Carboxyalkylcellulose esters for administration of poorly soluble pharmaceutically active agents

Abstract

Disclosed herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising carboxyalkylcellulose esters for delivery of pharmaceutically active substances having low solubility in a medium such as water, an acidic aqueous buffer, a neutral aqueous buffer, or a basic aqueous buffer. Also disclosed are methods for making pharmaceutical compositions and methods of administering the compositions.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Disclosed herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising carboxyalkylcellulose esters for delivery of poorly soluble pharmaceutically active substances, e.g., having low solubility in a medium. Also disclosed are methods for making such pharmaceutical compositions and methods of administering the compositions.

BACKGROUND

Solubility and the dissolution profile of a drug in media such as water, aqueous buffers (e.g. simulated gastric fluid (with or without pesin) and simulated intestinal fluid with or without pancreatin)) or in biorelevant media are parameters often used to assess the bioavailability of a drug substance. In vivo, a drug formulation enters a physiological environment where the drug dissolves and remains in solution. However, some drug substances fail to dissolve, or may precipitate over time (sometimes due to changes in pH). Thus, the pharmaceutical industry is interested in the fate of the drug formulation following introduction to the physiological environment.

Drug solubility has been a common limitation in the development of new drug formulations. More than a third of the drugs listed in the United States Pharmacopoeia are poorly soluble or are insoluble in water. (S. Pace et al, Pharm. Tech., pp. 116-132, March, 1999.) Additionally, it is well known that for many drugs the rate-limiting step for the absorption within the gastrointestinal tract is its dissolution. (D. Q. M. Craig et al., Int. J Pharm., Vol. 179, pp. 179-207, 1999.) To enhance the dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drug and to increase their bioavailability, several techniques have been developed, such as formulation strategies including the formation of solid dispersions. However, such formulations can often be thermodynamically unstable and/or cause undesired side effects.

Accordingly, there remains a need to develop compositions that improve the solubility and or dissolution of poorly water soluble pharmaceutically active agents.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows carbamazepine and carbamazepine solid dispersions dissolution profiles;

FIG. 2 shows glyburide and glyburide solid dispersions dissolution profiles;

FIG. 3 shows glyburide solid dispersions dissolution profiles;

FIG. 4 shows a comparison of CMCAB/glyburide solid dispersion dissolution profiles (prepared by co-evaporation);

FIG. 5 shows a comparison of HPMCAS/glyburide solid dispersion profiles with those of CMCAB/glyburide solid dispersions;

FIG. 6 shows a comparison of HPMCAS/glyburide solid dispersion dissolution profiles with those of CMCAB/glyburide solid dispersions;

FIG. 7 shows a dissolution profile of griseofulvin solid dispersions;

FIG. 8 shows a comparison of CMCAB/griseofulvin solid dispersions dissolution profiles (% released);

FIG. 9 shows a comparison of CMCAB/griseofulvin solid dispersions dissolution profiles (mg released);

FIG. 10 shows a comparison of CMCAB/griseofulvin solid dispersion profiles with those of PVP/griseofulvin (% released);

FIG. 11 shows a comparison of CMCAB/griseofulvin solid dispersions dissolution profiles with those of PVP/griseofulvin solid dispersions (mg released);

FIG. 12 shows a comparison of CMCAB/griseofulvin solid dispersions dissolution profiles with those of HPMCAS/griseofulvin solid dispersions (% released);

FIG. 13 shows a comparison of CMCAB/griseofulvin solid dispersions dissolution profiles with those of HPMCAS/griseofulvin solid dispersions (mg released);

FIG. 14 shows griseofulvin, griseofulvin/CMCAB, and griseofulvin/CMCAB/surfactant solid dispersion dissolution profile comparisons; and

FIG. 15 shows the impact of TPGS on % crystallinity of ibuprofen/CMCAB solid dispersions (D-Optimal Mixture DOE Results).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure provides compositions comprising carboxyalkylcellulose esters for administering pharmaceutically active agents to a subject. One embodiment disclosed herein provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising:

at least one pharmaceutically active agent having low solubility in a medium, and

at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester comprising an anhydroglucose repeat unit having the structure:

wherein:

R¹-R⁶ are each independently selected from —OH, —OC(O)(alkyl), and —O(CH₂)_xC(O)OH, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein x ranges from 1-3,

a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OH ranges from 0.1 to 0.7,

a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)(alkyl) ranges from 0.1 to 2.7, and

a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —O(CH₂)_xC(O)OH ranges from 0.2 to 0.75.

“Degree of substitution” as used herein refers to a number of substituents per anhydroglucose. A theoretical maximum degree of substitution is 3 is assumed unless stated otherwise as in HS-CMC (high solids carboxymethylcellulose) esters or low molecular weight CMC esters, which can have a maximum degree of substitution per anhydroglucose unit of greater than 3.0.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salts include pharmaceutically acceptable salts of —OH and —O(CH₂)_xC(O)OH having the structure O⁻ A⁺ and —O(CH₂)_xC(O)O⁻A⁺, respectively, wherein A⁺ is a counterion. Exemplary counterions include monovalent inorganic cations, such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, silver, divalent inorganic cations, such as magnesium, calcium, nickel, zinc, iron copper, or manganese, and ammonium and alkylammonium counterions. The counterion A⁺ need not necessarily be the same throughout the molecule and comprise a combination of differing counterions, as readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

In one embodiment, the —OC(O)(alkyl) is chosen from —OC(O)(C₁-C₂₁ alkyl), such as —OC(O)(C₁-C₁₁ alkyl), —OC(O)(C₁-C₅ alkyl), or —OC(O)(C₁-C₃ alkyl). Alternatively, the —OC(O)(C₁-C₂₁ alkyl) can be referred to as a C₂-C₂₂ ester of a carboxyalkylcellulose ester.

In one embodiment, the carboxyalkylcellulose ester is chosen from carboxymethylcellulose esters. Exemplary carboxyalkylcellulose esters, include, but are not limited to carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB) (such as CMCAB-641-0.5 from Eastman Chemical Company), high solids CMCAB (HS-CMCAB), carboxymethylcellulose butyrate (CMCB), carboxymethylcellulose acetate propionate (CMCAP), high solids CMCAP (HS-CMCAP), carboxymethylcellulose propionate (CMCP), carboxymethylcellulose acetate (CMCA), carboxymethylcellulose acetate isobutryate (CMCAiB), carboxymethylcellulose isobutryate (CMCiB), carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate succinate, carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate maleate, carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate trimellitate.

In one embodiment, the at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester is carboxymethylcellulose propionate having a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)CH₂CH₃ ranging from 1.5 to 2.7.

In another embodiment, the at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester is carboxymethylcellulose butyrate having a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)CH₂CH₂CH₃ ranging from 1.5 to 2.7.

In yet another embodiment, the at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester is carboxymethylcellulose acetate propionate having a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)CH₃ ranging from 0.1 to 2.65 and a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)CH₂CH₂H₃ ranging from 0.1 to 2.6.

In another embodiment, the at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester is carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate having a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)CH₃ ranging from 0.1 to 1.65 and a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)CH₂CH₂H₃ ranging from 0.1 to 2.6.

In one embodiment, the medium is chosen from water, acidic aqueous buffers, neutral aqueous buffers, basic aqueous buffers, and natural and simulated bodily fluids, such as gastric fluid (with or without pepsin), or intestinal fluid (with or without pancreatin). In one embodiment the medium is chosen from pharmaceutically acceptable media.

In one embodiment, “low solubility”, “poorly soluble”, and “poorly water soluble” are indicated by the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). (Amidon, G. L.; Lennemas, H.; Shah, V. P.; Crison, J. R. “A Theoretical Basis for a Biopharmaceutic Drug Classification: The Correlation of in Vitro Drug Product Dissolution and in Vivo Bioavailability, Pharm. Res. 1995, 12(3), 413-420; Lennernas, H.; Abrahamsson, B. “The Use of Biopharmaceutic Classification of Drugs in Drug Discovery and Development: Current Status and Future Extension,” J. Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2005, 57(3), 273-285; u, C. -Y.; Benet, L. Z., “Predicting Drug Disposition via Application of BCS: Transport/Absorption/Elimination Interplay and Development of a Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System,” Pharm. Res. 2005, 22(1), 11-23; Dressman, J.; Butler, J.; Hempenstall, J.; Reppas, C. “The BCS: Where do we go from here?” Pharmaceutical Technology North America 2001, 25(7), 68-76.)

The bioavailability of a drug may be influenced by at least two factors: solubility and permeability of a drug or agent. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), may be used to distinguish between classes of drugs based on the solubility and permeability of the drugs in vivo. The Biopharmaceutics Classification system provides four cases (or classes) of drugs. These cases (or classes) are defined as: Class 1, high solubility-high permeability drugs; Class 2, low solubility-high permeability drugs; Class 3, high solubility-low permeability drugs; and Class 4, low solubility-low permeability drugs.

In one embodiment, the at least one pharmaceutically active agent belongs to class 2, i.e., low solubility-high permeability drugs, according to the BCS.

In another embodiment, the at least one pharmaceutically active agent belongs to class 4, i.e., low solubility-low permeability drugs, according to the BCS.

In another embodiment, “low solubility”, “poorly soluble”, and “poorly water soluble” are defined as one that requires at least 10,000 mL of water to dissolve 1 g of the agent.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion (also known as solid solution), i.e., the at least one pharmaceutically active agent is dispersed in a polymeric carrier. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the polymeric carrier may disrupt the crystal structure of the drug, thereby reducing the crystal lattice energy. The energy required to dissolve the drug substance can be reduced, which may result in increased dissolution rates, and thus, the increased bioavailability of the pharmaceutically active agent.

In one embodiment, in the solid dispersion substantially all crystallinity of the pharmaceutically active agent is suppressed by the polymeric carrier. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically active agent has a percent crystallinity of less than 20%, such as a percent crystallinity of less than 15%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 3%, or less than 1%. In one embodiment, the agent is amorphous. In one embodiment, no crystallinity is detected by x-ray in the solid dispersion containing the pharmaceutically active agent and the polymeric carrier.

In one embodiment, the polymeric carrier comprises the at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester. In one embodiment, the carboxyalkylcellulose ester carrier can be blended with other conventional carriers, such as hydrophilic compounds or polymers. Exemplary carriers include physiologically inert compounds that are sometimes water soluble, e.g., polyethylene glycols, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,197,787. Other-additives that may be combined with the at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester include cellulose and its derivatives, such as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB), methylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, poly(vinylpyrrolidone), ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethylethyl cellulose, starch, dextran, dextrin, chitosan, collagen, gelatin, bromelain, cellulose acetate, unplasticized cellulose acetate, plasticized cellulose acetate, reinforced cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate trimellitate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate trimellitate, cellulose nitrate, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate, agar acetate, amylose triacetate, beta glucan acetate, beta glucan triacetate, acetaldehyde dimethyl acetate, cellulose acetate ethyl carbamate, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate methyl carbamate, cellulose acetate succinate, cellulose acetate dimethaminoacetate, cellulose acetate ethyl carbonate, cellulose acetate chloroacetate, cellulose acetate ethyl oxalate, cellulose acetate methyl sulfonate, cellulose acetate butyl sulfonate, cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate p-toluene sulfonate, triacetate of locust gum bean, cellulose acetate with acetylated hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxylated ethylene-vinylacetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyalkenes, polyethers, polysulfones, polyethersulfones, polystyrenes, polyvinyl halides, polyvinyl esters and ethers, natural waxes and synthetic waxes.

Solid dispersions can be prepared by any method known in the art, including co-evaporation (spray drying, rotovapping, film casting, etc.), freeze drying (lyophilizing), co-precipitation (flake precipitation, powder precipitation, etc), melt blending, melt extrusion, co-grinding and roll mixing, and solvent-free processes.

