Patent Application
20160372224
The present invention relates generally to the field of storing and/or transporting high level waste, such as spent nuclear fuel rods, and specifically to apparatus and methods of storing and/or transporting spent nuclear fuel rods in a dry and hermetically sealed state.
In the operation of nuclear reactors, hollow zircaloy tubes filled with enriched uranium, known as fuel assemblies, are burned up inside the nuclear reactor core. It is necessary to remove these fuel assemblies from the reactor after their energy has been depleted to a predetermined level. Upon depletion and subsequent removal from the reactor, these spent nuclear fuel (“SNF”) rods are still highly radioactive and produce considerable heat, requiring that great care be taken in their subsequent packaging, transporting, and storing. Specifically, the SNF emits extremely dangerous neutrons and gamma photons. It is imperative that these neutrons and gamma photons be contained at all times subsequent to removal from the reactor core.
In defueling a nuclear reactor, the SNF is removed from the reactor and placed under water, in what is generally known as a spent fuel pool or pond storage. The pool water facilitates cooling of the SNF and provides adequate radiation shielding. The SNF is stored in the pool for a period of time that allows the heat and radiation to decay to a sufficiently low level so that the SNF can be transported with safety. However, because of safety, space, and economic concerns, use of the pool alone is not satisfactory where the SNF needs to be stored for any considerable length of time. Thus, when long-term storage of SNF is required, it is standard practice in the nuclear industry to store the SNF in a dry state subsequent to a brief storage period in the spent fuel pool. Dry storage of SNF typically comprises storing the SNF in a dry inert gas atmosphere encased within a structure that provides adequate radiation shielding.
Systems that are used to store SNF for long periods of time in the dry state typically utilize a hermetically sealable and transportable canister or similar structure that serves as a vessel for the transfer and storage of the SNF. One such canister, known as a multi-purpose canister (“MPC”), is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,898,747, to Krishna P. Singh, issued Apr. 27, 1999, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Typically, the SNF is loaded into an open canister that is submerged under water in a fuel pool. Once loaded with SNF, the canister is removed from the pool, placed in a staging area, dewatered, dried, hermetically sealed and transported to a storage facility. An example of a canister drying method can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,096,600, to Krishna P. Singh, issued Aug. 29, 2006, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Because a typical canister does not by itself provide the necessary radiation shielding properties, canisters are often positioned within large storage containers known as casks/overpacks during all stages of transportation and/or storage. An example of a canister transfer and storage operation can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,625,246, to Krishna P. Singh, issued Sep. 23, 2003, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
A dry storage canister (“DSC”) provides the confinement boundary for the stored SNF. Thus, the structural and hermetic integrity of the DSC is extremely important. An existing DSC is sold in the United States by Transnuclear, Inc. of Columbia, Md. under the tradename NUHOMS. The NUHOMS DSC is a single-walled vessel with two top closure lids, including an inner top lid and an outer top lid. The closure lids are welded to a canister body after the SNF has been loaded into it. In the United States, the practice of using two closure lids to create a double confinement barrier only at the field welded closure location is motivated by the fact that field welds are generally less sound than those made in the factory.
However, in other countries, the creation of a double confinement barrier only at the field welded closure does not meet nuclear regulatory mandates. For example, Ukrainian regulatory practice calls for a double confinement boundary all around the SNF. To meet this dual-confinement requirement, the NUHOMS DSC comprises a hermetically-sealed fuel tube in which SNF rods in the form of a fuel bundle (half of a fuel assembly) is placed. These fuel tubes are positioned within the main cavity of the NUHOMS DSC. However, the body of the NUHOMS DSC remains a single-walled cylindrical vessel. The fuel tube concept of the NUHOMS DSC meets the basic Ukrainian regulation that a double confinement boundary exist all around the SNF. However, as will be discussed in greater detail below, it has been discovered that this design suffers from a number of significant drawbacks and engineering design flaws.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for transporting, storing and/or supporting high level radioactive waste.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for transporting, storing and/or supporting spent nuclear fuel.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for storing spent nuclear fuel that essentially precludes the potential of radiological release to the environment.
