the IEEE 802.11a/b marketplace (See WiDeFi web pages describing their patent pending designs for range and bridge extension for Wireless LAN standards). Buffalo Technology announced a bridge and repeater product for IEEE 802.11g wireless LAN WiFi standard on Jun. 17, 2003 (See SmallNet Builder website page), and indicated that its repeater provides point-to-point or 6 station point-to-multi-point operation. Buffalo indicated it had security features such as WiFi Protected Access (WPA), WEP, Password protection, and MAC address association control. It uses a browser based interface for configuration, and has a 10/100 Ethernet LAN connection port, and sells for the suggested price of $149. SMC Networks introduced, on Jun. 6, 2003, its SMC2671 W 2.4 GHzGHz 11 Mbps Wireless Ethernet Adapater, which provides an interface between the wired internet backbone and the wireless LAN network. It also has wireless repeater capabilities for WLAN range extension, and has both Ad-Hoc (peer-to-peer) and Infrastructure (client to AP) operating modes, WEP encryption, WPA, MAC Address filtering, and SSID Broadcast Disable. It uses a web browser or Window-based administration software for configuration. Andrew Corporation makes classic PCS/Cellular repeaters, such as the fully integrated PROPAGATOR repeater shown on its webpage. The repeater uses standard 110 VAC power and has a single package for all signal processing components. Qualcomm has recently developed repeater technology for CDMA.
This document describes a new type of wireless network device that will be required as wideband UWB devices proliferate rapidly. In anticipation of the increased traffic, ubiquity, security and bandwidth provisioning needs of future UWB devices, we disclose a low cost repeater/transceiver that is tailored for easy and rapid deployment to facilitate the interconnection of network devices using ultrawideband radio, which will likely be standardized by or before 2005. Ultrawideband is meant here to be any type of electromagnetic signals that have an instantaneous or overall occupied bandwidth of 100 MHz or more and that are used to communicate or to position-locate between 2 or more devices. Such wide bandwidths, when considered to have the same RF power transmitter levels as today's wireless devices, require receivers to be within much closer propagation distances than conventional cellular/PCS and WiFi networks, due to the fundamentals of the Power-Bandwidth product. That is, for a given RF transmit power level, a larger passband (e.g. RF channel) bandwidth generally implies a proportionally higher noise floor power level, which requires UWB devices generally to be physically closer in distant to each other in order to obtain a sufficiently strong signal to noise ratio (SNR) when compared to equal power devices with smaller passband bandwidths. Thus, repeaters will become necessary to connect devices over greater distances than the range of a single UWB device.
UWB adoption is likely to be rapid, and just as spam e-mail occurs today with increased frequency on the internet, wireless UWB devices will be subject to tremendous and increased amount of interference, spam traffic, and RF interferences, as well as security attacks by rouge or spoofed message sources or unwanted transmitters. Proper repeater functionality will require the ability to detect and process such unwanted traffic in a personal or local area network, as well as to report back attempted breaches of security or interference sources to a network controller or host device which is connected to the internet (for example, the home computer, the media center, game console, or a remotely located server or security server that may be in a different neighborhood or city but which is connected via Internet). The need to properly process, filter, ensure security, and provide sufficient or prioritized bandwidth will also emerge because of future wireless networks that will allow devices in the home or office to remain connected to the outdoor wireless network through roaming systems and protocols, as proposed by Dong-Ho Cho in US Patent Application 2002 0198977 Published Dec. 26, 2002, and other networks such as those described by Rappaport in “Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice”, 2/e, c. 2002 and the invited 50th anniversary paper by Rappaport, et. al., Wireless Communications: Past Events and Future Perspectives, June 2002, IEEE Communications Magazine.
In future UWB applications in the home or office, it is likely that only one or two devices, such as a computer, a server, or a television set or game console, will need to be connected to the ethernet/internet backbone (the plant that comes in to the home or office or car, etc.), while many other devices, such as home entertainment systems, telephones, portable computers, video monitors, and display/video/audio/entertainment devices in the home or office will be untethered within the same room or within several tens of meters of these “fixed” or stationary internet-connected devices. Of course, these fixed devices connected to the plant may also be portable or mobile, in fact, as wireless proliferates. In hospitals, hotels, or homes and offices and businesses, the UWB technologies will open up an entirely new way of communicating high data rates, and will create entirely new architectures for communications within small spaces (e.g, homes, apartment buildings, cars, stores, offices, etc.). In vehicles, trains, aircraft, and other moving platforms, one can envision a single or a few main devices connected to an outside wireless Internet connection, while in the vehicle itself, piconets will be formed between UWB devices.
The invention described here is a low cost ultrawideband repeater device, which allows a home or office user to rapidly fs deploy a repeater which can extend the range of these UWB piconets, so that a home or business owner does not have to install wiring such as Cat-5 cable throughout an office or home. Instead of wires which carry the Internet traffic from today's cable or T1 or DEL jack to a particular device, the UWB repeater invented here will allow just one or a handful of internet-connected devices to serve as the “internet source” for a local wireless network, and the disclosed invention will better enable that “source” to serve as the local hub or access point for a whole host of portable or fixed UWB devices in a home or office.