Two exemplary methods include the fusion technique and the solvent technique. In the fusion technique, the drug is dissolved in a molten carrier (the carboxyalkylcellulose ester) and the mixture cooled to form a solid. In the solvent technique, drug and carrier are dissolved in a solvent, followed by removal of the solvent by evaporation, spray drying, freeze drying, or co-precipitation.

In one embodiment, the preparation of a solid dispersion composition comprises weighing out a polymeric carrier, such as a carboxyalkylcellulose ester (e.g. CMCAB, CMCAP, or CMCA), into a suitable vessel and an appropriate solvent is added to the vessel to dissolve the carboxyalkylcellulose ester. The drug is dissolved in a separate vessel in an appropriate solvent. Optionally, additives (e.g. surfactants, dispersants, etc) are dissolved in another vessel in an appropriate solvent. All the components of the desired solid dispersion are combined into a single vessel and thoroughly mixed. The solid dispersion is then generated by one of the following techniques: co-precipitation into a non-solvent (e.g. water), co-evaporation, spray drying, or freeze drying.

In one embodiment, co-precipitation is the general term used to describe the combination of a solution or mixture containing a polymeric carrier (e.g. a carboxyalkylcellulose ester) and a drug (e.g. a poorly soluble drug), and optionally one or more other additives dissolved in an organic solvent with an aqueous non-solvent to produce a precipitate that is an intimate mixture (i.e. solid dispersion) of the polymeric carrier, pharmaceutically active agent(s), and optionally one or more other additives from the organic solution/mixture. Two exemplary co-precipitation methods include flake precipitation and powder precipitation.

Flake precipitation, a process known to those skilled in the art of cellulose ester chemistry, can be accomplished by adding a thin stream of the polymer/drug/solvent mixture (i.e. dope) to the aqueous non-solvent. Then term flake precipitation comes from the typical appearance of the precipitate that is formed by the process. Those skilled in the art recognize that a number of process variables, including temperature, rate of addition, mixing rate, concentration of solids in the organic mixture, pH of the nonsolvent, organic solvent content in the precipitate mixture, hardening time, etc) can be adjusted to modify the physical nature (i.e. morphology, particle size, etc.) of the co-precipitate, the composition of the co-precipitate, and likely the dissolution profile of the solid dispersion.

Powder precipitation, a process known to those skilled in the art of cellulose ester chemistry, is accomplished by adding the aqueous non-solvent to the polymer/drug/solvent mixture (i.e. dope) with appropriate mixing and temperature. The term powder precipitation comes from the typical appearance of the precipitate that is formed by the process. Those skilled in the art recognize that a number of process variables, including temperature, rate of addition, mixing rate, concentration of solids in the organic mixture, pH of the nonsolvent, organic solvent content in the precipitate mixture, hardening time, etc) can be adjusted to modify the physical nature (i.e. morphology, particle size, etc.) of the co-evaporate, the composition of the co-evaporate, and likely the dissolution profile of the solid dispersion.

In one embodiment, co-evaporation is the general term used to describe the removal of solvent from a solution or mixture containing a polymeric carrier (e.g. a carboxyalkylcellulose ester) and a drug (e.g. a poorly soluble drug), and optionally one or more other additives dissolved in a volatile organic solvent or mixture of solvents to produce a precipitate that is an intimate mixture (i.e. solid dispersion) of the non-volatile components of the organic solution/mixture. The three co-evaporation methods used for the preparation of the compositions of this invention are rotary evaporation under reduced pressure, film formation (i.e. evaporation without mixing at atmospheric pressure), and spray drying.

Co-evaporation under reduced pressure, as recognized by those skilled in the, can be accomplished by a number of processes including but not limited to rotary evaporation and vacuum distillation.

In one embodiment, distillation at atmospheric pressure can be used to prepare solid dispersion compositions.

In one embodiment, the solid dispersion compositions can be prepared by co-evaporation by film formation. Co-evaporation by film formation can be accomplished by casting a film of the drug/carrier/additive/solvent mixture and allowing film formation to occur upon evaporation of the solvent at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Those skilled in the art recognize that there are numerous process ways to accomplish film formation from lab scale methods to commercial scale methods and that changing various process parameters such as rate of evaporation, temperature, pressure, and humidity can impact the morphology of the film that is formed and change the performance (i.e. the release profiles) of the solid dispersions prepared via this process.

In one embodiment, the solid dispersion compositions can be prepared by spray drying. Those skilled in the art recognize that the selection of process parameters can be used to modify properties of the solid dispersions produced via this method.

In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein exhibit increased dissolution rates over that of the pharmaceutically active agent alone.

In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein exhibit a more sustained release profile than that of the pharmaceutically active agent alone. In one embodiment, “sustained release” refers to a sustained delivery (i.e., substantially continuous release) of the pharmaceutically active agent over time, such as a time of at least 4 h, e.g., a time ranging from 4-24 h, from 12-24 h, from 6-12 h, or even greater than 24 h, e.g., 1-5 days.

In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein exhibit a near zero-order release profile wherein the pharmaceutically active agent alone releases almost immediately. In one embodiment, “zero order release” is a type of sustained release indicated by a substantially linear plot of released pharmaceutically active agent over time, where “substantially linear” refers to a correlation coefficient (R) of at least 0.8, for a given time, such as a correlation coefficient of at least 0.9, or at least 0.95.

In one embodiment, in pharmaceutically acceptable media, such as aqueous media, the composition exhibits release of the pharmaceutically active agent at a target pH. In one embodiment, the target pH is at least 5, such as a pH of at least 6, or a pH of at least 6.5. In one embodiment, release of the pharmaceutically active agent is stopped or reduced to a very slow rate at gastric pH (e.g., approximately 1.2), whereas release as described herein occurs at intestinal pH (e.g., approximately 6.8).

In one embodiment, the polymeric carrier is water-swellable, i.e., the polymeric carrier can expand in volume upon exposure to water, such as at pH levels approaching neutral or basic values. In one embodiment, the carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkylcellulose esters can be modified to obtain desired response to water and pH. For example, increasing the acid number of the carboxyalkylcellulose ester may produce a polymer that is more sensitive to water and ultimately could produce a water-soluble carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkylcellulose ester. Alternatively, a carboxyalkylcellulose ester may be made more water soluble by performing at least one of: increasing the hydroxyl content on the backbone, replacing longer chain esters with shorter chain esters (e.g. replace butyryl content with acetyl content), and/or reducing the molecular weight of the cellulose.

In one embodiment, the at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester has a low molecular weight, as described in WO 04/83253, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, changing the composition of the carboxyalkylcellulose ester may affect the way it interacts with solvent, drugs, pharmaceutical additives and other polymers. In one embodiment, selection of the appropriate polymer composition for a specific drug and optional additives can be aided by the use of solubility parameters to determine the “compatibility” of the polymeric carrier, the drug, and the optional additives.

“Pharmaceutically active agent” as used herein refers to a biologically active organics, biological compounds, and combinations and blends thereof, that can treat or prevent a condition or disease.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically active agent can be chosen from any suitable drug known in the art, such as those chosen from the classes of drugs including, for example, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, anthelmintics, anti-arrhythmic agents, antibiotics (including penicillins), anticoagulants, antidepressants, antidiabetic agents, antiepileptics, antihistamines, antihypertensive agents, antimuscarinic agents, antimycobacterial agents, antineoplastic agents, immunosuppressants, antithyroid agents, antiviral agents, anxiolytic sedatives (hypnotics and neuroleptics), astringents, beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, blood products and substitutes, cardiac inotropic agents, contrast media, corticosteroids, cough suppressants (expectorants and mucolytics), diagnostic agents, diagnostic imaging agents, diuretics, dopaminergics (antiparkinsonian agents), haemostatics, immunological agents, lipid regulating agents, muscle relaxants, parasympathomimetics, parathyroid calcitonin and biphosphonates, prostaglandins, radio-pharmaceuticals, sex hormones (including steroids), anti-allergic agents, stimulants and anoretics, sympathomimetics, thyroid agents, vasodilators and xanthines.

Exemplary analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents include, but are not limited to, aloxiprin, auranofin, azapropazone, benorylate, diclofenac, diflunisal, etodolac, fenbufen, fenoprofen calcim, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, meclofenamic acid, mefenamic acid, nabumetone, naproxen, oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, sulindac.

Exemplary anti-arrhythmic agents include amiodarone HCl, disopyramide, flecainide acetate, quinidine sulphate.

Exemplary anti-bacterial and anti-pneumocystic agents include, but are not limited to, atovaquone, azithromycin, benethamine penicillin, cinoxacin, ciprofloxacin HCl, clarithromycin, clofazimine, cloxacillin, demeclocycline, doxycycline, erythromycin, ethionamide, imipenem, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, rifampin, rifampicin, spiramycin, sulphabenzamide, sulphadoxine, sulphamerazine, sulphacetamide, sulphadiazine, sulphafurazole, sulfamethizole, sulphamethoxazole, sulphapyridine, tetracycline, trimethoprim.

Exemplary anti-coagulants include, but are not limited to, dicoumarol, dipyridamole, nicoumalone, phenindione.

Exemplary anti-depressants include, but are not limited to, amoxapine, maprotiline HCl, mianserin HCL, nortriptyline HCl, trazodone HCL, trimipramine maleate.

Exemplary anti-diabetics include, but are not limited to, acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, gliclazide, glipizide, glyburide, tolazamide, tolbutamide, troglitazone.

Exemplary anti-epileptics include, but are not limited to, beclamide, carbamazepine, clonazepam, ethotoin, methoin, methsuximide, methylphenobarbitone, oxcarbazepine, paramethadione, phenacemide, phenobarbitone, phenytoin, phensuximide, primidone, sulthiame, valproic acid.

Exemplary anti-fungal agents include, but are not limited to, amphotericin, butoconazole nitrate, clotrimazole, econazole nitrate, fluconazole, flucytosine, griseofulvin, itraconazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, natamycin, nystatin, posaconazole, sulconazole nitrate, terbinafine HCl, terconazole, tioconazole, undecenoic acid.

Exemplary anti-gout agents include, but are not limited to, allopurinol, probenecid, sulphin-pyrazone.

Exemplary anti-helmintics include, but are not limited to, albendazole, bephenium hydroxynaphthoate, cambendazole, dichlorophen, ivermectin, mebendazole, niclosamide, oxamniquine, oxfendazole, oxantel embonate, praziquantel, pyrantel embonate, thiabendazole.

Exemplary anti-hypertensive agents include, but are not limited to, amlodipine, atenolol, benidipine, darodipine, dilitazem HCl, diazoxide, felodipine, guanabenz acetate, isradipine, minoxidil, nicardipine HCl, nifedipine, nimodipine, phenoxybenzamine HCl, prazosin HCl, reserpine, terazosin HCl, verapamil, verapamil HCl.

Exemplary anti-hypercholesterolemic, antihyperlipoproteinemic, and lipid regulating agents include, but are not limited to, atorvastatin, bezafibrate, clofibrate, etofibrate, fenofibrate, fluvastatin, gemfibrozil,lovastatin, pravastatin, probucol, simvastatin.

Exemplary anti-malarials include, but are not limited to, amodiaquine, chloroquine, chlorproguanil HCl, halofantrine HCl, mefloquine HCl, proguanil HCl, pyrimethamine, quinine sulphate.

Exemplary anti-migraine agents include, but are not limited to, dihydroergotamine mesylate, ergotamine tartrate, methysergide maleate, pizotifen maleate, sumatriptan succinate.

Exemplary anti-muscarinic agents include, but are not limited to, atropine, benzhexol HCl, biperiden, ethopropazine HCl, hyoscyamine, mepenzolate bromide, oxyphencylcimine HCl, tropicamide.

Exemplary anti-neoplastic agents and immunosuppressants include, but are not limited to,aminoglutethimide, amsacrine, azathioprine, busulphan, chlorambucil, cyclosporin, dacarbazine, docetaxel, estramustine, etoposide, irinotecan, lomustine, melphalan, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mitomycin, mitotane, mitozantrone, paclitaxel, procarbazine HCl, rapamycin, tamoxifen, tamoxifen citrate, testolactone.

