Patent Application
20080107579
Emissions Standards, as articulated in The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 as established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), required assessment of hazardous air pollutants from utility power plants. In December 2000 the EPA announced their intention to regulate mercury emissions from coal-fired utility boilers. Coal-fired utility boilers are a known major source of anthropogenic mercury emissions in the United States. Elemental mercury and many of its compounds are volatile and will therefore leave the boiler as trace constituents in boiler flue gases. Some of these mercury constituents are insoluble in water, which renders them difficult to capture in conventional wet and dry scrubbers. Thus new methods and processes are needed to capture these trace constituents from boiler flue gases.
Mercury appears in coal combustion flue gases in both solid and gas phases (particulate-bound mercury and vapor-phase mercury, respectively). The so called particulate-bound mercury is really vapor-phase mercury adsorbed onto the surface of ash or carbon particles. Due to the high volatility of mercury and many of its compounds, most of the mercury found in flue gases is vapor-phase mercury. Vapor-phase mercury can appear as elemental mercury (elemental, metallic mercury vapor) or as oxidized mercury (vapor-phase species of various compounds of mercury). Speciation, which refers to the form of mercury present, is a key parameter in the development and design of mercury control strategies. All efforts to devise new control strategies for mercury emissions from power plants must focus on this characteristic of mercury.
Particulate collectors in use at electric utility plants, most commonly electrostatic precipitators (ESP) or fabric filters (FF), sometimes called baghouses, provide high-efficiency removal of particulate-bound mercury. Fabric filters tend to exhibit better particulate laden mercury removal than ESPs by providing a filter cake upon which to trap the particulate mercury as the flue gas passes through said filter cake. If the filter cake also contains constituents that will react with mercury such as unreacted carbon or even activated carbon, then the filter cake can act as a site to facilitate gas-solid reactions between the gaseous mercury and the solid carbon particles. If a power plant is equipped with a Flue Gas Desulfurization System (FGD) then either wet scrubbers or spray dryer absorbers (SDA) can remove significant amounts of oxidized mercury. Oxidized mercury, typically appearing in the form of mercuric chloride, is soluble in water, making it amenable to removal in sulfur dioxide scrubbers. Elemental mercury, insoluble in water, is less likely to be scrubbed in; conventional scrubbers. Removal of elemental mercury, therefore, remains an important issue in the search for cost-effective mercury control techniques.
Numerous studies have been, and continue to be, conducted to develop cost-effective approaches to the control of elemental mercury. Many of the studies have focused on the injection of a carbonaceous sorbent (e.g., powdered activated carbon, or PAC) into the flue gas upstream of the dust collector to adsorb vapor-phase mercury. The sorbent, and its burden of adsorbed mercury, are subsequently removed from the flue gases in a downstream particulate collector. Adsorption is a technique that has often been successfully applied for the separation and removal of trace quantities of undesirable components. PAC injection is used, commercially, to remove mercury from municipal waste combustor exhaust gases. PAC injection removes both oxidized and elemental mercury species, although removal efficiencies are higher for the oxidized form. Although this approach appeared attractive in early work, the economics of high injection rates can be prohibitive when applied to coal-fired utility plants. More refined studies are now in progress to define more precisely what can and cannot be achieved with PAC. Still other studies seek to enhance PAC technology. One technique subjects the PAC to an impregnation process wherein elements such as iodine or sulfur are incorporated into the carbonaceous sorbent. Such processes can yield sorbents that more strongly bond with adsorbed mercury species, but also result in significantly higher sorbent cost.
The speciation of vapor-phase mercury depends on coal type. Eastern U.S. bituminous coals tend to produce a higher percentage of oxidized mercury than do western subbituminous and lignite coals. Western coals have low chloride content compared to typical eastern bituminous coals. It has been recognized for several years that a loose empirical relationship holds between the chloride content of coal and the extent to which mercury appears in the oxidized form.
Felsvang et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,435,980) teaches that the mercury removal of a coal-fired system employing an SDA system can be enhanced by increasing the chlorine-containing species (e.g., hydrogen chloride) in the flue gases. Felsvang et al. further teaches that this can be accomplished through the addition of a chlorine-containing agent to the combustion zone of the boiler, or through the injection of hydrochloric acid (HCl) vapor into the flue gases upstream of the SDA. These techniques are claimed to improve the mercury removal performance of PAC when used in conjunction with an SDA system.