A yet further object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for storing, transporting and/or supporting spent nuclear fuel in a dry state.
Another object of the present invention is to create a system of storing spent nuclear fuel with two independent containment boundaries around the entirety of the spent nuclear fuel stored therein that contain radiological matter, such as gases and/or particulates.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for storing spent nuclear fuel with two independent radiological containment boundaries that facilitate heat removal via conformal contact therebetween.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a canister for storing spent nuclear fuel having two independent radiological containment boundaries surrounding a cavity.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved fuel basket for supporting spent nuclear fuel.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a vented fuel tube for holding high level radioactive waste.
Yet another object is to provide a fuel basket that can efficiently accommodate both poison rods and spent nuclear fuel.
These and other objects are met by the present invention, which one aspect can be a canister for storing and/or transporting spent nuclear fuel rods comprising: a first shell forming a cavity for receiving spent nuclear fuel rods; a first plate connected to the first shell so as to form a floor of the cavity; a first lid enclosing the cavity; the first shell, the first plate and the first lid forming a first hermetic containment boundary about the cavity; a basket for supporting a plurality of spent nuclear fuel rods positioned within the cavity; a second shell surrounding the first shell so that an inner surface of the second shell is in substantially continuous surface contact with an outer surface of the first shell; a second plate connected to the second shell; a second lid; and the second shell, the second plate and the second lid forming a second hermetic containment boundary that surrounds the first radiation containment boundary.
In another aspect, the invention can be a canister apparatus for storing and/or transporting spent nuclear fuel rods comprising: a first pressure vessel comprising a first shell forming a first cavity for receiving spent nuclear fuel rods, a first plate connected to the first shell so as to enclose a first end of the first cavity, and a first lid connected to the first shell so as to enclose a second end of the first cavity; a second pressure vessel comprising a second shell forming a second cavity, a second plate connected to the second shell so as to enclose a first end of the second cavity, and a second lid connected to the second shell so as to enclose a second end of the second cavity; and the first pressure vessel located within the second cavity so that an inner surface of the second shell is in substantially continuous surface contact with an outer surface of the first shell.
In yet another aspect, the invention can be a canister apparatus for storing and/or transporting spent nuclear fuel rods comprising: a first metal pressure vessel having an outer surface and forming a cavity for receiving spent nuclear fuel rods; a second metal pressure vessel having an inner surface; and the first pressure vessel located within the second pressure vessel so that a substantial entirety of the outer surface of the first metal pressure vessel is in substantially continuous surface contact with the inner surface of the second metal pressure vessel.
In still another aspect, the invention can be a canister apparatus for storing and/or transporting spent nuclear fuel rods comprising: a first structural assembly forming a cavity for receiving spent nuclear fuel rods, the first structural assembly forming a first gas-tight containment boundary surrounding the cavity; a second structural assembly surrounding the first structural assembly, the second structural assembly forming a second gas-tight containment boundary surrounding the cavity; and wherein the first structural assembly and second structural assembly are in substantially continuous surface contact with one another.
In yet another aspect, the invention can be a basket apparatus for supporting a plurality of spent nuclear fuel rods within a containment structure comprising: a plurality of disk-like grates, each disk-like grate having a plurality of cells formed by a gridwork of beams; and means for supporting the disk-like grates in a spaced arrangement with respect to one another and so that the cells of the disk-like grates are aligned.
In a further aspect, the invention can be a basket apparatus for supporting a plurality of spent nuclear fuel rods within a containment structure comprising: a disk-like grate having a ring-like structure encompassing a gridwork of beams; the gridwork of beams comprising a first series of parallel beams, a second series of parallel beams and a third series of parallel beams; and wherein the first, second and third series of parallel beams are arranged in the ring-like structures so as to intersect and form a plurality of cells.
