Information
-
Patent Grant
-
6439810
-
Patent Number
6,439,810
-
Date Filed
Friday, May 19, 200024 years ago
-
Date Issued
Tuesday, August 27, 200222 years ago
-
Inventors
-
Original Assignees
-
Examiners
- Pezzuto; Robert E.
- Mayo; Tara L.
Agents
-
CPC
-
US Classifications
Field of Search
US
- 405 1951
- 405 2242
- 405 2244
- 166 350
- 166 354
- 166 359
-
International Classifications
-
Abstract
A buoyancy system for a deep water floating platform includes at least one composite buoyancy module coupled to a riser. The module includes an elongate vessel with a vessel wall, and upper and lower ends. The vessel is attached to the riser, vertically oriented, and submerged under a surface of water such that the upper end is disposed at a lower water pressure, and the lower end at a higher water pressure. The vessel wall has a thickness that varies from a thinner wall thickness at the lower end to a thicker wall thickness at the upper end. The vessel may be internally pressurized with air such that an internal air pressure of the vessel substantially equals the higher water pressure at the lower end of the vessel resulting in a lower pressure differential at the lower end with the thinner wall thickness and a higher pressure differential at the top end with the thicker wall thickness. The module is sized to have a volume to produce a buoyancy force at least as great as the weight of the riser.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. The Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a buoyancy module or can for supporting a riser of a deep water, floating oil platform. More particularly, the present invention relates to a buoyancy module with a tapering wall thickness.
2. The Background Art
As the cost of oil increases and/or the supply of readily accessible oil reserves are depleted, less productive or more distant oil reserves are targeted, and oil producers are pushed to greater extremes to extract oil from the less productive oil reserves, or to reach the more distant oil reserves. Such distant oil reserves may be located below the oceans, and oil producers have developed offshore drilling platforms in an effort to extend their reach to these oil reserves.
In addition, some oil reserves are located farther offshore, and hundreds of feet below the surface of the oceans. Floating oil platforms, known as spars, or Deep Draft Caisson Vessels (DDCV) have been developed to reach these oil reserves, examples of which are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,702,321 and 5,558,467. Steel tubes or pipes, known as risers, are suspended from these floating platforms, and extend the hundreds of feet to reach the ocean floor, and the oil reserves.
It will be appreciated that these risers, formed of hundreds of feet of steel pipe, have a substantial weight which must be supported by buoyant elements at the top of the risers. Steel air cans have been developed which are coupled to the risers and disposed in the water to help buoy the risers, and eliminate the strain on the floating platform, or associated rigging. One disadvantage with the air cans is that they are formed of metal, and thus add considerable weight themselves. Thus, the metal air cans must support the weight of the risers and themselves. In addition, the air cans are often built to pressure vessel specifications, and are thus costly and time consuming to manufacture.
In addition, as risers have become longer by going deeper, their weight has increased substantially. One solution to this problem has been to simply add additional air cans to the riser so that several air cans are attached in series. It will be appreciated that the diameter of the air cans is limited to the width of the platform structure, while the length is merely limited by the practicality of handling the air cans. For example, the length of the air cans is limited by the ability or height of the crane that must lift and position the air can. One disadvantage with more and/or larger air cans is that the additional cans or larger size adds more and more weight which also be supported by the air cans, decreasing the air can's ability to support the risers. Another disadvantage with merely stringing a number air cans is that long strings of air cans may present structural problems themselves. For example, a number of air cans pushing upwards on one another, or on a stem pipe, may cause the cans or stem pipe to buckle.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It has been recognized that it would be advantageous to optimize the systems and processes of accessing distant oil reserves, such as deep water oil reserves. In addition, it has been recognized that it would be advantageous to develop a system for reducing the weight of air cans, and thus the riser system and platforms. In addition, it has been recognized that it would be advantageous to develop a system for increasing the buoyancy of the air cans.
The invention provides a buoyancy system and or buoyancy module. The buoyancy module is vertically oriented, disposed below the surface of the water and coupled to a riser or stem pipe to support the riser. One or more buoyancy modules may be sized to have a volume to produce a buoyancy force at least as great as the riser.