Exemplary anti-osteoporotic agents include, but are not limited to, raloxifene.

Exemplary anti-protazoal agents include, but are not limited to, benznidazole, clioquinol, decoquinate, diiodohydroxyquinoline, diloxanide furoate, dinitolmide, furzolidone, metronidazole, nimorazole, nitrofurazone, omidazole, tinidazole.

Exemplary anti-thyroid agents include, but are not limited to, carbimazole, propylthiouracil.

Exemplary anti-viral agents include, but are not limited to, acyclovir, nelfinavir, nevirapine, saquinavir.

Exemplary anxiolytic, sedatives, hypnotics and neuroleptics include, but are not limited to, alprazolam, amylobarbitone, barbitone, bentazepam, bromazepam, bromperidol, brotizolam, butobarbitone, carbromal, chlordiazepoxide, chlormethiazole, chlorpromazine, clobazam, clotiazepam, clozapine, diazepam, droperidol, ethinamate, flunanisone, flunitrazepam, fluopromazine, flupenthixol decanoate, fluphenazine decanoate, flurazepam, haloperidol, lorazepam, lormetazepam, medazepam, meprobamate, methaqualone, midazolam, nitrazepam, oxazepam, pentobarbitone, perphenazine pimozide, prochlorperazine, sulpiride, temazepam, thioridazine, triazolam, zopiclone.

Exemplary β-Blockers include, but are not limited to, acebutolol, alprenolol, atenolol, labetalol, metoprolol, nadolol, oxprenolol, pindolol, propranolol.

Exemplary cardiac inotropic agents include, but are not limited to, amrinone, digitoxin, digoxin, enoximone, lanatoside C, medigoxin.

Exemplary corticosteroids include, but are not limited to, beclomethasone, betamethasone, betamethasone-17-valerate, budesonide, cortisone acetate, desoxymethasone, dexamethasone, fludrocortisone acetate, flunisolide, flucortolone, fluticasone propionate, hyd rocortisone, hydrocortisone-21-hemisuccinate, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, prednisone, triamcinolone.

Exemplary diuretics include, but are not limited to, acetazolamide, amiloride, bendrofluazide, bumetanide, chlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, ethacrynic acid, frusemide, metolazone, spironolactone, triamterene.

Exemplary anti-parkinsonian agents include, but are not limited to, bromocriptine mesylate, lysuride maleate.

Exemplary gastro-intestinal agents include, but are not limited to, bisacodyl, cimetidine, cisapride, diphenoxylate HCl, domperidone, famotidine, loperamide, mesalazine, nizatidine, omeprazole, ondansetron HCL, ranitidine HCl, sulphasalazine.

Exemplary histamine H-Receptor antagonists include, but are not limited to, acrivastine, astemizole, cinnarizine, cyclizine, cyproheptadine HCl, dimenhydrinate, flunarizine HCl, loratadine, meclozine HCl, oxatomide, terrenadine.

Exemplary nitrates and other anti-anginal agents include, but are not limited to, amyl nitrate, glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, pentaerythritol tetranitrate.

Exemplary nutritional agents include, but are not limited to, betacarotene, vitamin A, vitamin B₂, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K.

Exemplary opioid analgesics include, but are not limited to, codeine, dextropropyoxyphene, diamorphine, dihydrocodeine, meptazinol, methadone, morphine, nalbuphine, pentazocine.

Exemplary hormones include, but are not limited to, clomiphene citrate, danazol, ethinyloestradiol, medroxyprogesterone acetate, mestranol, methyltestosterone, norethisterone, norgestrel, oestradiol, conjugated oestrogens, progesterone, stanozolol, stiboestrol, testosterone, testosterone propionate, tibolone, thyroxine.

Exemplary stimulants include, but are not limited to, amphetamine, dexamphetamine, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, mazindol.

Exemplary diagnostics agents include, but are not limited to, iopanoic acid.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically active agent is chosen from phenytoin, carbamazepine, glyburide, and griseofulvin.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically active agent is chosen from those intended for oral administration. A description of these classes of drugs and a listing of species within each class can be found in Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, Thirty-fourth Edition, the Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2005, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The drug substances are commercially available and/or can be prepared by techniques known in the art.

Exemplary nutraceuticals and dietary supplements can also be included, such as those disclosed in, for example, Roberts et al., Nutraceuticals: The Complete Encyclopedia of Supplements, Herbs, Vitamins, and Healing Foods (American Nutraceutical Association, 2001), which is specifically incorporated by reference. A nutraceutical or dietary supplement, also known as phytochemicals or functional foods, is generally any one of a class of dietary supplements, vitamins, minerals, herbs, or healing foods that have medical or pharmaceutical effects on the body. Exemplary nutraceuticals or dietary supplements include, but are not limited to, folic acid, fatty acids (e.g., DHA and ARA), fruit and vegetable extracts, vitamin and mineral supplements, phosphatidylserine, lipoic acid, melatonin, glucosamine/chondroitin, Aloe Vera, Guggul, glutamine, amino acids (e.g., iso-leucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine), green tea, lycopene, whole foods, food additives, herbs, phytonutrients, antioxidants, flavonoid constituents of fruits, evening primrose oil, flax seeds, fish and marine animal oils, and probiotics. Nutraceuticals and dietary supplements also include bio-engineered foods genetically engineered to have a desired property, also known as pharmafoods.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition can include at least one pharmaceutically acceptable additive, binding agents, filling agents, lubricating agents, suspending agents, sweeteners, flavoring agents, preservatives, buffers, wetting agents, disintegrants, effervescent agents, surfactants, plasticizers, and other excipients. Such excipients are known in the art.

Exemplary binding agents include but not exclusively, carbohydrates, starches in native or treated form, lipids, waxes and fats.

Examples of filling agents are lactose monohydrate, lactose anhydrous, mannitol, and various starches; examples of binding agents are various celluloses and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, microcrystalline cellulose, such as Avicel® PH101 and Avicel® PH102, microcrystalline cellulose, and silicified microcrystalline cellulose (SMCC).

Suitable lubricants, including agents that act on the flowability of the powder to be compressed, are colloidal silicon dioxide, such as Aerosil® 200; talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, and silica gel.

Examples of sweeteners are any natural or artificial sweetener, such as sucrose, xylitol, sodium saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, and acsulfame. Examples of flavoring agents are Magnasweet® (trademark of MAFCO), bubble gum flavor, and fruit flavors, and the like.

Exemplary flavoring agents include, but are not limited to, Magnasweete® (trademark of MAFCO), bubble gum flavor, and fruit flavors.

Examples of preservatives are potassium sorbate, methylparaben, propylparaben, benzoic acid and its salts, other esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid such as butylparaben, alcohols such as ethyl or benzyl alcohol, phenolic compounds such as phenol, or quaternary compounds such as benzalkonium chloride.

Suitable diluents include pharmaceutically acceptable inert fillers, such as microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, dibasic calcium phosphate, saccharides, and/or mixtures of any of the foregoing. Examples of diluents include microcrystalline cellulose, such as Avicel® PH101 and Avicel® PH102; lactose such as lactose monohydrate, lactose anhydrous, and Pharmatose® DCL21; dibasic calcium phosphate such as Emcompress®; mannitol; starch; sorbitol; sucrose; and glucose.

Exemplary disintegrants include lightly crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, corn starch, potato starch, maize starch, and modified starches, croscarmellose sodium, cross-povidone, sodium starch glycolate, and mixtures thereof.

Exemplary effervescent agents are effervescent couples such as an organic acid and a carbonate or bicarbonate. Suitable organic acids include, for example, citric, tartaric, malic, fumaric, adipic, succinic, and alginic acids and anhydrides and acid salts. Suitable carbonates and bicarbonates include, for example, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium glycine carbonate, L-lysine carbonate, and arginine carbonate. Alternatively, only the acid component of the effervescent couple may be present.

Exemplary plasticizers include plasticizers that can be used in this invention include diethyl phthalate, triacetin, triethyl citrate, PEG 400, castor oil, propylene glycol, glycerin, low-molecular weight polyethylene glycols, surfactants, and organic acid esters, actetyltributyl citrate, acetyltriethyl citrate, benzyl benzoate, chlorobutanol, diacetylated monoglycerides, dibutyl sebacate, mineral oil and lanolin alcohols, petrolatum and lanolin alcohols.

Additional examples of plasticizers include carbohydrate and polyol esters such as but not limited to those described in U.S. Patent applications 2003/0171458 and 2005/0228084, for example glucose pentapropionate, α-glucose pentaacetate, β-glucose pentaacetate, α-glucose pentapropionate, β-glucose pentapropionate, α-glucose pentabutyrate and β-glucose pentabutyrate, xylitol acetate, xylitol propionate, xylitol butyrate, sorbitol acetate, sorbitol propionate, sorbitol butyrate, mannitol acetate, mannitol propionate, mannitol acetate.

Addition examples of plasticizers that may or may not be commonly used in pharmaceutical applications that might be used in the invention include Eastman DMP, Eastman DEP, Eastman DBP, butyl benzyl phthalate, dihexyl phthalate, Eastman DOP, C₆-C₁₀ straight-chain phthalate, C₇-C₁₁ 70% straight-chain phthalate, diisonoyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, ditridecyl phthalate, Eastman DUP, Eastman TXIB, Eastman Triacetin, Eastman DOA, Dioctyl Azelate, Eastman TEG-EH, epoxidized tallate, Eastman TOTM, Eastman 425, triisooctyl trimellitate, triisononyl trimellitate, Eastman 168, Eastman EPZ, epoxidized soybean oil, Eastman PA-6.

Examples of quaternary ammonium compounds that might be used in this invention include di-N-alkyl(C₈-C₁₈ from coconut oil) dimethyl ammonium chloride, dimethyl dialkyl ammonium chloride, and poly(divinylbenzene-co-tirmethyl(vinylbenzyl)ammonium chloride).

Examples of other ingredients that might be included in the compositions include, amines and amino derivatives, amine-containing polymers including but not limited to chitosan, amide-containing polymers, including but not limited to chitin.

Other optional ingredients which may be included in the compositions of the present invention are antioxidants such as tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbic acid, butylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole and propyl gallate; pH stabilizers such as citric acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, acetic acid, glycine, arginine, lysine and potassium hydrogen phosphate; thickeners/suspending agents such as hydrogenated vegetable oils, beeswax, colloidal silicon dioxide, gums, celluloses, silicates, bentonite; flavouring agents such as cherry, lemon and aniseed flavors; sweeteners such as aspartame, saccharin and cyclamates; etc.

In one embodiment, the at least one additive is chosen from Vitamin E TPGS, sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB), glucose pentapropionate (GPP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), triacetin, polyoxyethyenesorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) or sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS).