It is an object of this invention to invention to yield significant technical and commercial advantages over the prior art. The present inventors have determined through experimental testing that the use of bromine-containing compounds, added to the coal, or to the boiler combustion furnace, are significantly more effective than chlorine-containing compounds in enhancing the oxidation of mercury, thereby enhancing the overall removal of mercury in downstream pollution control devices. Second, the technique is applicable to utility power plants equipped with wet FGD systems, as well as those plants equipped with SDA systems. Wet FGD is the sulfur dioxide removal system of choice for most coal-fired utilities around the world. Approximately 25% of the coal-fired electric power plants in the U.S. are equipped with wet FGD systems.
The various features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the present invention, its operating advantages and the specific benefits attained by its uses, reference is made to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated.
Referring to the drawings generally, wherein like numerals designate the same or functionally similar elements throughout the several drawings, a first embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in
The removal of elemental mercury from coal combustion gases generated by electric utility plants through the application of a conventional PAC injection process is very expensive. The present invention promises to significantly reduce the cost of mercury removal at coal-fired electric plants in two ways. First, increasing the fraction of mercury appearing in the oxidized and particulate-bound forms enhances the removal of mercury in conventional pollution control systems such as particulate collectors 26 and wet 22 and SDA 24 FGD systems. This reduces, or may eliminate entirely, the need for PAC injection to remove elemental mercury. Second, the increased fraction of oxidized mercury also enhances the removal of mercury across a PAC injection process, due to the higher reactivity of oxidized mercury with PAC.
T The present invention was tested in a 5 million Btu/hr Small Boiler Simulator (SBS) Facility. The SBS was fired at approximately 4.3 million Btu/hr with a western U.S. subbituminous coal. During the tests, flue gases exiting the SBS boiler first passed through a spray dryer absorber (SDA) for removal of sulfur dioxide, and then through a fabric filter (FF) for removal of fly ash and spent sorbent from the SDA FGD system.
An aqueous solution of calcium bromide (CaBr2) was injected into the combustion chamber 14 through a coal burner (not shown).
In the preferred embodiment, an aqueous solution of calcium bromide is sprayed onto the crushed coal 16 before the coal 16 is pulverized for combustion. The aqueous solution is easily handled and metered onto the coal 16, coal pulverizers 28 intimately mix the bromide reagent 10 with the coal 16, and the pulverized coal conveying system 30 to the several coal burners (not shown) ensures an even distribution of the reagent 10 across the boiler furnace 14. There are many alternative ways to implement the invention as would be apparent to one of skill in the art. Based upon the tests performed, it is believed that adequate mercury removal can be achieved when the coal 16 is treated with up to about 1000 ppm of bromine from the bromine containing reagent 10; particularly between about 100 and about 200 ppm of bromine from the bromine containing reagent 10. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, some non-zero amount of bromine must be supplied in order to apply the principles of the invention; the upper limit of the range is, as a practical matter, limited by the possible increased corrosion potential which might be created.
In another embodiment the coal-fired boiler fuel 16 may include bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite coals and blends, thereof.
In yet another embodiment, the bromine-containing reagent 10 could comprise, but is not limited to, alkali metal and alkaline earth metal bromides, hydrogen bromide (HBr) or bromine (Br2).
In yet another embodiment the bromine-containing reagent 10 may be fed to the boiler combustion zone 14 in gaseous, liquid, or solid form.
In yet another embodiment, the electric utility plant configurations may include plants equipped with an SDA 24 and particulate collector 26 (FF or ESP) (
In yet another embodiment, the invention may be utilized in a coal-fired plant equipped with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system 32 for the control of nitrogen oxides, as SCR catalysts have been shown to promote the oxidation of elemental mercury if the correct species (in this case bromine species) are present in the flue gases.
In yet another embodiment, mercury removal may be further enhanced by utilizing a sorbent injection system in conjunction with the present invention. Such carbonaceous sorbents include, but are not limited to, powdered activated carbon (PAC), carbons and chars produced from coal and other organic materials, and unburned carbon produced by the combustion process itself.
While specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described in detail to illustrate the application of the principles of the invention, those skilled in the art will appreciate that changes may be made in the form of the invention covered by the following claims without departing from such principles. For example, the present invention may be applied to new fossil-fueled boiler construction which requires removal of mercury from flue gases produced thereby, or to the replacement, repair or modification of existing fossil-fueled boiler installations. In some embodiments of the invention, certain features of the invention may sometimes be used to advantage without a corresponding use of the other features.
Accordingly, there are other alternative embodiments which would be apparent to those skilled in the art and based on the teachings of the present invention, and which are intended to be included within the scope and equivalents of the following claims of this invention.
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US05/09590 | 3/21/2005 | WO | 00 | 9/5/2006 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60555353 | Mar 2004 | US |
