Patent Grant
7067020
The present invention is directed to the field of amorphous steel alloys with high manganese content and related method of using and manufacturing the same.
Bulk-solidifying amorphous metal alloys (a.k.a. bulk metallic glasses) are those alloys that can form an amorphous structure upon solidifying from the melt at a cooling rate of several hundred degrees Kelvin per second or lower. Most of the prior amorphous metal alloys based on iron are characterized by their soft-magnetic behavior, high magnetic permeability at high frequencies, and low saturated magnetostriction [1] [2]. The Curie temperatures are typically in the range of about 200–300° C. These alloys also exhibit specific strengths and Vickers hardness two to three times those of high-strength steel alloys; and in some cases, good corrosion-resistant properties have been reported. Ferrous-based metallic glasses have been mainly used for transformer, recording head, and sensor applications, although some hard magnetic applications have also been reported.
The bulk-solidifying ferrous-based amorphous alloys are multicomponent systems that contain 50–70 atomic percent iron as the major component. The remaining composition combines suitable mixtures of metalloids (Group b elements) and other elements selected from cobalt, nickel, chromium, and refractory as well as lanthanide (Ln) metals [2] [3]. These bulk-solidifying amorphous alloys can be obtained in the form of cylinder-shaped rods between one and six millimeters in diameter as well as sheets less than one millimeter in thickness [4]. The good processability of these alloys can be attributed to the high reduced glass temperature Trg (defined as glass transition temperature Tg divided by the liquidus temperature Tl in K) of about 0.6 to 0.63 and large supercooled liquid region ΔTx (defined as crystallization temperature minus the glass transition temperature) of at least 20° C. that are measured.
The present invention amorphous steel alloy suppresses the magnetism compared with conventional compositions while still achieving a high processability of the amorphous metal alloys and maintaining superior mechanical properties and good corrosion resistance properties.
The present invention provides bulk-solidifying high manganese non-ferromagnetic amorphous steel alloys and related method of using and making articles (e.g., systems, structures, components) of the same.
The steps discussed throughout this document may be performed in various orders and/or with modified procedures or compositions suitable to a given application.
In one embodiment, the present invention features an Fe-based non-ferromagnetic amorphous steel alloy comprised substantially or entirely of a composition represented by the formula: (Fe1-a-b-cMnaCrbMoc)100-d-e-fZrdNbeBf, wherein a, b, c, d, e, and f respectively satisfy the relations: 0.29≧a≧0.2, 0.1≧b≧0, 0.05≧c≧0, 10≧d≧2, 6≧e≧0, 24≧f≧13.
In a second embodiment, the present invention features an Fe-based amorphous steel alloy comprised substantially of a composition represented by the formula: (Fe1-a-b-cMnaCrbMoc)100-d-e-fZrdNbeBf, wherein a, b, c, d, e, and f respectively satisfy the relations 0.29≧a≧0.2, 0.1≧b≧0, 0.05≧c≧0, 10≧d≧2, 6≧e≧0, 24≧f≧13, and wherein the alloy has a critical cooling rate of less than about 1,000° C./sec.
In a third embodiment, the present invention features an Fe-based amorphous steel alloy comprised substantially of a composition represented by the formula: (Fe1-a-b-cMnaCrbMoc)100-d-e-fZrdNbeBf, wherein a, b, c, d, e, and f respectively satisfy the relations 0.29≧a≧0.2, 0.1b≧0, 0.05≧c≧0, 10≧d≧2, 6≧e≧0, 24≧f≧13, and wherein the alloy is processable into amorphous sample of at least about 0.1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
In a fourth embodiment, the present invention features an Fe-based non-ferromagnetic amorphous steel alloy comprised substantially or entirely of a composition represented by the formula: Fe100-a-b-c-d-eMnaMobCrcBdCe, wherein a, b, c, d, and e respectively satisfy the relations: 13≧a≧8, 17≧b≧12, 5≧c≧0, 7≧d≧4, 17≧e≧13 (these subscript values indicating the atomic percent amounts of the constituent elements of the composition).