The buoyancy module includes an elongate vessel with a vessel wall, and upper and lower ends. The vessel wall has a thickness that advantageously varies from a thinner wall thickness at the lower end, to a thicker wall thickness at the upper end. The upper end with the thicker wall thickness is disposed at a lower water pressure, and the lower end with the thinner wall thickness is disposed at a higher water pressure. The vessel may be internally pressurized with air so that an internal air pressure of the vessel substantially equals the higher water pressure at the lower end of the vessel. Thus, a lower pressure differential exists at the lower end with the thinner wall thickness, and a higher pressure differential exists at the top end with the thicker wall thickness.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the vessel wall tapers substantially continuously. Alternatively, the vessel wall may include at least two different sections of continuous or constant thickness. A lower section may have a thinner continual thickness, and an upper section may have a thicker continual thickness.
In accordance another aspect of the present invention, the riser may be over 1000 feet long with an associated weight, and the buoyancy module advantageously may include an elongated vessel with a composite vessel wall. Preferably, the composite vessel wall advantageously has a decrease in weight when submerged. In addition, the composite vessel wall preferably has a density less than the density of the riser. Furthermore, the composite vessel wall preferably has a coefficient of thermal expansion less than a coefficient of thermal expansion of the riser. The composite vessel wall also may have a thermal conductivity less than a thermal conductivity of the riser.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, the buoyancy module may include a stem pipe which extends concentrically within the vessel, with an upper end of the vessel coupled to the stem pipe. The riser is received through the stem pipe. Alternatively, the buoyancy vessel or module may be coupled directly to the riser.
A spider structure may be attached to the vessel to position the stem pipe concentrically within the vessel. The spider structure may have an annular member with an aperture receiving the stem pipe therethrough, and a plurality of arms attached to and extending between the vessel and the annular member.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, more than one buoyancy modules advantageously may be limited to manageable sized but coupled together to achieve a desired buoyancy. A second elongate vessel may have an upper end directly attached to the lower end of the first elongate vessel. The first and second elongate vessels may have different lengths, and different volumes.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, which together illustrate by way of example, the features of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a schematic of a deep water, floating oil platform called a spar or Deep Draft Caisson Vessel with risers utilizing a modular buoyancy system in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2
is a partial, broken-away view of a preferred embodiment of the deep water, floating oil platform of
FIG. 1
utilizing the modular buoyancy system in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3
is a cross-sectional view of the deep water, floating oil platform of
FIG. 2
taken along line
3
—
3
utilizing the modular buoyancy system in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4
is a partial side view of the modular buoyancy system in accordance with the present invention coupled to a stem pipe and riser;
FIG. 5
is a perspective view of a buoyancy module in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 6
is a cross-sectional view of a buoyancy module in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 7
is a cross-sectional side view of a buoyancy system in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 8
is a cross-sectional side view of another buoyancy system in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 9
is a partial cross-sectional view of the buoyancy system of FIG.
8
.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the exemplary embodiments illustrated in the drawings, and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Any alterations and further modifications of the inventive features illustrated herein, and any additional applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated herein, which would occur to one skilled in the relevant art and having possession of this disclosure, are to be considered within the scope of the invention.
As illustrated in
FIGS. 1 and 2
, a deep water, floating oil platform, indicated generally at
8
, is shown with a buoyancy system, indicated generally at
10
, in accordance with the present invention. Deep water oil drilling and production is one example of a field which may benefit from use of such a buoyancy system
10
. The term “deep water, floating oil platform” is used broadly herein to refer to buoyant platforms located above or below the surface, such as are utilized in drilling and/or production of fuels, such as oil and gas, typically located off-shore in the ocean at locations corresponding to depths of over several hundred or thousand feet, including classical, truss, and concrete spar-type platforms or Deep Draft Caisson Vessels, etc. Thus, the fuel, oil or gas reserves are located below the ocean floor at depths of over several hundred or thousand feet of water.
