Carbon capture, storage, and recycling compositions

Abstract

The invention relates to carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane compositions, including solid carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane compositions. The invention includes compositions and methods for the capture, storage, and recycling of carbon, including methods of boric acid catalyzed reduction of carbonates in aqueous media and the use of phosphate solutions for capture and recycling of carbon.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to solid carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane compositions. The invention includes compositions and methods for the capture, storage, and recycling of carbon, including methods of boric acid catalyzed reduction of carbonates in aqueous media and the use of phosphate solutions for capture and recycling.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Increasing global temperatures has led to an increased drive by governments and global organizations to control carbon levels in earth's atmosphere. Holistic control of atmospheric carbon as envisaged could be approached by various means, including energy efficiency and preservation, increased investment in renewable energy, afforestation, and post combustion carbon capture. Among these, post combustion carbon capture and recycling has great appeal to existing industries as it only requires fitting already existing exhaust systems with procedures to remove and recycle CO₂ that is produced.

Current procedures for post combustion carbon capture encompass flushing flue gas through amines that selectively capture the CO₂ then later separating the CO₂. The use of metal oxides, various nanomaterials, and other chemicals for carbon capture have been investigated. Triphenylphosphine has also been utilized to capture CO₂ in combination with other chemicals. However, these procedures are typically cost intensive, prompting scientists to look for efficient, less expensive methods.

The recycling of captured carbon has also been an area of great concern and scientific activity. Advantageous processes must be cost effective and energy efficient. Many methods have been proposed for the recycling of captured carbon. One such method is the reduction of carbonates using metal hydrides. Although lithium aluminum hydride procedures strictly require non-aqueous media, sodium borohydride procedures in aqueous media can only achieve partial reduction of bicarbonates but not carbonates. Thus, there exists a need for alternative means for carbon capture, storage and recycling.

Recent investigation of the combination of water-soluble carbonyls (aldehydes and ketones) with inorganic phosphates to form dioxaphosphetanes has been expanded in the present disclosure to include carbon dioxide. As a result, the present disclosure provides a simple and less expensive approach to carbon capture, storage and recycling.

The solid carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane compositions and the carbonate recycling methods provided in the present disclosure provide advantages compared to similar compositions known in the art. For instance, the solid dioxaphosphetanes can be stored at room temperature for extended periods of time without noticeable change in composition. Likewise, dioxaphosphetane solutions can be stored in closed containers at room temperature for extended periods of time without noticeable change in composition. Furthermore, the solid dioxaphosphetanes can be maintained without release of CO₂ at appropriate pH values, for instance a pH of 7 or above. Moreover, synthesis of ammonium and potassium-CO₂ dioxaphophetanes, and dialkylphosphate dioxaphosphetanes, have also be achieved. Insoluble dioxaphosphetanes of calcium, copper, zinc and other non-alkali metals can be precipitated when the metal chloride/nitrate solutions are added to the solution of sodium dioxaphosphetane.

The present disclosure provides compositions and methods to achieve the reduction of CO₂ to formic acid both indirectly as carbonates and directly as flue gas, which can be utilized as a first step in the recycling of CO₂. Indirect reduction of CO₂ by reducing sodium bicarbonate in the presence of phosphates also disclosed. This methodology can also be utilized as an option for carbon transportation. Coincidentally, Formica ants, stingless bees and the stingless nettle, organisms that are naturally associated with formic acid, have also been linked with phosphate rich habitats.

The following numbered embodiments are contemplated and are non-limiting:

1. A solid carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition having the chemical structure

wherein M is a cation and/or an alkyl group.

2. The solid carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition of clause 1, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of H, Na, K, aryl, and alkyl.

3. The solid carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition of clause 1 or clause 2, wherein the composition is crystalline.

4. The solid carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition of any one of clauses 1 to 3, wherein the composition is at a pH of 7 or greater.

5. A process for making a carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition, said process comprising the steps of:

a. combining a phosphate and water in a container;

b. flushing the combination of dibasic sodium phosphate and water with carbon dioxide;

c. stirring the resultant combination; and

d. cooling the resultant combination to form the carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition.

6. The process of clause 5, wherein the phosphate is selected from the group consisting of ammonium phosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, and dialkyl phosphate.

