Patent Application
20240180888
The present invention relates to the prevention and treatment of hypersensitivity reactions to taxanes.
Hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) are unpredictable reactions characterized by clinical manifestations resembling an allergic reaction even in absence of evidence of an immunological mechanism. They can be life-threatening, may require or prolong hospitalization, and may necessitate changes in subsequent therapy. In general, a severe HSR is defined as any reaction severe enough to warrant discontinuation of the drug. HSRs can be allergic, involving an immune response mediated by immunoglobulins and/or T cells, or non allergic, without a specific immune response involved.
Clinically, HSRs are commonly classified as immediate or non-immediate/delayed depending on their onset with respect to the treatment that has caused them.
Immediate HSRs usually occur while the medication is being administered or within the first hour after drug exposure, are generally induced by an IgE-mediated mechanism and are usually non allergic. On the contrary, non-immediate HSRs occur from one hour after from the initial drug administration and are usually associated with a delayed T-cell-dependent type of allergic mechanism.
However, there are limitations to the mechanistic classification above because other factors, such as route of administration, role of drug metabolites, and presence of co-factors or co-prescribed drugs, may accelerate or slow down the onset and/or the progression of a reaction (Demoly et al, Allergy 2014, 69: 420-437).
HSRs to chemotherapy and, in particular, to taxanes and platin agents, are very common and represent a serious threat to the treatment of oncologic patients, in some cases preventing the use of the first line, most effective drugs for their specific cancer.
The symptoms include cutaneous symptoms such as flushing, chest, back and abdominal pain as well as respiratory symptoms. More severe reactions are characterized also by oxygen desaturation and/or hypotension.
Although it has now been established that HSRs to platins are IgE-mediated, mechanisms of HSRs to taxanes remain to be defined.
The taxanes used in clinical practice are paclitaxel, docetaxel and cabazitaxel.
They exert their antineoplastic activity by interfering with the dynamics of microtubules (components of the cell cytoskeleton), thereby inhibiting mitosis and inducing apoptosis in cells undergoing the division process.
Paclitaxel (Taxol®), also available for clinical use as albumin-bound paclitaxel (Nab™-paclitaxel; Abraxane®), is a natural compound originally isolated in the 1960s from the bark of the Pacific yew tree (Taxus brevifolia). It is used for the treatment of ovarian, breast, non-small cell lung cancers, and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.
Docetaxel (Taxotere®) is a semisynthetic taxane that was developed as a more soluble and easier to produce alternative to paclitaxel. It is used in the treatment of breast, ovarian, prostate, head and neck, nonsmallcell lung carcinoma and gastric adenocarcinoma.
Cabazitaxel (Jevtana®) is a semisynthetic taxane that was developed to overcome tumor drug resistance to paclitaxel and docetaxel.
These molecules are all poorly soluble in water and thus, in order to allow their intravenous administration, require the addition to their formulation of emulsifying agents, in particular of Cremophor® EL (mixture of polyoxyethylated triglycerides) for paclitaxel formulations and polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) for the more soluble docetaxel and carbazitaxel.
The majority of HSRs to taxanes occur during the first or second infusion of the drug and usually are immediate HSRs, developing within minutes of starting the infusion, suggesting that these are not dependent on prior sensitization (Picard et al, Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 2015, 49:177-191).
It has been hypothesized the emulsifying agents used to solubilize paclitaxel and the other taxanes are responsible for HSRs through complement activation and anaphylotoxins production with subsequent mast cells and basophils secretory response. However, also a solvent free paclitaxel formulation, Nab™paclitaxel, can still induce HSRs in a significant percentage of treated patients, thus suggesting a direct sensitization mechanism.
Furthermore, recent findings have also raised the possibility that taxanes-induced HSRs may be IgE-mediated, supporting the use of skin prick tests to identify patients at risk (Prieto et al, J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2010, 20: 170-171; Picard et al, J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016, 137:1154-64), and suggesting that taxanes may induce basophil activation through a non-IgE-mediated mechanism (Picard et al, J Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 2015, 49:177-191).