It is thus the goals of the present invention to meet at least some or all of the following objectives, which are specified subsequently in this application:
It is an object of the invention to provide a method and system that allows the Internet, Cable TV, satellite, telephone, or other communications sources to be connected from the external wired or wireless plant and distributed by UWB radio within an indoor or in-vehicle environment.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method and system that enables ultrawideband radio signals to be repeated by a UWB radio device within an indoor or in-vehicle environment.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method and system that enables ultrawideband radio signals and baseband signals carried on wires to be connected together in a single device, while allowing UWB radio signals to be repeated in the RF spectrum and baseband signals to be routed on wires within an indoor or in-vehicle environment.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method and system that provides the selective screening of data received over UWB radio or baseband, where such selective screening of data is based upon the received UWB data or upon preprogrammed control instructions provided by the desired network or from a desired source.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method and system that provides the selective screening of data received over UWB radio or baseband, where such selective screening of data is based upon the received UWB data or upon preprogrammed control instructions provided by the desired network or from a desired source.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method and system that provides the selective screening of data received over UWE radio or baseband, where such selective screening of data ignores, rejects, or kills received UWE data that is from undesired networks or from undesired sources.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method and system that provides the selective modification of data received over UWE radio or baseband, and provides said modified data for retransmission on UWB radio frequencies, or for storage.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method and system that ignores, rejects, or kills received UWB data that is from undesired networks or from undesired sources. It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method and system that provides selective and adaptive priorities on UWB messages that are to be repeated or stored.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method and system of monitoring network traffic statistics over a UWB network, and to report such statistics to a central host controlling unit or to the plant.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method and system of maintaining a UWE network, through the periodic reporting of traffic conditions, user numbers, user locations, statistics, interference levels, and IDs observed.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method and system that provides for flexible and adaptive data processing for real time detection, flexible transmission rates, different PHY and MAC implementations, adaptive ID or watermark transmissions, transmissions pertaining to network quality, network activity, or security breaches, position location transmissions, or repeat or beacon transmission at preset intervals.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method and system that provides an adaptive UWB radio interface, depending on the priority of the message, or the instantaneous radio channel conditions, interference conditions, or undesired traffic in the network.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a method and system that provides for the use of adaptable, steerable, electronic phasing, or MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) antennas with UWB networks to improve wireless network performance.
The foregoing and other objects, aspects and advantages will be better understood from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention with reference to the drawings, in which:
The Ultrawideband repeater disclosed here serves to “repeat” data signals coming from one or many devices so that other devices, located farther away from the “source” will be able to access the internet, Cable TV, Satellite source, phone/DSL line, or other broadband “plant” source via the repeater. This will obviate the need for any wiring whatsoever in homes and offices, and will enable rapid deployment of networks that perform properly and adapt to traffic loading, spam, interference, and desired characteristics of the plant provider of the network owner (e.g. home owner, enterprise owner, vehicle owner). The repeater will provide for additional coverage and will enable high data rate channels to work in confined environments more efficiently and more reliably than stock UWB equipment currently being offered by the marketplace. The invention here offers advantages, flexibility, and improved performance and security than the currently proposed IEEE 802.15.3 activities which call for “repeater service” as part of the MAC definition.
The disclosed Ultrawideband repeater has the additional important and novel capabilities of being able to filter and process data, and to provide for the storage, processing, and forwarding of received data at the input, and also allows for the suppression or “killing” of data that is not part of the desired network or which may be from undesired users, spammers, or interference sources. Also, the ability of the device to prioritize traffic access and flows, based on application requirements, make this invention a powerful device used to enable high bandwidth personal area networks, where a number of wireless devices in a home or office or car all share the same UWB spectrum without requiring wiring, but which may have different real time requirements, different priorities and bandwidth requirements, and different security requirements. Thus, the intelligence of the repeater, afforded by processing, storage, and antenna/RF control is a marked improvement over what is currently contemplated or known.
