Patent Grant
6941065
This application is a filing under 35 U.S.C. section 371, and claims priority to PCT International Application Number PCT/US01/26268, filed on Aug. 23, 2001 and further claims priority under 35 U.S.C. section 119 to Chinese patent application number 00248980.5, filed on Aug. 23, 2000.
This invention relates to photographic cameras that have an interlocks which prevent moving film to and from the film cassette when such movement is not desired.
Traditionally, a camera user loads film into a photographic camera by inserting a film cassette into a film cassette chamber and moving a small portion of film, the film leader, across the film exposing area to a film spool. The camera is then light sealed and ready for operation. After a picture is taken, the camera user then winds the exposed film around the film spool and moves the next frame of film to be exposed into the film exposing area.
Relatively recently a new method of loading film, preloading or prewinding film, has been developed. Film prewinding includes inserting a film cassette into the film cassette compartment and prewinding the film around the film spool on the opposing side of the camera. After a picture is taken, the exposed film is wound back into the film cassette and the next frame of film is moved to the film exposing area. In contrast to the prior method, after the last frame of film is exposed the film is wound back into the film cassette as opposed to around the film spool. Thus, prewinding avoids having to rewind the film back into the film cassette after the pictures have been taken. One advantage of prewinding is that the exposed film is housed within the light tight film cassette and cannot be accidentally exposed by opening the camera.
One problem that has been created by such cameras is that if the camera has a mechanism for rotating the film spindle of a film cassette and a separate mechanism for rotating a film spool, the camera user may operate one of the mechanisms by mistake and move film in the wrong direction. Another problem that has been created with the new method is the possibility that the camera user may accidentally move previously exposed film from the film cassette to the film exposing area and reexpose the exposed film. Still another problem is that the camera user may not properly prewind the film around the film spool. These problems are particularly acute in manual film cameras including “single use” cameras. The camera of this invention has interlocks that prevent moving film in an unwanted direction.
As used herein the term advance or advance direction refers to movement of film out of or away from the film cassette and the term rewind or rewind direction refers to the movement of film into or towards the film cassette.
The camera of this invention includes one of two interlocks, either or both an advance interlock or a rewind interlock. The camera has a film cassette compartment, a film spool and a film exposing area disposed between the film cassette compartment and the film spool. The camera has a film rewind wheel that is coupled to a spindle of a film cassette when a film cassette is inserted into the film cassette compartment. Rotation of the rewind wheel by a camera user will rotate the film cassette spindle and move film either into or out of the film cassette. The camera also has a film advance lever coupled to the film spool. Rotation of the film spool by the film advance lever will move film either around the film spool or away from the film spool.
The camera preferably uses 35 mm. film. Preloading film into the camera includes inserting a film cassette into the film cassette compartment, placing the film leader in the film exposing area and around the film spool, and light sealing the camera. Preloading further includes moving the film from the film cassette across the film exposing area and around the film spool by rotating the advance lever. When taking pictures with the camera, the film is exposed, and the rewind wheel is rotated to move the exposed film back into the film cassette. This sequence of taking a picture and rewinding the exposed frame is repeated until all of the film is exposed and rewound back into the film cassette.
The film advance interlock prevents the camera user from mistakenly operating the film rewind wheel in the advance direction or moving film away from the film cassette. This is needed in order to prevent the camera user from improperly attempting to rotate the rewind wheel in the advance direction. Without the film advance interlock, the camera user may rotate the rewind wheel in the advance direction in an attempt to move exposed film out of the film cassette after a picture has been taken. Such improper rotation will move film in the advance direction—out of the film cassette—or not move film at all. Thus, the film advance interlock prevents the camera user from rotating the rewind wheel in the advance direction and thereby fooling himself into thinking that he has moved the exposed film into the film cassette and moved the next frame of film to be exposed into the film exposing area.
The film advance interlock includes the film rewind wheel, a prevention lever, and a control lever. The film rewind wheel has a serrated inner ring and a notch. The ring and the notch rotate with the rewind wheel. The prevention lever is engageble with the film wheel serrations to prevent movement of the rewind wheel in the advance direction. After preloading film and prior to operating the rewind wheel in the rewind direction, the prevention lever is not engaged with the serrations. The control lever is mechanically coupled to the prevention lever and is disposed within the path of the notch. When the rewind wheel is rotated in the rewind direction after a picture is taken, the wheel notch engages the control lever and moves the control lever. As the control lever moves, the control lever moves the prevention lever into engagement with the film wheel serrations. This engagement prevents movement of the film wheel in the advance direction. Thus, the operator is prevented from improperly trying to rotate the rewind wheel in the advance direction and moving exposed film out of the film cassette when the operator intends to rotate the wheel in the rewind direction.
