Bubble jet head and bubble jet apparatus employing the same

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a bubble jet head arranged in opposition to a printing surface of a printing medium for ejecting an ink toward the printing surface by a pressure of a bubble, and an bubble jet apparatus employing such bubble jet head.

2. Description of the Related Art

In a bubble jet head, there are an edge shooter type and a side shooter type, in general. In the edge shooter type bubble jet head, ink ejection openings are provided on an edge portion as downstream portion with respect to heater portions as ink heating portions provided for respective of a plurality of branched ink passages for delivering an ink from an ink storage portion. On the other hand, in the side shooter type bubble jet head, the ink ejection openings are provided in opposition to the heater portions provided for respective of a plurality of the branched ink passages.

In the side shooter type bubble jet head, high work efficiency of an electrical energy to be supplied to the heater portion is achieved for relatively short distance between the ejection opening forming surface and heating surfaces of the heater portions. On the other hand, the side shooter type bubble jet head is advantageous in that even when it is left for a while without being actuated and then printing operation is resumed in such condition, possibility of ejection failure incapable of ejecting ink droplet for increased viscosity of the ink due to evaporation of volatile component contained in the ink, can be significantly reduced.

In the side shooter type bubble jet head, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 152068/1989, for example, there has been proposed one, in which the heater portion is disposed within a receptacle portion, one end of which is opened to an ink supply passage, and surrounded in order to reduce vibration of meniscus upon ejection of the ink and not to interfere ejection of the ink droplet, and a narrow passage portion (in the publication, it is referred to as “local restricting portion”) is provided between a portion in the vicinity of an opening portion of a common ink supply passage and ends of respective ink supply passages.

On the other hand, as shown in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 16365/1993, for example, there has been proposed one, in which bubble in expanded condition as heated by a heating surface of the heater portion is communicated with atmosphere in the vicinity of the ink ejection opening, and the ink covering the bubble and the ink in the vicinity of the ink ejection opening are continuous without being blocked by the bubble, so as to be employed in the side shooter type bubble jet head to efficiently eject relatively small ink droplet without spraying.

In such bubble jet head, for speeding up the printing operation, it becomes important to shorten a period for refilling of ink, as important factor for setting a driving frequency.

However, as in the foregoing example, when the heater portion is arranged within the receptacle portion and surrounded therein, and the descending cross sectional area passage portion (narrow passage portion) is provided between the opening portion of the common ink supply passage and the ends of respective ink supply passages, it is possible to increase flow resistance due to presence of the narrow passage portion. Thus, limitation should be caused in shortening of refilling period of the ink. On the other hand, upon high speed printing, residual bubble in the ink which should cause adverse effect of ejection speed of the ink droplet and ejecting direction of the ink droplet, can be retained within the ink supply passage due to presence of the narrow passage portion.

On the other hand, as noted above, when the bubble in the expanded condition as heated by the heating surface of the heater portion is communicated to the atmosphere in the vicinity of the ink ejection opening, and the ink covering the bubble and the ink in the vicinity of the ink ejection opening are continuous without being blocked by the bubble, since meniscus which becomes relatively large (after ejection of ink droplet (after cutting the ink droplet)) is caused, it becomes particularly necessary to reduce flow resistance. Therefore, influence of the narrow passage portion for the refilling period of the ink is significant.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In consideration of the above, it is an object of the present invention to provide a bubble jet head arranged in opposition to a printing surface of a printing medium for ejecting an ink toward the printing surface by a pressure of a bubble within the ink, and an bubble jet apparatus employing such bubble jet head, wherein a refilling period of the ink can be sufficiently shortened to permit speeding up of printing operation, and retention of residual bubble in the ink with in an ink supply passage can be avoided to enable stable ink ejecting operation.

In order to achieve the above object, there is provided a bubble jet head comprising:

a common ink supply passage having ink supply opening in one end portion and introducing an ink supplied from an ink storage portion through the ink supply opening;

branched ink supply passages, each having an opening end portion communicated with the ink supply opening of the common ink supply passage and supplying the ink to an ink heating portion via the opening end portion; and

an ink ejection opening forming surface arranged in opposition to the ink heating portion with a predetermined distance and having ink ejection openings for ejecting ink droplet formed by heating the ink supplied through the branched ink supply passages in the ink heating portion,

the branched ink supply passage has a region which a width of section of the branched ink supply passage in a direction perpendicular to a direction from the opening portion to the ink ejection opening in the branched ink passage is gradually narrowed from the opening end portion to the ink heating portion.