In another aspect, the invention can be a basket apparatus for supporting a plurality of spent nuclear fuel rods within a containment structure comprising: a disk-like grate having a ring-like structure encompassing a gridwork of beams; and the gridwork of beams forming a first set of cells having a first shape and a second set of cells having a second shape.
Referring to
As will become apparent from the structural description below, the dual-walled DSC 100 contains two independent containment boundaries about the storage cavity 30 that operate to contain both fluidic (gas and liquid) and particulate radiological matter within the cavity 30. As a result, if one containment boundary were to fail, the other containment boundary will remain intact. While theoretically the same, the containment boundaries formed by the dual-walled DSC 100 about the cavity 30 can be literalized in many ways, including without limitation a gas-tight containment boundary, a pressure vessel, a hermetic containment boundary, a radiological containment boundary, and a containment boundary for fluidic and particulate matter. These terms are used synonymously throughout this application. In one instance, these terms generally refer to a type of boundary that surrounds a space and prohibits all fluidic and particulate matter from escaping from and/or entering into the space when subjected to the required operating conditions, such as pressures, temperatures, etc.
Finally, while the dual-walled DSC 100 is illustrated and described in a vertical orientation, it is to be understood that the dual-walled DSC 100 can be used to store and/or transport its load in any desired orientation, including at an angle or horizontally. Thus, use of all relative terms through this specification, including without limitation “top,” “bottom,” “inner” and “outer,” are used for convenience only and are not intended to be limiting of the invention in such a manner.
The dual-walled DSC 100 dispenses with the single-walled body concept of the prior art DSCs. More specifically, the dual walled DSC 100 comprises a first shell that acts as an inner shell 10 and a second shell that acts as an outer shell 20. The inner and outer shells 10, 20 are preferably cylindrical tubes and are constructed of a metal. Of course, other shapes can be used if desired. The inner shell 10 is a tubular hollow shell that comprises an inner surface 11, an outer surface 12, a top edge 13 and a bottom edge 14. The inner surface 11 of the inner shell 10 forms a cavity/space 30 for receiving and storing SNF. The cavity 30 is a cylindrical cavity formed about a central axis.
The outer shell 20 is also a tubular hollow shell that comprises an inner surface 21, an outer surface 22, a top edge 23 and a bottom edge 24. The outer shell 20 circumferentially surrounds the inner shell 10. The inner shell 10 and the outer shell 20 are constructed so that the inner surface 21 of the outer shell 20 is in substantially continuous surface contact with the outer surface 12 of the inner shell 10. In other words, the interface between the inner shell 10 and the outer shell 20 is substantially free of gaps/voids and are in conformal contact. This can be achieved through an explosive joining, a cladding process, a roller bonding process and/or a mechanical compression process that bonds the inner shell 10 to the outer shell 20. The continuous surface contact at the interface between the inner shell 10 and the outer shell 20 reduces the resistance to the transmission of heat through the inner and outer shells 10, 20 to a negligible value. Thus, heat emanating from the SNF loaded within the cavity 30 can efficiently and effectively be conducted outward through the shells 10, 20 where it is removed from the outer surface 22 of the outer shell via convection.
The inner and outer shells 10, 20 are preferably both made of a metal. As used herein, the term metal refers to both pure metals and metal alloys. Suitable metals include without limitation austenitic stainless steel and other alloys including Hastelloy™ and Inconel™. Of course, other materials can be utilized. The thickness of each of the inner and outer shells 10, 20 is preferably in the range of 5 mm to 25 mm. The outer diameter of the outer shell 20 is preferably in the range of 1700 mm to 2000 mm. The inner diameter of the inner shell 10 is preferably in the range of 1700 mm to 1900 mm. The invention, however, is not limited to any specific size and/or thickness of the shells 10, 20.