The invention differs from prior art because, among a number of reasons, of the much greater bandwidth of UWB compared with current wireless devices, and the presently unforeseen challenges and unmet solutions that UWB will encounter because of the massive amounts of wireless traffic that will occur. The invented repeater and associated architecture solves a critical and unmet need for future high speed UWB networks, and provides needed network coverage, performance, security, filtering, addressability, configuration, and connectivity for a home or business or vehicle personal area network. The invention provides needed network infrastructure to provide coverage where only one or a few sources can be linked to the ethernet or another telecommunications backbone (e.g., a central server/hub, or a “plant”, which may be an optical cable source, RF, coax, baseband, satellite signaling, etc.) At the same time, the disclosed invention provides embedded security and traffic intelligence, and the ability to interpret, modify, and selectively filter wireless traffic for the benefit of the network user. In addition, the disclosed invention works with both wireless UWE transmissions, as well as with standard baseband wiring-types of data transmissions, allowing the invention to be addressable by and responsive to wired networks as well as the wireless networks. In fact, the present invention allows for the fusing of wireless and wired network components so that they may be commingled and served by a single plant or server, within the same network. Thus, the invention facilitates new capabilities in connecting UWB equipped devices through a repeater operation for many other devices that may exist in a room or office or building or vehicle. In this way, for example, a doctor's office complex would only need to have a single computer, say the receptionist's desk computer or a media center, which might be connected to the Internet, cable TV, copper line, or satellite station, and this single computer could serve as the host computer or server to the office network. If this receptionist's desk computer or a media center is equipped with a UWB radio, and all other devices, for example, portable computers, pen tablets, gaming devices, video monitors, or Voice over IP portable communicator devices used in the office, were configured to be on the same network (piconet) as this desk computer, then our invention would allow coverage and data transmission throughout the entire office complex, rather than being limited in range to 10 or 20 feet as would be the case for a single point-to-point communication between 2 UWB devices. Wired network devices could also be connected and served on the same network, serviced by the same plant, using the disclosed invention. Also, at the same time, the described invention provides a low cost way of providing massive data transfers, with bandwidth prioritization and security, network monitoring, and “network learning” and spam filtering not currently available in today's wireless devices. Thus, the invention helps improve and facilitate wireless high speed networking, for both mobile/portable and fixed applications, in environments such as stores, homes, apartments, cars, and factories, etc. where broadband data communications between devices, and access to the plant by several networked devices is necessary.
Note, however, from
Now consider
The repeater 24 of
As shown in
Each physical side of the UWB repeater invention may at one time serve as the input and another time serve as the output, as the invention offers simplex, half duplex, or full duplex capability. It should be understood that each side of the invention could itself use MIMO antennas or phased/steerable antennas. Similarly, the forward or reverse signal path may use either side of the UWB repeater. Antennas, such as those developed by Prof. Hao Ling at the WNCG at University of Texas, and by Warren Stutzman of Virginia Tech, allow wideband UWB transmissions with some directionality, and these are easily sprayed on or built from metal stock using metallic film on plastic cases. Dielectric antennas, or antennas with inherent notching capabilities, may also be incorporated as is known in the prior art. The directionality helps with isolation between the input and output of the repeater. Further, the repeater may use multiple antennas, in a sector arrangement, that can automatically be sensed and switched by the UWB devices and/or the controller circuitry, in order to focus energy in directions of where devices needing to be transmitted through the repeater are located. This could be used on both or either transmit or receive operations. A wideband RF switch, which may be a MEMS device such as contemplated by Hughes Electronics or Teravicta of Austin, Tex., is part of the circuitry contained within the repeater, so that various antenna selections are made. Alternately, RF switches can be avoided and RF processing may be used to provide Maximum Ratio Combining, Linear Combining, Equal Weight Combining, or MIMO implementations, all which are well understood by those skilled in the art, may be made. Other low-cost RF switches could be employed, as well, for antenna phasing/steering and selection, and the switch could actually be incorporated in future UWB chipsets or other integrated circuitry in various ways known now and in the future.
As shown in
Alternatively,
Note that instead of using multiple antennas and having two “sides” (an input and an output) as shown in
A key part of this invention, which is now described, is the data processing capabilities afforded by the UWB Repeater disclosed herein.
Note that the architecture of
The ability to handle both wireless network and wired network traffic is a valuable capability, as it allows the disclosed UWB transceiver/repeater 62 to not only function in an all-wireless network, but allows it to be connected in a hybrid network, where wired devices and wireless devices may all be connected together through the invention, making it easier for the consumer to connect multiple devices in a home, for example, or to connect all devices (both wired and wireless) to a single plant connection 63 (an internet plug, for example) in the home (thus, the invention not only provides repeater functionality, but also itself may be connected to an Internet/DSL/Cable/Satellite/Wireless backbone plant or server). It is possible that both input signals at RF and input signals at baseband could arrive at the invention simultaneously, and may be properly processed and filtered and buffered and routed to provide network connectivity to other devices and the plant or server, as well as providing additional sources of data for traffic statistics, security, monitoring, and network maintenance chores. This architecture enables a low cost, flexible UWB repeater to serve as a junction box, connecting both wired and wireless devices to the same network, and optionally to the backbone plant, as well (See
To be clear, however, an alternative embodiment would require no user interaction, as the home media device or the UWB repeater device itself may have a unique serial number ID associated with it, or may have some embedded data, or a table look up for a particular application, and this may be used (in connection with other data, such as provided by the plant) as the basis to launch transmissions in the network to detect and “train” all other UWE devices in the home network to assure they are properly connected to the network, all without any intervention or knowledge by the user.