The film advance interlock may also include a spring that couples the control lever to the prevention lever. A protrusion extending from the camera's back door may hold the spring, the control lever, and the prevention lever in their interlock position. Prior to being moved by the control lever, the spring is not disposed behind the protrusion. After the control lever moves, the spring moves so as to be positioned behind the protrusion. This prevents the spring, the control lever, and the prevention lever from returning to their original positions.
The advance interlock is disabled and the control lever spring, and prevention lever are reset by opening the back cover of the camera. After all of the film has been exposed and the back cover is opened to remove the film, the spring is no longer restrained by the protrusion. Thus, the spring, the control lever and the prevention lever return to their original positions. Another spring, a biasing spring, can be used to bias the levers to their original position.
The rewind interlock includes the film rewind wheel, an interlock lever and the back cover. As referenced above, the rewind wheel has a notch that travels in a path as the rewind wheel rotates. The interlock lever is rotatably mounted to the camera so that it can rotate into and out of the notch path. When in the notch path, the interlock lever prevents rotation of the film rewind wheel in the rewind direction. The back cover has a protrusion extending therefrom that moves the interlock lever into the path of the notch when the back cover is closed, thereby preventing movement of the rewind wheel in the rewind direction. Thus, the rewind interlock is set when the back cover of the camera is closed, which is after the film cassette has been inserted and the film leader has been placed around the film spool, but before the film has been preloaded by moving the film from the film cassette to the film spool. This rewind interlock prevents the camera user from improperly attempting to use the rewind wheel in the rewind direction when film is to be preloaded.
The rewind interlock may further include a reset lever. The reset lever is positioned so that when the back door closes a protrusion extending from the backdoor contacts the reset lever and moves the reset lever. As the reset lever moves, the reset lever pushes on the interlock lever to move the interlock lever into the notch path.
The interlock lever may also be coupled to the control lever so that when the interlock lever moves into the notch path it also engages the control lever to prevent movement of the control lever and the prevention lever.
The rewind interlock may be reset during the film preloading operation. In order to reset the rewind interlock, the camera may have a sprocket that is engaged with the film perforations. The sprocket rotates due to movement of the film across the film exposing area. The sprocket is mechanically coupled to a cam. The cam is disposed so that when it rotates, the cam will contact the interlock lever and rotate the interlock lever out of the notch path and thereby disable the rewind interlock. This also enables the advance interlock because the rotation of the interlock lever disengages the interlock lever from the control lever so that the control lever can be moved as described above to set the advance interlock.
In operation, the sprocket is rotated due to the preloading of film—moving film from the film cassette to the film spool—and this rotates the cam. After a preset amount of film, preferably about 6 exposures, has been preloaded the cam contacts the interlock lever to rotate the interlock lever and disable the rewind interlock.
The invention disclosed herein also includes methods of preloading film by using the rewind interlock, and methods of operating the camera with the advance interlock.
Other features of the invention are described below.
The camera 10 of this invention is preferably of the type that employs 35 mm. film. Although it need not be, the camera 10 is also preferably a manual camera that is either reusable or of the type that is intended for a single use. Such single use cameras are sold with the film preloaded and are intended to be returned to the film developer with the film cassette enclosed within the camera. The film developer then removes the film cassette from the camera. A camera user can, however, remove the film from these so called single use cameras and reload them with film.
A back cover 14, which is best shown in
In order to move the film, the camera may have a rewind wheel 22, shown in
The film rewind wheel 22 has an outer ring 22a that has a plurality of serrations 22b disposed on its periphery as best shown in FIG. 1. These serrations 22b extend from the film rewind wheel 22 so that a camera user can engage them and rotate the rewind wheel 22 to move film into the film cassette.
