Patent Application
20050045764
The global economy makes long range business travel more essential than ever. However, other than Concorde, with presence declining as transatlantic flights have discontinued, the pace of business travel remains at 1960's-era speeds. Technology advances have produced longer range, safer, and more comfortable aircraft—but not faster flights.
Supersonic overland capability and range are drivers of market potential for aircraft in the commercial and business sector. Buyers of supersonic commercial aircraft are expected to be from entities such as corporations, governments and government agencies, and high net-worth individuals. Most operators are expected to be large organizations, for example corporations and governments, with sophisticated flight departments that can manage multiple aircraft types. Flights are expected to depart and arrive in a wide range of environments, from large international and national airports to small local airfields or suburban airports, with or without substantial service capabilities.
Although a supersonic aircraft for usage in commercial and business environments is to have many characteristics of a high-performance military aircraft, flight characteristics, operations, maintenance, and cost should be compatible to a business or commercial realm. The aircraft should be compatible with the infrastructure, servicing and operations experience base, and air traffic control system of the extant civil business jet.
The user community expects the aircraft to be usable not only in large, urban international hubs but also in suburban airports so that compatibility with shorter runway lengths, narrower taxiways, and lower maximum gross weight surfaces is desirable. Servicing and maintenance compatibility with personnel, equipment, and capabilities found at well-equipped fixed based operators (FBOs) and maintenance facilities is highly useful.
Many of the desirable features of supersonic civilian aircraft, particularly low-boom performance and long range, are very difficult to attain. Bill Sweetman in “Flights of fancy take shape—from Jane's (www.janes.com)”, 21 Jul. 2000, discusses the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Quiet Supersonic Platform (QSP) program that is intended to develop an efficient supersonic-cruise aircraft that does not produce a sonic boom. The difficulty of such a result is indicated by the agency's admission that only a revolutionary design will meet the goal, and that incremental application of new technologies, or integration of existing technologies, is expected to be insufficient to attain the reduced boom goal.
Extension of aircraft range involves balancing of fuel capacity, payload volume, fuel consumption at desired speeds, aerodynamic, and other factors. Reduction of aerodynamic drag can assist in extending range, reducing sonic boom, and improving aircraft performance.
What are desired are an aircraft and constituent components that enable supersonic flight by applying new technologies and an innovative aircraft design approach. What is further desired is an aircraft that can significantly reduce travel times, for example by a factor of two through supersonic cruise speed capability, while retaining extending cruise ranges and spacious passenger comfort. In various embodiments, the speed advantage can be achieved with an environmentally-friendly design, compliant with takeoff and landing noise standards, engine emission requirements, and producing a very soft sonic signature during supersonic flight.
In accordance with some embodiments, a supersonic aircraft comprises the fuselage extending forward and aft along a longitudinal axis and having a lower surface and an upper surface, a wing coupled to the fuselage, and a canard. The canard is coupled onto the fuselage forward of the wing at an elevated position that enables stretching of the aircraft lifting length and forms an effective area distribution to attain a shaped sonic boom signature.
In accordance with other embodiments, a supersonic aircraft comprises the fuselage extending forward and aft along a longitudinal axis and having a lower surface and an upper surface, a wing coupled to the fuselage, and at least two canards coupled at opposing sides of the fuselage at the elevated position. The canards have differential deflection for directional control. The aircraft further comprises a controller coupled to the canards that comprising a process for differentially controlling the canards to induce lift on the fuselage and the wing on respective opposing sides of the body, causing lift from the canard and body lift to blend into lift produced by the wing.
In further embodiments, a supersonic aircraft comprises a fuselage extending forward and aft along a longitudinal axis and having a lower surface and an upper surface, a wing coupled to the fuselage, and at least two canards coupled at opposing sides of the fuselage at the elevated position. The canards have differential deflection for directional control. The aircraft further comprises a controller coupled to the canards and comprising a process for differentially controlling the canards to modify the aircraft lift distribution to reduce or minimize the aircraft sonic boom.
Embodiments of the invention relating to both structure and method of operation, may best be understood by referring to the following description and accompanying drawings.
