Patent Application
20110045102
Throughout this application various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.
The present invention relates generally to compositions and methods for inhibiting growth of or killing cancer cells. In particular, the invention is directed toward inhibiting growth and/or killing cancer cells by modulating the PI3K signal transduction pathway, and using additional therapeutic agents, such as triptolide. The present invention is also directed toward growth inhibition or killing of cancer cells, using the compositions and methods of the present invention, in combination with traditional chemotherapeutic agents, and/or radiation therapy.
Signal transduction pathways that mediate cell growth and survival are targets for cancer therapy, as tumorigenesis often involves dysfunctional signal transduction pathways. Signaling abnormalities provide cancer cells increased growth potential, and the ability to avert apoptosis induced by DNA damaging agents.
In particular, the PI3K signal transduction pathway is known to mediate normal and abnormal processes that lead to tumorigenesis or tumor metastasis. Standard treatments currently used for various solid tumors include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and/or hormone therapy. Ionizing radiation therapy is generally the therapy of choice for the treatment of many cancers. However, it is well known that incomplete killing of neoplastic cells can result in the recurrence of cancer even after rigorous radiation treatment regimens are completed. Furthermore, some cell populations are stimulated to proliferate as a result of exposure to radiation. The molecular mechanism(s) by which tumor cells are killed, survive or stimulated to proliferate after exposure to ionizing radiation are not fully understood. Several reports have demonstrated that radiation activates multiple signaling pathways within cells in vitro which can lead to either increased cell death or increased proliferation depending upon the dose and culture conditions (Xia, Dickens et al. 1995; Kasid, Suy et al. 1996; Kyriakis and Avruch 1996; Rosette and Karin 1996; Santana, Pena et al. 1996; Verheij, Bose et al. 1996; Chmura, Nodzenski et al. 1997).
However, some tumors are unresponsive or become refractive to these therapies, or worse, some tumors are stimulated to proliferate by radiotherapy.
Management of various solid tumors, including ovarian, testicular, head and neck, bladder and lung cancer remains a challenge. For example, ovarian cancer ranks fifth as a cause of cancer deaths among women, and results in more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system (Piver, Baker et al. 1991).
Newer treatment regimens involving platinum-containing drugs and paclitaxel, have improved survival length, but have significant adverse side effects, and are not effective for managing recurrent or persistent ovarian cancer. Most patients who are initially responsive to this therapy, eventually become resistant. Therefore, drug resistance remains one of the largest obstacles in the treatment of patients with recurrent disease.
Chemotherapeutic agents currently in use for treatment of ovarian cancer include platinum-containing compounds such as cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin (Council 2000; Misset, Bleiberg et al. 2000; Thigpen 2000) and transplatin. These agents are used alone, or more commonly in combination with cyclophosphamide, or taxol or its analogue, paclitaxel (Council 2000; Markman 2000; Misset, Bleiberg et. al. 2000; Ozols 2000; Thigpen 2000).
Cisplatin kills cells by inducing DNA damage (J Reedijk 1987 Pure Appl Chem 59:181-192). However, DNA damage can sometimes lead to cell stress responses resulting in cytotoxicity or survival via activation of various signal transduction pathways to induce cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, survival or apoptosis. Thus, cisplatin treatment of certain cancers sometimes leads to drug-resistant tumors (Eastman 1990; Ozols 1992; Ferguson 1995; Gosland, Lum et al. 1996; Crul, Schellens et al. 1997; Nehme, Baskaran et al. 1997).
Previous studies have shown that inhibiting the PI3K pathway can sensitize ovarian cancer cell lines to the killing effects of platinum-containing drugs such as cisplatin. Thus agents and methods that inhibit the PI3K pathway may offer new treatment regimens for certain cancers.
The PI3K signal transduction pathway is a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway which mediates and regulates cellular apoptosis (Yao and Cooper 1995; Minshall, Arkins et al. 1996; Yao and Cooper 1996). The PI3K pathway also mediates cellular processes, including proliferation, growth, differentiation, motility, neovascularization, mitogenesis, transformation, viability, and senescence (Carpenter, Duckworth et al. 1990; Pignataro and Ascoli 1990; Varticovski, Harrison-Findik et al. 1994; Hu, Klippel et al. 1995; Grasso, Wen et al. 1997). The cellular factors that mediate the PI3K pathway include PI3K, Akt, and BAD, that mediate and regulate cellular apoptosis (Yao and Cooper 1995; Minshall, Arkins et al. 1996; Yao and Cooper 1996). The PI3K factors include class I PI3K, a cytostolic enzyme complex which includes p85 and p110 (Carpenter and Cantley 1990). PI3K plays a role in cellular proliferation, motility, neovascularization, viability, and senescence (Carpenter, Duckworth et al. 1990; Varticovski, Harrison-Findik et al. 1994; Hu, Klippel et al. 1995). PI3K is also mediates cellular differentiation of certain cell types (Pignataro and Ascoli 1990; Grasso, Wen et al. 1997). Akt is a threonine/serine kinase (Dudek, Datta et al. 1997; Kauffmann-Zeh, Rodriguez-Viciana et al. 1997; Kennedy, Wagner et al. 1997; Khwaja, Rodriguez-Viciana 1997; Kulik, Klippel et al. 1997). BAD has been identified as a pro-apoptotic member of the bcl-2 family (Datta, Dudek et al. 1997; del Peso, Gonzalez-Garcia et al. 1997).
In particular, cellular factors that mediate the PI3K pathway have been implicated in certain cancers. For example, gene amplification of the P110-alpha subunit of PI3K occurs in approximately 80% of primary ovarian cancer cells (Shayesteh, Lu et al. 1999).
Agents, such as LY294002 and Wortmannin have been previously shown to inhibit the activity of cellular factors that mediate the PI3K pathway. The agent LY294002 has the chemical formula (2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) which is an analog of quercetin, a naturally-occurring bioflavinoid. LY294002 has been shown to specifically inhibit PI3K activity by binding at the ATP-binding site of PI3K (Vlahos, Matter et al. 1994). It is also a competitive, reversible inhibitor of the ATP binding site of PI3K (Vlahos, Matter et al. 1994). LY294002 also inhibits Retinoblastoma protein hyperphosphorylation that normally occurs during G1 cell cycle progression and induces an increase in activity of p2′7, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (Casagrande, Bacqueville et al. 1998). LY294002 has been shown to inhibit melanoma cell proliferation (Casagrande, Bacqueville et al. 1998), and partial inhibition of osteosarcoma proliferation (Thomas, Venugopalan et al. 1997).
LY294002 has been used to inhibit expression of p21 but had no effect on expression of the pro-apoptotic protein BAX, in the presence of cisplatin or paclitaxel in cultured ovarian cancer cells (Mitsuuchi, Johnson et al. 2000). LY294002 has also been used to reduce tumor burden in an ovarian cancer mouse model (Hu, Zaloudek et al. 2000).
The agent Wortmannin has the chemical formula [1S-(1α,6bα,9aβ,11bβ)]-11-(Acetyloxy)-1,6b,7,8,9a,10,11,11b-octahydro-1(methoxymethyl)-9a,11b-dimethyl-3H-furo[4,3,2-de]indeno[4,5-h]-2-benzopyran-3,6,9-trione. Wortmannin is an antifungal antibiotic isolated from various species of Penicillium and has been previously shown to be a selective inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Arcaro and Wymann 1993; Ridderstrale and Tornqvist 1994).
The agents LY294002 or Wortmannin effectively blocked fibronectin-dependent (FN) secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) in an ovarian cancer cell line (Thant, Nawa et al. 2000).
In one study, PD098059 (MAPK inhibitor) and Wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor) were used in combination to sensitize cultured ovarian cancer cells to the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin (Hayakawa, Ohmichi et al. 2000).
Another agent that exerts anti-tumor activity is Triptolide (TPL), a diterpenoid triexposide purified from a Chinese herb Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F (or the acronym:TWHF). TWHF has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. Triptolide is an effective immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agent, and has been used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis (Chen 2001). It inhibits both calcium-dependent and calcium-independent pathways. It also affects T cell activation by inhibiting interleukin-2 transcription. Triptolide also inhibits expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Lin, Sato et al. 2001) and inhibits expression of adhesion molecules produced by epithelial cells.
It was later discovered that in addition to immunosuppressive activities, TPL possesses anti-inflammatory and antifertility activities (Lue, Sinha Hikim et al. 1998; Qiu and Kao 2003). Moreover, it was recently discovered that TPL has potent anti-neoplastic and anti-tumor activities (Shamon, Pezzuto et al. 1997; Lee, Chang et al. 1999; Jiang, Wong et al. 2001). Despite the multi-functional nature of this drug, the exact molecular mechanisms of its actions are largely unknown.
Antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activities of TPL have been shown with several different types of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. TPL has been shown to induce apoptosis in leukemia cells in vitro (Yang, Liu et al. 1998; Chan, Cheng et al. 2001) and to have significant antagonistic activity against mouse leukemia in vivo (Zhang, Chen et al. 1981). Clinical trials in China have demonstrated that TPL treatment can induce a high remission rate in both mononuclocytic and granulocytic leukemias (Lu, Lian et al. 1992). TEL was also found to be effective in inhibiting proliferation of human gastric cancer cells and prostatic epithelial cells in vitro (Jiang, Wong et al. 2001; Kiviharju, Lecane et al. 2002). TPL can inhibit the growth of several different solid tumor types including breast, bladder, stomach and melanomas (Yang, Chen et al. 2003). TPL is able to inhibit the transcriptional activities of the tumor suppressor p53, and the nuclear factor κB (NFκB). As both p53 and NFκB have been implicated in the progression and chemoresistance of ovarian cancer, TPL is a potential chemotherapeutic for ovarian cancer.
TPL was also found to be more effective on a molar basis than both cisplatin and taxol in inhibiting xenograft growth of these tumor types (Yang, Chen et al. 2003). TPL also potentiates the activities of other agents (Chang, Kang et al. 2001; Lee, Park et al. 2002; Fidler, Li et al. 2003).
The platinum-based compounds, cisplatin and carboplatin, bind to DNA and nuclear proteins leading to the formation of DNA crosslinks that inhibit DNA replication and transcription (Herrin and Thigpen 1999; Shepherd 2000). In ovarian cancer the chemoresistance that develops to these DNA damaging agents is thought to be largely mediated through p53-induced cell cycle arrest (Ferreira, Tolis et al. 1999; Vasey 2003; Blumenthal, Leone et al. 2004). TPL has been shown to enhance doxorubicin-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells by blocking p53-mediated cell cycle arrest (Chang, Kang et al. 2001). In addition to p53, intrinsically or constitutively activated NFκB is thought to confer drug resistance in several cancer types, including ovarian cancer (Baldwin 2001). A recent study demonstrated that inhibition of NFκB activity resulted in increased efficacy of cisplatin in ovarian cancer cells (Mabuchi, Ohmichi et al. 2004). Several studies have shown that TPL is able to inhibit the transcriptional activity of NFκB (Jiang, Wong et al. 2001; Lee, Park et al. 2002; Qiu and Kao 2003). Therefore TPL may be effective in attenuating chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells through inhibition of NFκB and/or p53 activities.
The anti-tumor effects of compositions can be monitored in an animal model for ovarian cancer. An animal model harboring an ovarian carcinoma cell line A2780 which transiently expresses an SEAP protein as a reporter gene has previously been reported (Bao, Selvakumaran et al. 2000). Bao found that the serum levels of the SEAP protein found in the animal correlated with tumor burden in response to paclitaxel.
A nude mouse tumor model has been developed, that has been shown to be effective in evaluating the response of ovarian tumor xenografts in nude mice (Nilsson, Westfall et al. 2002). This in vivo tumor model involves a human ovarian cancer cell line, OCC1, which has been stably transfected with a secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) gene. The SEAP reporter gene is constitutively expressed, and has been shown to be secreted at levels proportional to the number of tumor cells present (Nilsson, Westfall et al. 2002). Thus, this mouse model can be used to evaluate the in vivo effects of various agents for treating cancer.
Thus, there remains a need for new compositions and methods, for inhibiting and/or killing tumor cells, and for improving existing cancer treatment methods, via therapeutic compounds, and modulators of signal transduction pathways, such as the PI3K pathway.
Accordingly, the present invention provides compositions and methods that are useful for treating disease or cancer, caused by a dysfunctional signal transduction pathway, such as the PI3K pathway, agents that modulate the pathway, in combination with additional compounds such as triptolide, and chemotherapeutic agents.
The compositions of the invention include compounds that modulate the PI3K signal transduction pathways, thereby inhibiting growth of, or killing cancer cells.
In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention comprise an agent that inhibits the PI3K signal transduction pathway, in combination with triptolide.
In another embodiment, the compositions of the invention comprise adjunct chemotherapy agents such as carboplatin, and an agent that inhibits the PI3K signal transduction pathway, in combination with triptolide, for treating cancer.
The present invention further provides the use of an ovarian cancer animal model harboring an ovarian carcinoma cell line OCC1, which is stably transfected to express SEAP in the methods of detecting the anti-tumor effects of the compositions of the invention.
All scientific and technical terms used in this application have meanings commonly used in the art unless otherwise specified. As used in this application, the following words or phrases have the meanings specified.
The terms “cellular process” or “cellular processes” as used herein, include, but are not limited to, cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, adhesion, motility, neovascularization, viability, senescence, metabolism, DNA replication, gene transcription, and RNA translation. Cellular processes also include abnormal cellular processes, including transformation, blocking of differentiation, and metastasis, which are caused by abnormal or uncontrolled cellular processes, signal transduction pathways, or factors that mediate cellular processes or signal transduction pathways.
The term “signal transduction” as used herein, means a transmission of cellular signals from the exterior to the interior of a cell via a pathway of interactive proteins known as “signaling proteins”. Signaling proteins include exterior and interior proteins, such as cell surface proteins, transmembrane proteins, intracellular proteins, and nuclear proteins. Many of the signaling proteins transmit cellular signals throughout the cell using a reversible phosphorylation mechanism of amino acid residues on the signaling proteins. For example, reversible phosphorylation of tyrosine, serine or threonine residues plays a key role in transmitting signals throughout the cell.
The term “cellular factors” as used herein, includes transmembrane proteins, intracellular proteins and nucleic acid molecules, and nuclear proteins and nucleic acid molecules. Cellular factors include kinases and phosphatases. The cellular factors that mediate the PI3K pathway include, but are not limited to, PI3K, p85, p110, Akt, or BAD.
The terms “modulate” and “modulation” as used herein, mean upregulating or downregulating a cellular process, or a signal transduction pathway, or a PI3K signal transduction pathway. Modulation also includes increasing or decreasing the activity of the cellular factors that mediate a cellular process, or that mediate a signal transduction pathway, or that mediate the PI3K signal transduction pathway.
The term “antagonist” as used herein means an agent that mimics the effects of a cellular, endogenous regulatory compound. An antagonistic agent has intrinsic regulatory activity.
The term “agonist” means an agent that inhibits the action of an antagonist, such as, for example by competing with an antagonist for a binding site. An agonist does not have any intrinsic regulatory activity.
The present invention provides compositions and methods for treating a subject, having a disease condition or cancer, caused by a dysfunctional PI3K signal transduction pathway.
The compositions of the invention inhibit growth of or kill cancer cells, by modulating the activity of cellular factors, that mediate the PI3K signal transduction pathway.
In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention comprise an agent that inhibits the PI3K signal transduction pathway, in combination with triptolide.
In another embodiment, the compositions of the invention comprise an agent that inhibits the PI3K signal transduction pathway, and a chemotherapy agent such as carboplatin, in combination with triptolide.
The signal transduction pathways, include, but are not limited to, the PI3K pathway (Carpenter, Duckworth et al. 1990; Pignataro and Ascoli 1990; Varticovski, Harrison-Findik et al. 1994; Hu, Klippel et al. 1995; Yao and Cooper 1995; Minshall, Arkins et al. 1996; Yao and Cooper 1996; Grasso, Wen et al. 1997).
The present invention provides compositions comprising an inhibitor of the PI3K signal transduction pathway, and/or an antagonist of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA).
The LPA antagonist can be LPA 10:0, LPA 14:0, or LXR LPA.
The present invention provides compositions comprising an inhibitor of the PI3K signal transduction pathway, and triptolide.
In one embodiment, the inhibitor of the PI3K signal transduction pathway is PD098059 or U0126. In another embodiment, the LPA antagonist is LPA 10:0, LPA14:0, or LXR LPA.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides compositions comprising PD09059 and/or U0126, and an LPA antagonist, such as LPA 10:0, LPA 14:0, or LXR LPA.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides compositions comprising LY294002 and/or Wortmannin, and LPA antagonist such as LPA 10:0, LPA 14:0, or LXR LPA.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides compositions comprising
PD09059 and/or U0126, and LY294002 and/or Wortmannin, and an LPA antagonist such as LPA 10:0, LPA 14:0, or LXR LPA.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides compositions comprising PD09059 and/or U0126, and triptolide.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides compositions comprising LY294002 and/or Wortmannin, and triptolide.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides compositions comprising PD09059 and/or U0126, and LY294002 and/or Wortmannin, and triptolide.
The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions, comprising the compositions of the invention and a pharmaceutical carrier. The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are formulated by well known conventional methods. The present invention also provides methods for formulating pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compositions of the invention.
The pharmaceutical carrier includes phosphate buffered saline solution, water, oil/water emulsion, mineral oil, wetting agent, sterile solution, excipients, starch, milk, sugar, lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, gum acacia, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, clay, gelatin, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, calcium phosphate, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water syrup, methyl cellulose, methyl and propylhydroxybenzoates, propylene glycol, liquid paraffin, white soft paraffin, kaolin, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium silicate, silica, cetostearyl alcohol, cocoa butter, oil of theobroma, arachis oil, syrup B.P., methyl cellulose, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, ethyl lactate, propylhydroxybenzoate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, oleyl alcohol, talc, vegetable fat, vegetable oil, gum, or glycol. The compositions are formulated using lubricating agents, wetting agents, emulsifying agents, preservatives, sweetening, flavoring, or coloring agents.