A classic, spar-type, floating platform
8
or Deep Draft Caisson Vessel is shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2
, and has both above-water, or topside, structure
18
, and below-water, or submerged, structure
22
. The above-water structure
18
includes several decks or levels which support operations such as drilling, production, etc., and thus may include associated equipment, such as a workover or drilling rig, production equipment, personnel support, etc. The submerged structure
22
may include a hull
26
, which may be a full cylinder form. The hull
26
may include bulkheads, decks or levels, fixed and variable seawater ballasts, tanks, etc. The fuel, oil or gas may be stored in tanks in the hull. The platform
8
, or hull, also has mooring fairleads to which mooring lines, such as chains or wires, are coupled to secure the platform or hull to a pile in the sea floor.
The hull
26
also may include a truss or structure
30
. The hull
26
and/or truss
30
may extend several hundred feet below the surface
34
of the water, such as 650 feet deep. A centerwell or moonpool
38
(See
FIG. 3
) is located in the hull
26
. The buoyancy system
10
is located in the hull
26
, truss
30
, and/or centerwell
38
. The centerwell
38
is typically flooded and contains compartments
42
(
FIG. 3
) or sections for separating the risers and the buoyancy system
10
. The hull
26
provides buoyancy for the platform
8
while the centerwell
38
protects the risers and buoyancy system
10
.
It is of course understood that the classic, spar-type or DDCV, floating platform depicted in
FIGS. 1 and 2
is merely exemplary of the types of floating platforms which may be utilized. For example, other spar-type platforms may be used, such as truss spars, or concrete spars.
The buoyancy system
10
supports deep water risers
46
which extend from the floating platform
8
, near the water surface
34
, to the bottom
50
of the body of water, or ocean floor. The risers
46
are typically steel pipes or tubes with a hollow interior for conveying the fuel, oil or gas from the reserve, to the floating platform
8
. The term “deep water risers” is used broadly herein to refer to pipes or tubes extending over several hundred or thousand feet between the reserve and the floating platform
8
, including production risers, drilling risers, and export/import risers. The risers may extend to a surface platform or a submerged platform. The deep water risers
46
are coupled to the platform
8
by a thrust plate
54
(
FIG. 4
) located on the platform
8
such that the risers
46
are suspended from the thrust plate
54
. In addition, the buoyancy system
10
is coupled to the thrust plate
54
such that the buoyancy system
10
supports the thrust plate
54
, and thus the risers
46
, as discussed in greater detail below.
Preferably, the buoyancy system
10
is utilized to access deep water reserves, or with deep water risers
46
which extend to extreme depths, such as over 1000 feet, more preferably over 3000 feet, and most preferably over 5000 feet. It will be appreciated that thousand feet lengths of steel pipe are exceptionally heavy, or have substantial weight. It also will be appreciated that steel pipe is thick or dense (i.e. approximately 0.283 lbs/in
3
), and thus experiences relatively little change in weight when submerged in water, or seawater (i.e. approximately 0.037 lbs/in
3
). Thus, for example, steel only experiences approximately a 13% decrease in weight when submerged. Therefore, thousands of feet of riser, or steel pipe, is essentially as heavy, even when submerged.
The buoyancy system
10
includes one or more buoyancy modules or vessels
58
which are submerged and filled with air to produce a buoyancy force to buoy or support the risers
46
. Referring to
FIG. 5
, the buoyancy module
58
includes an elongate vessel
62
with a wall
66
or shell. The elongate vessel
62
is vertically oriented, submerged, and coupled to one or more risers
46
via the thrust plate
54
(FIG.
4
). The vessel
62
has an upper end
70
and a lower end
74
.
In addition, the buoyancy module
58
may include a stem pipe
78
extending through the vessel
62
concentric with a longitudinal axis of the vessel
62
. Preferably, the upper end
70
of the vessel
62
is coupled or attached to the stem pipe
78
. As shown in
FIG. 4
, the stem pipe
78
may be directly coupled to the thrust plate
54
to couple the vessel
62
and buoyancy module
58
to the thrust plate
54
, and thus to the riser
46
. The stem pipe
78
may be sized to receive one or more risers
46
therethrough, as shown in FIG.
6
.
Therefore, the risers
46
exert a downward force, indicated by arrow
82
in
FIG. 4
, due to their weight on the thrust plate
54
, while the buoyancy module
58
or vessel
62
exerts an upward force, indicated by arrow
86
in
FIG. 4
, on the thrust plate
54
. Preferably, the upward force
86
exerted by the one or more buoyancy modules
58
is equal to or greater than the downward force
82
due to the weight of the risers
46
, so that the risers
46
do not pull on the platform
8
or rigging.