There is provided an bubble jet apparatus comprising:

a printing portion arranged in opposition to a printing surface of a printing medium, has having a head carrying portion selectively loaded the above bubble jet head;

a driving portion moving the printing portion along the printing surface of the printing medium;

a printing operation control portion for making the bubble jet head to perform printing operation.

As can be appreciated from the above, with the bubble jet head according to the present invention and the bubble jet apparatus employing the bubble jet head, since the width of section of the branched ink supply passage in a direction perpendicular to a direction from the opening end portion to the ink ejection opening, in the branched ink supply passage is gradually reduced from the opening end portion toward the ink heating portion, capillary effect in the vicinity of the ink heating portion is promoted to sufficiently shorten the refilling period of the ink to permit high speed printing operation. Also, retention of the residual bubble in the ink within the ink supply passage can be successfully avoided to stabilize ink ejecting operation.

On the other hand, in the case where the ink heating portion is surrounded by the wall portion of the receptacle portion formed continuously with the wall portion forming the circumferential edge portion of the branched supply passage, vibration of the ink ejection opening forming surface by the bubble generated in the ink can be restricted.

Furthermore, when the bubble formed in the ink is in the expanded state as heated by the ink heating portion, the bubble is in communication with the atmosphere in the vicinity of the ink ejection opening. Also, since the ink covering the bubble and the ink in the vicinity of the ink ejection opening are continuous, when the ink is ejected, ejection amount and the ejection speed can be stabilized without causing splash of the ink in the vicinity of the ink ejection opening.

The above and other objects, effects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description of embodiments thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1

is an enlarged section view showing one example of a major part of a bubble jet head according to the present invention;

FIG. 2

is an enlarged section view showing one example of the major part of the bubble jet head according to the present invention;

FIG. 3

is a section view taken along line III—III in the example shown in

FIG. 2

;

FIG. 4

is an enlarged perspective view showing one example of the bubble jet head according to the present invention;

FIG. 5

is a general perspective view of the major portion of an bubble jet apparatus employing the bubble jet head according to the present invention;

FIG. 6

is an enlarged section view showing the major part of a branched ink supply passage of a driving substrate in a comparative example; and

FIG. 7

is an enlarged perspective view showing the major part of another embodiment of the bubble jet head according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 5

generally shows one example of a bubble jet head according to the present invention, and one example of the major part of an bubble jet apparatus employing such bubble jet head.

In

FIG. 51

the bubble jet apparatus is constructed with a transporting device

30

intermittently transporting a paper

28

as a printing medium provided along longitudinal direction within a casing

8

in a direction of arrow C shown in

FIG. 5

, a printing portion

10

reciprocating substantially in parallel to a direction perpendicular to the transporting direction of the paper

28

by the transporting device

30

, and a printing portion driving portion

6

as driving means for reciprocally moving the printing portion

10

.

The transporting device

30

includes a pair of roller units

22

a

and

22

b

arranged in opposition to each other in substantially parallel relationship to each other, a pair of roller units

24

a

and

24

b

, and a driving portion

20

for driving the roller units

22

a

,

22

b

and

24

a

,

24

b

. By this, when the driving portion

20

is placed in operating condition, the paper

28

is transmitted intermittently as gripped between the roller units

22

a

and

22

b

and the roller units

24

a

and

24

b.

The printing portion driving portion

6

is constructed with a belt

16

stretched between pulleys

26

a

and

26

b

arranged on rotary shafts arranged in opposition with a predetermined interval, a guide shaft

14

guiding movement of a carriage member

10

a

of the printing portion

10

arranged substantially in parallel with respect to the roller units

22

a

and

22

b

, and a motor

18

driving the belt

16

connected to the carriage member

10

a

of the printing portion

10

in forward and reverse directions.