In some embodiments, it may be further preferable that the inner shell 10 be constructed of a metal that has a coefficient of thermal expansion that is equal to or greater than the coefficient of thermal expansion of the metal of which the outer shell 20 is constructed. Thus, when the SNF that is stored in the cavity 30 emits heat, the outer shell 20 will not expand away from the inner shell 10. This ensures that the continuous surface contact between the outer surface 12 of the inner shell 10 and the outer surface 21 of the outer shell 20 will be maintained and gaps will not form under heat loading conditions.
The dual-walled DSC 100 further comprises a first lid that acts as an inner top lid 60 for the inner shell 10 and a second lid that acts as an outer top lid 70 for the second shell 20. The inner and outer top lids 60, 70 are plate-like structures that are preferably constructed of the same materials discussed above with respect to the shells 10, 20. Preferably the thickness of the inner top lid 60 is in the range of 100 mm to 300 mm. The thickness of the outer top lid is preferably in the range of 50 mm to 150 mm. The invention is not, however, limited to any specific dimensions, which will be dictated on a case-by-case basis and the radioactive levels of the SNF to be stored in the cavity 30.
Referring now to
During an SNF underwater loading procedure, the inner and outer lids 60, 70 are removed. Once the cavity 30 is loaded with the SNF, the inner top lid 60 is positioned so as to enclose the top end of the cavity 30 and rests atop the brackets 15. Once the inner top lid 60 is in place and seal welded to the inner shell 10, the cavity 30 is evacuated/dried via the appropriate method and backfilled with nitrogen, helium or another inert gas. The drying and backfilling process of the cavity 30 is achieved via the holes 64 of the inner lid 60 that form passageways into the cavity 30. Once the drying and backfilling is complete, the holes 61 are filled with a metal or other wise plugged so as to hermetically seal the cavity 30.
Referring now to
The offset between the top edges 13, 23 of the shells 10, 20 allows the top edge 13 of the inner shell 10 to act as a ledge for receiving and supporting the outer top lid 70. When the inner lid 60 is in place, the inner surface 11 of the inner shell 10 extends over the outer lateral edges 63. When the outer lid 70 is then positioned atop the inner lid 60, the inner surface 21 of the outer shell 20 extends over the outer lateral edge 73 of the outer top lid 70. The top edge 23 of the outer shell 20 is substantially flush with the top surface 71 of the outer top lid 70. The inner and outer top lids 60, 70 are welded to the inner and outer shells 10, 20 respectively after the fuel is loaded into the cavity 30. Conventional edge groove welds can be used. However, it is preferred that all connections between the components of the dual-walled DSC 100 be through-thickness weld.
The dual-walled DSC 100 further comprises a first plate that acts as an inner base plate 40 and a second plate that acts as an outer base plate 50. The inner and outer base plates 40, 50 are rigid plate-like structures having circular horizontal cross-sections. The invention is not so limited, however, and the shape and size of the base plates 40, 50 is dependent upon the shape of the inner and outer shells 10, 20. The inner base plate 40 comprises a top surface 41, a bottom surface 42 and an outer lateral surface/edge 43. Similarly, the outer base plate 50 comprises a top surface 51, a bottom surface 52 and an outer lateral surface/edge 53.
The top surface 41 of the inner base plate 40 forms the floor of the cavity 30. The inner base plate 40 rests atop the outer base plate 50. Similar to the other corresponding components of the dual-walled DSC 100, the bottom surface 42 of the inner base plate 40 is in substantially continuous surface contact with the top surface 51 of the outer base plate 50. As a result, the interface between the inner base plate 40 and the outer base plate 50 is free of gaseous gaps/voids for thermal conduction optimization. An explosive joining, a cladding process, a roller bonding process and/or a mechanical compression process can be used to effectuate the contact between the base plates 40, 50. Preferably, the thickness of the inner base plate 40 is in the range of 50 mm to 150 mm. The thickness of the outer base plate 50 is preferably in the range of 100 mm to 200 mm Preferably, the length from the top surface of the outer top lid 70 to the bottom surface of the outer base plate 50 is in the range of 4000 mm to 5000 mm, but the invention is in no way limited to any specific dimensions.