This lack of a clear understanding of the main causes of HSRs due to taxanes has led in practice to a wide diversity of management strategies. Premedication with corticosteroids and antihistamine compounds is used as preventive treatment in order to reduce the incidence of reactions. However, notwithstanding the premedication, a high percentage of patients experiences HSRs, with a variable incidence depending on the used chemotherapeutic drug (10% with paclitaxel, 5% with docetaxel, 4% with Nab™-paclitaxel and around 1% with cabazitaxel), including severe, life threatening HSRs (Picard et al, Immunol Allergy Clin An Am 2017, 37: 679-693).
During the last decade, the development of drug desensitization and graded challenging protocols has allowed to re-introduce taxanes in some of patients experiencing HSRs. However, there is still a high need to better understand the mechanism of HSRs to taxanes, and to develop a sound clinical approach to prevent HSRs in patients treated with these drugs.
The anaphylatoxins (AT) C3a, C5a and C5a-desArg are pro-inflammatory polypeptides generated after proteolytic cleavage of C3 and C5 in response to complement activation. C5a acts primarily through C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1), exerting pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions. Dysregulation of the C5a-C5aR1 axis has been implicated in various immune disorders.
C5aR1 is expressed on a broad range of cell types, including all cells of myeloid origin (neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells), lymphocytes, and non-myeloid cells, such as lung, liver, kidney, skin, and central nervous system (CNS) cells.
The present inventors have now surprisingly found that taxanes are able to bind the C5a receptor C5aR1 and activate the same signaling pathways triggered by C5a binding to this receptor, thereby causing anaphylactic reactions that account for HSRs related to administration of these drugs.
Accordingly, a first aspect of the invention is a C5aR1 inhibitor for use in the prevention or treatment of hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to taxanes in an individual.
A second aspect of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a C5aR1 inhibitor and at least one inert pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, for use in the prevention or treatment of hypersensitivity reactions to taxanes in an individual.
A third aspect of the invention is a method for the prevention or treatment of hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to taxanes in an individual, comprising the step of administering a C5aR1 inhibitor to the individual.
According to the present invention, the term “prevention” refers to administration to an individual to obtain partial or complete prevention of a disorder or pathological event, before this is established or occurs.
According to one embodiment of the invention, prevention is a complete prevention, wherein the disorder or pathological event is completely blocked.
According to an alternative embodiment of the invention, prevention is a partial prevention, wherein the development of the disorder or pathological event is delayed and/or reduced in severity.
According to the present invention, the term “treatment” refers to complete reversal or reduction of severity or progression of a disorder or pathological event, after this is established or occurs.
According to the present invention, the term “individual” refers to a human or an animal being, preferably to a human being.
According to the present invention, the term “hypersensitivity reaction” or “HSR” is used to refer to an unpredictable adverse reaction to a drug, characterized by a clinical manifestation resembling an allergic reaction, even in absence of evidence of an immunological mechanism.
A first aspect of the present invention is a C5aR1 inhibitor for use in the prevention or treatment of a hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) to a taxane in an individual.
Preferably, said taxane is selected from paclitaxel, Nab™-paclitaxel, docetaxel and cabazitaxel.
Said individual is preferably a subject diagnosed with a cancer for which the treatment of election is a taxane. Preferably, said cancer is selected from ovarian, breast, non-small cell lung, prostate, head and neck carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.
According to a first embodiment, said C5aR1 inhibitor is for use in the prevention of a hypersensitivity reaction to a taxane in said individual and the inhibitor is administered one or more times prior to each administration of said taxane.
Preferably, said C5aR1 inhibitor is administered one or more times in the frametime between 30 minutes and 24 hours before administering the taxane to the individual. More preferably, it is administered between 30 minutes and 2 hours before administering the taxane to the individual.
According to this embodiment, the above individual is preferably a subject at risk of developing a hypersensitivity reaction. Preferably, said individual is a cancer patient that has had a previous hypersensitivity reaction episode to a taxane, has resulted positive in a skin prick test for sensitivity to said taxane, and/or has a history of atopy.
According to this embodiment, the C5aR1 inhibitor may also be administered in combination with one or more corticosteroid and/or antihistamine drugs. In some cases, the C5aR1 inhibitor and the corticosteroids and/or antihistamines are administered substantially simultaneously. Alternatively, the C5aR1 inhibitor and the corticosteroid and/or antihistamine drugs are administered sequentially, all in the frametime between 30 minutes and 24 hours before administering the taxane to the individual.