The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are formulated as a pill, tablet, coated tablet, capsule, liposome, polymeric microsphere, patch, powders, lozenges, sachets, cachets, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, aerosol (as a solid or in a liquid medium), soft or hard gelatin capsules, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions and sterile packaged powders for either oral or topical application.
In one embodiment, the compositions are formulated as a dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline liposome (DPPL) (Simon, Hicks et al. 1999). In another embodiment, the compositions are formulated in DMSO (Hu, Zaloudek et al. 2000).
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be manufactured by well-known methods, including conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes.
Proper formulation of the pharmaceutical compositions is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. For injection, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may be formulated in aqueous solutions, in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer. For transmucosal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art.
For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated by combining the active compounds with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art. Such carriers enable the compounds of the invention to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like. Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Disintegrating agents may be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings. For this purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures. Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol. The push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds may be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In addition, stabilizers may be added. All formulations for oral administration are preferably in dosages suitable for such administration.
For buccal administration, the pharmaceutical compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
For administration by inhalation, the pharmaceutical compositions are delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, including dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dosage unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of e.g., gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated for parenteral administration by injection, e.g., by bolus injection or continuous infusion. Formulations for injection may be presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers, with an added preservative. The compositions may take such forms as suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
Pharmaceutical formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble form. Additionally, suspensions of the active compounds may be prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, or liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran. Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
The compositions of the invention are formulated as injectable compositions according to conventional methods using suitable dispensing, suspending, or wetting agents. The compositions are formulated as sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions. The compositions are formulated as a suspension in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Techniques for formulation and administration of the compositions of the invention may be found in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Publishing Co., Easton Pa.
Alternatively, the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, such as sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.
The pharmaceutical compositions may also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
In addition to the formulations described previously, the compositions may also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. The compositions may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
A pharmaceutical carrier for the hydrophobic compounds is a cosolvent system comprising benzyl alcohol, a nonpolar surfactant, a water-miscible organic polymer, and an aqueous phase. The cosolvent system may be the VPD co-solvent system. VPD is a solution of 3% w/v benzyl alcohol, 8% w/v of the nonpolar surfactant polysorbate 80, and 65% w/v polyethylene glycol 300, made up to volume in absolute ethanol. The VPD co-solvent system (VPD:5 W) consists of VPD diluted 1:1 with a 5% dextrose in water solution. This co-solvent system dissolves hydrophobic compounds well, and itself produces low toxicity upon systemic administration. Naturally, the proportions of a co-solvent system may be varied considerably without destroying its solubility and toxicity characteristics. The identity of the co-solvent components may be varied: for example, other low-toxicity nonpolar surfactants may be used instead of polysorbate 80. The fraction size of polyethylene glycol may be varied. Other biocompatible polymers may replace polyethylene glycol, e.g., polyvinyl pyrrolidone; and other sugars or polysaccharides may substitute for dextrose.
Alternatively, other delivery systems for hydrophobic pharmaceutical compounds may be employed. Liposomes and emulsions are well known examples of delivery vehicles or carriers for hydrophobic drugs. Certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide also may be employed, although usually at the cost of greater toxicity. Additionally, the compounds may be delivered using a sustained-release system, such as semi permeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the therapeutic agent. Various of sustained-release materials have been established and are well known by those skilled in the art. Sustained-release capsules may, depending on their chemical nature, release the compounds for a few weeks up to over 100 days. Depending on the chemical nature and the biological stability of the therapeutic reagent, additional strategies for protein stabilization may be employed.
The pharmaceutical compositions also may comprise suitable solid or gel phase carriers or excipients. Examples of such carriers or excipients include, but are not limited to, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars, starches, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, and polymers such as polyethylene glycols.
The compounds of the present invention may be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices including Alzet (a registered trademark of Alza, Corporation) osmotic pumps. Suitable delivery devices are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; 3,944,064; and 4,008,719, the disclosures of which are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein. Other routes of administration include targeted drug delivery systems, for example, in a liposome coated with a tumor-specific antibody. The liposomes will selectively target the tumor.
Many of the phosphatase modulating compounds of the invention may be provided as salts with pharmaceutically compatible counterions. Pharmaceutically compatible salts may be formed with many acids, including but not limited to hydrochloric, sulfuric, acetic, lactic, tartaric, malic, succinic, and the like. Salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous or other protonic solvents that are the corresponding free base forms.
The present invention provides methods for modulating cellular processes, or modulating signal transduction pathways, or modulating the activity of cellular factors that mediate cellular processes, or modulating the PI3K signal transduction pathway. The methods of the invention may be practiced on cultured cells, or by administering to a subject.
The present invention also provides methods for treating a subject having a condition, such as cancer, caused by a dysfunctional signal transduction pathway. Additionally, the present invention provides methods for inhibiting growth of, and/or killing, cancer cells in a subject.
The methods of the invention comprise administering to the cells, or to a subject, a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of the invention. The therapeutically effective amount, is an amount of composition, for a time that is sufficient to inhibit cell growth of and/or kill the cells.
In one embodiment, the cells or the cells in the subject, include various types of cancer cells, including solid tumors neoplasms, sarcomas, and carcinomas. The cancer cells include cancer cells from the ovary, lung, mammary, breast, prostate, testicular, pancreatic, bladder, colon, head and neck, esophageal, hepatoma, lymphoma, epidermoid carcinoma, glioblastoma, melanoma, and Kaposi's sarcoma. The diseased cells are from a subject having diseases including, but not limited to, diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, rheumatoid arthritis, hemangioma, or leukemia, including promyelocytic leukemia.
The compositions of the method can be introduced to cells from a human, ape, monkey, equine, porcine, bovine, murine, canine, feline, or avian subject.
The present invention also provides methods for enhancing the sensitivity of a cancer cell to the growth inhibiting, or killing effects of chemotherapeutic agents, hormone therapy or radiation therapy. The methods comprise administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of the invention, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of a chemotherapeutic agent and/or in combination with a hormone regimen, and/or in combination with a radiotherapy method.
Particular embodiments include administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a chemotherapeutic agent, and/or a hormone regimen and/or a radiotherapy method, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of the invention, including but not limited to, an inhibitor of the PI3K and an antagonist of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA); an inhibitor of the PI3K signal transduction pathway(s) and triptolide.
The chemotherapeutic agent includes any chemical compound or drug that inhibits growth or kills tumor cells, including, but not limited to, platinum-containing drugs, Taxol or derivatives, or cyclophosphamide. The platinum-containing drugs include cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, and the like. Derivatives of Taxol include paclitaxel and the like.
The radiation therapy includes exposing the subject to ionizing radiation. In one embodiment, the radiation therapy includes gamma-radiation. Such radiation therapy is routinely practiced by those skilled in the art. Protocols for administering drugs or agents in combination with radiation therapy have been established (Wobst, Audisio et al. 1998). The dose of ionizing radiation will vary depending on a variety of factors including intensity, source of radiation, site to be treated, and the like.
In the methods of the invention, the agents that comprise the compositions of the invention are administered to the subject together as an admixture, or administered together separately but simultaneously, or substantially simultaneously, or the two agents are administered sequentially. The compositions of the present invention can be administered to a subject prior to, simultaneously, substantially simultaneously, or sequentially with other therapeutic regimens.
A therapeutically effective amount of the compositions of the invention is administered to a subject is an amount and for a time sufficient to inhibit cell growth or kill a cancer cell, or to enhance the cell-killing effect of the chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy and/or hormone therapy.
A therapeutically effective amount may vary depending on the gender, age, weight and condition of the subject, and is determined on a case-by-case basis. An effective amount may vary according to the size and type of cancer present. An effective amount may vary depending on the type of therapeutic regimen administered. For example, determination of effective amounts of the compositions of the invention is to be administered is well within the capability of those skilled in the art.
The therapeutically effective amount can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. Alternatively, the therapeutically effective amount can be determined in an animal model to achieve a circulating concentration range that includes the 1050, as determined in cell culture (i.e., the concentration of the composition of the invention which achieves a half-maximal cell growth inhibition or cell killing). Such information can be used to more accurately determine the therapeutically effective doses in humans.
Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of the inventive compositions are determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures, in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, and it can be expressed as the ratio between LD50 and ED50. The dosage may vary depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. The exact formulation, route of administration and dosage can be chosen by a physician in view of the patient's condition. (Fingl and Woodbury 1975).
Dosage amount and interval may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the active moiety which are sufficient to maintain the phosphatase modulating effects, or minimal effective concentration (MEC). The MEC will vary for each compound but can be estimated from in vitro data; e.g., the concentration necessary to achieve a 50-90% inhibition of the phosphatase using the assays described herein. Dosages necessary to achieve the MEC will depend on individual characteristics and route of administration. However, HPLC assays or bioassays can be used to determine plasma concentrations.