In another embodiment, the at least one additive is chosen Vitamin E TPGS, SAIB, glucose pentapropionate, DEP, triacetin, Tween 80 or sodium dodecylsulfate, lactose monohydrate, lactose anhydrous, mannitol, and various starches; examples of binding agents are various celluloses and cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, microcrystalline cellulose, such as Avicel® PH101 and Avicel® PH102, microcrystalline cellulose, silicified microcrystalline cellulose (SMCC), colloidal silicon dioxide, such as Aerosil® 200; talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, silica gel, sucrose, xylitol, sodium saccharin, cyclamate, aspartame, and acsulfame. Examples of flavoring agents are Magnasweet® (trademark of MAFCO), bubble gum flavor, fruit flavors, potassium sorbate, methylparaben, propylparaben, benzoic acid and its salts, other esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid such as butylparaben, alcohols such as ethyl or benzyl alcohol, phenolic compounds such as phenol, or quaternary compounds such as benzalkonium chloride, microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, dibasic calcium phosphate, saccharides, and/or mixtures of any of the foregoing. Examples of diluents include microcrystalline cellulose, such as Avicel® PH101 and Avicel® PH102, lactose such as lactose monohydrate, lactose anhydrous, and Pharmatose® DCL21, dibasic calcium phosphate such as Emcompress®, mannitol, starch, sorbitol, sucrose, glucose, lightly crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, corn starch, potato starch, maize starch, and modified starches, croscarmellose sodium, cross-povidone, sodium starch glycolate, Suitable organic acids include, for example, citric, tartaric, malic, fumaric, adipic, succinic, and alginic acids and anhydrides and acid salts. Suitable carbonates and bicarbonates include, for example, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium glycine carbonate, L-lysine carbonate, and arginine carbonate, α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, and γ-cyclodextrin. More specifically examples of cyclodextrin derivatives include hydroxypropyl-α-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin, methyl-α-cyclodextrin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, methyl-γ-cyclodextrin, ethyl-α-cyclodextrin, ethyl-β-cyclodextrin, ethyl-γ-cyclodextrin, hydroxybutenyl-α-cyclodextrin, hydroxybutenyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxybutenyl-γ-cyclodextrin, hydroxybutyl-α-cyclodextrin, hydroxybutyl-β-cyclodextrin, hydroxybutyl-γ-cyclodextrin, sulfobutyl-α-cyclodextrin, sulfobutyl-β-cyclodextrin, sulfobutyl-γ-cyclodextrin, sulfobutenyl-α-cyclodextrin, sulfobutenyl-β-cyclodextrin, sulfobutenyl-γ-cyclodextrin, organic esters of α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, and γ-cyclodextrin where the organic esters can be an individual C₁-C₂₀ organic acid ester or mixture of C₁-C₂₀ acid esters and the cyclodextrin may be fully esterified or partially esterified, diethyl phthalate, triacetin, triethyl citrate, PEG 400, polyethylene glycol, castor oil, propylene glycol, glycerin, low-molecular weight polyethylene glycols, surfactants, and organic acid esters, actetyltributyl citrate, acetyltriethyl citrate, benzyl benzoate, chlorobutanol, diacetylated monoglycerides, dibutyl sebacate, mineral oil and lanolin alcohols, petrolatum and lanolin alcohols, glucose pentapropionate, α-glucose pentaacetate, β-glucose pentaacetate, α-glucose pentapropionate, β-glucose-pentapropionate, α-glucose pentabutyrate and β-glucose pentabutyrate, xylitol acetate, xylitol propionate, xylitol butyrate, sorbitol acetate, sorbitol propionate, sorbitol butyrate, mannitol acetate, mannitol propionate, mannitol acetate, di-N-alkyl(C₈-C₁₈ from coconut oil) dimethyl ammonium chloride, dimethyl dialkyl ammonium chloride, and poly(divinylbenzene-co-tirmethyl(vinylbenzyl)ammonium chloride), amines and amino derivatives, amine-containing polymers, chitosan, tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbic acid, butylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole and propyl gallate; pH stabilizers such as citric acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, acetic acid, glycine, arginine, lysine and potassium hydrogen phosphate; thickeners/suspending agents such as hydrogenated vegetable oils, beeswax, colloidal silicon dioxide, gums, celluloses, silicates, bentonite; flavoring agents such as cherry, lemon and aniseed flavors; sweeteners such as aspartame, saccharin and cyclamates.

The pharmaceutical composition can take a variety of forms, including, for example, those chosen from tablets, caplets, hard and soft gelatin capsules, non-gelatin-based capsules, powders, and sprinkles. The composition can be formulated into an oral dosage form. In another embodiment, the composition can be formulated for rectal, intravaginal, injectable, pulmonary, nasal, buccal, topical, local, intracisternal, intraperitoneal, ocular, aural, buccal spray, or nasal spray administration.

In one embodiment, when the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of a tablet, the composition is sufficiently compressible for tablet formation. In one embodiment, the composition can sustain a compression force of at least 10 psi for at least 10 seconds, such as a compression force of at least 100 psi for at least 10 seconds, such as a compression force of at least 1000 psi for at least 10 seconds.

The formulations disclosed herein can be made using at least one method chosen from spray drying, spray granulation, fluid bed granulation, high shear granulation, fluid bed drying, lyophilization, tableting, jet milling, pin milling, wet milling, rotogranulation, and spray coating.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises:

(a) at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 99 weight percent, based on the total weight (a) and (b) in said composition;

(b) the at least one pharmaceutically active agent in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 99 weight percent, based on the total weight (a) and (b) in said composition; and

(c) at least one additive chosen from plasticizers and flow aids in an amount ranging from 0 to 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of (a), (b), and (c) in the composition;

(d) an organic solvent, aqueous solvent, including but not limited to acetone, ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, dimethyl sulfoxide, or water, or a solvent mixture;

wherein the total weight of (a) and (b) is about 5 to 95 weight percent of the total weight of (a), (b), (c), and (d).

In another embodiment, the composition comprises:

(a) about 0.1 to about 99 weight percent, based on the total weight (a) and (b) in said composition, of at least one carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkylcellulose ester as disclosed herein having an inherent viscosity of about 0.20 to 0.70 dL/g, as measured in a 60/40 (wt./wt.) solution of phenol/tetra-chloroethane at 25° C., a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose unit of carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl of greater than 0.2 to about 0.75, and a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose unit of C₂-C₂₀ esters of about 1.5 to about 2.70;

(b) about 0.1 to 99 weight percent, based on the total weight of (a) and (b) in said composition, of at least one pharmaceutically active agent having low solubility; and

(c) about 0 to about 50 weight percent, based on the total weight of (a), (b), and (c) in said composition, of at least one additive selected from plasticizers, flow aids, binding agents, filling agents, lubricating agents, suspending agents, sweeteners, flavoring agents, preservatives, buffers, wetting agents, disintegrants, effervescent agents, etc.

(d) at least one solvent chosen from aqueous and/or organic solvents, including but not limited to acetone, ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, dimethyl sulfoxide, or water, or a solvent mixture;

wherein the total weight of (a) and (b) is about 5 to about 80 weight percent of the total weight of (a), (b), (c), and (d).

In one embodiment, the at least one carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkylcellulose ester is chosen from a C₂-C₄ ester of a carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkylcellulose ester.

In another embodiment, ingredient (a) in the compositions disclosed herein can comprise about 0.1 to about 99 weight percent, based on the total weight (a) and (b) in said composition, of a carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate, an inherent viscosity of about 0.20 to 0.70 dL/g, as measured in a 60/40 (wt./wt.) solution of phenol/tetra-chloroethane at 25° C., a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose unit of carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl of greater than 0.2 to about 0.75, and a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose unit of butyrate esters of about 1.5 to about 2.70, and a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose unit of acetate esters of about 0.1 to about 2.0, and a degree of substitution of hydroxyl groups of from about 0.01 to about 1.5.

In another embodiment, ingredient (a) in the compositions disclosed herein can comprise about 0.1 to about 99 weight percent, based on the total weight (a) and (b) in said composition, of a carboxymethylcellulose acetate propionate, an inherent viscosity of about 0.20 to 0.70 dL/g, as measured in a 60/40 (wt./wt.) solution of phenol/tetra-chloroethane at 25° C., a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose unit of carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkyl of greater than 0.2 to about 0.75, and a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose unit of propionate esters of about 1.5 to about 2.70, and a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose unit of acetate esters of about 0.1 to about 2.0, and a degree of substitution of hydroxyl groups of from about 0.01 to about 1.5.

In another embodiment, ingredient (a) in the compositions disclosed herein can comprise (a) about 0.1 to about 99 weight percent, based on the total weight (a) and (b) in said composition, of a carboxymethylcellulose acetate, an inherent viscosity of about 0.20 to 0.70 dL/g, as measured in a 60/40 (wt./wt.) solution of phenol/tetra-chloroethane at 25° C., a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose unit of carboxymethyl groups of greater than 0.2 to about 0.75, and a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose unit of acetate esters of about 1.5 to about 2.70, and a degree of substitution of hydroxyl groups of from about 0.01 to about 1.5.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion comprising carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB), a BCS Class 2 drug. In another embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion comprising carboxymethylcellulose acetate propionate (CMCAP) and at least one BCS Class 2 drug. In another embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion comprising carboxymethylcellulose acetate (CMCA) and at least one BCS Class 2 drug. In another embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion comprising carboxymethylcellulose acetate isobutyrate (CMCAiB), and at least one BCS Class 2 drug. In another embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion comprising a C₂-C₂₀ alkyl acid (CMC C₂-C₂₀ Ester), and at least one BCS Class 2 drug. In another embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion comprising at least one carboxymethylcellulose mixed ester of at least one C₂-C₂₀ alkyl acid (CMC C₂-C₂₀ mixed ester) and a BCS Class 2 drug.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion comprising carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB), a BCS Class 4 drug. In another embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion comprising carboxymethylcellulose acetate propionate (CMCAP) and at least one BCS Class 4 drug. In another embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion comprising carboxymethylcellulose acetate (CMCA) and at least one BCS Class 4 drug. In another embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion comprising carboxymethylcellulose acetate isobutyrate (CMCAiB), and at least one BCS Class 4 drug. In another embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion comprising a C₂-C₂₀ alkyl acid (CMC C₂-C₂₀ Ester), and at least one BCS Class 4 drug. In another embodiment, the composition comprises a solid dispersion comprising at least one carboxymethylcellulose mixed ester of at least one C₂-C₂₀ alkyl acid (CMC C₂-C₂₀ mixed ester) and a BCS Class 4 drug.

Another embodiment disclosed herein provides a method of treating a mammal in need thereof with a pharmaceutical composition, comprising:

• • administering to the mammal in need of treatment the pharmaceutical composition comprising:
    • a therapeutically effective amount of at least one pharmaceutically active agent having low solubility in a medium, and
    • at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof comprising an anhydroglucose repeat unit having the structure:
  • wherein:
  • R¹-R⁶ are each independently selected from —OH, —OC(O)(alkyl), and —O(CH₂)_xC(O)OH, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein x ranges from 1-3,
  • a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OH ranges from 0.1 to 0.7,
  • a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)(alkyl) ranges from 0.1 to 2.7, and
  • a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —O(CH₂)_xC(O)OH ranges from 0.2 to 0.75.

In one embodiment, the terms “treatment” and its cognates (e.g., “therapeutic method”) refer to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic/preventative measures. Those in need of treatment may include humans or animals already having a particular medical disease as well as those at risk for the disease (i.e., those who are likely to ultimately acquire the disorder). A therapeutic method results in the prevention or amelioration of symptoms or an otherwise desired biological outcome and may be evaluated by improved clinical signs, delayed onset of disease, reduced/elevated levels of lymphocytes and/or antibodies, etc.

Actual dosage levels of active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active compound(s) that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, compositions, and mode of administration. The terms “therapeutically effective dose” and “therapeutically effective amount” refer to that amount of a compound that results in prevention or amelioration of symptoms in a patient or a desired biological outcome, e.g., improved clinical signs, delayed onset of disease, reduced/elevated levels of lymphocytes and/or antibodies, etc. The effective amount can be determined as described herein. The selected dosage level will depend upon the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the severity of the condition being treated, and the condition and prior medical history of the patient being treated. However, it is within the skill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower than required to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved. In one embodiment, the data obtained from the assays can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans.

Generally dosage levels of about 0.1 μg/kg to about 50 mg/kg, such as a level ranging from about 5 to about 20 mg of active compound per kilogram of body weight per day, can be administered topically, orally or intravenously to a mammalian patient. Other dosage levels range from about 1 μg/kg to about 20 mg/kg, from about 1 pg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, from about 1 μg/kg to about 1 mg/kg, from 10 μg/kg to 1 mg/kg, from 10 μg/kg to 100 μg/kg, from 100 μg to 1 mg/kg, and from about 500 μg/kg to about 5 mg/kg per day. If desired, the effective daily dose may be divided into multiple doses for purposes of administration, e.g., two to four separate doses per day. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition can be administered once per day.