Preferably, said corticosteroid and/or antihistamine drugs are those routinely used for premedication treatment for taxanes. Preferably, the C5aR1 inhibitor is administered in combination with dexamethasone, diphenhydramine and ranitidine. More preferably, it is administered in combination with oral administration of dexamethasone (8 mg) between 12 and 6 h before infusion of the taxane and intravenous administration of diphenhydramine (2 mg) and ranitidine (50 mg) 30 min before infusion of the taxane. According to an alternative embodiment, said C5aR1 inhibitor is for use in the acute treatment of a hypersensitivity reaction to a taxane in said individual and the inhibitor is administered at the onset of the symptoms of the hypersensitivity reaction. In this instance, the treatment of said individual with the taxane is also immediately stopped. According to this embodiment, the C5aR1 inhibitor may be administered in combination with other suitable treatments, preferably corticosteroids, dopamine and/or antihistamines. In most severe cases, also epinephrine and/or oxygen supplementation may be administered.
The term “C5aR1 inhibitor” in accordance with the present invention means any compound that interacts with C5aR1 and prevents its binding to C5a or that blocks the signalling of C5aR1 upon binding of C5a. Preferably, said inhibitor of C5aR1 is selected from C5aR1 competitive antagonists, anti-C5aR1 antibodies able to block the C5a binding sites on the receptor and C5aR1 non-competitive allosteric inhibitors.
Many different C5aR1 inhibitors according to the above definition have been developed and are well known to the skilled man.
According to one preferred embodiment, said C5aR1 antagonists are selected from the group consisting of:
According to one preferred embodiment, said anti-C5aR1 antibodies are selected from the group consisting of:
According to one preferred embodiment, said non-competitive allosteric inhibitors are selected from:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein
wherein in said formula (II)
wherein
ii) R1 is linear or branched C1-C5 alkyl, C3-C5 cycloalkyl;
iii) Ar is
Among the above compounds, particularly preferred are compounds of said formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:
R is selected from:
wherein Ra is as defined above; and
Ar is selected from:
3 ‘-benzoylphenyl, 3’-(4-chloro-benzoyl)-phenyl, 3 ‘-(4-methyl-benzoyl)-phenyl, 3’-acetyl-phenyl, 3′-propionyl-phenyl, 3′-isobutanoyl-phenyl, 4′-isobutyl-phenyl, 4′-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy-phenyl, 4′-benzenesulfonyloxy-phenyl, 4′-trifluoromethanesulfonylamino-phenyl, 4′-benzenesulfonylamino-phenyl, 4′-benzenesulfonylmethyl-phenyl, 4′-acetoxyphenyl, 4′-propionyloxy-phenyl, 4′-benzoyloxy-phenyl, 4′-acetylamino-phenyl, 4′-propionylamino-phenyl, 4′-benzoylamino-phenyl, 3 ‘-(furan-2-carbonyl)-phenyl, 3’-(benzofuran-2-carbonyl)-phenyl, 3 ‘-(thiophen-2-carbonyl)-phenyl, 3’-(pyridine-2-carbonyl)-phenyl, 3 ‘-(thiazole-2-carbonyl)-phenyl, 3’-(oxazole-2-carbonyl)-phenyl, 3′-(2-furyl)-phenyl, 3′-(2-oxazolyl)-phenyl, 3′-(3-isoxazolyl)-phenyl, 3′-(2-benzoxazolyl)-phenyl, 3′-(3-benzoisoxazolyl)-phenyl, 3′-(2-thiazolyl)-phenyl, 3′-(2-pyridyl)-phenyl, 3′-(2-thiophenyl)-phenyl; or Ar is a heteroaryl ring selected from pyridine, pyrrole, thiophene, furan or indole. Preferred compounds of formula (I) according to the invention are selected from:
Particularly preferred are compounds of formula (I) according to the invention are selected from N-[(1R)-1-(4-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)phenylethyI]-4-piperidin-1-yl butanamide (DF2593Y) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, preferably its chloride salt (DF2593A), R(—)-2-[(4′-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)phenyl]-N-[3-(N′-pirrolidinyl)propyl]propionamide (DF2297X) or its chloride salt (DF2297A), and 5-[(1R)-1-(4-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]amino}phenyl)ethyl]tetrazol-2-ide (DF3966Y) or its sodium salt (DF3966A).