Either attached to or formed integrally with the rewind wheel 22 is an inner ring 22c that is preferably of a diameter that is less than the outer ring 22a. This is best shown in the elevation view of FIG. 9. The inner ring 22c rotates with the rewind wheel 22. The inner ring 22c also has serrations 26. As described below, the serrations 26 can be engaged by a camera lever to prevent a camera user from mistakenly rotating the rewind wheel 22 in an undesired direction.
Extending downward from the rewind wheel 22 are a plurality of notches 30 as best shown in
Disposed on the bottom of the camera and on the opposing side of the camera is the film advance lever 23 as best shown in FIG. 5. The film advance lever 23 is coupled to the film spool 13 so that the rotation of the film advance lever 23 rotates the film spool 13. The advance lever 23 is rotated to pull film 4 from a film cassette 11 and wind film 4 around the film spool 13. The advance lever 23 can be rotated into a dead position in which its rotation does not rotate the film spool 13, and rotated into an active position in which rotation of the advance lever 23 will rotate the film spool 13. This is best understood with reference to FIG. 5. By rotating the arm 23a out of the advance lever 23, the advance lever is activated and its rotation will rotate the film spool 13.
Rotatably mounted to the camera 10 is a film prevention film lever 32 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 6-8. The film prevention lever 32 has a first end 34 that is hooked shaped to interface with the serrations 26 of the rewind wheel 22, as best understood with reference to
A control lever 44 is slidably mounted to the camera 10 and coupled to the film prevention lever 32 by the spring 42. The spring, 42 is attached to the control lever 44 by posts 44a and holes 42a so that when the control lever 44 slides, the spring 42 slides with the control lever 44. The spring 42 movement rotates the film prevention lever 32 by pushing on the post 38. Through this mechanical connection the control lever 44 controls the movement of the film prevention lever 32 and the engagement of the film prevention lever 32 with the film rewind wheel serrations 26. The control lever 44 has a hooked end 46 for interfacing with the notches 30 of the rewind wheel inner ring 28.
Biasing spring 48 depicted in
As referred to above the back cover 14 has a plurality of protrusions 16, 18, 20 that extended inward towards the film. One of these protrusions 16 is disposed proximal to the spring 42 as best understood by reference to
The film advance interlock prevents the camera user from mistakenly operating the film rewind wheel 22 in the advance direction or moving film away from the film cassette which is clockwise as viewed in
The advance interlock operates as follows. After a film cassette is loaded into the camera's film cassette compartment 11, the film leader can be wound around the film spool 13 and placed in the film exposing area 12 as shown in FIG. 4. The camera is then light sealed by shutting the back door 14 of the camera. This moves the camera from the door open position of
After a picture is taken with the camera 10, the camera user rotates the film rewind wheel 22 counterclockwise as viewed in
Because the spring 42 is attached to the control lever 44, the spring 42 also moves to the left with the control lever 44 from the position of
Without the interlock, a camera user could take a picture and rotate the rewind wheel in the wrong direction; this would cause either no movement of film or movement of film out of the film cassette—in the wrong direction. The camera user would thus be fooled, due to the rotation of the rewind wheel, into thinking that he/she has moved exposed film into the film cassette and moved the next frame of film to the film exposing area, when in fact there would be no film movement or movement in the opposite direction. If the camera user was so fooled, then the camera user would take another picture and would reexpose the previously exposed frame that has remained stationary in the film exposing area; thus, destroying his/her previous picture.
The prevention lever 32 is held engaged with the film rewind wheel serrations 26 by the spring 42 as shown in FIG. 7A. In particular, when the spring 42 slides to the left due to the movement of the control lever 44, (as best understood by comparing
In order to reset the advance interlock, the back cover 14 is opened or removed. When the back cover 14 is opened, the protrusion 16 no longer restrains movement of the spring 42 to the right, and the spring 42 and the control lever 44 slide to the right due to the bias of the biasing spring 48 back to the positions shown in FIG. 6. When they move to the right, the prevention lever 32 rotates clockwise back to the position of FIG. 6 and disengages from the rewind wheel serrations 26. Because the back cover 14 is only normally removed after exposing the film, rewinding the film and light sealing the film in the film cassette, the opening of the back cover 14 and resetting of the advance interlock is performed after the film has been exposed and either was, is being or is ready to be removed for the camera.
Rotatably mounted to the camera is an interlock lever 50, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 6-8. The interlock lever 50 preferably has three arms 52, 54, 56. The first arm 52 engages the control lever 44, the second arm 54 engages an inner ring notch 30, and the third arm 56 engages both a cam 58 and a reset lever 60.