EXAMPLES

Materials and Methods

Materials

Solvents:

Acetone (Burdick & Jackson # 010-4, Lot #'s CN784, CN755, and others)

Dichloromethane (Burdick & Jackson # 300-4, Lot #'s CN015 and others)

DMSO (Burdick & Jackson # 081-1; Lot #'s CN913 and others)

Water, Demineralized (used for co-precipitations)

Water (Deionized, Barnstead DiamondPure) (used to prepare dissolution media)

Tetrahydrofuran (Burdick & Jackson # 340-1, Lot #'s CL197 and others)

Acetonitrile (Burdick & Jackson # 015-4, Lot #'s CO997, CO106, and others)

Methanol (Burdick & Jackson # 230-4, Lot #'s CO680, CO357, CO914, and others

Ethanol (Aldrich # 493538-4L, Batch # 01950KC)

Isopropanol (Burdick & Jackson # 323-4, Lot #'s CN713, CL425, and others)

Reagents:

Potassium phosphate, monobasic (KH₂PO₄)(99%, ACS Reagent, Sigma # P0662, Lot # 064K0045)

Sodium hydroxide, 0.2 N (NaOH) (VWR # VW3220-1, Lot # 4194)

Triacetin (Eastman Chemical Company)

Diethyl phthalate (DEP) (Eastman Chemical Company)

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-400) (Sigma, Cat. # P3265-1K, Batch # 054K0003)

Vitamin E TPGS, NF Grade (Eastman Chemical Company, Batch #'s 30035000 and 40008000)

Sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB) (Eastman Chemical Company)

Polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) (Sigma, Cat. # P8074, Lot # 87H0648)

Sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS (Sigma, Cat. # L6026-650G, Batch # 084K0001)

Polymers:

CMCAB-641-0.5 (Eastman Chemical Company) Lot # AG-0064B)

CMCAB (Eastman Chemical Company)

HPMCAS (CarboMer, Inc., Lot # BB-F4334)

PVP, K25 (Fluka, Cat. # 81399, Lot # 1124143)

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 400) (Sigma-Aldrich # 20398-500G, Batch # 10528KA)

Polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) (Sigma-Aldrich # P3265-1KG, Batch # 054K0063)

Drugs:

Ibuprofen

Phenytoin (5,5-Diphenylhydantoin, ˜99%, Aldrich # D4007; Lot # 053K3668)

Carbamazepine (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. # C4024-25G, Batch # 054K0646)

Glyburide (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. # G-2539, Lot # 024K0701)

Griseofulvin (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. # 64753-25G, Batch # 083K1219)

Azithromycin (LKT Laboratories, Cat. # A9834, Lot # 2393101)

Fenofibrate (Sigma-Aldrich, Cat. # F6020-25G, Batch # 064K1584)

Reference Standards:

Phenytoin RS (USP, Cat. # 1535008, Lot # 12B233)

Carbamazepine RS (USP, Cat. # 09300, Lot J)

Glyburide RS (USP, Cat. # 1295505, Lot # G1C347)

Griseofulvin RS (USP, Cat. # 29900, Lot I)

Azithromycin RS (USP, Cat. # 1046056, Lot # H0C212)

Capsules:

VCaps (Capsugel, size 0CS, Lot #630311)

Capsugel (0CS, Lot #624282)

Capsugel (00CS, Lot # 637785)

Equipment

All HPLC studies were performed on an Agilent 1100.

All dissolution studies were performed on a Varian VK7025 Dissolution Apparatus equipped with a Varian VK8000 Fraction Collector

Methods

Determination of Degree of Substitution by NMR: The ¹H NMR results were obtained using a JEOL Model GX-400 NMR spectrometer operated at 400 MHz. Sample tube size was 5 mm. The sample temperature was 80° C., the pulse delay 5 sec. and 64 scans were acquired for each experiment. Chemical shifts were reported in ppm from tetramethylsilane, with residual DMSO as an internal reference. The chemical shift of residual DMSO was set to 2.49 ppm.

For the carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkylcellulose esters, a GC method is used to determine acetyl, propionyl, and butyryl, rather than NMR, because the methylene of the carboxyl(C₁-C₃)alkyl group could not be easily separated from the ring protons of the cellulose backbone. The DS values were calculated by converting the acid number to percent carboxymethyl and using this along with the GC weight percents of acetyl, propionyl, and butyryl.

The acetyl, propionyl, and butyryl weight percents were determined by a hydrolysis GC method. In this method, about 1 g of ester was weighed into a weighing bottle and dried in a vacuum oven at 105° C. for at least 30 minutes. Then 0.500±0.001 g of sample was weighed into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. To this flask was added 50 mL of a solution of 9.16 g isovaleric acid, 99%, in 2000 mL pyridine. This mixture was heated to reflux for about 10 minutes, after which 30 mL of isopropanolic potassium hydroxide solution is added. This mixture was heated at reflux for about 10 minutes. The mixture was allowed to cool with stirring for 20 minutes, and then 3 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid is added. The mixture was stirred for 5 minutes, and then allowed to settle for 5 minutes. About 3 mL of solution is transferred to a centrifuge tube and centrifuged for about 5 minutes. The liquid was analyzed by GC (split injection and flame ionization detector) with a 25M·times·0.53 mm fused silica column with 1 μm FFAP phase.

The weight percent acyl was calculated as follows, where:

Ci=concentration of I (acyl group)

Fi=relative response factor for component I

Fs=relative response factor for isovaleric acid

Ai=area of component I

As=area of isovaleric acid

R=(grams of isovaleric acid)/(g sample)

Ci=((Fi*Ai)/Fs*As))*R*100

The GC method was used, along with NMR, to determine weight % acetyl, propionyl, and butyryl, and the method used is indicated.

The acid number of the carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkylcellulose esters was determined by titration as follows. An accurately weighed aliquot (0.5-1.0 g) of the carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkylcellulose ester was mixed with 50 mL of pyridine and stirred. To this mixture was added 40 mL of acetone followed by stirring. Finally, 20 mL of water was added and the mixture stirred again. This mixture was titrated with 0.1 N sodium hydroxide in water using a glass/combination electrode. A blank containing 50 mL of pyridine, 40 mL of acetone, and 20 mL of water was also titrated. The acid number was calculated as follows where:

Ep=mL NaOH solution to reach end point of sample

B=mL NaOH solution to reach end point of blank

N=normality of sodium hydroxide solution

Wt.=weight of carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkylcellulose ester titrated.Acid Number (mg KOH/g sample)=((Ep−B)*N*56.1)/Wt. IV Test Method

The inherent viscosity (IV) of the cellulose esters and carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkylcellulose esters described herein, except where indicated otherwise, was determined by measuring the flow time of a solution of known polymer concentration and the flow time of a solvent-blank in a capillary viscometer, and then calculating the IV. IV is defined by the following equation:1(n)25° C.·0.50%=ln t_st_oC

where:

(n)=Inherent Viscosity at 25° C. at a polymer concentration of 0.50 g/l 00 mL of solvent.

ln=Natural logarithm

t_s=Sample flow time

t_o=Solvent-blank flow time

C=Concentration of polymer in grams per 100 mL of solvent=0.50

Samples were prepared to a concentration of 0.50 g per 100 mL of solvent (60% phenol and 40% 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, or “PM95,” by weight). The sample (0.25 g) was weighed into a culture tube containing a stir bar. 50.0 mL of 60% phenol and 40% 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane by weight (also described in the application as “PM95”) is added. The mixture was placed in a heater and heated with stirring (300 rpm) to 125° C. (7 minutes to reach the target temperature and 15 minute hold at 125° C.). The sample was allowed to cool to room temperature (25° C.) and was then filtered and placed in the viscometer (Model AVS 500—Schott America, Glass & Scientific Products, Inc., Yonkers, N.Y.). IV was calculated according to the equation above.

GPC Method for Molecular Weight Determination: The molecular weight distributions of cellulose ester and carboxy(C₁-C₃)alkylcellulose ester samples were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using one of two methods listed below.

Method 1, THF: The molecular weight distributions of cellulose ester samples indicated as being tested by GPC with THF as a solvent were determined at ambient temperature in Burdick and Jackson GPC-grade THF stabilized with BHT, at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. All other samples were determined using GPC with NMP as a solvent, as set forth in Method 2 below. Sample solutions were prepared by dissolution of about 50 mg of polymer in 10 mL of THF, to which 10 μL of toluene was added as a flow-rate marker. An autosampler was used to inject 50 μL of each solution onto a Polymer Laboratories PLgel™ column set including a 5 μm Guard, a Mixed-C™ and an Oligopore™ column in series. The eluting polymer was detected by differential refractometry, with the detector cell held at 30° C. The detector signal was recorded by a Polymer Laboratories Caliber™ data acquisition system, and the chromatograms were integrated with software developed at Eastman Chemical Company. A calibration curve was determined with a set of eighteen nearly monodisperse polystyrene standards with molecular weight from 266 to 3,200,000 g/mole and 1-phenylhexane at 162 g/mole. The molecular weight distributions and averages were reported either as equivalent polystyrene values, or as true molecular weights calculated by means of a universal calibration procedure with the following parameters:

K_ps=0.0128 a_PS=0.712

K_CE=0.00757 a_CE=0.842

Method 2, NMP: The molecular weight distributions of all samples not otherwise indicated were determined by GPC with NMP as a solvent, as follows. The molecular weight distributions of cellulose ester samples were determined by gel permeation chromatography at 40° C. in Burdick and Jackson N-Methylpyrrolidone with 1% Baker glacial acetic acid by weight, at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. Sample solutions were prepared by dissolution of about 25 mg of polymer in 10 mL of NMP, to which 10 μL of toluene was added as a flow-rate marker. An autosampler was used to inject 20 μL of each solution onto a Polymer Laboratories PLgel™ column set including a 10 μm Guard, a Mixed-B™ column. The eluting polymer was detected by differential refractometry, with the detector cell held at 40° C. The detector signal was recorded by a Polymer Laboratories Caliber™ data acquisition system, and the chromatograms were integrated with software developed at Eastman Chemical Company. A calibration curve was determined with a set of eighteen nearly monodisperse polystyrene standards with molecular weight from 580 to 3,200,000 g/mole. The molecular weight distibutions and averages were reported as equivalent polystyrene values.

HPLC Determination of Ibuprofen in the presence of CMCAB or C-A-P:

• • Instrument: HP1100
  • Column: Zorbax SB—CN, 4.6×150 mm, 3.5 μm
  • Flow: 1.0 mL/min
  • Detection: UV at 225 nm
  • Injection volume: 10 μL
  • Temperature: not controlled

Mobile Phase:

Min	Acetonitrile	0.1% H3PO4
0	10	90
20	100	0
21	10	90

• • Post time: 8 min

Samples and standards were dissolved in Acetonitrile

HPLC Determination of Griseofulvin, Glyburide, Phenytoin, or Carbamazapine in the presence of CMCAB or C-A-P:

• • Instrument: HP1100
  • Column: Phenomenex Luna 3 μm phenyl-hexyl, 100×4.6 mm
  • Flow: 1.0 mL/min
  • Detection: UV at 230 nm for griseofulvin and glyburide
    • UV at 220 nm for phenytoin
    • UV at 240 nm for carbamazapine
  • Injection volume: 5 μL
  • Temperature: not controlled

Mobile Phase:

Min	Acetonitrile	0.1% H3PO4
0	30	70
9	95	5
15	95	5
15.5	30	70

• • Post time: 6 min
  • Samples and Standards dissolved in THF.

HPLC Methods for Evaluating Dissolution Aliquots:

Determination of Weight % Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Glyburide, or Griseofulvin.