Dosage intervals can also be determined using the MEC value. Compounds should be administered using a regimen which maintains plasma levels above the MEC for 10-90% of the time, preferably between 30-90% and most preferably between 50-90%.
Desirable blood levels may be maintained by a continuous infusion of the compound as ascertained by plasma levels measured by HPLC. It should be noted that the attending physician would know how to and when to terminate, interrupt or adjust therapy to lower dosage due to toxicity, or bone marrow, liver or kidney dysfunctions. Conversely, the attending physician would also know to adjust treatment to higher levels if the clinical response is not adequate, precluding toxicity.
Usual patient dosages for systemic administration range from 1 to 2000 mg/day of the compositions of the invention, commonly from 1 to 250 mg/day, and typically from 10 to 150 mg/day. Stated in terms of patient body weight, usual dosages range from 0.02 to 25 mg/kg/day, commonly from 0.02 to 3 mg/kg/day, typically from 0.2 to 1.5 mg/kg/day. Stated in terms of patient body surface areas, usual dosages range from 0.5 to 1200 mg/meter2/day, commonly from 0.5 to 150 mg/meter2/day, typically from 5 to 100 mg/meter2/day. Usual average plasma levels should be maintained within 50 to 5000 micro g/ml, commonly 50 to 1000 micro g/ml, and typically 100 to 500 micro g/ml. It is further recommended that infants, children, and patients over 65 years, and those with impaired renal, or hepatic function, initially receive low doses, and that they be titrated based on individual clinical response(s) and blood level(s). It may be necessary to use dosages outside these ranges in some cases as will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art.
Generally, a suitable dose is one that results in a concentration of the composition of the invention at the site of the tumor in the range of 0.5 nM to 200 micro M, and more usually from 20 nM to 80 nM. It is expected that serum concentrations from 40 nM to 150 nM should be sufficient in most cases.
In cases of local administration or selective uptake, the effective local concentration of the composition may not be related to plasma concentration.
The magnitude of a prophylactic or therapeutic dose of the compound in the acute or chronic management of disease will vary with the severity of the condition to be treated and the route of administration. Again, it should be noted that the clinician or physician will know when to interrupt and/or adjust the treatment dose due to toxicity or bone marrow, liver or kidney dysfunctions. The dose, and perhaps the dosage frequency, will also vary according to the age, body weight, and response of the individual patient. In general, as discussed above, the total daily dose ranges for the compounds for the majority of the disorders described herein, is from about 0.02 to about 25 mg/kg patient. Preferably, a daily dose range should be between about 0.02 to about 3 mg/kg, while most preferably a daily dose range should be between about 0.2 to about 1.5 mg/kg per day.
The present invention provides methods used in an animal model for ovarian cancer comprising an animal host harboring a tumor cell line expressing a reporter gene, where expression of the reporter gene product correlates with tumor burden within the animal.
An animal model harboring a tumor cell line expressing a reporter gene has previously been reported. This animal model is a SCID mouse transplanted subcutaneously or intraperitoneally with ovarian carcinoma line A2780, where the ovarian carcinoma is transiently or stably transfected with a heat-stable, human SEAP gene (Bao, Selvakumaran et al. 2000). A nude mouse tumor model was developed that has been shown to be effective in evaluating the response of ovarian tumor xenografts in nude mice (Nilsson, Westfall et al. 2002). This in vivo tumor model involves a human ovarian cancer cell line, OCC1, which has been stably transfected with a secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) gene. The SEAP reporter gene is constitutively expressed and has been shown to be secreted at levels proportional to the number of tumor cells present (Nilsson, Westfall et al. 2002).
In one embodiment, the animal host is ape, monkey, equine, porcine, bovine, murine, canine, or feline. In a preferred embodiment, the animal is a mouse or rat. The animal can be immunocompromised, including animals that are severe combined immunodeficient (e.g., SCID), or athymic nude.
The tumor cell line can be from cancer cells from the ovary, lung, mammary, breast, prostate, testicular, pancreatic, bladder, colon, head and neck, esophogeal, hepatoma, lymphoma, epidermoid carcinoma, glioblastoma, melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma.
The tumor cell line harbored by the animal can be transplanted from any type of animal including human, ape, monkey, equine, porcine, bovine, murine, mouse, rat, canine, or feline.
The tumor cell line can be an ovarian tumor cell line, including chemo-sensitive or chemo-resistant lines. The chemo-sensitive lines include A2780-s, OV2009, and OVCAR-3. The chemo-resistant lines include A2780 cp. In a preferred embodiment, the tumor cell line is a human, ovarian tumor cell line A2789 or OCC1 (Wong, Wong et al. 1990) or SKOV3.
The transplanted tumor cell line is a transgenic cell line which carries a reporter gene. The reporter gene product becomes distributed throughout the animal body at levels proportional to the number of tumor cells in the animal. The reporter gene can be secreted placental alkaline phosphatase protein (e.g., SEAP) (Berger, Hauber et al. 1988). In a preferred embodiment, the reporter gene is heat-stable, human placental SEAP (Berger, Hauber et al. 1988; Nilsson, Westfall et al. 2002). The reporter gene can be expressed in an inducible or constitutive manner. In a preferred embodiment, the expression of the reporter gene is controlled by a constitutive promoter or enhancer sequence, such as an SV40 enhancer sequence. The transgenic cell line can be transiently or stably transfected with the reporter gene using known transfection methods.
The transgenic tumor cell line can be transplanted into the animal via injection subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. For ovarian tumor cell lines, intraperitoneal methods are preferred.
The animal model is useful for monitoring the effectiveness of novel or known therapeutic agents, and regimens for inhibiting growth of tumor cells, or killing tumor cells in an animal.
In a preferred embodiment, the animal model is an athymic nude mouse transplanted intraperitoneally with human ovarian carcinoma line OCC1, where the ovarian carcinoma is stably transfected to express a heat-stable, human SEAP gene (Nilsson, Westfall et al. 2002). SEAP is distributed through the body at levels proportional to the number of tumor cells in the animal. The SEAP protein is detectable in small blood samples collected into capillary tubes. Animals are repeatedly sampled over the trial period to monitor the course of tumor progression.
Developing new anticancer therapeutic regimens requires the measurement of tumor cell growth (inhibition), in response to treatment. This is often accomplished by injecting athymic nude mice, or other susceptible animals, with cells from cancer tissue or cell lines. After treating the animals with the chemotherapeutic agent, the tumor weight or volume is measured at the end of the experiment. This method is complicated by inaccuracies in measuring tumor weight and volume. Additionally, the animal is often killed to measure tumor burden.
For tumors that primarily grow intraperitoneally in their host, such as ovarian carcinomas, the most appropriate experimental animal model is to inject and grow the tumor cells intraperitoneally in the mouse. Measuring intraperitoneal tumor growth and response to treatment in a living animal is difficult. Changes in body weight are difficult to measure because of the diluting effect of the weight of the animal itself and are complicated by weight loss due to tumor cachexia or anticancer drug therapy. Abdominal tumors may be dissected out of a host animal and weighed, but it is often difficult to find and isolate all the tumor mass from the host tissue. This procedure is also complicated by the fact that some tumors, including ovarian carcinomas, recruit host cells into the tumor itself (Parrott, Nilsson et al. 2001). In addition, the animal must be killed to dissect and measure an intraperitoneal tumor. Therefore tumor size is only measured at the end of the trial, and may not be evaluated over the course of therapy.
The growth of subcutaneous tumors may be followed over time in a host animal by measuring the diameter of the subcutaneous mass. However, this method is sometimes inaccurate if the tumor is invasive and grows into the underlying tissue rather than spreading under the skin. Additional inaccuracy is introduced if the tumor forms a necrotic center. As mentioned above, tumors such as ovarian carcinomas are more appropriately grown intraperitoneally than subcutaneously to examine tumor progression.
The present invention provides methods for inhibiting the growth of tumor cells and/or killing tumor cells in a subject. The present invention also provides methods for monitoring tumor growth (e.g., tumor burden) and/or the killing of tumor cells in a subject.
The methods of the invention include using an animal model to test the efficacy of therapeutic agents, where the animal harbors a tumor cell line expressing a reporter gene, and expression of the reporter gene product correlates with tumor burden within the animal.
The methods comprise administering to a subject, a therapeutically effective composition of the invention, in combination with a therapeutic regimen that inhibits growth of tumor cells and/or kills tumor cells, to inhibit tumor growth and/or kill tumor cells.
The therapeutic regimen includes chemotherapy, radiation therapy, a hormone regimen, or any combination of these therapies. In one embodiment, the animal is treated with platinum-containing, chemotherapy compounds including cisplatin, carboplatin and/or oxaliplatin, and/or with cyclophosphamide, and/or with Taxol, or paclitaxel. In another embodiment, the animal is treated with a chemotherapy regimen comprising a composition of the present invention, e.g., an agent that is an inhibitor of the PI3K signal transduction pathway and triptolide.