7. The process of clause 5 or clause 6, wherein the carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition is a crystalline composition.

8. The process of clause 5 or clause 6, wherein the stirring is for about 2 hours.

9. The process of clause 5 or clause 6, wherein the stirring is for between 2 hours and 8 hours.

10. The process of clause 5 or clause 6, wherein the stirring is for between 2 hours and 12 hours.

11. The process of clause 5 or clause 6, wherein the stirring is for between 12 and 48 hours.

12. The process of clause 5 or clause 6, wherein the stirring is for at least 12 hours.

13. The process of any one of clauses 5 to 12, wherein the cooling is in an ice water bath.

14. A product formed by the process of clause 5.

15. A method of reducing carbon dioxide, said method comprising the steps of:

• • a. obtaining a carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition;
  • b. placing the carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition in a solution; and
  • c. combining sodium borohydride with the solution comprising carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane to form a formate composition and reduce carbon dioxide.

16. The method of clause 15, wherein the formate composition is sodium formate.

17. The method of clause 15 or clause 16, wherein phosphate is precipitated via combination of sodium borohydride with the solution comprising carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane.

18. The method of any one of clauses 15 to 17, wherein the method is utilized to transport carbon.

19. The method of any one of clauses 15 to 17, wherein the method is utilized to recycle carbon.

20. A process for reducing a carbonate, said process comprising the steps of:

• • a. dissolving the carbonate in water;
  • b. combining the carbonate solution of step a) with boric acid;
  • c. adding sodium borohydride to the combination of step b) to reduce the carbonate to a formate.

21. The process of clause 20, wherein the process further comprises the step of stirring the combination of step b).

22. The process of clause 20 or clause 21, wherein the process is performed at room temperature.

23. The process of any one of clauses 20 to 22, wherein the carbonate is a water-soluble carbonate.

24. The process of any one of clauses 20 to 23, wherein the carbonate is a metal carbonate.

25. The process of clause 24, wherein the metal carbonate is selected from the group consisting of an ammonium carbonate, a sodium carbonate, a potassium carbonate, a rubidium carbonate, and a cesium carbonate.

26. The process of clause 24, wherein the metal carbonate is an alkali metal carbonate.

27. The process of clause 24, wherein the metal carbonate is a sodium carbonate.

28. The process of any one of clauses 20 to 23, wherein the carbonate is a bicarbonate.

29. The process of clause 28, wherein the bicarbonate is a sodium bicarbonate.

30. The process of any one of clauses 20 to 29, wherein the formate is a sodium formate.

31. The process of any one of clauses 20 to 30, wherein the boric acid is added in step b) at about 1 molar equivalent of boric acid to carbonate.

32. The process of any one of clauses 20 to 30, wherein the boric acid is added in step b) at more than 1 molar equivalent of boric acid to carbonate.

33. The process of any one of clauses 20 to 32, wherein the carbonate is reduced to a formate at an efficacy of at least 90%.

34. The process of any one of clauses 20 to 32, wherein the carbonate is reduced to a formate at an efficacy of about 90%.

35. The process of any one of clauses 20 to 32, wherein the carbonate is reduced to a formate at an efficacy of about 95%.

36. The process of any one of clauses 20 to 32, wherein the carbonate is reduced to a formate at an efficacy between 90-100%.

37. A method of capturing carbon dioxide, said method comprising the step of capturing carbon dioxide in a carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition having the chemical structure

wherein M is a cation and/or alkyl groups, and wherein the carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition is an aqueous phosphate solution.

38. The method of clause 37, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of H, Na, K, aryl, and alkyl.

39. The method of clause 37 or clause 38, wherein the phosphate is selected from the group consisting of ammonium phosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, and dialkyl phosphate.

40. A process for making a carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition, said process comprising the steps of:

• • a. combining a phosphate and water in a container;
  • b. flushing the combination of step a) with carbon dioxide; and
  • c stirring the combination.

41. The process of clause 40, further comprising the step of storing the combination.

42. The process of clause 40 or clause 41, wherein the phosphate is selected from the group consisting of ammonium phosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, and dialkyl phosphate.