Referring to
The canards 102 have a dihedral that is sufficiently high to increase the aircraft lifting length and attain a target equivalent area distribution for low sonic boom performance. The canard 102 operates as a longitudinal power control device that is particularly effectively during takeoff and in high-speed flight. The canard 102 also functions to fine tune the aircraft longitudinal trim condition. The canard 102 augments rudder operation by supplying yaw control power when left and right canard surfaces are deflected-differentially.
In the illustrative embodiment, the canards 102 can be controlled with differential deflections to enable directional control. Referring to
Symmetric deflection of the canards 102 enables setting of the angles on different sides of the fuselage 101 and, in combination with the relatively high position of the canards 102 on the body 101, induces lift on the fuselage 101 and the wing 104 on respective opposing sides of the body 101, causing lift from the canard 126 and body lift to blend into lift produced by the wing 104.
Referring to
In combination with the canards 102, the supersonic aircraft 100 has multiple stability and control effectors. The canard 102 and symmetric defections of the ruddervators 124 control pitch power. A vertical rudder 140 controls yaw. Inboard, midboard and outboard ailerons 128, and the high speed roll spoilers 130 control roll. The segmented ailerons 128 provide both roll control power and automatic wing camber control to optimize lift and drag throughout the flight envelope. The roll spoilers 130 are configured to control roll at supersonic Mach numbers. High-speed spoilers 130 supplement aileron roll power at transonic and supersonic speeds where Mach number and aeroelastic effects reduce aileron effectiveness.
In an illustrative embodiment, trailing edge (TE) flaps 132 are deployed 30° down to generate additional lift during landing. TE flap deployment reduces angle-of-attack specifications by approximately 2° during landing. During second-segment climb, the TE flaps 132 are extended 10° to improve the lift-to-drag ratio for better climb performance.
Leading edge (LE) Krueger flaps 134 are extended 130° for low speed operations including takeoff, approach and landing. The LE Krueger flaps 134 improve lift-to-drag ratio by 1.5, resulting in better climb performance that facilitates second-segment climb in case of engine malfunction.
In some embodiments, the aircraft 100 can be configured with a high lift system that includes simple inboard trailing edge flaps 132 and a full-span leading edge Krueger flaps 134. Some aircraft embodiments can have non-Krueger leading edge flaps.
The multiple control surfaces of the supersonic aircraft 100, for example the ruddervators 124 inboard and outboard design, enable continued operation and landing following single actuator failure or a single control surface jamming. Differential canard deflection can generate a yawing moment to counter a jammed rudder. Ailerons 128 and ruddervators 124 include multiple surfaces, increasing fault tolerant capability and supplying redundant elements for improved reliability.
Referring again to
In various embodiments, the illustrative aircraft 100 may include one or more of several advancements including addition of an all-flying canard 102, an optimized wing 104, incorporation of leading edge flaps 134 and spoilers 130, and a reconfigured body or fuselage 101. The canard 102 improves takeoff rotation and high-speed control. Wing planform and airfoil shapes are configured to assist high-speed performance, low-speed performance, low sonic boom, stability and control, and structural mass fraction characteristics. Sizes of the inverted V-tail 108 and fins can be configured to improve both structural and aerodynamic integration, benefiting both weight and drag characteristics. Flaps 134 improve takeoff performance. Spoilers 130 assist high-speed roll control.
The illustrative aircraft 100 has a twin-engine, slender-body configuration with a highly swept low aspect ratio wing 104, a configuration highly appropriate for low-boom performance. The aft engine location beneath the wing 104, in combination with a highly integrated wing/inlet geometry, produce both low-boom compatibility and low inlet/nacelle installation drag. The inverted V-tail geometry 108 supplies both a low sonic-boom performance while generating longitudinal trim in cruise, and structural support for the engine/nacelle installation.
Some embodiments of the aircraft 100 implement one or more of several features including a multi-spar wing 104, a fuselage structure 101 with stringer-stiffened skins supported by frames, canards 102 that are integrated with the pressurized fuselage cabin structure, and aft-located engines 116 supported by a torque-box structure that extends aft of the wing 104 and is attached to the inverted V-tails 108.