The present invention provides methods for monitoring tumor growth and/or killing tumor cells, comprising measuring, in a sample from an animal model, the amount of RNA transcript or protein product encoded by the reporter gene, in order to monitor tumor growth inhibition, and/or tumor cell killing. A method of the invention comprises measuring the amount of SEAP RNA transcript or SEAP protein in a sample from the animal. The level of the RNA transcript or protein product encoded by the reporter gene is measured in a sample of blood from the animal. In another embodiment, the monitoring methods comprise measuring the size, volume and/or weight of the tumor, using techniques well known in the art.
The following examples are presented to illustrate the present invention and to assist one of ordinary skill in making and using the same. The methodology and results may vary depending on the intended goal of treatment and the procedures employed. The examples are not intended in any way to otherwise limit the scope of the invention.
The following provides a description of methods used to create the animal model used to monitor ovarian tumor growth. The animal model was then used to monitor ovarian tumor growth in response to compositions of the invention.
Transfection of SEAP Gene into OCC1 Cells
The expression vector, pCMV-SEAP, includes the SEAP gene and SV40 enhancer derived from p-SEAP2-enhancer plasmid (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.) cloned into pcDNA3. The pCMV-SEAP plasmid was transfected into the OCC1 (Wong, Wong et al. 1990) ovarian carcinoma cell line using transfection mediated by Fugene 6 (Boehringer Mannheim). To each well of cells in a 24-well plate were added 200 ng plasmid DNA and 1 micro liter Fugene 6 reagent. Cells with stably integrated SEAP were selected for neomycin resistance by treating with 600 microgram/ml G418 (Cal-Biochem, La Jolla, Calif.). Clonal isolates were grown and culture medium tested for SEAP production. Of 18 clonal isolates of OCC1, one produced very high levels of SEAP (OCC1-SEAP-12). OCC1-SEAP-12 was used in subsequent in vivo and in vitro experiments.
OCC1-SEAP-12 cells were grown in Ham's F-12 medium (Gibco) plus 10% calf serum then collected into Hank's balanced salt solution and counted for injection into nude mice. For in vitro assays OCC1-SEAP-12 cells were plated at sequential twofold dilutions and allowed to adhere to culture wells and incubated for 24 hours. Alternatively, OCC1-SEAP-12 cells were grown to 80% confluence in Ham's F-12 medium plus 10% calf serum. Cells were starved for 48 hours in DMEM plus 0.1% BSA and 0.1% calf serum. Experimental treatments were applied for 2 days in DMEM plus 0.1% BSA and 0.1% calf serum. At the end of the treatment period a sample of culture medium was taken for SEAP level determination. DNA assays were performed by discarding the remaining culture medium from over the cells, adding buffer solution, sonicating the cells in each well, and measuring the fluorescence of cell solution into which SYBR Green I fluorescent dye (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.) had been incorporated as previously described (Parrott and Skinner 1999).
Athymic nude mice (Nu/Nu; Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) weighing about 25 g were used for in vivo studies.
Four nude mice were injected subcutaneously into the dorsal flank region with 1×107 OCC1-SEAP-12 cells. Measurements of tumor length, width and height were taken three times per week. One-half the average diameter was used as the radius to calculate tumor volume using the equation: volume=(4/3)(πr3). Blood samples were taken for the SEAP assay.
Three mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1×107 OCC1-SEAP-12 cells. The experimental treatments began after 1 week. Animals received intraperitoneal injections of 3 mg/kg cisplatin divided over 2 weeks (one injection per week), 10 mg/kg cisplatin divided over 2 weeks or a vehicle control. Alternatively, four mice with well-developed tumors (2-4 weeks after injection) were treated with a high dose of carboplatin (60 mg/kg) three times over a period of 4 days. After death all visible intraperitoneal tumors were dissected out and weighed.
Blood samples were collected from saphenous vein lancings three times per week into heparinized capillary tubes. The capillary tubes were centrifuged and the plasma samples were frozen at −20° C. until the time of SEAP assay. Blood samples were taken for SEAP assay from the mice within 24 hours of death 2-3 weeks after intraperitoneal injection of OCC1-SEAP cells.
Blood plasma and cell culture medium samples were assayed for SEAP activity using the Great EscAPe SEAP fluorescence detection kit (Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, Calif.). SEAP is secreted at a constant rate by transfected tumor cells and distributed throughout the body or into the culture medium. SEAP is heat stable, so any endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity in blood plasma is destroyed by heat treatment of the samples (65° C. for 30 minutes) during the assay. The SEAP enzyme in each sample acts on the substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate during a 1 hour incubation at room temperature to produce a fluorescent product with excitation and emission peaks at 360 and 449 nm, respectively. A fluorimeter is then used to measure SEAP activity. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 2.5% and 18.8%, respectively. Blood plasma samples were diluted 1:100 prior to the assay to bring values within the linear range of the standard curve.
To determine the degree of correlations between tumor volume and SEAP levels, a correlation coefficient was calculated from measurements of subcutaneous tumor volume and plasma SEAP levels of samples collected at the same time. A correlation coefficient was calculated for intraperitoneal tumors between plasma SEAP levels of blood samples collected within 24 hours of death and intraperitoneal tumor weight.
The results show a correlation of in vitro response to drug therapy with response to treatment in the live animal, ovarian cancer model. Treatment with platinum-containing drugs does not alter the rate of SEAP secretion per cell. Therefore, the nude mouse model, using SEAP as a marker, is an accurate indicator for monitoring ovarian tumor growth and progression.
Plasma SEAP Concentrations Correlate with Tumor Size
OCC1-SEAP cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice, and the average diameter of the growing tumor mass was measured three times per week to calculate tumor volume as described above. Blood samples were also taken and plasma SEAP levels were determined (nanograms SEAP per 25 micro liters). While tumor volumes and tumor growth rates varied considerably between mice, SEAP levels were found to correspond closely to calculated tumor volume within individual mice. Results from a representative mouse out of four are shown in
Tumor invasiveness could result in inaccurate subcutaneous tumor volume measurement (
The correlation between intraperitoneal tumor mass and plasma SEAP levels was investigated by injecting OCC1-SEAP cells intraperitoneally into 13 nude mice and letting the tumors develop for approximately 3 weeks. At the end of this time the animals were killed and all visible tumor was dissected from the abdominal cavity and weighed. Blood samples from the time of death were used to determine end-point plasma SEAP levels. The SEAP levels were correlated with tumor weight (R2=0.87;
In vitro studies were performed to verify that SEAP levels correspond to cell density after culturing OCC1-SEAP cells for 24 hours SEAP levels in the medium corresponded directly to the amount of DNA present in a culture well (
Carboplatin treatment decreased tumor growth in vitro, as measured both by the amount of DNA per well and by the amount of SEAP in the culture medium (
Three nude mice were injected intraperitoneally with 1×107 OCC1-SEAP cells. After 1 week the mice were treated with 3 or 10 mg/kg cisplatin every 48-72 h over a 2-week period or treated with vehicle as controls. Blood samples over this time period were assayed for plasma SEAP. These results shown are representative of three different experiments. Plasma SEAP measurements indicated that cisplatin treatments decreased tumor growth compared to the untreated vehicle controls (
Four nude mice with established OCC1-SEAP intraperitoneal tumors (4 weeks after injection of 1×107 OCC1-SEAP cells) were treated with a high dose of carboplatin (60 mg/kg) three times over a period of 4 days. Blood samples were taken at intervals and assayed for SEAP. The results shown are the response of one mouse and are representative of two different experiments. The arrows indicate when mice were treated with carboplatin. Plasma SEAP levels indicated that carboplatin transiently decreased the tumor burden (
In this example, an in vivo tumor model system was used, in which the tumor cell line was transfected with the constitutively expressed marker gene SEAP. The tumor cell line with the marker gene was then grown in nude mice. The SEAP protein is secreted by tumor cells, and can be detected in blood samples. The mice were treated with anticancer chemotherapeutic drugs and the response of the tumors to treatment was evaluated by measuring SEAP levels in the blood over the duration of the experiment.
OCC1-SEAP cells were injected subcutaneously into nude mice to evaluate the accuracy of this model in determining tumor burden. The mice were monitored for tumor growth by measuring the subcutaneous mass through the skin and calculating tumor volume. At the same time plasma SEAP levels were determined. Plasma SEAP was generally found to correlate closely with calculated tumor volume (
Some tumors, including ovarian carcinomas, arise primarily in the abdominal cavity. For these types of cancers the subcutaneous environment may not be the appropriate system for investigation. OCC1-SEAP cells were injected intraperitoneally into nude mice to evaluate the accuracy of this in vivo model system for determining intraperitoneal tumor burden. At the end of 2-3 weeks of tumor growth the animals were killed and all visible tumor was dissected out and weighed. Blood samples from the time of death were assayed for SEAP levels. Tumor mass was found to correlate with SEAP levels (R2=0.8732;
One important purpose of a cancer model system is to test the response of tumor cells to anticancer therapeutic drugs. Platinum-containing drugs are used in anticancer therapies for ovarian carcinomas (Council 2000; Misset, Bleiberg et al. 2000; Thigpen 2000). Experiments were performed in vitro and in vivo to test whether SEAP levels reflect the anti-proliferative action of platinum-containing drug treatment. For in vitro experiments, OCC1-SEAP cells were cultured and treated for 2 days with carboplatin. Carboplatin treatment decreased cell proliferation compared to untreated control cells (
Nude mice were injected intraperitoneally with OCC1-SEAP cells and treated with the platinum-containing drug, cisplatin, to see whether the in vitro response also occurred in vivo. Cisplatin-treated mice had lower plasma SEAP levels indicating lower tumor burden than vehicle-treated control mice (
The SEAP secretion by OCC1-SEAP cells was not shown to be regulated independently of cell number. If treatment with a chemotherapeutic drug caused the constitutive levels of SEAP production and secretion to change, the use of SEAP levels as an indicator of tumor burden would be misleading. When SEAP levels were normalized per microgram DNA in in vitro cultures, it was shown that treatment with carboplatin did not change constitutive levels of SEAP secretion in these OCC1 cells (
In this example, the in vitro response to platinum-containing drugs corresponded to the in vivo animal model. It was also demonstrated that platinum-containing drug treatment did not change the constitutive rate of SEAP secretion per OCC1 cell. These results indicate that SEAP can be used as an in vivo reporter gene mouse model, to monitor tumor growth and response to therapeutic drugs.