43. The process of any one of clauses 40 to 42, wherein the stirring is for about 2 hours.

44. The process of any one of clauses 40 to 42, wherein the stirring is for between 2 hours and 8 hours.

45. The process of any one of clauses 40 to 42, wherein the stirring is for between 2 hours and 12 hours.

46. The process of any one of clauses 40 to 42, wherein the stirring is for between 12 and 48 hours.

47. The process of any one of clauses 40 to 42, wherein the stirring is for at least 12 hours.

48. A product formed by the process of clause 40.

49. A method of reducing carbon dioxide, said method comprising the step of combining sodium borohydride with a carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane solution to form a formate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an apparatus for capture of CO₂ using food grade CO_2.

FIG. 2 shows ³¹P nmr of dioxaphosphetane of CO₂.

FIG. 3 shows FTIR of dibasic sodium phosphate.

FIG. 4 shows FTIR of hydrated dioxaphosphetane of CO₂.

FIG. 5 shows an apparatus for capture of CO₂ from sodium carbonate.

FIG. 6 shows CO₂ dioxaphosphetane in crystalline form.

FIG. 7 shows ¹H nmr of sodium formate from reduction taken in D2O.

FIG. 8 shows ¹³C nmr of reduction of dioxaphosphetane to form sodium formate and sodium bicarbonate.

FIG. 9 shows ¹H nmr of diphenyl phosphate (sodium salt)+CO2+NaBH4.

FIG. 10 shows ¹³C nmr of diphenyl phosphate (sodium salt)+CO2+NaBH4.

FIG. 11 shows ¹H nmr of dipotassium phosphate+CO2+NaBH4.

FIG. 12 shows ¹³C nmr of dipotassium phosphate+CO2+NaBH4.

FIG. 13 shows ¹H nmr of dibasic ammonium phosphate+CO2+NaBH4.

FIG. 14 shows ¹³C nmr of dibasic ammonium phosphate+CO2+NaBH4.

FIG. 15 shows ¹H nmr of sodium bicarbonate in the presence of potassium phosphate.

FIG. 16 shows ¹³C nmr of reduction sodium bicarbonate in the presence of potassium phosphate.

FIG. 17 shows ¹³C nmr of reduction of sodium bicarbonate with sodium borohydride or the reduction of sodium carbonate with sodium borohydride in the presence of monobasic potassium phosphate.

FIG. 18 shows ¹H nmr of reduction of sodium bicarbonate with sodium borohydride or the reduction of sodium carbonate with sodium borohydride in the presence of monobasic potassium phosphate.

FIG. 19 shows ¹³C nmr of the reduction of sodium carbonate with sodium borohydride in the presence of boric acid. The nmr shows approximately 100% conversion of the carbonate.

Various embodiments of the invention are described herein as follows. In certain aspects described herein, a solid carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition is provided. The solid carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition has the chemical structure

wherein M is a cation and/or an alkyl group. In some embodiments, M is selected from the group consisting of H, Na, K, aryl, and alkyl. In various embodiments, the composition is crystalline. In certain aspects, the composition is at a pH of 7 or greater. In one embodiment, the solid carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition has the chemical structure

In other aspects, a process for making a carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition is provided. The process comprises the steps of a) combining a phosphate and water in a container; b) flushing the combination of dibasic sodium phosphate and water with carbon dioxide; c) stirring the resultant combination; and d) cooling the resultant combination to form the carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition. In some embodiments, the phosphate is selected from the group consisting of ammonium phosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, and dialkyl phosphate. In other embodiments, the carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition is a crystalline composition.

In some embodiments, the stirring is for about 2 hours. In other embodiments, the stirring is for between 2 hours and 8 hours. In yet other embodiments, the stirring is for between 2 hours and 12 hours. In some embodiments, the stirring is for between 12 and 48 hours. In other embodiments, the stirring is for at least 12 hours. In various embodiments, the cooling is in an ice water bath.

A product formed by the process is also provided.

In yet another aspect, a method of reducing carbon dioxide is provided. The method comprises the steps of a) obtaining a carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition, b) placing the carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition in a solution; and c) combining sodium borohydride with the solution comprising carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane to form a formate composition and reduce carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, the formate composition is sodium formate. In other embodiments, phosphate is precipitated via combination of sodium borohydride with the solution comprising carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane. In some aspects, the method is utilized to transport carbon. In other aspects, the method is utilized to recycle carbon.