As stated above, the thousands of feet of risers
46
exert a substantial downward force
82
on the buoyancy system
10
or buoyancy module
58
. It will be appreciated that the deeper the targeted reserve, or as drilling and/or production moves from hundreds of feet to several thousands of feet, the risers
46
will become exceedingly more heavy, and more and more buoyancy force
86
will be required to support the risers
46
. It has been recognized that it would be advantageous to optimize the systems and processes for accessing deep reserves, to reduce the weight of the risers and platforms, and increase the buoyance force.
Referring to
FIG. 7
, the buoyancy module
58
, vessel
62
, or vessel wall
66
advantageously has a thickness which varies from a thinner wall thickness t
1
at the lower end
74
, to a thicker wall thickness t
u
at the upper end
70
. The varying wall thickness of the vessel wall
66
, or thinner wall thickness t
1
at the lower end
74
advantageously reduces the amount of material, thus reducing cost and weight. Therefore, the buoyancy module
58
or vessel is able to provide a greater buoyant force or support for the riser
46
, because the weight of the buoyancy module
58
itself has been reduced.
It will be appreciated that the upper end
70
of the buoyancy module
58
is disposed at a first, lower water pressure P
wu
while the lower end
74
is disposed at a second, higher water pressure P
w1
. Thus, the upper end
70
with the thicker wall thickness t
u
is located at the lower water pressure P
wu
, while the lower end
74
with the thinner wall thickness t
1
is located at the higher water pressure P
wu
. The buoyancy module
58
or vessel
62
may be internally pressurized, such as by increasing the air pressure, to have an internal pressure P
a
. The internal pressure P
a
may substantially equal the higher water pressure P
w1
at the lower end
74
of the vessel
66
. Thus, the lower end
74
of the vessel
66
may be open to the water, while the air pressure P
a
in the vessel
66
substantially prevents water from entering, and increases the buoyancy of the vessel
66
.
It will be appreciated that a water pressure differential (P
w1
−P
wu
) exists along the vertical elevation of the water, and thus exists along the length of the buoyancy module
58
, while the internal pressure P
a
of the vessel
66
is substantially the same at all points within the vessel
66
. Thus, a pressure differential exist along the vessel wall
66
which varies from a higher pressure differential at the upper end
70
, to a lower or zero pressure differential at the lower end
74
. Thus, the thicker wall thickness t
u
is located at the upper end
70
where the higher pressure differential (P
a
−P
wu
) exists, while the thinner wall thickness t
1
is located at the lower end
74
where the lower pressure differential (P
a
−P
w1
≈0) exists.
The buoyancy module
58
or vessel
62
preferably has a diameter or width of approximately 3 to 4 meters, and a length of approximately 10 to 20 meters. The diameter or width of the buoyancy modules
58
is limited by the size or width of the compartments
42
of the centerwell
38
or grid structure
112
, while the length is limited to a size that is practical to handle.
The thickness of the vessel wall
66
preferably tapers from a thinner wall thickness t
1
at the lower end
74
between approximately 0.5 to 2.5 centimeters, to a thicker wall thickness t
u
at the upper end 70 between approximately 1 to 5 centimeters. In addition, the vessel wall
66
may, for example, variy in thickness per unit length between approximately 0.03 to 0.023 cm/meter. Furthermore, the vessel wall may taper substantially continuously, as shown in FIG.
7
.
Referring to
FIG. 8
, a buoyancy module
100
, alternatively may have various sections with vessel walls of continuous thickness, as opposed to a continuous taper, to achieve thinner wall thickness t
1
at the lower end
74
, and a thicker wall thickness t
u
at the upper end
70
. In addition, the buoyancy module
100
advantageously may be modular, and include more than one buoyancy modules to obtain the desired volume, or buoyancy force, while maintaining each individual module at manageable lengths. For example, a first or upper module, vessel or section
104
may be provided with a substantially constant thicker wall thickness t
u
, while a second or lower buoyancy module or section
108
may be attached to the first
104
and have a substantially constant thinner wall thickness t
1
. Intermediate sections or modules
112
with intermediate wall thicknesses may be disposed between the upper and lower sections
104
and
108
.