This example demonstrates the effectiveness of triptolide to inhibit cancer cell survival in vitro, and the ability of triptolide as an effective treatment for ovarian cancer in vivo, either alone, or in combination with other therapeutic treatments.
The human ovarian cancer cell line OCC1 was obtained from Dr. Gordon Mills (MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex.) and cultured. The cells were grown in Ham's F-12 medium (Life Technologies), plus 10% bovine calf serum (BCS) as described above in Example I. Once cells reached confluence they were trypsinized and split into appropriate plates.
Cell survival was assessed as the number of cells remaining in culture, following exposure to treatments. The DNA content of individual culture wells was used as an indication of cell number. Cells plated in 24 well culture plates were allowed to approach confluence (80%) in Ham's F-12 medium plus 10% BCS. Cultures were then incubated in DMEM, plus 0.1% BSA and 0.1% BCS, in the presence of vehicle control, carboplatin (0-100 μg/ml), Triptolide (100 ng/ml) or a combination of these for 24 to 96 hrs. Media aliquots were taken when appropriate for SEAP analysis. The DNA was measured fluorometrically, as described above, in Example I. Briefly, the fluorescence of an aliquot of sonicated cell suspension, into which SYBR Green I fluorescent dye (Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg.), had been incorporated was measured.
Following 48 h to 72 h treatment incubations, cells were suspended into culture medium and pelleted in tubes. DNA was isolated from collected cells using a Puregene™ DNA isolation kit (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.). The quantity and purity of nucleic acid preparations were estimated by measuring the absorbance of each sample (A260/A280). DNA preparations (10 μg/well) were loaded onto 1.2% agarose gels and visualized with ethidium bromide stain.
The OCC1-SEAP cells were grown to 80% confluence. Cultures were incubated in DMEM plus 0.1% BSA, and 0.1% BSC, to which either vehicle control, carboplatin (0-50 μg/ml), triptolide (100 ng/ml) or combinations of these treatments, had been added. Following 24, 48 or 72 h, cells were lysed with sample buffer (62.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 2% SDS, 5% glycerol, 0.003% glycerol, 0.5% β-mercaptoethanol). Total cell lysates were subjected to SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.). Membranes were immunoblotted with antibodies to both cleaved and full length capsase-3 (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, Mass.).
Athymic nude mice (NCR Nu/Nu) were either purchased from Taconic (Germantown, N.Y.) or bred in-house at Washington State University, Pullman, Wash. The OCC1-SEAP cells were collected in Hank's balanced salt solution and counted prior to injection. Treatments were initiated 7 to 10 days following an intraperitoneal inoculation of mice with 1×107 OCC1-SEAP cells, as described above, in Example I.
Stock solutions of carboplatin (paraplatin; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, N.J.) and TPL (Calbiochem, CA), were prepared in sterile filtered PBS and DMSO, respectively. Animals received intraperitoneal injections of either vehicle controlled (PBS containing 4% DMSO), or carboplatin (60 mg/kg), alone, or in combination with TPL (0-1.0 mg/kg), every other day for 5 days. Alternatively, TPL (0.15 mg/kg) was injected every day for 10 days. For these experiments, carboplatin was administered under the same schedule of every other day for 5 days. Some mice were also treated with 40 mg/kg of LY294002 every other day for 5 days, with an intraperitoneal injection in the presence of TPL and carboplatin. Blood samples were collected into capillary tubes from saphenous vein lancings at regular intervals during and following treatments. The capillary tubes were centrifuged and the plasma samples were frozen at −20° C., until the time of SEAP assay. The Washington State University Animal Care and Use Committee approved all procedures.
Blood plasma and cell culture medium samples were assayed for SEAP activity using the Great EscAPe SEAP fluorescence detection kit (Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, Calif.), as described above in Example I. Blood plasma samples were diluted 1:100, prior to the assay to bring values within the linear range of the standard curve. The intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation were 2.5% and 18.8%, respectively. In the case of the experiments in which mice were treated with a combination of TPL, LY294002 and carboplatin, there was some variation in the extent of tumor growth in the control mice. In order to better compare response to treatment across experiments, the SEAP assay data between experiments were normalized by dividing each data point by the overall mean of all SEAP measurements from that experiment and up, through day 18. The normalized data then reflect the relative tumor burden of each mouse, compared to others in the experimental group, and can be combined across experiments.
Data were analyzed by a one-way or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant differences between treatment groups were determined using a Student's t-test. In some cases, after analysis of variance, a post-hoc Bonferroni test was used to determine differences between treatment groups at particular time points. For the survival date, a Mantel-Hanszel logrank test (Altman D G. Practical Statistics for Medical Research, ed. 1st. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1991) was used to determine if the survival curves were significantly different. The majority of analyses were performed using Graphpad Prism version 4.0b for MAC (Graphpad Software, San Diego, Calif.). Data are expressed as means±standard error of the mean (SEM).
Compared to control cultures, cell survival (i.e. μg DNA/ml) was decreased by approximately 40% in cultures treated with TPL alone, and by 30% in cultures incubated in the presence of carboplatin (
The presence of DNA fragmentation was assessed to determine if reduction in cancer cell number correlated with an increase in cellular apoptosis. The DNA in cells undergoing apoptosis is cleaved by endonucleases, resulting in DNA fragmentation that can be detected electrophoretically (Rall M. Cell suicide for beginners. Nature 1998; 396(6707):119-22). DNA laddering was evident in cells after a 48 hr treatment with TPL (100 ng/ml) and carboplatin (50 μg/ml) as well as with the combined treatment of TPL and carboplatin (
Activation of caspase-3 was used as an additional indicator of apoptosis induction. Caspase-3 is activated downstream of initiator caspase-9 or caspase-8, and is considered the major effector caspase for this proteolytic cascade (Cohen GM. Caspases: the executioners of apoptosis. Biochem J 1997; 326 (Pt 1):1-16). Western blot analysis was performed with an antibody that is specific to the active form of caspase-3. A major band of 17 kDa and a minor band of 19 kDa, were visualized with this antibody (
Since TPL was found to decrease ovarian cancer cell survival and enhance carboplatin action, in vivo experiments were performed as described in this Example. In initial experiments, a range of doses was used for evaluation of the toxicity of TPL. Once tumors were determined to be established in mice, as indicated by measurable SEAP protein in blood samples, doses of TPL (0.125 mg/kg to 1.0 mg/kg) were administered by intraperitoneal injection every other day over a 5-day period (3 injections). Within 24 hours, 2 of 3 mice receiving the highest dose of 1.0 mg/kg expired. There were not significant differences in SEAP values between mice treated with either vehicle control or any of the remaining doses of TPL (0.125 mg/kg, 0.25 mg/kg or 0.5 mg/kg).