When the motor

18

is placed in driving condition to circulate the belt

16

in the direction shown by arrow S in

FIG. 5

, the carriage member

10

a

of the printing portion

10

is shifted in a predetermined shifting amount in the same direction. On the other hand, when the motor

18

is placed in driving condition to circulate the belt

16

in the direction opposite to the direction shown by arrow S in

FIG. 5

, the carriage member

10

a

of the printing portion

10

is shifted in a predetermined shifting amount in the direction opposite to the direction shown by arrow S in FIG.

5

. Also, on one end portion of the printing portion driving portion

6

, a recovery unit

26

for performing ejection recovery process of the printing portion

10

is provided at the position to be a home position of the carriage member

10

a

, in opposition to the ink ejection opening array.

The printing portion

10

is provided with bubble jet heads

12

Y,

12

M,

12

C and

12

B for respective colors of yellow, magenta, cyan and black, for example. On the other hand, ink tanks supplying respective color of inks to respective bubble jet heads

12

Y,

12

M,

12

C and

12

B are detachably mounted on the carriage member

10

a

of the printing portion

10

.

The bubble jet heads

12

Y,

12

M,

12

C and

12

B have mutually the same construction. Therefore, the following description will be given with respect to the bubble jet head

12

Y, and description for other bubble jet heads

12

M,

12

C and

12

B will be neglected for keeping the disclosure simple enough to facilitate clear understanding of the present invention.

The bubble jet head

12

Y is constructed with a driving substrate

32

fixed to a sub ink tank

40

as an ink storage portion, an orifice plate member

34

as an ink ejection opening forming surface fixed on the driving substrate

32

, and an electrode plate member

36

electrically connected to the driving substrate

32

by a wire group

38

as shown in FIG.

4

. The bubble jet head

12

Y performs printing with maximum 8000 pixels per one second and thus, a scanning speed is set at 338.8 (mm/s), for example.

The electrode plate member

36

is provided with a plurality of electrode portions

36

a

electrically connected to respective electrode portions of the printing portion

10

when the bubble jet head

12

Y is set in the printing portion

10

.

On the orifice plate member

34

, n in number of ink ejection openings

34

ai

, . . . ,

34

an

, and

34

bi

, . . .

34

bn

(i=1 to n) are respectively arranged with a predetermined interval in mutually parallel two arrays along a direction substantially perpendicular to a direction shown by arrow X in

FIG. 4

, namely to scanning direction X. On the other hand, the ejection openings

34

ai

, . . . ,

34

an

and

34

bi

. . .

34

bn

are opposed with an offset of 84.7/2 (μm) in the alignment direction so that each individual ink ejection opening in one array of the ink ejection openings is located at intermediate position between two adjacent ink ejection openings in the other array of ink ejection openings. Namely, the ink ejection openings in two arrays are arranged in checkered fashion. The shapes of each ink ejection opening

34

ai

and

34

bi

is in a rectangular shape of 20 (μm) in the shorter side along the scanning direction and 21 (μm) in the longer width, for example.

The driving substrate

32

is formed of silicon, for example. As shown in

FIGS. 2 and 3

, an ink supply openings

32

a

, opening in tapered form are provided within a sub ink tank

40

at a position between the array of n in number of the ink ejection openings

34

ai

to

34

an

and the array of n in number of ink ejection openings

34

bi

and

34

bn

, along the alignment direction of the array of the ink ejection openings

34

ai

to

34

an

. The ink supply opening

32

a

may be formed by anisotropic etching, for example. Over the entire surface in the driving substrate

32

, on which the orifice plate member

34

is fixed, a protective film

32

f

of silicon nitride (SiN) is formed, for example. The protective film

32

is in a thickness of 0.6 (μm), for example.

On the surface of the driving substrate

32

covered with the protective film

32

f

as shown in

FIG. 2

, heater portions

32

ai

to

32

an

and

32

bi

to

32

bn

(i=1 to n, n is an integer) are provided with a predetermined pitch, e.g. 84.7 (μm) pitch, at positions respectively opposing to respective of n in number of ink ejection openings

34

ai

, . . . ,

34

an

and

34

bi

, . . . ,

34

bn

on the orifice plate member

34

. In respective heater portions

32

ai

to

32

an

and

32

bi

to

32

bn

, branched ink supply passages

42

ai

to

42

an

and

42

bi

to

42

bn

for delivering ink supplied through the ink supply opening

32

a

to respective heater portions

32

ai

to

32

an

and

32

bi

to

32

bn

, are symmetrically arranged in opposition across the ink supply opening

32

a.