The outer base plate 50 may be equipped on its bottom surface with a grapple ring (not shown) for handling purposes. The thickness of the grapple ring is preferably between 50 mm and 150 mm. The outer diameter of the grapple ring is preferably between 350 mm and 450 mm.
Referring now to
When all of the seal welds discussed above are completed, the combination of the inner shell 10, the inner base plate 40 and the inner top lid 60 forms a first hermetically sealed structure surrounding the cavity 30, thereby creating a first pressure vessel. Similarly, the combination of the outer shell 20, the outer base plate 50 and the outer top lid 70 form a second sealed structure about the first hermetically sealed structure, thereby creating a second pressure vessel about the first pressure vessel and the cavity 30. Theoretically, the first pressure vessel is located within the internal cavity of the second pressure vessel. Each pressure vessel is engineered to autonomously meet the stress limits of the ASME Code with significant margins.
Unlike the prior art DSC, all of the SNF stored in the cavity 30 of the dual-walled DSC 100 share a common confinement space. The common confinement space (i.e., cavity 30) is protected by two independent gas-tight pressure retention boundaries. Each of these boundaries can withstand both sub-atmospheric supra-atmospheric pressures as needed, even when subjected to the thermal load given off by the SNF within the cavity 30.
Referring now to
The grates 92 are disc-like frames comprising a ring 185 and a plurality of series of beams 182, 183, 184. The outer surface 186 of the ring 185 is in surface contact with the inner surface 11 of the inner shell 10. The outer diameter of the disk-like grate 92 is preferably 1700 mm to 1900 mm. The outer diameter, however, is dependent upon the size of the cavity 30.
In the illustrated embodiment, the number of grates 92 is nine, and the thickness of each grate 92 is preferably between 1 mm and 10 mm. However, the invention is not so limited, so long as the SNF rods are adequately supported within the cavity 30.
Referring now to
Referring now to
The pitch P between each of the ventilated fuel tubes 91 is between 100 mm and 150 mm. The invention is not so limited however, and the pitch between the ventilated fuel tubes 91 is affected by both the size of the cavity 30 and the number and location of the poison rods 93, and the radioactivity of the load to be stored.
Referring now to
The first, second and third series of substantially parallel beams 182-184 are arranged within the ring structure 185 so that each one of the series of beams 182-184 intersects with the other two series of beams 182-184. The intersection of the series beams 182-184 forms a gridwork that results in an array of fuel cells 180 and an array of poison rod cells 181. More specifically, the general outline of the fuel cells 180 is created by the intersection of the first and second series of beams 182, 183 while the poison rod cells 181 are created by the intersection of the third series of beams 184 with the first and second series of beams 182, 183. When assembled, the fuel cells 180 receive the fuel tubes 91 while the poison rod cells 181 receive the poison rods 93. As can be seen the poison rod cells 181 are smaller and of a different shape than the fuel cells 180.
The relative arrangement of first, second and third series of substantially parallel beams 182-184 with respect to one another is specifically selected to create hexagonal shaped fuel cells 180 and triangular shaped poison cells 181. Of course, additional series of beams and/or arrangement can be used to create cells that have different shapes, including octagonal, pentagonal, circular, square, etc. The desired shape may be dictated by the shape of the fuel tube and SNF fuel assembly to be stored.
The series of beams 182, 183, 184 are rectangular strips (i.e., elongated plates) having notches (not visible) strategically located along their length to facilitate assembly. More specifically, notches that extend into the edges of the beams for at least ½ the height of the beams are provided. The notches are arranged on the beams 182-184 so that when the beams 182-184 are arranged in the desired gridwork, the notches of the bottom edge of some beams 182-184 are aligned with the notches on the top edge of the remaining beams 182-184. The beams 182-184 can then slidably mate with one another via the interaction between the notches.