In a fifth embodiment, the present invention features an Fe-based amorphous steel alloy comprised substantially of a composition represented by the formula: Fe100-a-b-c-d-eMnaMobCrcBdCe, wherein a, b, c, d, and e respectively satisfy the relations 13≧a≧8, 17≧b≧12, 5≧c≧0, 7≧d4, 17≧e≧13, these subscript values indicating the atomic percent amounts of the constituent elements of the composition; and wherein the alloy has a critical cooling rate of less than about 1,000° C./sec.
In a sixth embodiment, the present invention features an Fe-based amorphous steel alloy comprised substantially of a composition represented by the formula: Fe100-a-b-c-d-eMnaMobCrcBdCe, wherein a, b, c, d, and e respectively satisfy the relations 13≧a≧8, 17≧b≧12, 5≧c≧0, 7≧d≧4, 17≧e≧13, these subscript values indicating the atomic percent amounts of the constituent, elements of the composition; and wherein the alloy is processable into bulk amorphous sample of at least about 0.1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
In a seventh embodiment, the present invention features an Fe-based non-ferromagnetic amorphous steel alloy comprised substantially or entirely of a composition represented by the formula: Fe100-a-b-c-d-e-fMnaMobCrcBdPeCf, wherein a, b, c, d, e, and f respectively satisfy the relations: 15≧a5, 14≧b≧8, 10≧c≧4, 8≧d≧0, 12≧e≧5, 16≧f≧4 (these subscript values indicating the atomic percent amounts of the constituent elements of the composition).
In an eighth embodiment, the present invention features an Fe-based amorphous steel alloy comprised substantially of a composition having the formula: Fe100-a-b-c-d-e-fMnaMobCrcBdPeCf, wherein a, b, c, d, e, and f respectively satisfy the relations 15≧a≧5, 14≧b≧≧8, 10≧c≧4, 8≧d≧0, 12≧e≧5, 16≧f≧4, these subscript values indicating the atomic percent amounts of the constituent elements- of the composition; and wherein the alloy has a critical cooling rate of less than about 1,000° C/sec.
In a ninth embodiment, the present invention features an Fe-based amorphous steel alloy comprised substantially of a composition having the formula: Fe100-a-b-c-d-e-fMnaMobCrcBdPeCf, wherein a, b, c, d, e, and f respectively satisfy the relations 15≧a≧5, 14≧b≧8, 10≧c≧4, 8≧d≧0, 12≧e≧5, 16≧f≧4, these subscript values indicating the atomic percent amounts of the constituent elements of the composition; and wherein the alloy is processable into bulk amorphous sample of at least about 0.1 mm in thickness in its minimum dimension.
In a tenth embodiment, the present invention features method of producing a feedstock of the Fe-based alloy comprising the steps of: (a) melting at least substantially all elemental components together of the Fe-based alloy except Mn (preferably in an arc furnace) so as to provide at least one Mn-free ingot; (b) melting at least one the Mn-free ingot together with Mn forming at least one final ingot; and (c) bulk-solidifying at least one the final ingot through conventional mold casting.
In an eleventh embodiment, the present invention features method of producing “homogeneously alloyed” feedstock for the Fe-based alloy, which comprises the steps: (a) melting at least substantially all elemental components together of the Fe-based alloy except Mn to provide at least one Mn-free ingot; and (b) melting at least one the Mn-free ingot together with Mn forming at least one final ingot.
In a twelfth embodiment, the present invention features method of producing a feedstock of the Fe-based alloy comprising the steps of: (a) melting substantially all elemental components together of the Fe-based alloy except Mn (preferably in an arc furnace) to provide at least one Mn-free ingot; (b) melting Mn obtaining at least one clean Mn; (c) melting at least one the Mn-free ingot together with at least one the clean Mn forming a final ingot; and (d) bulk-solidifying at least one the final ingot through mold casting.
In a thirteenth embodiment, the present invention features method of producing “homogeneously alloyed” feedstock for the Fe-based alloy, which comprises the steps: (a) melting substantially all elemental components together of the Fe-based alloy except Mn to provide at least one Mn-free ingot; (b) melting Mn obtaining at least one clean Mn; and (c) melting at least one the Mn-free ingot together with at least one the clean Mn forming a final ingot.