Compounds of formula (I) are disclosed in WO2007/060215, which also discloses their method of synthesis, their activity as C5aR inhibitors as well as their use in the treatment of diseases dependent on activation of C5a pathway.
Preferred C5aR1 inhibitors according to the invention are Avacopan, PMX-53, W54011, Avdoralimab, MOR-044254, PMX-205, DF2593A, DF2297A, DF2427 and DF3966A. The C5aR1 antagonists or allosteric inhibitors of the present invention may form stable pharmaceutically acceptable salts with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic acid or base, and in such cases administration of the C5aR1 inhibitor compound as a salt may be appropriate.
Examples of acid addition salts include: acetate, adipate, ascorbate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, choline, citrate, cyclohexyl sulfamate, diethylenediamine, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glutamate, glycolate, hemisulfate, 2-hydroxyethylsulfonate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, hydroxymaleate, lactate, malate, maleate, methanesulfonate, meglumine, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nitrate, oxalate, pamoate, persulfate, phenylacetate, phosphate, diphosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, quinate, salicylate, stearate, succinate, sulfamate, sulfanilate, sulfate, tartrate, tosylate (p-toluenesulfonate), trifluoroacetate, and undecanoate.
Examples of base addition salts include: ammonium salts; alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium and potassium salts; alkaline earth metal salts such as aluminum, calcium and magnesium salts; salts with organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine salts and N-methyl-D-glucamine; and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, ornithine, and so forth. Also, basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as: lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl halides; dialkyl sulfates such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl; diamyl sulfates; long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl halides; arylalkyl halides such as benzyl bromide and others. Non-toxic, physiologically-acceptable salts are preferred.
The salts may be formed by conventional means, such as by reacting the free form of the product with one or more equivalents of the appropriate acid or base in a solvent or medium in which the salt is insoluble, such as for example water or ethanol, which is removed under vacuum or by freeze drying.
The present invention also includes prodrugs, stereoisomers, isotope-labelled, for example deuterated, derivatives and enantiomers of the C5aR1 inhibitors described above.
As used herein, the term “prodrug” refers to an agent, which is converted into the parent drug in vivo by some physiological process (e.g., a prodrug on being brought to the physiological pH is converted to the desired drug form). Prodrugs are often useful because, in some situations, they may be easier to administer than the parent drug. They may, for instance, be bioavailable by oral administration whereas the parent drug is not. The prodrug may also have improved solubility in pharmacological compositions over the parent drug.
Prodrugs have many useful properties. For example, a prodrug may be more water-soluble than the ultimate drug, thereby facilitating intravenous administration of the drug. A prodrug may also have a higher level of oral bioavailability than the ultimate drug. After administration, the prodrug is enzymatically or chemically cleaved to deliver the ultimate drug in the blood or tissue.
Ester prodrugs of the compounds disclosed herein are specifically contemplated. For example, a prodrug would be a compound of the present invention which is administered in form of an ester (the “prodrug”) to facilitate the transfer across a cell membrane, where water solubility is detrimental, but then it is metabolically hydrolysed once inside the cell where water solubility is beneficial.
While not intending to be limiting, an ester may be an alkyl ester, an aryl ester, or a heteroaryl ester. The term alkyl has the meaning generally understood by those skilled in the art and refers to linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl moieties. C1-6 alkyl esters are particularly useful, where alkyl part of the ester has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and includes, but is not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl isomers, hexyl isomers, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and combinations thereof.
Certain compounds may exist in tautomeric forms, and this invention includes all such tautomeric forms of those compounds unless otherwise specified.
Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to include all stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and S configurations for each asymmetric centre. Thus, single stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomeric mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention. Thus, this invention encompasses each diastereomer or enantiomer substantially free of other isomers (>90%, and preferably >95%, free from other stereoisomers on a molar basis) as well as mixtures of such isomers in any ratio.