As there was no apparent toxicity associated with the dose of 0.5 mg/kg, this dose was chosen for the following experiment. Carboplatin and TPL were administered separately or in combination, using the same protocol of every other day for 5 days. One of 4 mice receiving the combined treatment of 60 mg/kg carboplatin and 0.5 mg/kg TPL, expired following treatment. No apparent adverse side effects were observed in the remaining mice from this or other treatment groups. There was no significant difference in tumor burden amongst mice receiving vehicle control, TPL, carboplatin or the combined treatment (
Because no effect was seen with the dose of 0.5 mg/kg triptolide administered over 5 days, the following experiments were conducted with a lower dose of TPL administered over a longer time period. The dose of 0.15 mg/kg has previously been shown to be 60% of the maximum tolerated dose in nude mice, and did not appear to adversely affect the mice (Kiviharju T M, Lecane P S, Sellers R G, Peehl D M. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities of triptolide (PG490), a natural product entering clinical trials, on primary cultures of human prostatic epithelial cells. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8(8):2666-74). Therefore, the dose of 0.15 mg/kg was chosen for intraperitoneal injection of mice every day for 10 days. The dose and time frame of injection of carboplatin were not altered for these experiments. Mice received their first and last injection of carboplating on the fourth and eight day of TPL administration, respectively. When treatments were administered in this manner, a significant decrease in tumor burden, as measured by SEAP levels, was observed with the combined treatment of TPL and carboplatin (
Previously, the P13-kinase inhibitor LY294002, was found to enhance carboplatin actions in vitro and in vivo (Westfall S D, Skinner M K. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to carboplatin and allows adjunct chemotherapy treatment. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 2005, 4:1764-71). The potential combined effect of TPL and LY294002 on carboplatin actions was investigated using the nude mouse ovarian tumor model described herein (Nilsson E E, Westfall S D, McDonald C, Ligon T, Sadler-Riggleman I, Skinner M K. An in vivo mouse reporter gene (human secreted alkaline phosphatase) model to monitor ovarian tumor growth and response to therapeutics. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2002; 49(2):93-100). LY294002 (40 mg/kg) was injected 3 times in 5 days in combination with TPL (0.15 mg/kg daily for 10 days) and carboplatin (60 mg/kg 3 times in 5 days). Alone, Ly294002 had negligible effects on ovarian cancer tumor progression (Westfall S D, Skinner M K. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to carboplatin and allows adjunct chemotherapy treatment. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 2005, 4:1764-71). The combined treatment of TPL, LY294002 and carboplatin caused a decrease in ovarian tumor burden and growth,
Representative animals are shown in
Mice in these studies were euthanized when abdominal distention from ascites fluid or cachexis weight loss reached certain levels, as directed by the approved animal use protocol. Survival curves for the combined TPL, LY294002 and carboplatin-treated and control mice are shown in
These results demonstrate that TPL may be used as adjunct chemotherapy for the treatment of ovarian cancer. TPL was a potent stimulator of apoptosis in OCC1-SEAP cell cultures, as indicated by DNA fragmentation and induction of caspase-3 activity. The observed increase in apoptosis correlated with a decrease in cell number. The combined treatment of TPL and carboplatin further increased DNA laddering and caspase-3 activity, suggesting that TPL enhances the ability of carboplatin to induce OCC1-SEAP cell death in vitro. TPL also enhanced the cytotoxicity of carboplatin in vivo. There was not an observable increase in the effects of carboplatin when TPL was used at a high dose over a short time period. However, when administered at a low dose on a daily basis, TP increased the ability of carboplatin to inhibit OCC1-SEAP tumor growth in nude mice.
The observed results may be due to a specific range of efficacy for TPL. In the current experiment, a dose of 1.0 mg/kg TPL was lethal. Half of this dose (0.5 mg/kg) was not effective in reducing tumor burden alone, or in conjunction with carboplatin and had toxic effects when administered with carboplatin. A study of Shamon et al. found the dose of 0.5 mg/kg to be lethal in athymic mice with breast cancer xenografts (Shamon L A, Pezzuto J M, Graves J M, Mehta R R, Wangcharoentrakul S, Sangsuwan R, et al. Evaluation of the mutagenic, cytotoxic, and antitumor potential of triptolide, a highly oxygenated diterpene isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii. Cancer Lett 1997; 112(1):113-7). Because of the toxicity observed with the dose of 0.5 mg/kg, further experiments were conducted using a lower dose of 0.15 mg/kg TPL. In addition, the period of injection was increased from every other day for 5 days to every day for 10 days. The dose of 0.15 mg/kg was demonstrated to be potent in inhibiting growth and metastasis of several solid tumor types in nude mice studies conducted by Yang et al. (Yang S, Chen J, Guo Z, Xu X M, Wang L, Pei X F, et al. Triptolide inhibits the growth and metastasis of solid tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2003; 2(1):65-72). In the current example, TPL was not effective as a single agent, but did exhibit the ability to increase the efficacy of carboplatin in this system. The fact that TPL is not thought to influence the PI3-kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway that LY294002 inhibits, with the present results suggest that combined block of PI3-kinase by LY294002 and action of TPL to partially inhibit P53 and NκB are required to obtain an optimal adjunct chemotherapy.
These results demonstrate the effectiveness of TPL in inhibiting ovarian cancer tumor growth and survival, either as a single chemotherapy agent, or in combination with platinum based therapy. PL enhanced the cytotoxicity of carboplatin in culture and enhanced carboplatin-mediated reduction of tumor burden in nude mice inoculated with human ovarian cancer cells. The combined treatment of TPL, PI3 kinase inhibitor LY294002 and carboplatin, was found to dramatically reduce ovarian tumor progression and burden in nude mice. In 44% of the animals tested the combined treatment caused complete regression of ovarian cancer. Combined observations indicate TPL suppresses chemoresistance to carboplatin, and is an effective adjunct chemotherapy for ovarian cancer.
This Example examines the ability of a PI 3-kinase inhibitor to render ovarian cancer cells susceptible to the effects of platinum-based chemotherapy.
Human ovarian cancer cell line OCC1 were modified to constitutively express the SEAP gene as described above in Example I. The OCC1 cells were stably transfected with Fugene™ reagent with a pCMV-SEAP plasmid. The clonal isolate that produced high levels of SEAP (OCC1-SEAP-12) was used in subsequent in vitro and in vivo experiments. The OCC1-SEAP-12 cells were grown in HAM's F-12 medium (Life Technologies) plus 10% bovine calf serum (BCS). Once cells reached confluence they were trypsinized and sub-cultured into appropriate plates.
Cell proliferation was analyzed by determining the amount of [3H] thymidine incorporation Into newly synthesized DNA. The OCC1-SEAP-12 cells were plated in 24 well plates in Ham's F-12 medium plus 10% BCS and allowed to reach 50 to 70% confluence. Following a 48 hr serum starvation, the culture medium was changed to Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) plus 0.1% BSA and 0.1% BCS containing either vehicle control or carboplatin (0-100 μg/ml) alone, or in combination with LY294002 (0-20 μM). Treatments were removed after 18h and cells were incubated for 4 hr in medium containing 5 μCi/ml of [3H] thymidine. Medium was removed and cells were disrupted by sonication in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). An aliquot of the sonicated solution of PBS was loaded onto a DEAE filtration plate (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.), and individual filters with bound DNA were collected for scintillation counting. Data was normalized to total DNA per well and was determined by a SYBR green fluorescent assay (Nilsson E E, Westfall S D, McDonald C, Ligon T, Sadler-Riggleman I, Skinner M K. An in vivo mouse reporter gene (human secreted alkaline phosphatase) model to monitor ovarian tumor growth and response to therapeutics. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2002; 49(2):93-100).
Cell survival was assessed as cell number remaining in culture following exposure to treatments. The DNA content of individual culture wells was used as an indication of cell number. Cells plated in 24 well culture plates were allowed to approach confluence (80%) in Ham's F-12 medium plus 10% BCS. Cultures were then incubated in DMEM plus 0.1% BSA and 0.1% BCS in the presence of vehicle control, carboplatin (0-100 μg/ml), LY294002 (0-20 μM), or a combination of these for 24 to 96 hr. Media aliquots were taken when appropriate for SEAP analysis. The DNA was measured fluorometrically as previously described (Nilsson E E, Westfall S D, McDonald C, Ligon T, Sadler-Riggleman I, Skinner M K. An in vivo mouse reporter gene (human secreted alkaline phosphatase) model to monitor ovarian tumor growth and response to therapeutics. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2002; 49(2):93-100). Briefly, the fluorescence of aliquots of sonicated cell suspensions into which SYBR Green I fluorescent dye (Molecular Probes, Eugene Oreg.) had been incorporated, was measured.
Following 48 hr to 72 hr treatment incubations, cells were suspended into culture medium and pelleted in tubes. DNA was isolated from collected cells using a Puregene™ DNA isolation kit (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, Minn.). The quantity and purity of nucleic acid preparations were estimated by measuring the optical density of each sample A260/A280). DNA preparations (10 μg/well) were loaded onto 1.2% agarose gels and visualized with ethidium bromide stain.
The OCC1-SEAP-12 cells were grown to 80% confluence. Cultures were incubated in DMEM plus 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 0.1% BCS to which either vehicle control, carboplatin (0-50 μg/ml), LY294002 (0-20 μM) or combinations of these treatments. Following 24, 48 or 72 hr cells were lysed with sample buffer (62.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 2% SDS, 5% glycerol, 0.003% glycerol, 0.5% β-mercaptoethanol). Total cell lysates were subjected to SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 9 page) and transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore, Bedford, Mass.). Membranes were immunoblotted with antibodies to both the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of Ala (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, Mass.), or alternatively, with antibodies to cleaved and full length caspase-3 (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, Mass.).
Athymic nude mice were obtained and inoculated intraperitoneally with OCC1-SEAP-12 cells as described above in Examples I and II. Animals received injections of either vehicle control (PBS containing 25% DMSO), or carboplatin (60 mg/kg) alone, or in combination with LY294002 (50 mg/kg) every other day for 6 days. Blood samples were collected into capillary tubes from saphenous vein lancings at regular intervals during and following treatments. Capillary tubes were centrifuged, and the plasma samples were frozen (−20° C.), until the time of SEAP assay. The Washington State University Animal Care and Use Committee approved all procedures.