As the branched ink supply passages

42

ai

to

42

an

and

42

bi

to

42

bn

are respectively have the same structure, only one branched ink supply passage

42

ai

among the branched ink supply passages

42

ai

to

42

an

and

42

bi

to

42

bn

, will be explained, and description for other branched ink supply passages will be neglected.

As shown in enlarged form in

FIG. 1

, the branched ink supply passage

42

ai

is defined between a pair of partitioning walls

44

a

separating respective branched ink supply passages. The branched ink supply passage

42

ai

is constructed with a constant cross sectional area passage portion (parallel passage portion)

46

a

having an opening end portion opening on the side of the ink supply opening

32

a

at one end and a contracted passage portion

48

a

continuous with the parallel passage portion

46

a

. On the other end of the branched ink supply passage

42

ai

, a receptacle portion

50

for receiving the heater portion

32

ai

is provided.

A width Wa of the parallel passage portion

46

a

in the branched ink supply passage

42

ai

is assumed to be 72 (μm), for example. The contracted passage portion

48

a

is consist of two contracted portions

48

ac

and

48

ad

having mutually different gradients are joined at a joint Pc. One end of the contracted portion

48

ac

is joined with the parallel passage portion

46

a

, and the other end of the contracted portion

48

ad

is joined with the receptacle portion

50

.

A length Lb from the end portion of the parallel passage portion

46

a

to the joint Pc and gradient symbol αc in the contracted portion

48

ac

are 20 (μm) and about 16.7° [tan

−1

(6/20)], for example. On the other hand, a length Lc from the joint Pc to the end portion and gradient symbol αd in the contracted portion

48

ad

are 14 (μm) and about 29.7° [tan

−1

(8.0/14)]. It is desirable to set the gradient in the contracted portion

48

ad

within a range of about 10° to 30°.

A refill period of the ink depends on capillary force determined by curvature radius of meniscus and surface tension of the ink. The capillary force becomes greater at smaller curvature radius of the meniscus. Therefore, the capillary force becomes greater, when the width of the ink supply passage in the vicinity of the heater portion

32

ai

is made smaller.

The reason why the contracted passage portion

48

a

is widened toward the parallel passage portion

46

a

from the joint Pc, is to facilitate discharging on the side of the ink ejection opening without retaining the residual bubble in the ink. On the other hand, since the contracted passage portion

48

a

is gradually widened toward the parallel passage portion

46

a

, generation of swirl to be a cause of the residual bubble can be restricted.

Furthermore, it order to certainly avoid retention of the residual bubble in the ink, a boundary portion between the joint Pc, the contracted portion

48

a

and the parallel passage portion

46

a

and a boundary portion between the contracted portion

48

a

and the receptacle portion

50

respectively may be rounded with a predetermined curvature (arc portion).

The heater portion

32

ai

is formed into a rectangular shape consisted of a predetermined shorter edge and longer edge. Dimensions of the shorter edge and the longer edge Le and Wc are respectively 26 (μm) and 36 (μm), for example. The center position of the heater portion

32

ai

is substantially match with the center position of the ink ejection opening

34

ai

. The heater portion

32

ai

is received within the receptacle portion

50

so that a distance La from the opening end portion of the branched ink supply passage

42

ai

to the opposing one edge of the branched ink supply passage

42

ai

is 100 (μm), for example.

The receptacle portion

50

is defined by wall portion surrounding three edges of the heater portion

32

ai

with a predetermined clearance. Distances Lf, Wd and Wd between respective edges of the heater portion

32

ai

and the wall portion are respectively 4 (μm) at the maximum. On the other hand, a distance Ld between the end portion of the contracted portion

48

a

and one edge of the heater portion

32

ai

is 4 (μm).

In the expanded condition of the bubble Ba owing to film boiling in the ink in the vicinity of the heater portion

32

ai

, while ink ejection, vibration of the orifice plate member

34

can be avoided, because the receptacle portion

50

is formed to surround three edges of the heater portion

32

ai

by the wall portions with the predetermined gap.