Once it knows the “parameters” or “openness of the network” and knows the characteristics or ID's of those devices that “belong” on the wireless network, the controller component is able to then provide low-level instructions for the proper functioning of the UWB repeater. In this manner, the controller component establishes initial operation mode settings for the repeater at step 66, so that the busses are properly configured and the architectural components are preset to properly respond to various signals or conditions received from the UWB input-side, the plant, the wired network, or from the host device, etc. In other words, preset conditions (initial operation mode settings) may instruct the repeater to perform certain functions in a wide range of scenarios. For example, the initial operational mode settings may instruct the repeater to provide: (A) normal repeater functions (bent-pipe operation) with no storage functionality when the RF channel is clean and no spammer or interferer is detected at the input side of the UWB repeater, (B) to provide no repeater function when spam is detected, and (C) to report traffic statistics to the strongest or closest network component when a particular command is received over-the-air or on the baseband network. This is meant to simply illustrate the processing logic which is possible, and is merely a representative example not intended to limit the possible set of logic tables and condition mappings that are possible. It is clear that command and control logic can be created to provide sufficient flexibility and breadth of preset conditions. Further examples are given throughout the text below. It should be clear that for rapid flexibility and adaptability, preset conditions for several operational scenarios provides a low-overhead way of assuring the architectural components have access to the busses and to each other, in an efficient manner, when a key event (a trigger event) occurs due to a received signal or due to a need to transmit.
The controller component receives and sends electronic signals via one or more busses from one or more of the RF, baseband, memory, pipeline, and processor components. The controller has connection with the other components of the transceiver architecture, and facilitates instructions that may be read or written between each of the components over a bus (for example, I2C bus or new higher speed busses). Thus, communication of instructions and control signals and information may be written or read between the components, using either serial or parallel and unidirectional or bidirectional bus structures. The controller component is able to address each other component of the architecture within the UWB repeater, and then has the ability to read or write control data to each component as shown in step 68, in order to establish or learn operating conditions from the received input signals or plant, to instruct devices with preset instructions, or to provide instructions that have been established by the network or user or application that is being received or transmitted by the invention. The proper configuration and access to the busses is preprogrammed (preset) for specific operational instructions depending on the operational conditions encountered by the repeater. That is, each component, based on received signals and the computations performed during normal preset programmed operation which proceeds according to step 70, knows through preset instructions how it should send signals to the controller or to the other architectural components, for proper desired operation in various operational conditions.
A trigger event 72 occurs when there is a perceptible change or instruction, obtained through either the data received over the air on the UWB radio channel(s), or through the wired baseband network, or through instructions issued by the host unit housing the invention 74, or through data received from the plant 76. The order of these and possibly other trigger events caused by the repeater reacting to particular received data or host device, plant, or server instructions, could be different from that shown in
The controller architecture determines at step 78 if such new preset instructions are needed, based on the computational results of the pipeline and processing components, in conjunction with memory, and may use one or more rule-based algorithms that tracks history, or may simply follow instructions specified by the network user, the host device, the plant, or the repeater itself. As described in more detail below, trigger events (e.g., 72, 74, 76, etc.) occur when there is a change in the network, and may be due to the reception of undesired data at the UWB input-side, undesired data on the baseband network, errant or counterfeited or spoofed ID's, watermarks, or a wide range of important conditions that indicate a change in network performance, the user's application, security conditions, signal or data integrity of desired transmissions, or the presence of jammers, hackers, or interferers.
As an example of how a trigger event may be detected, and to understand why the controller may wish to assign a different set of preset instructions for operational conditions going forward after a particular trigger event, consider the example of a UWB repeater functioning in a benign RF environment without interference. The device is receiving transmissions from desired in-network components and is retransmitting them, per the normal operational instructions. Now, assume a spammer or hacker attempts to jam or intrude on the network. The disclosed invention is able to detect the demodulated signal using the processing power pipeline processor in conjunction with memory and the processor, that the intruder is not a valid in-network component, and in fact may further check the intruder's ID or characteristics to find a match with an “unwanted” list of known attackers housed in memory. This detection of the intruder is a trigger event. Now, consider the case where the preset operational instructions simply called for the repeater to stop retransmitting the intruder's transmission when an intruder is detected. Now, because the hacker appeared on the “unwanted” list in memory, this intruder may be deemed to be a serious problem, in which case the controller architecture has the opportunity to alter the preset instructions for operational conditions going forward, as is done in step 80, and it may be advisable to now alert other devices and the host computer of the presence of the hacker whenever it is detected going forward. The new preset instructions passed from the controller component to the other architectural components may now be such that if the hacker transmission is identified again at the input-side of the repeater the repeater doesn't stop retransmitting (as before), but now the repeater rebroadcasts a warning message, an alert message, or a message to the network that instructs all other users of the hacker. It should be clear that various techniques known now or in the future to protect from spamming and to avoid unwanted intrusions may be incorporated into the invention using the processing techniques described here.