Optic isomers can be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixtures according to conventional processes, e.g., by formation of diastereomeric salts, by treatment with an optically active acid or base or enzymatically. Examples of appropriate acids are tartaric, diacetyltartaric, dibenzoyltartaric, ditoluoyltartaric, and camphorsulfonic acid and then separation of the mixture of diastereomers by crystallization followed by liberation of the optically active bases from these salts. A different process for separation of optical isomers involves the use of a chiral chromatography column optimally chosen to maximize the separation of the enantiomers. Still another method involves synthesis of covalent diastereomers by reacting compounds of the invention with an optically pure acid in an activated form or an optically pure isocyanate. The synthesized diastereomers can be separated by conventional means such as chromatography, distillation, crystallization or sublimation, and then hydrolysed to deliver the enantiomerically pure compound. Optically active compounds of the invention can be obtained by using active starting materials. These isomers may be in the form of a free acid, a free base, an ester or a salt.
The C5aR1 inhibitors of the present invention may be in amorphous or crystalline form, including any polymorphic form.
Typically, the C5aR1 inhibitor for use according to the invention is administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
Accordingly, a second aspect of the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a C5aR1 inhibitor, as previously defined, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, for use in the prevention or treatment of a hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) to a taxane in an individual, as described above.
Preferably, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is prepared in suitable dosage forms comprising an effective amount of the C5aR1 inhibitor, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a prodrug thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
The administration of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention to a patient is in accordance with known methods and may comprise oral administration, parenteral administration, preferably selected from intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intraarterial, subcutaneous administration, topical administration, buccal administration or rectal (suppository) administration.
In the present description and in the following claims, the wording “effective amount” means a dosage of a drug compound sufficient to significantly achieve the desired clinical response.
The dosage and treatment regimens of the C5aR1 inhibitor for use according to the invention for a particular patient will vary depending on a number of factors that are within the knowledge and expertise of the skilled person including, for example, the inhibitory concentration (IC50) and half life of the specific inhibitor employed, the formulation and route of administration used, the age, body weight, general health status, sex, and diet of the patient.
As described herein, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a C5aR1 inhibitor together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, which, as used herein, includes any and all solvents, diluents or other vehicle, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable excipient include, but are not limited to, sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatine; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil; safflower oil; sesame oil; olive oil; corn oil and soybean oil; glycols; such a propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; sterilized water; Ringer's solution; buffered saline; dextrose solution; maltodextrin solution; ethyl alcohol; and phosphate buffer solutions.
Moreover, the composition of the present invention may be formulated into inhalable or injectable dosage forms such as solutions, suspensions, and emulsions by further adding diluents, dispersants, and surfactants.
Further, the composition of the present invention may be suitably formulated using appropriate methods known in the art or by the method disclosed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Science (recent edition), Mack Publishing Company, Easton Pa.
The terms “pharmaceutically acceptable” and “physiologically acceptable” are intended to define, without any limitation, any material, that is not a drug, suitable for preparing a pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a living being.
The dosage forms can also contain other traditional ingredients such as: preservatives, stabilizers, surfactants, buffers, osmotic regulators, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, flavourings and the like.
The dosage forms of the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be prepared by techniques that are familiar to a pharmaceutical chemist, and comprise mixing, granulation, compression, dissolution, sterilization and the like. In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method for the prevention or the treatment of a hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) to a taxane in an individual, comprising the step of administering of a C5aR1 inhibitor to said individual, as above described.
Preferably, in the method according to the invention, said C5aR1 is administered in form of a pharmaceutical composition, as above defined.
The invention will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention defined in the claims.
BIAcore technology was used to analyze the interaction between Paclitaxel and complement component 5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) (Example 1), complement component 5a receptor 2 (C5AR2) (Example 2) or complement component 5a (Example 3).
The BIAcore systems exploit the phenomenon of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) to monitor interactions between molecules in real time. Briefly, SPR phenomenon occurs in thin conducting films at an interface between media of different refractive index. In BIAcore systems, the media are the glass of the sensorchip and the sample solution, and the conducting film is a thin layer of gold on the sensorchip surface. BIAcore monitors the interaction between two molecules, one attached to the sensor surface, called ligand, and the other one free in solution, and called analyte.