Referring to
Referring to
The actuators 402 to multiple canards 102 enable differential control of the canards 102 to induce lift on the fuselage 101 and the wing 104 on opposing sides of the body 101 to cause canard lift and body lift to blend into lift produced by the wing 104
Referring to
The controller 508 performs analysis and generates signals to direct multiple aircraft systems and control effectors. The illustrative aircraft 500 has an inverted V-tail 514 attached to the fuselage 502 and wing 504. Other embodiments may utilize a different tail configuration, for example a T-tail or other forms. The illustrative inverted V-tail 514 has a central vertical stabilizer 516, inverted stabilizers 518 coupled to sides of the central vertical stabilizer 516 and also coupled to the fuselage 502. The inverted stabilizers 518 assist the fuselage 502 in supporting engine nacelles 512. The inverted V-tail 514 also includes ruddervators 520 that are pivotally coupled to the inverted stabilizers 518 and can have operations managed by the controller 508. Generally, the controller 508 controls the ruddervators 520 to move up and down together for longitudinal control.
The ruddervators 520 can be configured with sufficient torsional stiffness to reduce or minimize flutter resulting from ruddervator rotation coupling with V-tail bending and torsion. Ruddervators 520 have appropriate actuator stiffness and ruddervator torsional stiffniess, along with a V-tail mass distribution controlled using ballast weight to manage ruddervator rotation coupling with V-tail bending and torsion. The ruddervators 520 can be symmetrically deflected in combination with the canards to supply pitch control power. The vertical rudder 524 supplies yaw control with roll control supplied by inboard, outboard, and midboard ailerons, and high speed roll spoilers.
The controller 508 also manages other control effectors in combination with the canards 504 and the ruddervators 520, including leading edge Krueger flaps 522, trailing edge flaps 526, ailerons 528, and spoilers 530.
Referring to
The flight management computers 608 can implement a process that differentially controls the canards 506 to induce lift on the fuselage 502 and the wing 504 on respective opposing sides of the fuselage 502 to cause lift from the canard and body lift to blend into lift produced by the wing. The computers 608 further controls the canards 506 to stretch the aircraft lifting length and tailor the effective area distribution to produce a shaped sonic boom signature. Differential control of the canards 506 can be used to offset effects of the canard dihedral.
The control effector configuration, controlled by the Vehicle Management Computers 608, uses redundant control surfaces, enabling continued safe flight and landing in event of a single actuator failure or mechanically-jammed control surface. Redundancy is extended to the ailerons and ruddervators, which are also designed into multiple surfaces for increased fault tolerance and improved overall safety.
The Vehicle Management Computers 608 implement processes for controlling the effectors, including the canards 102 to distribute lift to reduce or minimize sonic signature and to drive the aircraft to relaxed stability. In an illustrative embodiment, two electronic flight control systems are used to give superior handling qualities and optimal performance throughout the flight envelope. The first system is a full-authority Fly-By-Wire system designed for stability and handling qualities and determining the basic dynamic response of the aircraft.
The second flight control system is an active center-of-gravity (CG) management system. As fuel is burned throughout the mission, the CG management system redistributes the remaining fuel to maximize range and trim to achieve sonic boom signature reduction. The CG management system also enables the canard, wing and inverted V-tail to interact in harmony to lift the vehicle efficiently for maximum range while producing a low sonic boom signature.
Referring to
Hydraulic power for the systems is supplied by two engine driven pumps 722 and an AC motor pump 724 on system 1702 and system 2704. The engine driven pumps 722 can operate continuously while the AC motor pumps 724 operate on demand basis. Additionally, the AC motor pumps 724 are an extra source of hydraulic power that gives redundancy within each system. The AC motor pumps 724 can be operated on the ground for system checkout without running the engines or using a hydraulic ground carts.
System 3706 has two air driven pumps 726 and an AC motor pump 724. One air driven pump 726 operates continuously while the other air driven pump 726 and the AC motor pump 724 operate on a demand basis. The AC motor pump 724 in system 3706 can also be operated on the ground for system checkout without running the engines or using a hydraulic ground cart. System 3706 also includes a ram air turbine 728 for emergency hydraulic and electrical power in the event of dual engine flameout. The ram air turbine 728 is sized to supply hydraulic and electrical power to essential equipment from the certified altitude to safe landing for level 3 handling quality.