Using the system and method described here, network usage, network statistics, network provisioning information, or network security status for particular users, devices, applications, transmissions, or ID's would be known, measured or detected, and can be stored and communicated to a network server, another network component, a device controller, or through the plant using techniques known now or in the future.
The controller component updates the preset instructions for operational conditions at step 80, and provides actual control of RF and baseband signals, at a relatively slow rate (slow relative to the individual per-bit durations of the multi-megabit per second data rate received and sent by the invention over the air). Slow tasks for 100 Megabit per second data transmission for example, would require processing and control signaling on the order of a microsecond or so, as opposed to fast real-time data processing that would require speeds on the order of 10 nanoseconds or faster (such fast processing is handled by the pipeline and processing components, and the baseband and RF components). It should be clear that slow and fast are relative, and that this should in no way be limiting, since real time and “near” real time speeds shall change over time, application, and technology. Slow tasks handled by the controller component include enabling the adaptive signal processing, so that the initial antenna configurations may adapt to interference from a new transmitting source, or halting the transmission of an undesired signal, or the halting of spam over packet duration or multiple packet duration intervals (rather than bit duration intervals), or determining and invoking new instructions for operational conditions, or instructing memory or computation operations to begin or end, or instructing various warning or response messages or traffic statistics to be computed or reported. The actual computational chores invoked by these instructional messages by the controller architecture may happen at much faster rates. For example, the controller architecture is required to issue control signals to allow for antenna pointing, steering/phasing, MIMO adaptation to be invoked, and once the controller component enables this functionality to the appropriate architectural components, the on-going processing and signal manipulations and adaptations occur at much faster speeds.
The controller architecture provides preset instructions for operational conditions to various components, as well as enabling what operations they should perform ahead of time of the actual trigger event (e.g., the pipeline devices would be instructed the network ID or watermark to search for, or the particular error control coding or MAC or PHY that is to be used). The controller architecture also provides operational instructions to the memory, for gathering of data and statistics, as well as providing event-driven (trigger-driven) instructions for handling the gating of packets and data. Also, the controller allows the processor to communicate the results of its computations to other architectural components, or translates the results (with the aid of the processor) into control signals. Clearly, for implementing security features and software radio/antenna pointing chores, signal results must be detected and computational problems must be solved by the Pipeline and Processor components, as well as baseband and RF components, as described below, and the results of these solved computations must be used to continually drive the proper performance of the device without delays imposed by the controller component. The controller thus provides the initial and overall approval, and then simply facilitates the communication of such commands and instructions, and ensures the busses connecting the components are properly aligned for the specific tasks that need to occur for particular fast and slow processing and data passing chores.
As shown in
To describe the architecture of the invention in more detail, and to provide further examples to illuminate
Memory may take a wide range of forms as understood by those skilled in the art, including high speed RAM, DRAM, Flash chips, memory sticks, removable disks, etc, and this memory may be programmable, static, dynamic, random access, optically-processed, etc. such that vast amounts of data received at the input of the invention may at any time be stored, buffered, processed, interpreted, or retransmitted. The power required for the memory may be supplied by the same power supply that powers the processor and RF components, or it may be a separately provided DC or AC power supply, depending on the particular implementation or structure. For example, if the disclosed UWE Transceiver were embedded in a plug-in memory stick, it would likely receive power and data flows from the standard USB expansion slot, whereas if the invention were embedded within a PC or Media Entertainment Center, the pipeline processor, memory and UWB RF and baseband circuitry might be embedded in a chip or an assembly on the mother board of the PC, itself, thereby obtaining power from the internal PC supply. Memory is used by the present invention to store one or more of received data, forwarded data, to hold data strings or compressed versions of such strings needed by the controller or processor, to store execution instructions of the processor or controller, to store watermarks, identification data, (ID's), PHI or MAC instructions, other software radio instructions, calibration settings, table-look-up data for modulation, demodulation, coding, antenna pointing, antenna phasing, coding and decoding, processed data statistics, or any other data that needs to be stored and retrieved later. Memory may actually be comprised of different technologies, with different power levels, sizes, speeds, etc. whereas some part of memory is used for very fast storing and recalling, and the other part of memory is for longer term storage that does not have to be accessed very quickly.
The pipeline component processes data on a bit by bit or word by word basis, and thus has an extremely fast ability to process or make decisions on applied data. They have special architecture and house their own memory, and are designed specifically for rapid real-time data-streaming processing. The Pipeline component is able to implement real-time processing algorithms (such as coding, etc.) or compare or process inputted data to a preset pattern of data in a very streamlined, fast manner (e.g. it can function as a digital matched filter, or correlator, an error correction coder or decoder, a check sum counter, or provide other fast, bit-by-bit computational functions that provide very rapid processing typically required in broadband communications), thereby allowing the device to know whether patterns of data are properly tagged or apportioned. Stripping of headers in packets, finding ID's of words or bit-sequences in data streams, detecting or correcting bit errors, verifying or inserting watermarks in data transmissions, detecting security information, such as keys, passwords, handshake data, etc. are typical tasks performed by the Pipeline. The Controller is able to instruct the Pipeline component as to which data should be checked, and may also provide timing or observation interval information, as well.