The beams 182, 183, 184 are then welded to each other at their intersecting points via tungsten inert gas process. While the beams 182-184 are illustrated as strips, the invention is not so limited and other structures may be used to form the gridwork, such as rods.
Referring now to
The outer diameter of the poison rods 93 is between 20 mm and 40 mm and the inner diameter is between 10 mm and 40 mm. The invention is not so limited, however. When assembled in the DSC 100, the poison rods 93 are of a sufficient length so as to extend along the full height of the SNF rods stored within the fuel tubes 91.
Turning now to the fuel tubes 91, the ventilated fuel tubes 91 are designed to allow for ventilation of heat emitted by the SNF rods 200 stored therein. The ventilated fuel tube 91 comprises a tubular body portion 191 and a ventilated cap portion 192. The tubular body portion 191 forms a cavity 193 for receiving the SNF rods 200, e.g., in the form of fuel bundles (half fuel assemblies). Preferably, the ventilated fuel tubes 91 have a horizontal cross sectional profile such that the cavity 193 accommodates no more than one fuel bundle. However, this is not limiting of the invention. The outer and inner diameter of the tubular body portion 191 of the ventilated fuel tube 91 is preferably between 75 mm and 125 mm, but the invention is not so limited.
The tubular body portion 191 comprises a closed bottom end 194 and open top end 197. The closed bottom end 197 is a tapered and flat bottom. As will be discussed in further detail below, the tapering of the closed bottom end 197 allows for better air flow through the dual walled DSC 100. In an alternative embodiment, the closed bottom end 197 could further comprise holes and/or vents for improved air flow and heat removal. The ventilated cap portion 192 is connected to the open top end of the body portion 191 once the cavity 193 is filled with the SNF rods 200. The cap portion 192 is a non-unitary structure with respect to the tubular body 191 and removable therefrom. The caps 192 prevent any of the solid contents from spilling out during handling operations in the processing facility.
The caps 192 of the tubes 91 comprise one or more openings 195 that provide passageways into the cavity 193 from the cavity 30. The openings 195 are covered with fine-mesh screen (not visible) so as to prevent any build-up of pressure in the fuel tube 191 while containing any small debris within the cavity 193 of the tube 91. It has been discovered that one inherent flaw in the design of the NUHOMS DSC is that the hermetically sealed fuel tube creates a mini-pressure vessel around the SNF rods stored therein. Because of the small confinement space/volume available in the hermetically sealed fuel tube of the NUHOMS DSC, even a small amount of water or release of plenum gas from the inside of the SNF rods can raise the internal pressure in the fuel tube steeply, rendering it susceptible to bursting. As a result, the integrity of the fuel tube of the NUHOMS DSC as a pressure vessel can not be assured when used to store previously waterlogged SNF rods that contain micro-cracks with a high level of confidence. The ventilated fuel tubes 91 of the present invention, on the other hand, prevent pressure build-up by allowing ventilation with the larger cavity 30 via the opening 195 in the cap 192. The openings 195 are generally triangular in shape, but can be circular, rectangular or any other shape, so long as the proper venting is achieved.
Referring again to
Whereas the present invention has been described in detail herein, it should be understood that other and further modifications, apart from those shown or suggested herein, may be made within the spirit and scope of the present invention. It is also intended that all matter contained in the foregoing description or shown in any accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative rather than limiting.
The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/418,930, filed Mar. 13, 2012 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,929,504), which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/851,352, filed Sep. 6, 2007 (now U.S. Pat. No. 8,135,107), which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/842,868, filed Sep. 6, 2006, the entireties of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 60842868 | Sep 2006 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13418930 | Mar 2012 | US |
| Child | 14590506 | US | |
| Parent | 11851352 | Sep 2007 | US |
| Child | 13418930 | US |