In a fourteenth embodiment, the present invention features method of producing the Fe-based alloy comprising the steps of: (a) mixing Fe, C, Mo, Cr, and B forming a mixture; (b) pressing the mixture into at least one mass; (c) melting at least one the mass in a suitable furnace forming at least one preliminary ingot; (d) melting at least one the preliminary ingot with Mn to form at least one final ingot; and (e) bulk-solidifying at least one the final ingot through mold casting.
In a fifthteenth embodiment, the present invention features a method of producing “homogeneously alloyed” feedstock for the Fe-based alloy, which comprises the steps: (a) mixing Fe, C, Mo, Cr, and B forming a mixture; (b) pressing the mixture into at least one mass; (c) melting at least one the mass in a furnace forming at least one preliminary ingot; and (d) melting at least one the preliminary ingot with Mn to form at least one final ingot.
In a sixteenth embodiment, the present invention features a method of producing the Fe-based alloy comprising the steps of: (a) mixing Fe, C, Mo, Cr, B, and P forming a mixture; (b) pressing the mixture into at least one mass; (c) melting at least one the mass in a furnace forming at least one preliminary ingot; (d) melting at least one the preliminary ingot with Mn to form at least one final ingot; and (e) bulk-solidifying at least one the final ingot through mold casting.
In a seventeenth embodiment, the present invention features a method of producing “homogeneously alloyed” feedstock for the Fe-based alloy, which comprises the steps: (a) mixing Fe, C, Mo, Cr, B, and P forming a mixture; (b) pressing the mixture into at least one mass; (c) melting at least one the mass in a furnace forming at least one preliminary ingot; and (d) melting at least one the preliminary ingot with Mn to form at least one final ingot.
The present invention provides both the non-ferromagnetic properties at ambient temperature as well as useful mechanical attributes. The present invention is a new class of ferrous-based bulk-solidifying amorphous metal alloys for non-ferromagnetic structural applications. Thus, the present invention alloys exhibit magnetic transition temperatures below the ambient, mechanical strengths and hardness superior to conventional steel alloys, and good corrosion resistance.
The present invention alloys, for example, contain either high manganese addition or high manganese in combination with high molybdenum and carbon additions. The present invention alloys exhibit high reduced glass temperatures and large supercooled liquid regions comparable to conventional processable magnetic ferrous-based bulk metallic glasses. Furthermore, since the synthesis-processing methods employed by the present invention do not involve any special materials handling procedures, they are directly adaptable to low-cost industrial processing technology.
Metalloids tend to restore the Curie point that is otherwise suppressed by adding refractory metals to amorphous ferrous-based alloys. The addition of manganese is very effective in suppressing ferromagnetism [5]. For the present invention alloys, the addition of about 10 atomic percent or higher manganese content reduces the Curie point to below ambient temperatures, as measured by using a Quantum Design MPMS system. The Curie point and spin-glass transition temperatures are observed to be below about −100° C. The present invention reveals that the addition of manganese to ferrous-based multi-component alloys is largely responsible for the high fluid viscosity observed. High fluid viscosity enhances the processability of amorphous alloys.
Compositions of the present invention reveal that when molybdenum and chromium are added they provide the alloys with high hardness and good corrosion resistance. Accordingly, the present invention alloys contain comparable or significantly higher molybdenum content than conventional steel alloys. Preliminary measurements in an embodiment of the present invention show microhardness in the range of about 1200–1600 DPN and tensile fracture strengths of at least about 3000 MPa; values that far exceed those reported for high-strength steel alloys. Preliminary corrosion tests in acidic pH:6 solution show very good corrosion resistance properties characterized by a very low passivating current of about 8×10−7 to 1×10−6 A/cm2, a large passive region of about 0.8 V, and a pitting potential of about +0.5 V or greater. The present potentiodynamic polarization characteristics are comparable to the best results reported on conventional amorphous ferrous and nickel alloys [6].
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention, as well as the invention itself, will be more fully understood from the following description of preferred embodiments, when read together with the accompanying drawings in which:
The present invention provides a novel non-ferromagnetic glassy alloy at ambient temperature and related method of using and making articles (e.g., systems, structures, components) of the same.