Furthermore, the pipeline process is instructed to correct errors or insert ID's or watermarks or security data on transmissions, if it has been so instructed to by the controller. This is a powerful feature that allows the device to modify the data for retransmission in the network. For example, if the invention is used in a home network, a particular home network ID or watermark or key code may be assigned (inserted into the data) of all desired home network transmissions, and the Pipeline component on the input-side of the repeater may be instructed by the Controller to constantly search for this ID or watermark or key code to be received in order to determine the received signal is “desirable” or valid and that it should be repeated for retransmission. If errors occur, the invention may modify the received data stream for error correction. Alternatively, the network may need to change the watermark or ID or key code of the received data, and the invention is able to make such alterations to received data, and retransmit the altered data.
Also, the pipeline component may be constantly be searching for “critical” or “unwanted” or bad transmissions, which have data streams, ID's, erroneous crypto words, or other identifying data segments or information that is stored or updated in memory and which can be compared to received data. Such critical or unwanted transmissions may be indicative of an attack or unwanted spam or an emergency reason to stop transmitting, and upon receipt of such data, the invention may, under previously set directions of the controller component, send an alarm message or urgent traffic message, or may send a message for network shutdown or device shutdown.
Depending on the type of network, the desired security, the particular protocol or common air interface, PHY, MAC, the particular watermark or ID, etc., it may be desired for the received signal to be immediately retransmitted (repeated) at the output-side of the repeater with minimal delay, in which case the controller would have directed the pipeline component to pass the data immediately to the baseband modulator on the output side of the repeater. (In this case, the pipeline components may have modified the data to correct errors, insert ID's, insert position or time stamp information, pass along network statistics or traffic/spam/utilization data, or other important network-specific data that is to be carried and repeated for the particular application or particular network implementation). This streamlined operation avoids delays in reading and writing to and from memory, and would provide an extremely fast retransmit time, while allowing modification or repair of received data. Alternatively, while the data is sent to the output-side, it may also be stored in the memory simultaneously (most likely through a memory pre-buffer that is used to capture all the data in parallel as it is sent to the transmitter, but with a sufficiently deep buffer that allows the transmitted data to be cached and stored to memory which operates at slower speeds than over-the-air RF transmissions—this is not shown but understood to one skilled in the art). Furthermore, the controller may have provided instructions to the pipeline device that upon one or more particular received data streams (for example, data streams that have been associated with Spam, peer-to-peer, or undesired transmissions, and which were stored in memory and earlier communicated to the pipeline device and stored there), the pipeline device is not connected directly to the baseband component of the output side, but instead the data passed by the pipeline component is stored directly to memory, or is simply ignored. In this manner, the invention is able to detect and filter unwanted RF data. The device may also have a reradiate mode, where received RF data stream is demodulated, pipelined, stored in memory or modified with a network ID, watermark, or counter, and then rebroadcast back to the originating RF source. This would be valuable for position location determination using time delay and/or signal strength measurement or prediction (as explained in many well known references, including work by Bahl, Rappaport, US Wireless, etc.), auditing of the network to determine how many devices are on the network, and with what ID's or watermarks or codes, determining propagation times, or used as part of a network throughput measurement scheme or traffic monitoring capability, etc.
The controller component thus works to ensure the Pipeline component and the memory and the Processor component, and the busses are properly configured to handle the desired chores. Received data is received at RF, demodulated at Baseband, and passed to the pipeline component, and the preprogrammed pipeline processing component thus works with the controller and the memory to either store (and not retransmit) the received data, store and forward (e.g. retransmit) the received data through the baseband and RF components on the output-side of the repeater, or alternatively the repeater may ignore the received data and not store it, or store the received data and retransmit it back to the originating source. Alternatively, the received data may be stored and retransmitted out of one or more antennas, including the antenna which originally received the received data. Furthermore, the data may be modified by the pipeline processing circuitry (or by the processor and memory) once its received, for example, to strip off unwanted or hostile data contained in the received data stream at the input of the repeater, or to add bit or packet changes in the packet data structure to implement ID or security or validation or bandwidth priority information in the repeated data which is radiated out of the repeater. Thus, the UWB repeater has the ability to monitor data which it receives, as well as to store it, forward it, return it, or modify it. All the while, the memory, working in conjunction with the processor, may use a different or same thread to build statistics and observe particular behaviors of the traffic, including the ability to sniff the packets and determine desired and undesired users, attacks on the home or vehicle or enterprise network. Thus modification of the MAC and IP layers, based on the flow of data or the availability of errors or desired QoS detected by the controller, is contemplated and capable with the invention.