A process for reducing a carbonate is also provided. The process comprises the steps of a) dissolving the carbonate in water; b) combining the carbonate solution of step a) with boric acid; and c) adding sodium borohydride to the combination of step b) to reduce the carbonate to a formate. In certain embodiments, the process further comprises the step of stirring the combination of step b). In some embodiments, the process is performed at room temperature. In other embodiments, the carbonate is a water-soluble carbonate. In yet other embodiments, the carbonate is a metal carbonate. In some embodiments, the metal carbonate is selected from the group consisting of an ammonium carbonate, a sodium carbonate, a potassium carbonate, a rubidium carbonate, and a cesium carbonate. In other embodiments, the metal carbonate is an alkali metal carbonate. In yet other embodiments, the metal carbonate is a sodium carbonate. In some embodiments, the carbonate is a bicarbonate. In other embodiments, the bicarbonate is a sodium bicarbonate. In yet other embodiments, the formate is a sodium formate. In some embodiments, the boric acid is added in step b) at about 1 molar equivalent of boric acid to carbonate. In other embodiments, the boric acid is added in step b) at more than 1 molar equivalent of boric acid to carbonate.

In yet other embodiments, the carbonate is reduced to a formate at an efficacy of at least 90%. In some embodiments, the carbonate is reduced to a formate at an efficacy of about 90%. In other embodiments, the carbonate is reduced to a formate at an efficacy of about 95%.

In yet other embodiments, the carbonate is reduced to a formate at an efficacy between 90-100%.

In yet another aspect, a method of capturing carbon dioxide is provided. The method comprises the step of capturing carbon dioxide in a carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition having the chemical structure

wherein M is a cation and/or alkyl groups, and wherein the carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition is an aqueous phosphate solution. In some embodiments, M is selected from the group consisting of H, Na, K, aryl, and alkyl. In various embodiments, the phosphate is selected from the group consisting of ammonium phosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, and dialkyl phosphate.

In another aspect, a process for making a carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition is provided. The process comprises the steps of a) combining a phosphate and water in a container; b) flushing the combination of step a) with carbon dioxide; and c) stirring the combination. In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of storing the combination. In various embodiments, the phosphate is selected from the group consisting of ammonium phosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, and dialkyl phosphate.

In some embodiments, the stirring is for about 2 hours. In other embodiments, the stirring is for between 2 hours and 8 hours. In yet other embodiments, the stirring is for between 2 hours and 12 hours. In some embodiments, the stirring is for between 12 and 48 hours. In other embodiments, the stirring is for at least 12 hours.

A product formed by the process is also provided.

In one aspect, a method of reducing carbon dioxide is provided. The method comprises the step of combining sodium borohydride with a carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane solution to form a formate.

EXAMPLE 1

Formation of CO₂ Dioxaphosphetane using Food Grade Carbon Dioxide

A 100 mL round bottom flask containing a stirring bar was charged with a 40 mL water and 2.84 g dibasic sodium phosphate to form a solution. The flask was fitted and sealed with a septum. The solution was flashed with food grade carbon dioxide (Airgas, Evansville, Indiana) according to the following protocol pursuant to Scheme 1:

A long needle directly connected to the CO₂ tank was inserted through the septum such that the tip of the needle was close to the surface of the solution (see FIG. 1). A shorter needle was also pushed into the septum such that the tip was just inside the flask. The gas outlet on the CO₂ tank was opened while stirring the solution.

After a few minutes, the shorter needle was removed followed by the long needle with the gas tank still open. A balloon filled with CO₂ and taped unto a syringe and a needle was inserted into the septum to maintain an atmosphere of CO₂ in the flask. After 48 hours of stirring, the solution was cooled in an ice/water bath and filtered to produce the solid dioxaphosphetane in crystalline form.

The solid dioxaphosphetane in crystalline form was observed to have a ³¹P nmr chemical shift of 2.9406 ppm (see FIG. 2). The chemical shift of Na2HPO₄ of similar concentration taken before and after that of the dioxaphosphetane is 3.4311ppm.

FTIR of the dioxaphosphetane reveal disappearance of the P=O frequency at 1120 cm⁻¹ and the appearance of a medium broad carbonyl peak at 1666.75 cm⁻¹ frequency (FIG. 3 and FIG. 4).