In addition, the sections or modules may be combined to obtain the desired volume or buoyancy force. For example, the first, second and intermediate modules
104
,
108
and
112
each may be
10
meters long to obtain a combined length of
30
meters and the desired buoyancy force. It will be appreciated that the buoyancy modules may be provided in manageable sizes for transportation and handling, and assembled when convenient, such as on site, to achieve the desired buoyancy force based on the length of the risers
46
.
It is of course understood that the various sections or vessels
104
,
108
and
112
described above with continuous wall thicknesses, also may have various wall thicknesses as described previously so that two or more vessels or sections have varying wall thicknesses.
Referring again to
FIG. 7
, the vessel
62
advantageously is a composite vessel, and the vessel wall
66
advantageously is formed of a fiber reinforced resin. The vessel
62
or vessel wall
66
preferably has a density of approximately 0.072 lbs/in
3
. Therefore, the composite vessel
62
is substantially lighter than prior art air cans. In addition, the composite vessel
62
or vessel wall
66
advantageously experiences a significant decrease in weight, or greater decrease than metal or steel, when submerged. Preferably, the composite vessel
62
experiences a decrease in weight when submerged between approximately 25 to 75 percent, and most preferably between approximately 40 to 60 percent. Thus, the composite vessel
62
experiences a decrease in weight when submerged greater than three times that of steel.
The one or more buoyancy modules
58
, or vessels
62
, preferably have a volume sized to provide a buoyancy force
86
at least as great as the weight of the submerged riser
46
. It will also be appreciated that motion of the floating platform
8
, water motion, vibration of the floating platform
8
and associated equipment, etc., may cause the risers
46
to vibrate or move. Thus, the buoyancy modules
58
or vessels
62
more preferably have a volume sized to provide a buoyancy force at least approximately 20 percent greater than the weight of the submerged risers
46
in order to pull the risers
46
straight and tight to avoid harmonics, vibrations, and/or excess motion.
Referring to
FIGS. 5 and 6
, the buoyancy module
58
may include one or more spider structures
120
disposed at locations along the length thereof to support the vessel
62
and/or reinforce the structure and alignment of the vessel
62
and stem pipe
78
. The spider structure
120
may be attached to the vessel
62
and include an annular member
124
with an aperature
126
through which the stem pipe
78
is received. A plurality of arms
128
may be attached to and between the vessel
62
and the annular member
124
. The buoyancy module
58
may include an upper spider structure
130
located at the top thereof, and a lower spider structure
134
located at the bottom thereof, as shown in FIG.
5
. In addition, intermediate spider structures also may be provided.
The stem pipe
78
may be formed of a metal, such as steel or aluminum. The vessel
62
, however, preferably is formed of a composite material. Thus, the materials of the stem pipe
78
and vessel
62
may have different properties, such as coefficients of thermal expansion. The composite material of the vessel
62
may have a coefficient of thermal expansion much lower than that of the stem pipe
78
and/or risers
48
. Therefore, the stem pipe
78
is axially movable disposed within the aperture
126
of the spider structure
120
, and thus axially movable with respect to the vessel
62
. Thus, as the stem pipe
78
and vessel
62
expand and contract, they may do so in the axial direction with respect to one another. For example, the composite material of the vessel
62
may have a coefficient of thermal expansion between approximately 4.0 to 8.0×10
−6
in/in/°F. for fiberglass reinforcement with epoxy, vinyl ester or polyester resin; or of −4.4×10
−8
to 2.5×10
−6
in/in/°F. for carbon fiber reinforcement with epoxy, vinyl ester or polyester resin. In comparison, steel has a coefficient of thermal expansion between 6.0 to 7.0×10
−6
in/in/°F.; while aluminum has a coefficient of thermal expansion between 12.5 to 13.0×10
−6
in/in/°F. Thus, the composite vessel
62
advantageously has a much smaller coefficient of thermal expansion than the stem pipe
78
, and experiences a smaller expansion or contraction with temperature changes.