Mobile Phase: 55% acetonitrile/45% ammonium acetate buffer (2.6 g NH₄OAc/L H₂O with pH adjusted to pH˜5.25 with glacial acetic acid)

Column: Agilent Eclipse XDB-C8, 4.6 mm×150 mm×5 μm

Flow: 1.5 mL/min

Detection: UV 254 nm (UV 214 nm can also be used for phenytoin or carbamazepine, UV 291 nm can also be used for griseofulvin); typically five signals were selected from UV 214 nm, 222 nm, 254 nm, 287 nm, 291 nm, and/or 325 nm were collected for each sample.

Retention times were typically between 1.5 and 2.5 minutes.

Determination of Weight % Azithromycin

Mobile Phase: 60% acetonitrile/15% 0.002 N (NH₄)₂PO₄ buffer, pH 9.0/25% isopropanol

Column: Agilent Eclipse XDB-C8, 4.6 mm×150 mm×5 μm

Flow: 1.0 mL/min

Detection: Five signals selected from UV 210 nm, 214 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, and 240 nm are collected for each sample.

Determination of % Crystallinity by X-ray.

All samples were run on a Scintag PAD V diffractometer using Cu K-alpha X-ray.

For each polymer or drug used in this study a neat sample was obtained. A known weight of each species was mixed with a know weight of corundum, Al₂O₃, diffraction standard. Each mixture was pelletized with a hydraulic press and the XRD pattern of the pellet was measured from 5 to 45 degree scattering angle. A diffraction response factor, R, was calculated for each species according to:R=wc/ws*ls/lc where wc id the weight fraction of corundum, ws is the weight fraction of the species of interest, lc is the net intensity of the major diffraction line of corrundum and is the net intensity of the major diffraction line of the drug or in the case of the polymers, the net intensity of the maximum of the amorphous scattering curve.

Samples were pelletized with a hydraulic press and the XRD pattern of the pellet was measured from 5 to 45 degree scattering angle. The net intensity of the maximum of the amorphous scatter from the polymer, lp, and the net intensity of the major diffraction line of the drug, ld, were determined from the resulting scattering curve. The wt % crystalline drug was calculated from:% crystalline drug=(ld/Rd)/(ld/Rd+lp/Rp)×100 where Rd is the response factor for the drug and Rp is the response factor for the polymer.

Preparation of Glyburide Standard Curves

Glyburide reference standard from USP was dried as directed (106° C. for six hours), then approximately 20-25 mg of glyburide are added to a 25-mL volumetric flask and dissolved in DMSO or 55% acetonitrile/45% ammonium acetate, pH 5.25. The volume was diluted to 25 mL. A set of standard dilutions were prepared either using 10-mL volumetric flasks or Rainin automatic pipetmen.

Preparation of Dissolution Media

Simulated Intestinal Fluid, without pancreatin, pH 6.8 (SIF_sp, pH 6.8)—Added monobasic potassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄, 34 g) to a 4000-mL beaker. Added deionized/polished water (2000 mL) and mixed using a magnetic stir bar until the KH₂PO₄ is completely dissolved. Added 0.2 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 590 mL) and stirred. The pH was adjusted to pH 6.8±0.1 using 0.2 N NaOH. The sample was diluted with deionized/polished water to a final volume of 5000 mL.

The SIFsp media was heated to ˜45° C. in four 2000-mL Kimax bottles in an oven. The sample was degassed according to USP protocol by filtering through a 0.45 μm membrane filter (Pall, Supor-450, 0.45 μm, 90 mm, part # 60200, Lot # 43214) and stirring under vacuum for 5 minutes.

Simulated Gastric Fluid, without pepsin, pH 1.2 (SGF_sp, pH 1.2)—Dissolved 10.0 g of sodium chloride in 35.0 mL of hydrochloric acid and sufficient water to make 1000 mL. This test solution has a pH of about 1.2.

The SGFsp media was heated to ˜45° C. in four 2000-mL Kimax bottles in an oven. The sample was degassed according to USP protocol by filtering through a 0.45 μm membrane filter (Pall, Supor-450, 0.45 μm, 90 mm, part # 60200, Lot # 43214) and stirring under vacuum for 5 minutes.

Dissolution Conditions #1. Dissolution studies were performed on a Varian VK7025 Dissolution Apparatus equipped with a Varian VK8000 Fraction Collector using the following parameters: stir rate (50 rpm), sample size (5 mL), sample times (15 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 1 hr 30 min, 2 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr, 5 hr, 6 hr, 24 hr), bath temperature (37.3° C.), vessel temperature (37° C.), pump prime (60 sec), pump purge (60 sec), filter tips (10 μm).

Dissolution Conditions #2. Dissolution studies were performed on a Varian VK7025 Dissolution Apparatus equipped with a Varian VK8000 Fraction Collector using the following parameters: stir rate (75 rpm), sample size (5 mL), sample times (15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 1 hr, 1 hr 30 min, 2 hr, 2 hr 30 min, 3 hr, 3 hr 30 min, 4 hr), bath temperature (37.3° C.), vessel temperature (37° C.), pump prime (60 sec), pump purge (60 sec), filter tips (10 μm).

Buchi Model B-290/B295 Mini Spray Dryer Procedure.

System Description: The Buchi Model B-290/B295 Mini Spray Dryer is a lab-scale glass spray dryer with the capability to process flammable solvents. A closed-loop solvent recovery system with online oxygen monitoring allows safe processing of flammable solvents. Atomization is accomplished by a two-fluid nozzle. The feed material was supplied to the nozzle by a built-in peristaltic pump. The drying gas flow was co-current to atomization of the feed. Product is isolated from the gas stream by a cyclone separator. A bag filter was downstream of the cyclone to remove residual material from the exhaust gas stream.

Operating Procedure: The nitrogen supply valve was opened to provide an inert atmosphere to the dryer and the fan was switched on. The system was inspected to determine if there were any leaks in the glassware that would allow air into the system. Once the oxygen level was below 5%, the inlet temperature was set and the heater was switched on. The condenser temperature was set to the necessary temperature to allow removal of the solvent from the gas stream without freezing. The atomization gas was set to the desired flow by adjusting the flow meter. The feed material was inspected to ensure that the viscosity was suitable for adequate atomization and also to determine the need for filtration to remove insoluble materials. Once the desired inlet temperature was reached, the pump tubing was placed in the feed material and pump was switched on. The pump speed was set low (˜10%) and slowly increased if no problems were encountered. After the feed material was processed, clean solvent was pumped through the nozzle to prevent plugging. The heater was switched off and the fan was allowed to run to cool the unit. Once the unit was cool, the fan and atomization gas was switched off. The product collection container was removed and the product was transferred to a container. To maximize yield, the glassware was cleaned with a spatula and the product was collected and combined with that from the product container. Typical process conditions are given below.

	Conditions	1	2
	Inlet Temp. (deg C.)	55	55
	Outlet Temp. (deg C.)	42	43
	Fan Setting (%)	100	100
	Atomization Pressure	30	30
	Feed Wt. (g)	200	226.5
	Run Time (min.)	42	42
	Pump Setting (%)	17	20
	Feed Rate (g/min)	4.76	5.39
	Yield	6.5	24.3

Example 1

This Example describes the preparation of solid dispersions by co-precipitation (flake method). “Co-precipitation” is the general term used to describe the combination of a solution or mixture containing a polymeric carrier (e.g. a carboxyalkylcellulose ester) and a pharmaceutically active agent, and optionally one or more other additives dissolved in an organic solvent with an aqueous non-solvent to produce a precipitate that is an intimate mixture (i.e. solid dispersion) of the non-volatile components of the organic solution/mixture. The two co-precipitation methods used for the preparation of the compositions of this invention are flake precipitation and powder precipitation.

Flake precipitation, a process known to those skilled in the art of cellulose ester chemistry, is accomplished by adding a thin stream of the polymer/drug/solvent mixture (i.e. dope) to the aqueous non-solvent. The term flake precipitation comes from the typical appearance of the precipitate that is formed by the process. Those skilled in the art would recognize that a number of process variables, including but not limited to temperature, rate of addition, mixing rate, concentration of solids in the organic mixture, pH of the nonsolvent, organic solvent content in the precipitate mixture, hardening time, etc) can be adjusted to modify the physical nature (i.e. morphology, particle size, etc.) of the co-precipitate, the composition of the co-precipitate, and likely the dissolution profile of the solid dispersion.

In the co-precipitation, flake method, an appropriate organic solvent or mixture of solvents (e.g. acetone, methylene chloride, ethanol, etc.) is added to a vessel (typically a glass bottle) containing the desired amount of the polymer carrier (in other examples, CMCAB, HPMCAS, PVP, or PEG), and the vessel is mixed (typically on a roller or by stirring) until a clear or at least mostly clear solution is obtained. The solids content of the mixture is adjusted by addition of solvent of solvent blend to produce a mixture with the desired viscosity. The drug substance is dissolved in an appropriate solvent or mixture of solvents (e.g. acetone, methylene chloride, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, etc.) in a separate vessel. Optionally, one or more additives can be added to a third vessel and dissolved in an appropriate solvent. The polymer solution, the drug solution, and if included the additive solution are combined and thoroughly mixed. Alternately, the polymer and drug solids and optional additives, if desired or required, can be combined in a single vessel and then dissolved at the same time by the addition of an organic solvent or solvent mixture (This strategy is not always appropriate and should be tested on a case by case basis).

Co-precipitation is induced by pouring a small stream of the polymer/drug/additive solution into an excess of water, aqueous base, aqueous acid, or aqueous buffer solution with rapid mixing. Typically at least a ratio of 1:3 organic to aqueous solution is appropriate to induce flake precipitation, but a larger excess of aqueous solution is often appropriate depending on the percent solids in the system and the nature of the organic solvent in use. Once precipitation is complete, the sample if filtered on a coarse fritted funnel, dried overnight at 45° C. in a vacuum oven, and pulverized to a particle size of approximately 20 μm (typically less than 200 μm) in a cryogenic grinder. The samples are stored in a desiccator or vacuum desiccator until needed.

Example 2

This Example describes the preparation of solid dispersions by co-precipitation (powder method). Powder precipitation, a process known to those skilled in the art of cellulose ester chemistry, is accomplished by adding the aqueous non-solvent to the polymer/drug/solvent mixture (i.e. dope) with appropriate mixing and temperature. Then term powder precipitation comes from the typical appearance of the precipitate that is formed by the process. Those skilled in the art would recognize that a number of process variables, including but not limited to temperature, rate of addition, mixing rate, concentration of solids in the organic mixture, pH of the nonsolvent, organic solvent content in the precipitate mixture, hardening time, etc) can be adjusted to modify the physical nature (i.e. morphology, particle size, etc.) of the co-precipitate, the composition of the co-precipitate, and likely the dissolution profile of the solid dispersion.

In the co-precipitation, powder method, an appropriate organic solvent or mixture of solvents (e.g. acetone, methylene chloride, ethanol, etc.) is added to a vessel (typically a glass bottle) containing the desired amount of the polymer carrier (in other examples, CMCAB, HPMCAS, PVP, or PEG), and the vessel is mixed (typically on a roller or by stirring) until a clear or at least mostly clear solution is obtained. The solids content is adjusted by addition of solvent of solvent blend to produce a mixture with the desired viscosity. The drug substance is dissolved in an appropriate solvent or mixture of solvents (e.g. acetone, methylene chloride, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, etc.) in a separate vessel. Optionally, additional additive or additives are added to a third vessel and dissolved in an appropriate solvent. The polymer solution, the drug solution, and if included the additive solution are combined and thoroughly mixed. Alternately, the polymer and drug solids and optional additives, if desired or required, can be combined in a single vessel and then dissolved at the same time by the addition of an organic solvent or solvent mixture.