Referring to
Primary pitch control surfaces include the canard and the ruddervators. Total pitch control power is supplied by full deflections of the canard and the ruddervators, shown in the CL vs. CM plot for the low speed takeoff 800 and landing 802 condition.
In the example, full canard trailing edge down deflection is scheduled as a function of angle-of-attach alpha (α) to prevent canard stall. Full trailing edge down is 30° at α<5°, 20° at α<14°, and 10° at α>14°. Full TE up canard is 30 deg. Intersections of center of gravity (CG) lines with the CL-CM curves are trim controls. Trim control is appropriate for the nominal CG range of the aircraft in takeoff 800 and landing 802 configurations.
In the example, control configurations are defined as canard plus ruddervator deflections from sums of −30804 to +30816 at increments of 10.
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
Lift 1114 from the high, dihedraled canard 1102 includes lift on the fuselage body 1104 and the wing 1108 on the opposite side of the aircraft 1100 from each canard 1102, causing the canard lift to blend into the wing 1108.
The dihedral of the canards 1102 is configured to create a canard wing tip vortex that passes through the inverted V-tail channel and not impinge on any lifting surfaces at either subsonic or supersonic cruise conditions.
Referring to
A second graph shows the aircraft equivalent area distribution 1208 that results from the aerodynamic configuration of the aircraft 1100. Jones-George-Seebass-Darden sonic boom minimization theory states a ground signature will have minimum shock strength (ramp signature) by following a calculated equivalent area distribution 1206, defined by a program SEEB, which becomes a design goal. To attain the goal signature defined by the SEEB curve 1206 for predetermined flight conditions of aircraft weight, altitude, and Mach number, a control procedure either deducts or adds to the configuration equivalent areas. Mach angle cross-sectional areas 1208 of the aircraft configuration can be configured so that the sum of the volume and the lift contributions to the equivalent area distribution is less than or equal to the SEEB curve 400 in a control procedure termed “area boom-ruling.” Alternatively, the aircraft lift distribution can be modified so that the sum of volume and lift equivalent area distributions is less than or equal to the SEEB curve 1206 in a “lift boom-ruling” procedure.
The canards 1102 can be adjusted under control of the controller 1112 to generate lift that includes lift on the fuselage body 1104 and wing 1108 to effectively reduce the equivalent area distribution 1208 as shown in the controlled equivalent area plot that results in an area beneath the SEEB curve 1206.
The equivalent area curve 1208 of the aircraft 1100 shows the increase in effective equivalent area resulting from the canard 1102. The canards 1102 generate lift that corrects for the increase in equivalent area by including lift on the body 1104 and wing 1208 that pulls the aircraft equivalent area curve 1208 below the SEEB curve 1206 at all positions relative to the aircraft 1100. To attain the reduced sonic boom goal, the aircraft equivalent area curve 1208 can fall below but not above the SEEB curve 1206.
Referring to
Referring to
While the present disclosure describes various embodiments, these embodiments are to be understood as illustrative and do not limit the claim scope. Many variations, modifications, additions and improvements of the described embodiments are possible. For example, those having ordinary skill in the art will readily implement the steps necessary to provide the structures and methods disclosed herein, and will understand that the process parameters, materials, and dimensions are given by way of example only. The parameters, materials, and dimensions can be varied to achieve the desired structure as well as modifications, which are within the scope of the claims. Variations and modifications of the embodiments disclosed herein may also be made while remaining within the scope of the following claims. For example, although a particular aircraft geometry and configuration is described, the canards and techniques for controlling the canards can be utilized in aircraft with different geometries. In particular, although the described aircraft has an inverted V-tail configuration, other tail configurations such as T-tail configurations and others may be used. Although the described aircraft have two canards, in other embodiments, other suitable aircraft can have additional canards. The described propulsion configuration includes two engines mounted at aft positions in a highly swept wing. Other suitable embodiments may have different engine configurations with fewer or more engines, with engines mounted on the fuselage or tail rather than on the wing, or mounted above rather than beneath the wing.