In an embodiment of the present invention, alloy ingots are prepared by melting mixtures of good purity elements in an arc furnace or induction furnace. In order to produce homogeneous ingots of the complex alloys that contained manganese, refractory metals, and metalloids particularly carbon, it was found necessary to perform the alloying in two separate stages (or more). For alloys that contain iron, manganese, and boron as the principal components, a mixture of all the elemental components except manganese was first melted together in an arc furnace. The ingot obtained was then combined with manganese and melted together to form the final ingot. For stage 2 alloying, it was found preferable to use clean manganese obtained by first pre-melting manganese pieces in an arc furnace.
In the case of alloys that contain iron, manganese, molybdenum, and carbon as the principal components, iron granules, graphite powders (about −200 mesh), and molybdenum powders (about −200 to −375 mesh) plus chromium, boron, and phosphorous pieces were mixed well together and pressed into a disk or cylinder or any given mass. Alternatively, small graphite pieces in the place of graphite powders can also be used. The mass is melted in an arc furnace or induction furnace to form an ingot. The ingot obtained was then combined with manganese and melted together to form the final ingot.
Next, regarding the glass formability and processability, bulk-solidifying samples can be obtained using a conventional copper mold casting, for example, or other suitable methods. In one instance, by injecting the melt into a cylinder-shaped cavity inside a copper block (preferably a water-cooled copper block). Thermal transformation data were acquired using a Differential Thermal Analyzer (DTA). It was found that the designed ferrous-based alloys exhibit a reduced glass temperature Trg in the range of about 0.59–0.63 and large supercooled liquid region ΔTx in the range of about 45–100° C. Moreover, some of the alloy ingots hardly changes shape upon melting and are presumed to be extremely viscous in the molten state. In the instant exemplary embodiment, the present invention amorphous steel alloys were cast into cylinder-shaped amorphous rods with diameters reaching about 4 millimeter (mm). Various ranges of thickness, size, length, and volume are possible. For example, in some embodiments the present invention alloys are processable into bulk amorphous samples with a range thickness of about 0.1 mm or greater. The amorphous nature of the rods is confirmed by x-ray and electron diffraction as well as thermal analysis (as shown in
The present alloys may be devitrified to form amorphous-crystalline microstructures, or blended with other ductile phases during solidification of the amorphous alloys to form composite materials, which can result in strong hard products with improved ductility for structural applications.
Accordingly, the present invention amorphous steel alloys outperform current steel alloys in many application areas. Some products and services of which the present invention can be implemented includes, but is not limited thereto 1) ship, submarine (e.g., watercrafts), and vehicle (land-craft and aircraft) frames and parts, 2) building structures, 3) armor penetrators, armor penetrating projectiles or kinetic energy projectiles, 4) protection armors, armor composites, or laminate armor, 5) engineering, construction, and medical materials and tools and devices, 6) corrosion and wear-resistant coatings, 7) cell phone and personal digital assistant (PDA) casings, housings and components, 8) electronics and computer casings, housings, and components, 9) magnetic levitation rails and propulsion system, 10) cable armor, 11) hybrid hull of ships, wherein “metallic” portions of the hull could be replaced with steel having a hardened non-magnetic coating according to the present invention, 12) composite power shaft, 13) actuators and other utilization that require the combination of specific properties realizable by the present invention amorphous steel alloys.