Co-precipitation is induced by slowly adding water, an aqueous base, an aqueous acid, or aqueous buffer solution to the polymer/drug/additive organic solution with rapid mixing. Typically at least a ratio of 1:3 organic to aqueous solution is appropriate to induce powder precipitation, but a larger excess of aqueous solution is often appropriate depending on the percent solids in the system and the nature of the organic solvent in use. Once precipitation is complete, the sample if filtered on a coarse fritted funnel, dried overnight at 45° C. in a vacuum oven, and pulverized to a particle size of approximately 20 μm (typically less than 200 μm) in a cryogenic grinder. The samples are stored in a desiccator or vacuum desiccator until needed.

Example 3

This Example describes the preparation of solid dispersions by co-evaporation (reduced pressure method). “Co-evaporation” is the general term used to describe the removal of solvent from a solution or mixture containing a polymeric carrier (e.g. a carboxyalkylcellulose ester) and a drug as disclosed herein, and optionally one or more other additives dissolved in a volatile organic solvent or mixture of solvents to produce a precipitate that is an intimate mixture (i.e. solid dispersion) of the non-volatile components of the organic solution/mixture. The three co-evaporation methods used for the preparation of the compositions disclosed herein are rotary evaporation under reduced pressure, film formation (i.e. evaporation without mixing at atmospheric pressure), and spray drying.

In the co-evaporation, reduced pressure method, an appropriate organic solvent or mixture of solvents (e.g. acetone, methylene chloride, ethanol, etc.) is added to a vessel (typically a glass bottle) containing the desired amount of the polymer carrier (in other examples, CMCAB, HPMCAS, PVP, or PEG), and the vessel is mixed (typically on a roller or by stirring) until a clear or at least mostly clear solution is obtained. The solids content is adjusted by addition of solvent of solvent blend to produce a mixture with the desired viscosity. The drug substance is dissolved in an appropriate solvent or mixture of solvents (e.g. acetone, methylene chloride, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, etc.) in a separate vessel. Optionally, one or more additives are added to a third vessel and dissolved in an appropriate solvent. The polymer solution, the drug solution, and if included the additive solution are combined and thoroughly mixed. Alternately, the polymer and drug solids and optional additives, if desired or required, can be combined in a single vessel and then dissolved at the same time by the addition of an organic solvent or solvent mixture.

Co-evaporation is induced by removing the solvent from the system using a rotary evaporator, typically at 50° C. Upon completion of evaporation the sample is placed on a high vacuum line over night to remove as much residual solvent as possible. The sample is removed from the round-bottomed flask by with a spatula. The sample is then dried overnight at 45° C. in a vacuum oven and then pulverized to a particle size of approximately 20 μm in a cryogenic grinder. The samples are stored in desiccator or vacuum desiccator until needed.

Example 4

This Example describes the preparation of solid dispersions by co-evaporation via the film formation method. An appropriate organic solvent or mixture of solvents (e.g. acetone, methylene chloride, ethanol, etc.) is added to a vessel (typically a glass bottle) containing the desired amount of the polymer carrier (in other examples, CMCAB, HPMCAS, PVP, or PEG), and the vessel is mixed (typically on a roller or by stirring) until a clear or at least mostly clear solution is obtained. The solids content was adjusted by addition of solvent of solvent blend to produce a mixture with the desired viscosity. The drug is dissolved in an appropriate solvent or mixture of solvents (e.g. acetone, methylene chloride, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, etc.) in a separate vessel. Optionally, one or more additives are added to a third vessel and dissolved in an appropriate solvent. The polymer solution, the drug solution, and if included the additive solution are combined-and thoroughly mixed. Alternately, the polymer and drug solids and optional additives, if desired or required, can be combined in a single vessel and then dissolved at the same time by the addition of an organic solvent or solvent mixture (This strategy is not always appropriate and should be tested on a case by case basis).

Co-evaporation is induced by removing the solvent from the system by pouring the sample into an appropriate vessel or onto a glass or metal sheet and allowing the solvent to slowly evaporate and a film to be formed. Those skilled in the art would recognize that a number of parameters can be controlled to influence the properties of the film formed. Typically in these examples the samples are poured into an evaporation dish and allowed to stand overnight while covered with a paper towel. Upon completion of film formation the sample is removed from the dish with a spatula. The sample is then dried overnight at 45° C. in a vacuum oven and then pulverized to a particle size of approximately 20 μm (typically less than 200 μm) in a cryogenic grinder. The samples are stored in a desiccator or vacuum desiccator until needed.

Examples 5-18

These Examples describe the preparation of ibuprofen/CMCAB solid dispersions and ibuprofen/CMCAB/DEP solid dispersions. Solid dispersions containing ibuprofen (IB), carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB), and optionally diethlpthalate (DEP) were prepared by the co-precipitation, flake method of Example 1. Specific details of the preparation are listed in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1
	CMCAB	IB	DEP	CMCAB		DEP	% Crystalline	Wt. %	Wt. %	Wt %
Example #	(g)1	(g)1	(g)1	%	IB %	%	IB2	IB3	CMCAB4	DEP3
5	4.37	1.66	0.4	67.96	25.82	6.22	6	24.4	68.9	6.7
6	5.94	0.06	0	99.00	1.00	0.00	0	1.3	98.6	0.1
7	5.22	0.49	0.31	86.71	8.14	5.15	0	7.3	87.3	5.4
8	5.07	0.93	0	84.50	15.50	0.00	2.2	14.1	85.7	0.2
9	5.11	1	0.31	79.60	15.58	4.83	4.4	16.8	78.8	4.4
10	5.36	0.09	0.61	88.45	1.49	10.07	0	1.6	89.2	9.2
11	5.94	0.09	0	98.51	1.49	0.00	0	1.2	98.7	0.1
12	3.67	1.8	0.71	59.39	29.13	11.49	6.7	27	62.4	10.6
13	4.47	0.93	0.6	74.50	15.50	10.00	3.1	14.6	77.8	7.6
14	4.42	1.77	0	71.41	28.59	0.00	7.5	28.8	71.2	0
15	4.22	1.77	0	70.45	29.55	0.00	6.9	27.7	72.3	0
16	3.67	0.07	0.8	80.84	1.54	17.62	0	1.9	85.8	12.3
17	3.82	1.8	0.6	61.41	28.94	9.65	8.8	29.8	69.1	1.1
18	4.61	1.4	0.15	74.84	22.73	2.44	4.9	21.6	76.4	2
1Amount added prior to co-precipitation
2Amount in solid dispersions, determined by x-ray
3Amount in solid dispersions, determined by HPLC
4Amount is solid dispersions, determined by difference calculations (Wt. % CMCAB = 100 − Wt. % IB − Wt. % DEP)

Examples 19-32

These Examples describe the preparation of ibuprofen/CMCAB solid dispersions and ibuprofen/CMCAB/triacetin solid dispersions. Solid dispersions of containing ibuprofen (IB), carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB), and y triacetin were prepared by the co-precipitation, flake method of Example 1. Specific details of the preparation are listed in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2
	CMCAB	IB	Triacetin	CMCAB		Triacetin	% Crystalline	Wt. %	Wt. %	Wt %
Example #	(g)1	(g)1	(g)1	%	IB %	%	IB2	IB3	CMCAB4	Triacetin3
19	4.3	1.39	0.45	70.03	22.64	7.33	5.4	23.5	76.5	0
20	6.08	0.11	0	98.22	1.78	0.00	0	2.3	97.7	0
21	5.205	0.495	0.3	86.75	8.25	5.00	0	8.1	90.3	1.6
22	5.31	0.93	0	85.10	14.90	0.00	1.2	13.6	86.4	0
23	4.81	0.93	0.35	78.98	15.27	5.75	1.8	14.9	85.1	0
24	5.42	0.06	0.8	86.31	0.96	12.74	0	2.2	95	2.8
25	5.95	0.06	0	99.00	1.00	0.00	0	1.3	98.7	0
26	3.6	1.85	0.67	58.82	30.23	10.95	11	32.8	66.3	0.9
27	4.55	0.93	0.65	74.23	15.17	10.60	3.9	16.5	82.5	1
28	4.74	1.8	0	72.48	27.52	0.00	8.3	26.5	73.5	0
29	4.76	1.79	0	72.67	27.33	0.00	8.7	24.3	75.7	0
30	5.65	0.19	0.69	86.52	2.91	10.57	0	3.8	93.7	2.5
31	3.65	1.83	0.84	57.75	28.96	13.29	8.2	31.9	66.8	1.3
32	4.47	1.37	0.15	74.62	22.87	2.50	5.9	23.7	76.1	0.2
1Amount added prior to co-precipitation
2Amount in solid dispersions, determined by x-ray
3Amount in solid dispersions, determined by HPLC
4Amount is solid dispersions, determined by difference calculations (Wt. % CMCAB = 100 − Wt. % IB − Wt. % Triacetin)

Examples 33-45

These Examples describe the preparation of ibuprofen/CMCAB solid dispersions and ibuprofen/CMCAB/SAIB solid dispersions. Solid dispersions of containing ibuprofen (IB), carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB), and optionally sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB) were prepared by the co-precipitation, flake method of Example 1. Specific details of the preparation are listed in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3
	CMCAB	IB	SAIB	CMCAB		SAIB	% Crystalline	Wt. %	Wt. %	Wt %
Example #	(g)1	(g)1	(g)1	%	IB %	%	IB2	IB3	CMCAB4	SAIB5
33	4.18	1.39	0.45	69.44	23.09	7.48	4.4	23	77	0
34	5.94	0.09	0	98.51	1.49	0.00	0	1.7	98.3	0
35	5.2	0.495	0.3	86.74	8.26	5.00	0	8.1	91.9	0
36	5.16	0.93	0	84.73	15.27	0.00	1.7	14.7	85.3	0
37	4.78	0.93	0.38	78.49	15.27	6.24	2.4	15	85	0
38	5.54	0.06	0.6	89.35	0.97	9.68	0	1.4	98.6	0
39	5.99	0.06	0	99.01	0.99	0.00	0	3.6	96.4	0
40	4.47	0.99	0.713	72.41	16.04	11.55	2.8	15.2	84.8	0
41	4.28	1.82	0	70.16	29.84	0.00	8.2	28.3	71.7	0
42	4.22	1.83	0	69.75	30.25	0.00	7.5	30.6	69.4	0
43	5.37	0.09	0.59	88.76	1.49	9.75	0	2.1	97.9	0
44	3.64	1.8	0.6	60.26	29.80	9.93	8.1	27.7	72.3	0
45	4.48	1.36	0.15	74.79	22.70	2.50	6.5	22.8	77.2	0
1Amount added prior to co-precipitation
2Amount in solid dispersions, determined by x-ray
3Amount in solid dispersions, determined by HPLC
4Amount is solid dispersions, determined by difference calculations (Wt. % CMCAB = 100 − Wt. % IB − Wt. % SAIB)
5SAIB was not detectable by the LC method utilized

Examples 46-59

These Examples describe the preparation of ibuprofen/CMCAB solid dispersions and ibuprofen/CMCAB/TPGS solid dispersions. Solid dispersions of containing ibuprofen (IB), carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB), and optionally Vitamin E TPGS (TPGS) were prepared by the co-precipitation, flake method of example 1. Specific details of the preparation are listed in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4
	CMCAB	IB	TPGS	CMCAB		TPGS	% Crystalline	Wt. %	Wt. %	Wt %
Example #	(g)1	(g)1	(g)1	%	IB %	%	IB2	IB3	CMCAB4	TPGS3
46	4.19	1.397	0.45	69.41	23.14	7.45	6.1	22.9	72.5	4.6
47	6.02	0.074	0	98.79	1.21	0.00	0	1.4	98.6	0
48	5.24	0.513	0.31	86.43	8.46	5.11	2.1	6.3	90.1	3.6
49	5.078	0.95	0	84.24	15.76	0.00	0	14.2	85.8	0
50	4.77	0.922	0.3	79.61	15.39	5.01	0	12.1	84.5	3.4
51	5.504	0.08	0.6	89.00	1.29	9.70	0	1.3	92.3	6.4
52	5.99	0.11	0	98.20	1.80	0.00	0	1.8	98.2	0
53	3.62	1.8	0.598	60.15	29.91	9.94	8.4	31.1	62.5	6.4
54	4.55	0.937	0.65	74.14	15.27	10.59	2.9	15.4	78.6	6
55	4.21	1.82	0	69.82	30.18	0.00	7.9	31	69	0
56	4.2	1.8	0	70.00	30.00	0.00	8.3	30.2	69.8	0
57	5.34	0.08	0.58	89.00	1.33	9.67	0	1.9	91.6	6.5
58	3.6	1.83	0.6	59.70	30.35	9.95	9.6	31.8	61.3	6.9
59	4.51	1.43	0.151	74.04	23.48	2.48	6.7	22.9	75.2	1.9
1Amount added prior to co-precipitation
2Amount in solid dispersions, determined by x-ray
3Amount in solid dispersions, determined by HPLC
4Amount is solid dispersions, determined by difference calculations (Wt. % CMCAB = 100 − Wt. % IB − Wt. % TPGS)