It should be clear that the above description and following preferred embodiment emphasizes modification of a received signal and the associated processing steps prior to retransmission out of the UWE repeater. However, it should also be clear that similar functionality and capabilities may be achieved for the transmitted signal itself, where the same architectural components may be used to similarly process, modify, store, retransmit, or ignore signals that are otherwise intended to be sent to the output side of the device. Also, prepared messages or messages based on the computation of statistics or memory contents, messages based on alarms, network activity, the errors or transmissions or security breaches or ID's detected on the input-side of the repeater, or messages that are meant to synchronize for timing, positioning, or used to simply communicate the repeater's health, status, or alarm status (due to spamming or RF overload or interference, for example) may be sent by using the memory and based on results computed from the processor component or controller component. Such messages or data transmissions may be read out of memory, or processed through the pipeline component, passed to the baseband and RF components for transmissions to the output-side of the repeater. This enables the invention to provide beacon signals and messages regarding traffic, security, spam alert, alarm, position location, network use or, other preset messages for use in various applications, independent of the exact data being received at the moment by the input-side of the invention.
The capability of the UWB repeater to process and to modify the bit streams sent and received is powerful, as future security methodologies will rely on streamlined processing to implement rapid/dynamic key changes, dynamic network ID or watermark changes, and to allow authentication and validation. Emerging security standards, such as IEEE 802.11i, which use dynamic keys and strong codes, as well as EAP, 801.1X, WPA, and future security techniques that may encompass both indoor and outdoor networks, will be able to be used by the disclosed invention, due to the capabilities of the processing and the modification capabilities of streams flowing in and out of the repeater. Furthermore, the repeater itself will be addressable on the personal area network, allowing the host/master “source” device, such as the office PC or TV console, to inquire, control, and to gather characteristics of piconet users, their traffic, attacks, throughput performance, coverage performance, or unintended or intended usage through the repeater. For example, the host could access the memory of the UWB repeater for detailed data, as well as collect statistics gathered and processed and stored by the UWB repeater, so that the human user of the network could gather a report of activity. Getting reports back from the UWB repeater can be done over the same Personal area network (PAN) that is used for wireless connectivity, or could be carried out using a wired network, if the invention happened to also be connected to a wired backbone, such as Cat-5 Cable (As described subsequently, the UWB repeater invention may have internet connection jacks that would allow it to also be connected to a wired infrastructure). Furthermore, without human intervention, the host could gather data from the UWB device, and use that knowledge for real time or near real time control for providing security, changes in security keys or protocols, changes in bandwidth provisioning, and could even provide a termination of the home network from the internet, in order to prevent the home network from being attacked or compromised.
The ability of the UWB repeater to process data and gather traffic and network conditions, including bandwidth provisioning data and security-related data, will be extremely useful in appliances that serve as in-home or in-office network controllers and interfaces, where the Internet is connected and then served wirelessly throughout a building. The UWB Repeater disclosed here would be fully compatible with RADIUS servers, and in fact could help provide the connectivity required for home devices to gain access to the Internet, as disclosed earlier. A web-enabled interface, or windows, or some other PC or Tivo/TV/VCR/Cable Modem/Satellite type programming interface could be supplied to program and control, as well as gather data from, the UWB repeater disclosed here.
The controller uses memory, such as flash, dram, PROM, and a wide range of other possibilities, based on speed, price, form factor and availability, to support the processing and buffer-and-forward operations. Coupled with the computational capabilities of the processor and pipeline components, and given the functionality of the baseband and RF components, one can readily see that a powerful network security capability can be implemented while simultaneously providing broader, reliable network coverage.
Consider one embodiment of the memory portion of this invention to be like today's Memory Sticks that currently have GO MB of memory (but will have much more in the future) and plug into a PC port for power—the invention could have the same form factor, for example, as a plug in memory stick today, where the UWB repeater invention, including memory, is simply plugged into an access port on a PC or other home appliance. The UWB repeater, if in the form of a plug in “stick”, could also enable the equipped device (which could be the source/host device, or some other device in the PAN) to connect via the UWB home network, while supporting the repeater operation within the PAN, while providing the capabilities of identifying the types of traffic and priorities which should be given such traffic within the PAN. Also, network management protocols and external devices and software, such as that located on the host PC, may query and retrieve the gathered data at the UWB repeater, and may adjust or control the UWB repeater processing modes (via the controller component) for particular desired network goals—such as greater security, more stringent prioritization on traffic, or even complete reboot/restart of processing in the UWB repeater. It is obvious to one skilled in the art that the UWB repeater could operate in concert with other devices, such as the host or other users of the Personal Area Network (e.g. home network) in order to provide distributed communication and command and control functions between the UWB repeater and other devices. In fact, it should be clear that the architectural structure of the UWB repeater may be distributed between hardware, embedded software, and an operating system which ships separately from the hardware, such as Windows or Linux, so that mass-produced UWB repeaters could be embedded or easily attached to existing appliances or computers.