The instant example can also be reproduced to produce a solution of dioxaphosphetane.

EXAMPLE 2

Formation of Dioxaphosphetane using Carbon Dioxide Generated from Sodium Carbonate

The CO₂ receiving flask containing a 2.84 g of dibasic sodium phosphate dissolved in 40 mL deionized water was connected to the CO₂ generating flask containing 5 g of sodium carbonate (see FIG. 5). CO₂ was generated by injecting 10 mL of 4 M Hydrochloric acid into the generating flask. The solution in the receiving flask was stirred for 48 hours without dismantling the apparatus. The system was then dismantled and the receiving flask was cooled in an ice/water bath to produce dioxaphosphetane in crystalline form (see FIG. 6).

EXAMPLE 3

Reduction of CO₂ to Formate

Addition of sodium borohydride to a solution of the dioxaphosphetane partially reduced it to formate. The remaining dioxaphosphetane was converted to sodium carbonate (Scheme 2).

Dioxaphosphetanes generally activate the phosphorus atom for nucleophilic substitution. Nucleophilic attack of the hydrides on the phosphorus produced the carbonate with a CNMR chemical shift of 163.7.

The presence of the formate was confirmed by HNMR chemical shift of 8.35ppm (see FIG. 7) and a CNMR chemical shift of 171.2205ppm (see FIG. 8).

EXAMPLE 4

Reduction of Carbonates Using Sodium Borohydride and Boric Acid

A 250 mL volumetric flask containing a stirring bar was charged with a 15 mL water and 2 mmol (0.212 g) of dibasic sodium carbonate to form a solution at room temperature. To this solution, 2 mmol (0.124 g) of boric acid was added. Optionally, additional water may be added to ensure that all solid is dissolved. Advantageously, addition of sodium borohydride to the solution provides sodium formate in excellent yields. The method successfully reduced both bicarbonates and carbonates in water at room temperature and in an inexpensive manner. As shown below, observed yields were between 90-100%.

In contrast, in the absence of boric acid, sodium carbonate provided no yield of sodium formate when it was reduced. Further, when sodium carbonate was mixed with one equivalent of monobasic sodium/potassium phosphate and reduced, only a 30-40% yield of sodium formate was achieved. Similarly, 30-40% yield of the formate was achieved when sodium bicarbonate was reduced with sodium borohydride without boric acid.

The following references are hereby incorporated in their entirety into the present disclosure.

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Claims

1. A method of reducing carbon dioxide, said method comprising the steps of a. obtaining a carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition,b. placing the carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition in a solution; andc. combining sodium borohydride with the solution comprising carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane to form a formate composition and reduce carbon dioxide.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the formate composition is sodium formate.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein phosphate is precipitated via combination of sodium borohydride with the solution comprising carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane.

4. A solid carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition having the chemical structure

5. The solid carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition of claim 4, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of H, Na, K, aryl, and alkyl.

6. The solid carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition of claim 4, wherein the composition is crystalline.

7. The solid carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition of claim 4, wherein the composition is at a pH of 7 or greater.

8. A process for making a carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition, said process comprising the steps of: a. combining a phosphate and water in a container;b. flushing the combination of phosphate and water with carbon dioxide;c. stirring the resultant combination; andd. cooling the resultant combination to form the carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition.

9. The process of claim 8, wherein the phosphate is selected from the group consisting of ammonium phosphate, sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate, and dialkyl phosphate.

10. The process of claim 8, wherein the carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition is a crystalline composition.

11. The process of claim 8, wherein the stirring is for about 2 hours.

12. The process of claim 8, wherein the stirring is for between 2 hours and 8 hours.

13. The process of claim 8, wherein the stirring is for between 2 hours and 12 hours.

14. The process of claim 8, wherein the stirring is for between 12 and 48 hours.

15. The process of claim 8, wherein the stirring is for at least 12 hours.

16. The process of claim 8, wherein the cooling is in an ice water bath.

17. A carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition product formed by a process comprising the steps of: a. combining a phosphate and water in a container;b. flushing the combination of phosphate and water with carbon dioxide;c. stirring the resultant combination; andd. cooling the resultant combination to form the carbon dioxide dioxaphosphetane composition.