An anti-c-Myc antibody (9E10, sc-40, Santa Cruz Technology) was immobilized on a sensorchip CM5 (#29149604, Cytiva). In details, the antibody was diluted at a concentration of 50 μg/ml in 10 mM acetate buffer at pH 4.5, and injected over the surface of the sensorchip. In details, the dextran matrix on the sensorchip surface was first activated with a mixture of 1-ethyl-3-carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) to give reactive succinimide esters. Anti-Myc antibodies were then passed over the surface and the esters reacted spontaneously with uncharged amino groups to covalently link the ligand to the dextran. Then, the surface was deactivated by ethanolamine-HCl.
Covalent immobilization of anti c-Myc antibody by amine-coupling chemistry resulted in stable attachment measured as 2782 resonance units (RU) of ligand to the surface. Once the antibody was immobilized, the receptor was captured on the surface of the sensorchip. This procedure allowed the immobilization of the ligand of interest in an oriented way. In particular, C5AR1-cMyc (TP303784, OriGene) at a concentration of 20 μg/ml in Running Buffer (50 mM HEPES buffer, pH 7.0 containing 0.01% CHS, 0.1% CHAPS, and 0.33 mM of lipids) was injected onto the sensorchip prepared above with a flow rate of 5 μI/min.
As can be shown in
To demonstrate that the receptor was immobilized in the correct conformation state, we analyzed the binding of C5a, the natural ligand of the receptor. In details, 5 μM C5a (A144, Complement Technologies) in Running Buffer was injected on C5aR1 surface of sensorchip prepared in Example 1a).
As shown in
To first evaluate a direct binding of Paclitaxel and C5aR1, the compound was injected on the C5aR1 surface of the sensorchip prepared in Example 1a) at a concentration of 300 μM in Running Buffer.
As shown in
Running Buffer at different concentrations (from 4.06 to 37.5 μM), injected on the sensorchip for 4 minutes and allowed to dissociate for 5 minutes, flowing Running Buffer without Paclitaxel. In this way, the kinetic constant was evaluated as a function of time. As shown in
Also, the affinity value at equilibrium of Paclitaxel/Myc-05aR1 interaction was determined by measuring the steady-state binding levels, through a Scatchard analysis of the RU values at equilibrium. BIAcore provided an affinity constant of 525 nM, as a function of the analyte concentration in solution, as shown in
A policlonal anti-His antibody (ab137839, Abcam) was immobilized on a sensorchip CM5 (#29149604, Cytiva). In details, the antibody was diluted at a concentration of 50 μg/ml in 10 mM acetate buffer at pH 4.0, and injected over the surface of the sensorchip. Activation and deactivation of sensorchip were performed as described in Example 1a). The covalent immobilization of anti-His antibodies by amine-coupling chemistry resulted in stable attachment of 2510 RU of ligand to the surface. Once the antibody was immobilized, the receptor was captured in an oriented way on the surface of the sensorchip. In particular, C5AR2-His (CSB-CF868390HU, CUSABIO) at a concentration of 100 μg/ml was injected onto the sensorchip with a flow rate of 5 microl/min in Running Buffer.
As can be shown in
Again, to demonstrate that the receptor was immobilized in the correct conformation state, we analyzed the binding of C5a, the natural ligand of the receptor. 5 μM C5a (A144, Complement Technologies) was injected on C5AR2 surface of the sensorchip prepared in Example 2a).
As shown in
Paclitaxel was injected on the C5aR2 surface of the sensorchip prepared in Example 2a) at different concentrations (10, 100 and 200 microM) in Running Buffer, and the amount of obtained RU was evaluated.
As shown in
C5a was immobilized on a sensorchip (#29149604, Cytiva). In details, 20 microg/ml of recombinant protein C5a was diluted in 10 mM acetate buffer at pH 4.5 and injected over the surface of the sensorchip. Activation and deactivation of sensorchip were performed as described in Example 1a).
The covalent immobilization of C5a by amine-coupling chemistry resulted in stable attachment of 1330 RU of C5a to the surface.
Paclitaxel was injected on the C5A surface of the sensorchip prepared in Example 2a) at at a concentration of 300 microM in Running Buffer.RU can be detected by BIAcore.