In addition, in one embodiment of the bubble jet apparatus according to the present invention, while not illustrated in the drawings, a printing operation control portion for controlling printing operation of the bubble jet head is provided. The printing operation control portion generates a driving control pulse signal on the basis of a binary data derived from a printing data indicative of an image to be printed on a paper

28

through predetermined image processing, and supplies the driving control pulse signal to the bubble jet head at a predetermined timing.

In the construction as set forth above, while the predetermined amount of ink is supplied to the receptacle portion

50

at the predetermined timing through the ink supply opening

32

a

and the branched ink supply passage

42

ai

, when the printing portion

10

is moved in the scanning direction, the driving control pulse signal from the printing operation control portion is supplied to respective heater portion

32

ai

to cause expanded condition of the bubble Ba by film boiling in the vicinity of the heater portion

32

ai

to push up the ink toward the ink ejection opening

34

ai

. It has been confirmed by the inventors through experiments, that at this time, the bubble Ba will be communicated with the atmosphere from the outer side peripheral portion to the portion At in the vicinity of the inner side of the ink ejection opening

34

ai

, as shown in

FIG. 3.

, and the portion of the ink droplet Do other than that located in the portion At in the vicinity of the inner side of the ink ejection opening

34

ai

is continuous with the ink within the branched ink supply passage

42

ai

. By this, stable ejection is performed against the surface of the paper

28

without causing splashing of the ink.

On the other hand, it has also been confirmed by the inventor through experiments, that, when the pulse width of the driving control pulse signal and the driving voltage are respectively 2.5 (μs) and 13V, the ejection volume of the ink and the flying speed of the ink, and the refilling period (a period from a timing of initiation of application of the driving control pulse signal to the heater portion

32

ai

to completion of refilling of the ink are respectively 8.4×10

−9

cm

3

, 15.9 (m/s) and 95 (μs). It should be noted that the ink employed in the experiments has the following composition.

Tiodiglycol

5%

Glycerin

5%

Urea

5%

Isopropyl alcohol

4%

Acetylenol solution

0.1%

Water

Remainder

On the other hand, a comparative example is shown in FIG.

6

. In

FIG. 6

, one of a plurality of branched ink supply passages

52

and a receptacle portions

56

arranged on both sides of the ink supply opening

32

a

in checkered fashion, are illustrated in enlarged form. It should be noted that the heater portion

32

ai

, the orifice plate

34

and the sub ink tank

40

are the same as those in the former embodiment.

The branched ink supply passage

52

is defined by substantially parallel partitioning wall portions

48

a

arranged in opposition with a predetermined interval Wa, e.g. 72 (μm). The receptacle portion

56

receiving the heater portion

32

ai

is communicated with the branched ink passage

52

via a narrow passage portion

58

.

The receptacle portion

56

is defined by the wall portion surrounding three edges of the heater portion

32

ai

, for example. The length Lh of the wall portion along the shorter edge of the heater portion

32

ai

and the length Wc along the longer edge of the heater portion

32

ai

in the receptacle portion

56

are respectively 34 and 44 (μm).

On the other hand, the heater portion

32

ai

is arranged with predetermined distances Wha, Whb, Lha and Lhb, e.g. 4 (μm) respectively, from the wall surface of the receptacle portion

56

. Also, a position on one edge opposing to the branched ink supply passage in the heater portion

32

ai

is located at a position located at a predetermined distance La from the opening end portion of the branched ink supply passage

52

, e.g. 100 (μm).

The narrow passage portion

58

includes a tapered surface portion

54

a

opposing to the receptacle portion

56

and a parallel passage portion

54

b.

The tapered surface portion

54

a

is provided with a predetermined gradient tan

−1

(Wta/Ltb), for example tan

−1

(7/6). On the other hand, a step Wtb between the tapered surface portion

54

a

and the receptacle portion

56

is 6.5 (μm). The diameter Wn and length Lta of the parallel passage portion

54

b

are respectively 17 and 8 (μm), respectively. In the construction set forth above, it has been confirmed by the inventor through experiments that, when the pulse width of the driving control pulse signal and the driving voltage are 2.5 (μs) and 13V, similarly to the foregoing example, the ink ejection volume, the ink flying speed and the refilling period are respectively 8.4×10

−9

(cm

3

), 16.6 (m/s) and 140 (μs). Therefore, the refilling period in the comparative example is slower than the refilling period in the above embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7

shows another example of the bubble jet head according to the present invention.