The repeater may also have security provisioning such as an “authentication” or validation, as well as non-eradication function. Depending on the particular network scenario, network assignment steps can ensure the UWB repeater is being used to “repeat” signals from only those devices which are intended to be repeated within the home or office. This functionality could be done at layer 1 (PHY) with identification or authentication code sent over the air and detected by the Repeater, or performed at layer 2 (MAC) with handshake with other devices on the network, or a combination of layers being used for the security or authentication step, but this just as easily could be performed at higher layers, even performed up at the application layer (such as with VPN, web login, telephone dial, or some other computer-controlled authentication implemented automatically by one or more devices on the network, or implemented by the user on a software interface, computer program, web site, or data entry method that connects to the home/office UWB network). Also, just as today's IEEE 802.11 bridge/repeater products, the UMB repeater may be equipped with MAC address association control, and could easily have one or more integrated wired Ethernet port connections for use on a standard wired Ethernet connection (not shown in figures). These techniques are well understood by those knowledgeable in IEEE 802.11a/b/g and 802.15.3a/b standards activities, which have become widely popular in recent years, and the present invention, while not required by such standards, could implement such standards if the baseband and RF architectural components were properly configured to conform to the MAC and PHY standards.
For example, a preferred embodiment of this invention has the UWB transceiver/repeater 88 be mounted in an AC outlet 90 for wall use or for barrier-strip extension cord 92 use (See
Returning to the manual example of a home network appliance, in doing this data entry, the user is implicitly setting up security features which allow the myriad devices in the home to know they are on the desired network, and the UWB repeater is then able to know, through shared knowledge of this security information, which devices should be “repeated” and which devices (say from a neighboring building) should be “ignored” and not repeated. In this example, the UWB repeater could be embedded within the PC or cable TV product, or it could be communicated to wirelessly or via cable by the home computer or cable TV product, or it even could serve as the host, itself, where it is connected to the internet using wireless or wired means. Of course, one skilled in the art would understand the invention could also having no security or more limited security, where some or all messages within earshot would be repeated by the UWB repeater, or whereby some messages would not be repeated due to inherent knowledge of local devices and their valid signaling or data transmission. Also, it is clear that much simpler, automated, or built in configuration capabilities for specification of network parameters or operational conditions could be supplied, say within an operating system, or embedded in software or hard codes in a consumer device, itself.
In addition to security features disclosed above, the ability of the UWB Repeater to sense real-time data transmissions, such as network ID's or bit-streams associated with security or keys, allows any application to provide its own data coding, carried above the MAC and PHY layers, to enable particular desired features of network provisioning and bandwidth provisioning controls, so that some users (such as portable email or low rate data or low rate audio) are allocated some delay, or less important priority, in being retransmitted than are high priority data, such as video data or voice over IP telephony, or high bandwidth messaging or urgent information which has less tolerance to delay. This quality of service (QOS) intelligence could be identified within the MAC, PHY of standardized UWB equipment, but also can be inserted and detected by the disclosed invention when such signaling appears in the IP layer and/or other higher layers of the application data that is transmitted over the network. Thus, the invention allows electronics makers to create their own higher layer UWB protocol, or even a universal PHY and MAC layer, using standardized components, which also allows the UWB Repeater to prioritize and provision certain repeated data over other repeated data, by simply exploiting the fact that each UWB repeater device is able to detect actual data and can operate on such data using the architecture described above (see
The form factor of the UWB repeater may take on a wide range of sizes, shapes, and mounting/fixture options. This repeater could be installed or embedded in PCs, servers, or appliances, or it could be a stand alone device that could be purchased and placed in any home or office, embedded within a fire alarm, air freshener, night light, or phone. Alternatively, it could be a plug-in device, much like plug-in chassis cards are used today to enable WLAN access or modem access in PCs.
One could use the invention as part of AC extension cords, photocopiers, game consoles, television/video displays, video consoles, hospital video equipment, multimedia centers, air fresheners, fire alarms, etc. Fixtures, colors, shapes, and sizes may be very similar to fire alarms or air fresheners that plug into AC outlets in the home, or are wired into a car DC power supply, and the repeater device may also become embedded in objects that are typically carried around the home or office, such as but not excluding cordless phones, cell phones, portable computers, home stereos, TVs, pet collars, tennis shoes, and a wide range of portable, common devices that when moved could provide a wide array of range extension and coverage improvements of UWB devices. In fact, devices which integrate video, gaming, audio, and computing will likely benefit greatly from the disclosed invention. This invention may be a stand alone plug-in device, or may be embedded in AC outlets, receptacle extensions, and could become part of future phones or AC extension cords. The positioning and ranging capabilities of UWE make this applicable to tracking children and pets, or finding vehicles in large parking lots, as well.
It will be clear to one skilled in the art that the above disclosed invention may be applied in a wide range of applications and configurations as captured in the scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, the specification is not limited to a particular radio air interface standard or radio PHY or MAC definition or implementation.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 60/496,913 filed Aug. 22, 2003, and U.S. Provisional Application 60/498,324 filed Aug. 28, 2003, and the complete contents of both applications is herein incorporated by reference.
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| Number | Date | Country | |
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