As shown in
RAW 264.7 (ATTC TIB-71) mouse macrophages were cultured following manufacturer's instructions using DMEM medium (Euroclone, MI, Italy) supplemented with 10% FBS (non-heat inactivated) (ATCC, USA) at 37° C., in a humidified 95% air-5% CO2 atmosphere and then were seeded at 1*104 cells/cm2.
After 24 hours, cells were treated with C5a (diluted in medium) (10 nM, R&D, USA), Paclitaxel (diluted in medium) (10 nM, Sigma, USA) in the absence and in the presence of the C5a inhibitor DF3966A (10 μM), and anti C5aR Ab (BioLegend, CA, USA; 50 nM) or Avacopan (10 μM) for 24 hours, then the media was replaced with culture media (5 ml) for 24 h and then collected.
Conditioned media were centrifugated to remove particulates and assayed immediately. Sample amount was adjusted as suggested (500 μl). The reagents were prepared following manufacturer's protocols (R&D, USA). Briefly, the membranes were incubated with Array Buffer 6 for 1 hour on a rocking platform shaker. The samples were prepared by adding up to 1 ml of Array Buffer 4 in two separated tubes and then 15 microl of reconstituted mouse cytokine detection antibody cocktail (>40 mouse cytokines) to each prepared sample and incubated 1 hour. Then, the Array Buffer 6 was aspirated and replaced with the sample/antibody mixtures and incubated at 4° C. overnight. The following day, membranes were washed 3 times and Streptavidin-HRP (1:2000) was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature on a rocking platform shaker. The membranes were washed again, and 1 ml of prepared Chemi Reagent mix was placed onto each membrane. Multiple exposure times were acquired using UVITEC digital analyzer (Alliance, Cambridge, UK).
The positive signals seen in the developed membranes can be identified by placing the transparency overlay template on the array image and aligning it with pairs of reference spots in the three corners of each array (see
In
F11 hybridoma cells (ECACC 08062601), chosen as an alternative model of DRG neurons were cultured in DMEM medium (Euroclone, MI, Italy) supplemented with 10% FBS (Sigma-Aldrich St. Louis, CO, USA), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Euroclone) and 1% glutamine (Euroclone) at 37° C., in a humidified 95% air-5% CO2 atmosphere. For the experiments, cells were used at 18th passage and seeded at 1×104 cells/cm2. After 24 h, cells were differentiated with rat NGF (rNGF) (Sigma). rNGF was dissolved in DMEM with 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 1% glutamine (FBS free) at the final concentration 50 ng/ml. The medium was replaced every 3 days until complete differentiation, which happened after 7 days.
Following neuronal differentiation, neurons were treated with paclitaxel (Sigma-Aldrich; 10 nM final concentration) or C5a (R&D Systems, Inc. MN, USA; 50 nM final concentration) for 20 h.
For gene expression analysis, the following protocol was used: total RNA was extracted by Trizol reagent, according to the manufacturer's instructions. The total RNA concentration was determined spectrophotometrically in RNAase-free water, and 1 μg aliquots of total RNA were reverse-transcripted into cDNA using ProtoScript First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (NEB). RT-PCR was carried out on ABI 7300HT sequence detection system (ABI), in a total volume of 20 ml containing EagleTaq Universal Master Mix (Roque), DEPC water, 4 microl of cDNA, and the following the Prime Time qPCR Assay for IL-8 Mm04207460 ml (Applied Biosystem, USA). The reference gene GADPH ID Mm04207460 g1 (Applied Biosystem, USA) was used as an internal control to normalize the expression of target genes. RT-PCR protocol was as follows: a pre-heating step for 3 minutes at 95° C., 40 cycles at 95° C. for 10 seconds and 60° for 30 seconds, and last end-step at 65° C. for 10 seconds. Relative expression levels were calculated for each sample after normalization against reference gene, using the ΔΔCt method for comparing relative fold expression differences, as previously described [Livak et al., 2001 DOI: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262]. In
The results obtained in these Examples demonstrate that Paclitaxel is able to bind C5aR1, to activate the same signaling pathways of C5a in RAW 264 mouse macrophages and to share the same molecular mechanism of C5a in F11 cells.