As set forth above, in the embodiment shown in

FIG. 1

, each branched ink supply passages

42

ai

to

42

an

is constituted of the parallel passage portion

46

a

and the narrow passage portion

48

a

, and the ink is supplied to the receptacle portion

50

receiving the heater portion

32

ai

via the branched ink supply passage

42

ai

. In contrast to this, in the embodiment shown in

FIG. 7

, branched ink supply passages

60

ai

to

60

an

and

60

bi

to

60

bn

(i=1 to n, n is integer) provided symmetrically with respect to the ink supply passage

32

a

are constructed with parallel passage portions. On the other hand, a receptacle portion

64

receiving the heater portion

32

ai

which has the same construction with the former embodiments, is widened toward the end of the parallel passage portion for communication.

In

FIG. 7

, one of a plurality of the branched ink supply passages

60

ai

to

60

an

and the receptacle portions

64

is illustrated in enlarged form.

The branched ink supply passage

60

ai

is defined by partitioning wall portions

66

a

separating adjacent branched ink supply passages as arranged substantially in parallel to each other in opposition. The width Wa of the parallel passage portion in the branched ink supply passage

60

ai

is 72 (μm), for example.

The receptacle portion

64

is defined by a tapered wall portion

64

a

connected to the parallel passage portion of the branched ink supply passage

60

ai

and the wall portion

64

b

opposing to the opening end of the parallel passage portion of the branched ink supply passage

60

ai

. The wall portion

64

a

has the predetermined gradient [tan

−1

(14/68)] with respect to the parallel passage portion, the predetermined length Lr, e.g. 68 (μm). One end of the wall portion

64

a

is connected by the wall portion

64

b

. The width Wb of the wall portion

64

b

is 44 (μm), for example. The heater portion

32

ai

is arranged at substantially center position with predetermined distance Lf e.g. 4 (μm) from the wall portion

64

b

in the receptacle portion

64

. On the other hand, the position of one edge opposing to the branched ink supply passage

60

ai

in the heater portion

32

ai

is positioned with a predetermined distance La from the opening end portion of the parallel passage portion, e.g. 100 (μm).

With such construction, it has also been confirmed by the inventor through experiments, that, when the pulse width of the driving control pulse signal and the driving voltage are respectively 2.5 (μs) and 13V similarly to the foregoing example, the ejection volume of the ink and the flying speed of the ink, and the re filling period (a period from a timing of initiation of application of the driving control pulse signal to the heater portion

32

ai

to completion of refilling of the ink are respectively 8.3×10

−9

(cm

3

), 15.6 (m/s) and 88 (μs).

Accordingly, even in the shown embodiment, similarly to the former embodiment, refilling period can be shortened in comparison with the comparative example, and thus can obtain the similar effect to the former embodiment.

The present invention has been described in detail with respect to preferred embodiments, and it will now be apparent from the foregoing to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects, and it is the intention, therefore, in the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit of the invention.

Number	Name	Date
4611219	Sugitani et al.	Sep 1986
5132707	O'Neill	Jul 1992
5159354	Hirasawa et al.	Oct 1992
5164747	Osada et al.	Nov 1992
5343227	Hirosawa et al.	Aug 1994
5574488	Tamura	Nov 1996
5635966	Keefe et al.	Jun 1997
5793393	Coven	Aug 1998

Number	Date	Country
195 05 465	Aug 1995	DE
0 549 211	Jun 1993	EP
0 568 247	Nov 1993	EP
0 641 654	Mar 1995	EP
0 694 398	Jan 1996	EP
0 691 204	Jan 1996	EP
1-087356	Mar 1989	JP
1-152068	Jun 1989	JP
5-16365	Jan 1993	JP

Bubble jet head and bubble jet apparatus employing the same

Information

Patent Number

Date Filed

Date Issued

Inventors

Original Assignees

Examiners

Agents

CPC

US Classifications

Field of Search

US

International Classifications

Abstract

Description

Claims

Priority Claims (1)

US Referenced Citations (8)

Foreign Referenced Citations (9)