The U.S. patents listed below are illustrative applications for the present invention method of using and fabrication, and are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,168 to Cotton et al. entitled “Magnetic Assemblies for Minesweeping or Ship Degaussing;”
U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,963 to Lu et al. entitled “Method of Manufacturing a Thin Film Magnetic Recording Medium having Low MrT Value and High Coercivity;”
U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,254 to Peker et al. entitled “Amorphous metal/reinforcement Composite Material;”
U.S. Pat. No. 6,446,558 to Peker et al. entitled “Shaped-Charge Projectile having an Amorphous-Matrix Composite Shaped-charge Filter;”
U.S. Pat. No. 5,896,642 to Peker et al. entitled “Die-formed Amorphous Metallic Articles and their Fabrication;”
U.S. Pat. No. 5,797,443 to Lin, Johnson, and Peker entitled “Method of Casting Articles of a Bulk-Solidifying Amorphous Alloy;”
U.S. Pat. No. 4,061,815 to Poole entitled “Novel Compositions;”
U.S. Pat. No. 4,353,305 to Moreau, et al. entitled “Kinetic-energy Projectile;”
U.S. Pat. No. 5,228,349 to Gee et al. entitled “Composite Power Shaft with Intrinsic Parameter Measurability;”
U.S. Pat. No. 5,728,968 to Buzzett et al. entitled “Armor Penetrating Projectile;”
U.S. Pat. No. 5,732,771 to Moore entitled “Protective Sheath for Protecting and Separating a Plurality for Insulated Cable Conductors for an Underground Well;”
U.S. Pat. No. 5,868,077 to Kuznetsov entitled “Method and Apparatus for Use of Alternating Current in Primary Suspension Magnets for Electrodynamic Guidance with Superconducting Fields;”
U.S. Pat. No. 6,357,332 to Vecchio entitled “Process for Making Metallic/intermetallic Composite Laminate Material and Materials so Produced Especially for Use in Lightweight Armor;”
U.S. Pat. No. 6,505,571 to Critchfield et al. entitled “Hybrid Hull Construction for Marine Vessels;”
U.S. Pat. No. 6,515,382 to Ullakko entitled “Actuators and Apparatus;”
For some embodiments of the present invention, two classes of non-ferromagnetic ferrous-based bulk amorphous metal alloys are obtained. The alloys in the subject two classes contain about 50 atomic % of iron. First, a high-manganese class (labeled MnB) contains manganese and boron as the principal alloying components. Second, a high manganese-high molybdenum class (labeled MnMoC) contains manganese, molybdenum, and carbon as the principal alloying components. For illustration purposes, more than fifty compositions of each of the two classes are selected for testing glass formability.
First, regarding the high-manganese class, the MnB-class amorphous steel alloys are given by the formula (in atomic percent) as follows:
(Fe100-a-b-cMnaCrbMoc)100-x-y-zZrxNbyBz
where 0.29≧a≧0.2, 0.1≧b≧0, 0.05≧c≧0, 10≧x≧2, 6≧y≧0, 24≧z≧13.
These alloys are found to exhibit reduced glass temperature Trg of about 0.6–0.63 (or greater) and supercooled liquid region ΔTx of about 60–100° C. (or greater). Results from differential thermal analysis (DTA) on two alloys with Trg˜0.63 are shown in
In an embodiment of the high-manganese class, the MnB-class amorphous steel alloys, the composition region of these alloys can be given by the formula (in atomic percent) as follows:
(Fe, Ni)a(Mn, Cr, Mo, Zr, Nb)b(B, Si, C)c
where, 43≧a≧50, 28≧b≧36, 18≧c≧25, and the sum of a, b, and c is 100 and under the following constraints that Fe content is at least about 40%, Mn content is at least about 13%, Zr content is at least about 3%, and B content is at least about 12% in the overall alloy composition. These alloys are typically non-ferromagnetic and have low critical cooling rates of less than about 1,000° C./sec and castable into bulk objects of minimum dimension of at least about 0.5/mm. These alloys also have high Trg of about 0.60 or higher, and high ΔTx of about 50° C. or greater.
Next, regarding the High Manganese-High Molybdenum Class, the MnMoC-class amorphous steel alloys are given by the formula (in atomic percent) as follows:
Fe100-a-b-c-d-eMnaMobCrcBdCe
where 13≧a≧8, 17≧b≧12, 5≧c≧0, 7≧d≧4, 17≧e≧13.
These alloys are found to exhibit a glass temperature Tg of about 530–550° C. (or greater), Trg ˜0.59–0.61 (or greater) and supercooled liquid region ΔTx of about 45–55° C. (or greater). DTA scans obtained from typical samples are shown in
In an embodiment of the high manganese-high molybdenum class, the MnMoC-class amorphous steel alloys, the composition of these alloys are given by the formula (in atomic percent) as follows:
(Fe)a(Mn, Cr, Mo)b(B, C)c
where, 45≧a≧55, 23≧b≧33, 18≧c≧24, and the sum of a, b, and c is 100 and under the following constraints that Mo content is at least about 12%, Mn content is at least about 7%, Cr content is at least about 3%, C content is at least about 13%, and B content is at least about 4% in the overall alloy composition. These alloys are typically non-ferromagnetic and have low critical cooling rates of less than about 1,000° C./sec and castable into bulk objects of minimum dimension of at least about 0.5/mm. These alloys also have high Trg of about 0.60 or greater, and high ΔTx of about 50° C. or greater.