The reset lever 60 is mounted to the camera 10 as shown in
When the back cover 14 is closed, the protrusion 18 pushes against the first reset arm 60a and rotates the reset lever 60. The reset lever rotates and the second arm 60b contacts the third arm 60b of the interlock lever 50 to rotate the interlock lever 50 into the path of the inner ring notch 30 so that rotation of the rewind wheel 22 in the counterclockwise or rewind direction is prevented.
Also rotatably mounted to the camera is a sprocket 64 as shown in FIG. 8. The sprocket 64 has teeth that extend into the film path and through perforations in the film as shown in FIG. 4. Thus, as the film moves along the film path, the sprocket 64 is driven to rotate clockwise as the film moves in the advance direction and counterclockwise as the film moves in the rewind direction.
Also rotatably mounted to the camera 10 are a counting wheel 66, a driving gear 68 and the cam 58. The driving gear 68 is coupled to the sprocket 64 as shown in
The function of the rewind interlock is to prevent rotating the rewind wheel in the rewind direction during film preloading. The rewind interlock prevents rotation of the rewind wheel. Without the rewind interlock, a camera user could improperly rotate the rewind wheel in the counter clockwise or rewind direction when it is desired to preload film and advance film to the film spool. This improper rotation would not move the film from the film cassette, and the camera user could be fooled into thinking that he had preloaded the film. With the rewind interlock, the camera user will know that due to the inability to rotate the rewind wheel in the rewind direction that rotation of the rewind wheel in the rewind direction is not the proper way to load film.
The operation of the rewind interlock is as follows. Before film has been advanced from the film cartridge and when the back cover 14 is open, the interlock lever 50 is rotated clockwise so that the second arm 54 is out of the path of the inner ring notch 30 and the first aim 52 is disengaged from the control lever 44 as shown in FIG. 6. After the film cassette is loaded, the back cover 14 is shut and the protrusion 18 engages the first arm 60a of the reset lever 60 as shown in FIG. 7. This causes the reset lever 60 to rotate clockwise and the second arm 60b of the reset lever 60 to push on the third arm 56 of the interlock lever 50. This rotates the interlock lever 50 clockwise from the position of
Because the second aim 54 is in the notch path, the rewind wheel 22 cannot be rotated counter clockwise or in the film advance direction. This is the rewind interlock. If the rewind wheel 22 is rotated in the counterclockwise direction, the notch 30 will contact the second arm 54 and be prevented from further rotation.
The rewind interlock 50 prevents the camera operator from moving the rewind wheel 22 in the counter clockwise or rewind direction when the film needs to be advanced from the film cassette and preloaded around the film spool. Thus, the operator is prevented from inserting a film cassette and mistakenly manipulating the rewind wheel in the rewind direction. Without the interlock, a camera user could load a film cassette and then rotate the rewind wheel in the advance direction thinking that this will preload the film. Thus, without the interlock the operator could mistakenly rotate the rewind wheel 26 in the rewind direction, not preload the film, and mistakenly believe that he/she has preloaded film.
In order to properly preload the film, the camera user places the film cassette in the film cassette compartment, places the film leader around the film spool and in the film exposing area as shown in FIG. 4. The back door 14 is shut to enable the rewind interlock as described above. The camera user then places the film advance lever 23 in the active position and rotates the advance lever 23. This rotates the film spool 13 and pulls the film from the film cassette 11 across the film exposing area and around the film spool 13. The camera user does so until all of the film is preloaded around the film spool.
As the camera operator manipulates the film advance lever 23 in the advance direction and the film is pulled from the cassette and across the film exposing area, the sprocket teeth engage the film perforations as shown in FIG. 4. This film movement in the advance direction rotates the sprocket 64 clockwise. The sprocket 64 in turn rotates the driving gear 68 counterclockwise which rotates the counting wheel 66 and the cam 58 in the clockwise direction. The cam 58 is set so that after a sufficient amount of film has been advanced, in a preferred embodiment about six frames, the cam 58 will have rotated sufficiently to engage the third arm 56 of the interlock lever 50 as shown in FIG. 7A.