Referring again to
FIGS. 3 and 6
, the floating platform
8
of hull
26
may include a centerwell
38
with a grid structure
130
with one or more square compartments
42
, as described above. The risers
46
and buoyancy modules
58
are disposed in the compartments
42
and separated from one another by the grid structure
130
. The compartments
42
may have a square cross-section with a crosssectional area. The buoyancy module
58
and/or vessel
62
may have a non-circular cross-section with a cross-sectional area greater than approximately 79 percent of the cross-sectional area of the compartment
42
. Thus, the cross-sectional area, and thus the size, of the buoyancy module
58
and vessel
62
are maximized to maximize the volume and buoyancy force
86
of the buoyancy module
58
. The buoyancy module
58
and vessel
62
may have a polygon cross-section, such as -hexagonal (FIG.
5
). In addition, the vessel
62
may be circular (FIG.
7
).
Referring to
FIG. 3
, a bumper
136
may be disposed between the grid structure
130
and buoyancy module
58
to protect the buoyancy module
58
from damage as it moves within the compartment
42
. The bumper
136
may be form of a flexible and/or resilient material to cushion impact or wear contact between the buoyancy module
58
and grid structure
130
as the buoyancy module
58
is installed.
Referring again to
FIG. 9
, another spider structure or wagon wheel structure
154
may be used to coupled the two vessels or sections
104
and
112
, or
112
and
108
together. The spider structure
154
may be similar to the spider structure
120
described above. In addition, the spider structure
154
may include an outer annular member
158
which is located between the two modules
104
and
112
to form a seal.
It will be noted that the vessel
62
of the buoyancy module
58
described above may be attached directly to the riser
46
, rather than the stem pipe
78
.
It is to be understood that the above-described arrangements are only illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and alternative arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and the appended claims are intended to cover such modifications and arrangements. Thus, while the present invention has been shown in the drawings and fully described above with particularity and detail in connection with what is presently deemed to be the most practical and preferred embodiment(s) of the invention, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications, including, but not limited to, variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use may be made, without departing from the principles and concepts of the invention as set forth in the claims.
Claims
- 1. A buoyancy module configured to be coupled to a deep water riser, comprising:a) an elongate vessel having a vessel wall, and upper and lower ends; b) the vessel wall having a thickness that varies from a thinner wall thickness at the lower end to a thicker wall thickness at the upper end; c) the vessel being configured to be attached to the riser, vertically oriented, and submerged under a surface of water, such that the upper end with the thicker wall thickness is disposed at a lower water pressure, and the lower end with the thinner wall thickness is disposed at a higher water pressure; and d) the vessel being configured to be internally pressurized with air such that an internal air pressure of the vessel substantially equals the higher water pressure at the lower end of the vessel, resulting in a lower pressure differential at the lower end with the thinner wall thickness, and a higher pressure differential at the top end with the thicker wall thickness.
- 2. A buoyancy module in accordance with claim 1, wherein the vessel has a diameter between approximately 3 to 4 meters, a length greater between approximately 10 to 20 meters; and wherein the lower end of the vessel has a thickness between approximately 0.5 to 2.5 centimeters, and the upper end has a thickness of approximately 1 to 5 centimeters.
- 3. A buoyancy module in accordance with claim 1, wherein the vessel wall tapers substantially continuously.
- 4. A buoyancy module in accordance with claim 1, wherein the vessel wall has a change in thickness per unit length.
- 5. A buoyancy module in accordance with claim 1, wherein the vessel wall includes at least two different sections, including a lower section and an upper section, and wherein the lower section has a thinner continual thickness, and the upper section has a thicker continual thickness.
- 6. A buoyancy module in accordance with claim 1, wherein the vessel is configured to have a volume sized to produce a buoyancy force at least as great as a weight of a riser having a length greater than 1000 feet.
- 7. A buoyancy module in accordance with claim 1, wherein the vessel wall includes a composite vessel wall.
- 8. A buoyancy module in accordance with claim 7, wherein the composite vessel wall has a decrease in weight when submerged between approximately 25 to 75 percent.