Moreover, in another embodiment, phosphorus has also been incorporated into the MnMoC-alloys to modify the metalloid content, with the goal of further enhancing the corrosion resistance. Various ranges of thickness are possible. For example, in some embodiments the present invention alloys are processable into bulk amorphous samples with a range thickness of about 0.1 mm or greater. In one embodiment, bulk-solidified non-ferromagnetic amorphous samples of up to about 3 mm in diameter was be obtained. The general formula (in atomic percent) of the latter alloys are given as:
Fe100-a-b-c-d-e-fMnaMobCrcBdPeCf
where 15≧a≧5, 14≧b≧8, 10≧c≧4, 8≧d≧0, 12≧e≧5, 16≧f≧4.
These alloys are found to exhibit a glass temperature Tg of about 480–500° C. (or greater), Trg of about 0.60 (or greater) and supercooled liquid region ΔTx of about 45–50° C. (or greater). A variety of embodiments representing a number of typical amorphous steel alloys of this phosphorus-containing MnMoC class together with the sample thickness are listed in Table 3. Table 3 lists representative MnMoC amorphous steel alloys that also contain phosphorus and the diameter of the bulk samples obtained.
In an embodiment of the group containing P, amorphous steel alloys are given by the formula (in atomic percent) as follows:
(Fe)a(Mn, Cr, Mo)b(B, P, C)c
where, 47≧a≧59, 20≧b≧32, 19≧c≧23, and the sum of a, b, and c is 100 and under the following constraints that Mo content is at least 7%, Mn content is at least about 4%, Cr content is at least about 3%, C content is at least about 3%, P content is at least about 4%, and B content is at least about 4% in the overall alloy composition. These alloys are typically non-ferromagnetic and have low critical cooling rates of less than about 1,000° C./sec and castable into bulk objects of minimum dimension of at least about 0.5/mm. These alloys also have high Trg of about 0.60 or greater, and high ΔTx of about 50° C. or greater.
The following U.S. patents are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety:
The present invention amorphous steel alloys with high manganese content and related method of using and manufacturing the same provide a variety of advantages. First, the present invention provides both the non-ferromagnetic properties at ambient temperature as well as useful mechanical attributes.
Another advantage of the present invention is that it provides a new class of ferrous-based bulk-solidifying amorphous metal alloys for non-ferromagnetic structural applications.
Thus, the present invention alloys exhibit magnetic transition temperatures below the ambient, mechanical strengths and hardness superior to conventional steel alloys, and good corrosion resistance.
Still yet, other advantages of the present invention include specific strengths as high as, for example, 0.5 MPa/(Kg/m3) (or greater), which are the highest among bulk metallic glasses.
Further, another advantage of the present invention is that it possesses thermal stability highest among bulk metallic glasses.
Moreover, another advantage of the present invention is that it has a reduced chromium content compared to current candidate Naval steels, for example.
Finally, another advantage of the present invention includes significantly lower ownership cost (for example, lower priced goods and manufacturing costs) compared with current refractory bulk metallic glasses.
The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoing embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting of the invention described herein. Scope of the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced herein.
The references as cited throughout this document and below are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
The Present invention claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Applications Ser. No. 60/355,942 filed Feb. 11, 2002, entitled “Bulk-Solidifying High Manganese-High Molybdenum Amorphous Steel Alloys,” Ser. No. 60/396,349 filed Jul. 16, 2002, entitled “Bulk-Solidifying High Manganese-High Molybdenum Non-Ferromagnetic Amorphous Steel Alloys”, Ser. No. 60/418,588 filed Oct. 15, 2002, entitled “Bulk-Solidifying High Manganese Non-Ferromagnetic Amorphous Steel Alloys,” and Ser. No. 60/423,633 filed Nov. 4, 2002, entitled “Bulk-Solidifying High Manganese Non-Ferromagnetic Amorphous Steel Alloys,” the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
This invention was made with United States Government support under Grant No. N00014-01-1-0961, awarded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency/Office of Naval Research. The United States Government has certain rights in the invention.
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| 60423633 | Nov 2002 | US | |
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