As the cam 58 engages the interlock lever 50, the cam 58 rotates the interlock lever 50 counter clockwise. The second arm 54 of the interlock lever 50 thus rotates out of the notch path and the first arm 52 disengages from the control lever 44. This defeats the rewind interlock; the camera user is free to rotate the rewind wheel 22 in the rewind direction and move film back inside of the film cassette. Further, the advance interlock can be set because the control lever 44 is now free to move to the left with the first arm 52 rotated out of engagement with the control lever 44. Prior to this, the engagement of the interlock lever 50 and the control lever 44 prevented the control lever 44 from moving to the left.
In order to reset the advance interlock, the back door 14 is opened after all of the film exposures have been taken and the film is rewound into the cassette. When the back door 14 is opened, the reset lever 60 is no longer held by protrusion 18 and rotates clockwise as viewed in FIG. 7A. The driving gear 68 is released by the rotation of the reset lever 60 and moves out of engagement with the counting wheel 66 as shown in FIG. 6. The spring biased counting wheel rotates to its zero position, counterclockwise as viewed in FIG. 7A. The cam 58 rotates with the counting wheel 66 to the position of FIG. 6 and the interlock lever 50 is free to rotate again upon the shutting of the camera door because the cam 58 has rotated out of the interlock lever's path.
What has been described are two camera interlocks, an advance interlock and a rewind interlock. Before the camera back door 14 is closed, the rewind wheel 22 can rotate in either direction. When the back door 14 is closed after loading a film cassette and a film leader, the interlock lever prevents rotation of the rewind wheel in the rewind direction. After a sufficient amount of film has been preloaded, this rewind interlock is defeated. Upon rewinding film into the film cassette, the prevention lever engages the rewind wheel 22 to create the advance interlock prevent clockwise rotation of the rewind wheel 22. After the back door 14 is open, this advance interlock is defeated.
The rewind interlock prevents a camera user from operating the camera in the rewind direction when the film needs to be advanced or preloaded, and the rewind interlock prevents a camera user from operating the camera in the advance direction after the film has been exposed. These interlocks can be used together or separately. Further, they can be used in various types of cameras, but they are preferably used in manual 35 mm. cameras of either the reusable or single use type.
It is to be understood, however, that even though numerous characteristics and advantages of the present invention have been set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of the structure and function of the invention, the disclosure is illustrative only, and changes may be made in detail, especially in matters of shape, size and arrangement of parts within the principles of the invention to the full extent indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 00248980 U | Aug 2000 | CN | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US01/26268 | 8/23/2001 | WO | 00 | 5/8/2003 |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO02/17013 | 2/28/2002 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2125388 | Monroe | Aug 1938 | A |
| 2307297 | Phillimore | Jan 1943 | A |
| 2571756 | Pribus | Oct 1951 | A |
| 2674931 | Ihalyi | Apr 1954 | A |
| 2989906 | Rentschler | Jun 1961 | A |
| 3014417 | Maiershofer | Dec 1961 | A |
| 3033093 | Stimson et al. | May 1962 | A |
| 3096699 | Harvey et al. | Jul 1963 | A |
| 3097809 | Gunther | Jul 1963 | A |
| 3282181 | Lange | Nov 1966 | A |
| 3481261 | Fischer et al. | Dec 1969 | A |
| 3491957 | Sawada et al. | Jan 1970 | A |
| 3645189 | Rentschler et al. | Feb 1972 | A |
| 3648588 | Alfreddson et al. | Mar 1972 | A |
| 3665828 | Reiter | May 1972 | A |