- 9. A buoyancy module in accordance with claim 1, further comprising:a stem pipe, extending concentrically within the vessel and coupled to an upper end of the vessel, and receiving the riser therethrough; and a spider structure, attached to the vessel, having an annular member with an aperture receiving the stem pipe therethrough, and a plurality of arms attached to and extending between the vessel and the annular member to position the stem pipe concentrically within the vessel.
- 10. A buoyancy module configured to be coupled to a deep water riser, comprising:a) an elongate vessel having a vessel wall formed of a composite material, and upper and lower ends, and configured to be attached to the riser, vertically oriented, and submerged under a surface of water such that the upper end is disposed at a lower water pressure, and the lower end at a higher water pressure; and b) the vessel wall having a thickness that varies from a thinner wall thickness at the lower end to a thicker wall thickness at the upper end; and c) the vessel being configured to be internally pressurized with air such that an internal air pressure of the vessel substantially equals the higher water pressure at the lower end of the vessel resulting in a lower pressure differential at the lower end with the thinner wall thickness and a higher pressure differential at the top end with the thicker wall thickness.
- 11. A buoyancy module in accordance with claim 10, wherein the vessel has a diameter between approximately 3 to 4 meters, a length between approximately 10 to 20 meters; and wherein the lower end of the vessel has a thickness between approximately 0.5 to 2.5 centimeters, and the upper end has a thickness between approximately 1 to 5 centimeters.
- 12. A buoyancy module in accordance with claims 10, wherein the vessel wall tapers substantially continuously.
- 13. A buoyancy module in accordance with claim 10, wherein the vessel wall has a change in thickness per unit length.
- 14. A buoyancy module in accordance with claim 10, wherein the vessel wall includes at least two different sections, including a lower section and an upper section, and wherein the lower section has a thinner continual thickness, and the upper section has a thicker continual thickness.
- 15. A buoyancy module in accordance with claim 10, wherein the vessel has a volume sized to produce a buoyancy force at least as great as a weight of a riser having a length greater than 1000 feet.
- 16. A buoyancy module in accordance with claim 10, wherein the composite vessel wall has a decrease in weight when submerged between approximately 25 to 75 percent.
- 17. A buoyancy module in accordance with claim 10, further comprising:a stem pipe, extending concentrically within the vessel and coupled to an upper end of the vessel, and receiving the riser therethrough; and a spider structure, attached to the vessel, having an annular member with an aperture receiving the stem pipe therethrough, and a plurality of arms attached to and extending between the vessel and the annular member to position the stem pipe concentrically within the vessel.
- 18. A modular buoyancy system configured to be coupled to a deep water riser, comprising:an upper elongate vessel, configured to be submerged beneath a surface of water, vertically oriented, and coupled to the riser, and having an upper wall with a thickness, and upper and lower ends; a lower elongate vessel, configured to be submerged beneath a surface of water and vertically oriented, and having an upper end directly attached to the lower end of the first elongate vessel, and further having a lower wall with a thickness thinner than the thickness of the upper wall; and the vessels being configured to be internally pressurized with air such that an internal air pressure of the vessels substantially equals the higher water pressure at the lower end of the lower vessel resulting in a lower pressure differential at the lower end with the thinner wall thickness and a higher pressure differential at the top end with the thicker wall thickness.
- 19. A modular buoyancy system in accordance with claim 18, wherein the upper and lower walls taper substantially continuously.
- 20. A modular buoyancy system in accordance with claim 18, wherein the vessel walls have a change in thickness per unit length.
- 21. A modular buoyancy system in accordance with claim 18, wherein the lower wall has a thinner continual thickness, and the upper wall has a thicker continual thickness.
- 22. A modular buoyancy system in accordance with claim 18, wherein the vessel walls include composite vessel walls.
- 23. A buoyancy system in accordance with claim 22, wherein the composite vessel walls have a decrease in weight when submerged between approximately 25 to 75 percent.
- 24. A modular buoyancy system in accordance with claim 18, further comprising:a stem pipe, extending concentrically within the vessels and coupled to an upper end of the upper vessel, and receiving the riser therethrough; and a spider structure, attached between the vessels, having an annular member with an aperture receiving the stem pipe therethrough, and a plurality of arms attached to and extending between the vessels and the annular member to position the stem pipe concentrically within the vessels.
US Referenced Citations (12)