Mouse (RAW 264.7) and human (THP-1) macrophages have been used to demonstrate that C5aR1 mediates paclitaxel-induced HSRs. In details, the profiling of cytokines released (>40 cytokines) from RAW 264.7 and human macrophages challenged with paclitaxel (Sigma-Aldrich; 10 nM) or C5a (R&D Systems, Inc. MN, USA; 10 nM) for 24 h using a proteome profiler assay. Upon both treatments, murine and human proteome profiles resembled that of typical anaphylaxis and overlapped for all cytokines analyzed, excluding C5a, that was released only by C5a-stimulated cells (
For the human macrophages, human XL Cytokine Array kit #Ary022B was used, while for murine macrophages mouse cytokine Array Panel A #Ary006 was used (R&D systems, USA).
In paclitaxel- and C5a-treated RAW 264.7, the levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) resulted significantly increased compared to the control group, as well as those of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α and MIP-1β and of MIP-2 and ID Ra (
The release of these cytokines was counteracted by inhibition of C5aR1 mediated by Avacopan (Selleckchem, USA), by an anti-C5aR1 antibody (BioLegend, CA, USA) or by DF3966A (
Balb/c mice were thus divided in 4 groups and treated with paclitaxel in Cremophor EL (20 mg/kg and 0.1 mL/Kg, iv), paclitaxel in DMSO/PEG/TWEEN (20 mg/kg and 0.1 mUKg, iv), Cremophor EL alone (0.1 mL/Kg, iv) or DMSO/PEG/TWEEN alone (0.1 mL/Kg, iv). Mice receiving paclitaxel in Cremophor EL or in DMSO/PEG/TWEEN had acute HSRs that were more serious displaying greater vascular leakage (hyper-permeability) and plasma extravasation compared to mice treated with both vehicles alone (
Having identified paclitaxel as the key factor responsible for the cytokines release, typical of HSRs induced by the chemotherapy treatment, we then investigated the potential effects of the inhibition of C5aR1 as preventive treatment.
Paclitaxel (Selleckchem, USA, cod. S1150) was intravenousely administrated at 20 mg/kg (0.1 mL/Kg) dissolved in Cremophor EL (polyoxyl 35 castor oil, Sigma-Aldrich, cod. 238470). DF3966A (30 mg/kg, os) or DF3966A vehicle (saline) (PAC in Crem+DF and PAC in Cremophor+Veh DF, respectively) were administrated 3 h before paclitaxel, while the vehicle used for Avacopan (PEG-400/solutol-HS15 70:30, 5 mL/kg50) (PAC in Cremophor+Veh AVA) or Avacopan (30 mg/kg, os) (PAC in Crem+AVA) were administrated 1 h before paclitaxel, according to their pharmacokinetic profile. Cremophor alone (Cremophor) was used as a control.
Evans Blue (EB, 0.8%/0.3 mL/iv) was used to visualize the ear blue colour and quantify the extent of vascular leakage in ears, so as to assess the skin manifestation of paclitaxel injection induced HSRs. 30 minutes after paclitaxel administration mice received EB; the degree of ear colouring was assessed by a score from 0-5 where “0” did not represent the visible blue area and “1 to 5” indicated the ratio of the visible blue area.
b) Plasma extravasation About 40 minutes following paclitaxel administration, the animal was sacrificed, the ears were removed, shredded and stored in 2 mL of formaldehyde overnight at room temperature. The day after the ears were centrifuged and the supernatant was taken and analysed by the spectrophotometer (620 nm O.D.).
Intracardiac injection was done to obtain blood in tubes and leaving it undisturbed at room temperature. Serum was separated from blood cells 30 minutes later by centrifugation (2000×g for 10 min, at 4° C.). Aliquots were prepared and stored at −20° C. ELISA kit was used to evaluate the following marker: histamine and SC5b-9 (Mybiosource, San Diego, USA Cat.No: MBS9361379, MBS725193).
Pharmacological inhibition of C5aR1 by both treatments effectively counteracted the onset of HSRs abolishing paclitaxel-induced increase of vascular leakage and plasma extravasation (
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21163292.2 | Mar 2021 | EP | regional |
| 21217382.7 | Dec 2021 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2022/057007 | 3/17/2022 | WO |