| 3707118 | Stoneham et al. | Dec 1972 | A |
| 3709127 | Milanese et al. | Jan 1973 | A |
| 3733485 | Gaynor et al. | May 1973 | A |
| 3733985 | Gordon | May 1973 | A |
| 3820138 | Horton | Jun 1974 | A |
| 3848895 | Christopher | Nov 1974 | A |
| 3848985 | Bennett | Nov 1974 | A |
| 4011570 | Stievenart et al. | Mar 1977 | A |
| 4017875 | Yamamichi | Apr 1977 | A |
| 4063263 | Krewalk, Sr. | Dec 1977 | A |
| 4139294 | Aneshansley et al. | Feb 1979 | A |
| 4139295 | Matsumoto | Feb 1979 | A |
| 4201458 | Viering | May 1980 | A |
| 4206997 | Licciardi | Jun 1980 | A |
| 4268144 | Wheeler | May 1981 | A |
| 4291962 | Jackson | Sep 1981 | A |
| 4310232 | Reed | Jan 1982 | A |
| 4332448 | Zawodny | Jun 1982 | A |
| 4354753 | Tenne et al. | Oct 1982 | A |
| 4427279 | Edelstein et al. | Jan 1984 | A |
| 4455074 | Wong et al. | Jun 1984 | A |
| 4527876 | Tanaka et al. | Jul 1985 | A |
| 4533224 | Ou | Aug 1985 | A |
| 4655570 | Jaffe | Apr 1987 | A |
| 4668067 | Simon et al. | May 1987 | A |
| 4685790 | Uematsu | Aug 1987 | A |
| 4717930 | Wheeler | Jan 1988 | A |
| 4804987 | Arai | Feb 1989 | A |
| 4816848 | Doyle, Jr. | Mar 1989 | A |
| 4855774 | Ohmura et al. | Aug 1989 | A |
| 4894671 | Wheeler | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4896176 | Barrett | Jan 1990 | A |
| 4920372 | Nakagawa et al. | Apr 1990 | A |
| 4954857 | Mochida et al. | Sep 1990 | A |
| 4972649 | Mochida et al. | Nov 1990 | A |
| 4994832 | Spector | Feb 1991 | A |
| 4994833 | Cocca | Feb 1991 | A |
| 5000396 | Barrella | Mar 1991 | A |
| 5034761 | Jones | Jul 1991 | A |
| 5063400 | Takei et al. | Nov 1991 | A |
| 5111224 | Spector | May 1992 | A |
| 5119118 | Harada et al. | Jun 1992 | A |
| 5247320 | Kay | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5249008 | Mauchan | Sep 1993 | A |
| 5255037 | Kobayashi | Oct 1993 | A |
| 5262808 | Mauchan | Nov 1993 | A |
| 5276470 | Fridman | Jan 1994 | A |
| 5296885 | Sangregory et al. | Mar 1994 | A |
| 5331363 | Fridman | Jul 1994 | A |
| 5339125 | Fridman et al. | Aug 1994 | A |
| 5361108 | Kamata et al. | Nov 1994 | A |
| 5394214 | Petruchik | Feb 1995 | A |
| 5452036 | Kamata | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5453808 | Zawodny et al. | Sep 1995 | A |
| 5486885 | Matsumoto | Jan 1996 | A |
| 5521665 | Petruchik | May 1996 | A |
| 5537176 | Hara et al. | Jul 1996 | A |
| 5552846 | Tokui | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5555053 | Stephenson, III | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5555057 | DiRisio | Sep 1996 | A |
| 5576790 | Lamphron et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5576793 | Hara et al. | Nov 1996 | A |
| 5600395 | Balling et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5602610 | Akimoto et al. | Feb 1997 | A |
| 5612758 | Petruchik | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5614976 | Smart et al. | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5614977 | Smart | Mar 1997 | A |
| 5629750 | Smart et al. | May 1997 | A |
| 5640637 | Stephenson, III | Jun 1997 | A |
| 5689733 | Zawodny et al. | Nov 1997 | A |
| 5708885 | Nomura et al. | Jan 1998 | A |
| 5717970 | Bryant et al. | Feb 1998 | A |
| 5778269 | Williams | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5799220 | Zander | Aug 1998 | A |
| 5842067 | Williams | Nov 1998 | A |
| 6033127 | Sakurai | Mar 2000 | A |
| 6059464 | Sakurai | May 2000 | A |
| 6226457 | Boyd et al. | May 2001 | B1 |
| 6278848 | Bittner | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6280103 | Zawodny et al. | Aug 2001 | B1 |
| 6331082 | Bittner | Dec 2001 | B1 |
| 6353714 | Zawodny et al. | Mar 2002 | B1 |
| 6418278 | Bittner | Jul 2002 | B1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 949 324 | Sep 1956 | DE |
| 30 16 005 | Oct 1981 | DE |
| 31 10 518 | Oct 1982 | DE |
| 40 09 794 | Jun 1990 | DE |
| 0 696 754 | Feb 1996 | EP |
| 2 130 387 | May 1984 | GB |
| 48-46622 | Oct 1971 | JP |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20040037551 A1 | Feb 2004 | US |