Blood plasma and cell culture medium samples were assayed for SEAP activity using the Great EscAPe SEAP fluorescence detection kit (Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, Calif.) as described above in Examples I and II. Blood plasma samples were diluted 1:100 prior to the assay to bring values within the linear range of the standard curve. The intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation were 2.5% and 18.8%, respectively.
Data were analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant differences between treatment groups were determined using a student's t-test. Data were expressed as means±standard error of the mean (SEM).
Ovarian cancer cells characteristically grow independent of growth factor stimulation. Basal levels of DNA synthesis of OCC1-SEAP-12 cells were blocked in cultures incubated in the presence of LY294002 by 50%, and by 51% and 59.5%, following treatment with 20 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml carboplatin, respectively (
Western blot analysis was employed to determine if stimulation of the PI 3-kinase pathway was blocked in OCC1-SEAP-12 cell cultures by LY294002. Total cell lysates from OCC1-SEAP-12 cultures treated with LY294002 and/or carboplatin were subjected to SDS-PAGE, transferred to nylon membrane and probed with an antibody specific to the phosphorylated form of Akt. Basal levels of Akt phosphorylation were observed in lysates from unstimulated OCC1-SEAP-12 cell cultures (
Cell cultures were assessed for the presence of apoptosis following treatment with either LY294002 or carboplatin. The DNA in cells undergoing apoptosis is cleaved by endonucleases resulting in DNA fragmentation that can be detected electrophoretically (Raff M. Cell suicide for beginners. Nature 1998; 396(6707):119-22). There was no DNA laddering evident in samples from untreated control cultures at either 24 hr or 72 hr (
Caspases are proteolytic enzymes that play a central role in the regulation of apoptosis and are activated prior to apoptotic DNA degradation (Cohen GM. Caspases: the executioners of apoptosis. Biochem J 1997; 326 (Pt 1):1-16). Caspases are expressed as an inactive precursor and are activated in an amplifying proteolytic cascade (Cohen GM. Caspases: the executioners of apoptosis. Biochem J 1997; 326 (Pt 1):1-16). Among the caspases, caspase 3 is considered to be a major executioner protease (Cohen G M. Caspases: the executioners of apoptosis. Biochem J 1997; 326 (Pt 1):1-16). Western blot analysis was used to determine the amount of the activated caspase-3 present. Procaspase-3 is expressed as a 33 kDa protein and is cleaved into 17 kDa and 12 kDa proteolytic products (Cohen GM. Caspases: the executioners of apoptosis. Biochem J 1997; 326 (Pt 1):1-16). The active 17 kDa caspase 3 was evident at 24 hr in cells treated with the combination of carboplatin and LY294002 (
To determine if the observed increase in apoptosis resulted in a decrease in cell survival, the cell number remaining in culture following prolonged exposure to carboplatin and/or LY294002 was assessed. Levels of DNA in each culture well following 48 hr incubations in the absence or presence of LY294002 with or without carboplatin, were used as an indicator of cell number. Doses of 20 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml carboplatin were used for these experiments as they correlated with in vivo doses used. Two doses of LY294002 (5 μM and 10 μM), were chosen as optimal from the performed dose response curve. At these concentrations, LY294002 has been shown to specifically inhibit PI 3-kinase and is within the effective dose range shown to inhibit PI 3-kinase activity in a variety of cell types. After cells in culture had reached near confluence, treatments were added to culture media. Following a 48th incubation, cell number was reduced by 22% and 44% by 5 μM and 10 μM LY294002, respectively (
In vivo studies were initiated to extend the in vitro assessment of the ability of LY294002 to inhibit ovarian cancer cell growth and cell survival. Nude mice were given intraperitoneal injection of OCC1-SEAP-12 cells, and plasma levels of SEAP were used to assay tumor establishment, one week following OCC1 cell inoculation (Nilsson E E, Westfall S D, McDonald C, Ligon T, Sadler-Riggleman I, Skinner M K. An in vivo mouse reporter gene (human secreted alkaline phosphatase) model to monitor ovarian tumor growth and response to therapeutics. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2002; 49(2):93-100). Mice were then injected with vehicle control, carboplatin and/or LY294002, every other day for 6 days. The SEAP levels were monitored during and following the treatment regimen. Tumors in mice receiving the combined treatment of LY294002 (50 mg/kg) and carboplatin (60 mg/kg), had a suppressed growth curve, when compared to tumors in mice that were treated with vehicle control or LY294002 or carboplatin alone (
When comparing SEAP levels of the final common bleed for all mice, tumor size was decreased by 2.3 fold as a result of combined treatment of LY294002 and carboplatin, in comparison to vehicle control (
During the experiment, 2 mice treated with the combined treatment of carboplatin and LY294002 exhibited complete remission with no measure SEAP, 30 days past cessation of treatment. These mice were sacrificed at this point, and had no observable tumor. However, complete remission was not observed in any other mice (n=10), following carboplatin and LY294002 treatment, and therefore, these mice with complete remission were not included in final averages.
These results demonstrate that inhibition of the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway results in a decreased proliferation of OCC1-SEAP-12 cells in vitro. LY294002 blocked Akt phosphorylation in OCC11-SEAP-12 cultures. The reduction in levels of phosphorylated Akt correlated with the inhibition of proliferation. These and other previous observations, demonstrate that the normal mitogenic response of cancer cells can be overcome by inhibiting the PI 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Additionally, the present experiment corresponds to a recent report by Gao et al., which demonstrated that LY294002 inhibition of PI 3-kinase resulted in G1 cell cycle arrest in ovarian cancer cells which corresponded to the up-regulation of p16INKΛ expression (Gao N, Flynn D C, Zhang Z, et al. G1 cell cycle progression and the expression of G1 cyclins are regulated by PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K1 signaling in human ovarian cancer cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 287(2):C281-91). Cell cycle progression following exposure to DNA damaging agents, such as platinum based compounds, is blocked by p53 activation and subsequent p21CIP1/WAF1 expression (Ferreira C G, Epping M, Kruyt F A, Giaccone G. Apoptosis: target of cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8(7):2024-34). Despite contrasting mechanisms, LY294002 and carboplatin were equally effective, but not additive, in blocking ovarian cancer cell proliferation in this experiment.
In addition to the attenuation of OCC1-SEAP-12 cell proliferation, a decrease in cell survival was seen following PI 3-kinase inhibition. However, compared to the growth response, LY294002 alone, was not as effective in promoting apoptosis as carboplatin. The combination of both compounds was additive, as indicated by a marked enhancement of DNA laddering in cells, following the combined treatment of carboplatin and LY294002. Furthermore, activation of caspase 3 was induced at a much earlier time point with the combined treatment. The active or cleaved form of caspase 3 was evident within 24 hours following combined treatment and was not detectable until 48 h following carboplatin treatment alone, or at 72 hr, following LY294002 treatment alone. Also, a significantly low dose of carboplatin was needed to reduce cell number in culture when in the presence of LY294002. Observations suggest that inhibition of the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway can sensitize ovarian cancer cells to the toxic effects of carboplatin.
These results demonstrate that LY294002 in combination with carboplatin was effective in inhibiting ovarian cancer cell xenograft growth in a nude mouse model. There was a significant delay in growth of ovarian tumors in mice receiving both carboplatin and LY294002, compared to other treatment groups. This resulted in a significant increase in survival rate when compared to all other treatment groups. The current study demonstrated LY294002 alone, was note effective in inhibiting tumor progression as was observed in a previous study by Hu et al. (Hu L, Zaloudek C, Mills G B, Gray J, Jaffe R B. In vivo and in vitro ovarian carcinoma growth inhibition by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor (LY294002). Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6(3):880-6; Hu L, Hofmann J, Lu Y, Mills G B, Jaffe R B Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase increases efficacy of paclitaxel in in vitro and in vivo ovarian cancer models. Cancer Res 2002; 62(4):1087-92). This is most likely a result of use of a dose of 50 mg/kg LY294002, versus a dose of 100 mg/kg, which was found to be most effective in the experiments performed by Hu et al. In addition, the number of injections was fewer, and the duration of treatment was shorter (every other day for 5 days versus 3 days a week for 4 weeks). The current experiment focused on the potential use of PI 3-kinase inhibitor as an adjunct chemotherapy with carboplatin.
The combined treatment of carboplatin and LY294002 inhibits ovarian tumor progression, and supports the use of the PI 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, with the platinum-based drug therapy, as an appropriate treatment course for ovarian cancer.
Because the compound LY294002 is toxic when given systemically, its administration must be intraperitoneally have to be through intraperitoneal infusion. Ovarian cancer generally remains confined to the abdominal cavity, and as a result, intraperitoneal infusion of therapy is an appropriate delivery system for this disease, making LY294002 a plausible alternative chemotherapeutic agent.
This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 11/545,909, filed Oct. 11, 2006, which claims priority to provisional patent application, U.S. Ser. No. 60/726,969, filed Oct. 14, 2005, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60726969 | Oct 2005 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 11545909 | Oct 2006 | US |
| Child | 12661654 | US |