Examples 60-73

These Examples describe the preparation of ibuprofen/CMCAB solid dispersions and ibuprofen/CMCAB/PEG solid dispersions. Solid dispersions of containing ibuprofen (IB), carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB), and optionally polyethylene glycol (PEG) were prepared by co-precipitation, the flake method of Example 1. Specific details of the preparation are listed in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5
	CMCAB	IB	PEG	CMCAB		PEG	% Crystalline	Wt. %	Wt. %	Wt %
Example #	(g)1	(g)1	(g)1	%	IB %	%	IB2	IB3	CMCAB4	PEG3
60	4.21	1.38	0.456	69.64	22.83	7.54	7.8	23.1	76.1	0.8
61	6.24	0.077	0	98.78	1.22	0.00	0	1.5	98.5	0
62	5.205	0.518	0.32	86.13	8.57	5.30	0	8.1	89.8	2.1
63	5.42	0.99	0	84.56	15.44	0.00	1.7	14.5	85.5	0
64	4.8	0.939	0.31	79.35	15.52	5.12	2.8	14.6	84.7	0.7
65	5.64	0.076	0.663	88.42	1.19	10.39	0	1.3	93.1	5.6
66	5.945	0.09	0	98.51	1.49	0.00	0	1.5	98.5	0
67	3.6	1.8	0.642	59.58	29.79	10.63	11.2	35.7	62.5	1.8
68	4.61	0.94	0.63	74.60	15.21	10.19	2.5	15.5	83.4	1.1
69	4.26	1.8	0	70.30	29.70	0.00	6.8	28.1	71.9	0
70	4.21	1.87	0	69.24	30.76	0.00	8	29.6	70.4	0
71	5.78	0.07	0.69	88.38	1.07	10.55	0	1.3	94.3	4.4
72	3.61	1.8	0.6	60.07	29.95	9.98	6.8	30.5	68.3	1.2
73	4.56	1.38	0.17	74.63	22.59	2.78	4.3	21.6	77.9	0.5
1Amount added prior to co-precipitation
2Amount in solid dispersions, determined by x-ray
3Amount in solid dispersions, determined by HPLC
4Amount is solid dispersions, determined by difference calculations (Wt. % CMCAB = 100 − Wt. % IB − Wt. % PEG)

Examples 74-86

These Examples describe the preparation of phenytoin/polymer solid dispersions and physical blends. Solid dispersions or physical blends of phenytoin (Phe), a polymer carrier (carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB), hydroxyproplymethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), or cellulose acetate phthalate (C-A-P)) and optionally an additive (Pz) (vitamin E TPGS (TPGS) or sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB)) were prepared by the co-precipitation, flake method of Example (solid dispersions) or by physical mixing (physical blends). Specific details of the preperation are listed in Table 6 below.

TABLE 6
											wt %	wt %	wt %
					Drug	Ester	Pz	Drug	Ester	Pz	Crystal	Drug	Pz
Example #	Drug	Ester	Pz	Method	(g)	(g)	(g)	(%)	(%)	(%)	(X-ray)	(LC)	(LC)
74	Phenytoin	CMCAB	None	Flake	3.63	26.49	0	12.1	87.9	0.0	4.2	8.7	0
75	Phenytoin	CMCAB	TPGS	Flake	3.61	25.13	1.58	11.9	82.9	5.2	3.1	8	3.1
76	Phenytoin	CMCAB	SAIB	Flake	3.65	25.09	1.58	12.0	82.8	5.2	3	8
77	Phenytoin	CMCAB	None	Phys Blend	2.4	17.7	0	11.9	88.1	0.0	11.5	9.9	0
78	Phenytoin	None	None	Active	10	0	0	100.0	0.0	0.0	100	94.5	0
79	Phenytoin	HPMCAS	None	Flake	3.96	26.49	0	13.0	87.0	0.0	0	10	0
80	Phenytoin	HPMCAS	TPGS	Flake	3.62	24.9	1.54	12.0	82.8	5.1	0	0.1	1.6
81	Phenytoin	HPMCAS	SAIB	Flake	3.61	24.91	1.59	12.0	82.7	5.3	1.6	9.9
82	Phenytoin	HPMCAS	None	Phys Blend	2.5	17.75	0	12.3	87.7	0.0	12.5	10.7	0
83	Phenytoin	C-A-P	None	Flake	3.67	24.98	0	12.8	87.2	0.0	7	9.2	0
84	Phenytoin	C-A-P	TPGS	Flake	3.66	24.98	1.95	12.0	81.7	6.4		11.1	5.9
85	Phenytoin	C-A-P	SAIB	Flake	3.68	24.9	1.85	12.1	81.8	6.1	11.2	9.8
86	Phenytoin	C-A-P	None	Phys Blend	2.41	17.68	0	12.0	88.0	0.0	12.7	11.2	0

Examples 87-90

These Examples describe the preparation of phenytoin/polymer solid dispersions by spray drying as described in the Materials and Methods section. Solid dispersions of phenytoin (Phe) and a polymer carrier (carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB), hydroxyproplymethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), or cellulose acetate phthalate (C-A-P)) were prepared by spray drying. Specific details of the preparation are listed in Table 7, below.

TABLE 7
								wt %	wt %
					Drug	Ester	Acetone	Crystal	Drug
Example #	Drug	Ester	Pz	Method	(g)	(g)	(mL)	(X-ray)	(LC)
87	Phenytoin	CMCAB	None	Spray Dry	5	45.07	200
88	Phenytoin	CMCAB	TPGS	Spray Dry	5	45.18	200
89	Phenytoin	HPMCAS	None	Spray Dry	5	45	200
90	Phenytoin	C-A-P	None	Spray Dry	5	45	200

Examples 91-99

These Examples describe the preparation of carbamazepine/CMCAB/optional additive solid dispersions and physical blends.

Solid dispersions or physical blends of carbamazepine (Cbz), a polymer carrier (carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB)) and optionally an additive (Pz) (vitamin E TPGS (TPGS) or sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB)) were prepared by co-precipitation, co-evaporation, lyophilization, or spray drying (see Examples 1-4 for details) (solid dispersions) or physical mixing (physical blends), as described in Table 8.

TABLE 8
											wt %	wt %	wt %
					Drug	Ester	Pz	Drug	Ester	Pz	Crystal	Drug	Pz
Example #	Drug	Ester	Pz	Method	(g)	(g)	(g)	(%)	(%)	(%)	(X-ray)	(LC)	(LC)
91	Carbamazepine	CMCAB	None	Flake	3.6	26.6	0	11.9	88.1	0	0	6.1
92	Carbamazepine	CMCAB	TPGS	Flake	3.6	24.9	1.56	12.0	82.8	5.2	0	6.4	3.8
93	Carbamazepine	CMCAB	SAIB	Flake	3.61	25.12	1.52	11.9	83.0	5.0	0	6.9
94	Carbamazepine	CMCAB	None	Phys Blend	2.4	17.5	0	12.1	87.9	0	12.1	10
95	Carbamazepine	None	None	Active	7	0	0	100.0	0.0	0	100	90.5
96	Carbamazepine	CMCAB	None	Powder	7.2	52.9	0	12.0	88.0	0	0	4.8
97	Carbamazepine	CMCAB	None	Co-Evp	7.2	52.9	0	12.0	88.0	0
98	Carbamazepine	CMCAB	None	Lyophilized	7.2	52.9	0	12.0	88.0	0
99	Carbamazepine	CMCAB	None	Spray	7.2	52.9	0	12.0	88.0	0

Examples 100-108

These Examples describe the preparation of nitrofurantoin/polymer/optional additive solid dispersions and physical blends.

Solid dispersions or physical blends of nitrofurantoin (Nit), a polymer carrier (carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB)), and optionally an additive (Pz) (vitamin E TPGS (TPGS) or sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB)) were prepared by co-precipitation, co-evaporation, lyophilization, or spray drying (see Examples 1-4 for details (solid dispersions) or physical mixing (physical blends), as described in Table 9.

TABLE 9
											wt %	wt %	wt %
					Drug	Ester	Pz	Drug	Ester	Pz	Crystal	Drug	Pz
Example #	Drug	Ester	Pz	Method	(g)	(g)	(g)	(%)	(%)	(%)	(X-ray)	(LC)	(LC)
100	Nitrofurantoin	CMCAB	None	Flake	3.61	26.42	0	12.0	88.0	0	13.6	2.54
101	Nitrofurantoin	CMCAB	TPGS	Flake	3.61	24.92	1.58	12.0	82.8	5.2	11.7	2.73	1.34
102	Nitrofurantoin	CMCAB	SAIB	Flake	3.6	24.91	1.88	11.8	82.0	6.2	10.7	6.78
103	Nitrofurantoin	CMCAB	None	Phys Blend	2.4	17.72	0	11.9	88.1	0	11.5	9.42
104	Nitrofurantoin	None	None	Active	10	0	0	100.0	0.0	0	100	85.5
105	Nitrofurantoin	CMCAB	None	Powder	7.4	52.8	0	12.3	87.7	0	9.6	7.38
106	Nitrofurantoin	CMCAB	None	Co-Evp	7.4	52.8	0	12.3	87.7	0
107	Nitrofurantoin	CMCAB	None	Lyophilized	7.4	52.8	0	12.3	87.7	0
108	Nitrofurantoin	CMCAB	None	Spray	7.4	52.8	0	12.3	87.7	0

Examples 109-117

These Examples describe the preparation of glyburide/CMCAB/additive (optional) solid dispersions and physical blends.

Solid dispersions or physical blends of glyburide (Gly), a polymer carrier (carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB)), and optionally an additive (Pz) (vitamin E TPGS (TPGS) or sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB)) were prepared by co-precipitation, co-evaporation, lyophilization, or spray drying (see Examples 1-4 for details) (solid dispersions) or physical mixing (physical blends), as described in Table 10. Glyburide was not soluble in acetone and thus DMSO was used to dissolve glyburide. The glyburide/DMSO solution was added to the polymer/additive (optional) solution in acetone prior to formation of the solid dispersion.

TABLE 10
											wt %	wt %	wt %	wt %
					Drug	Ester	Pz	Drug	Ester	Pz	Crystal	Drug	Pz	DMSO
Example #	Drug	Ester	Pz	Method	(g)	(g)	(g)	(%)	(%)	(%)	(X-ray)	(LC)	(LC)	(LC)
109	Glyburide	CMCAB	None	Flake	3.61	26.48	0	12.0	88.0	0	0	8.88		0.15
110	Glyburide	CMCAB	TPGS	Flake	3.62	24.92	1.53	12.0	82.9	5.1	0
111	Glyburide	CMCAB	SAIB	Flake	3.61	24.92	1.52	12.0	82.9	5.1	0
112	Glyburide	CMCAB	None	Phys Blend	2.4	17.5		12.1	87.9	0	12.1	10.7		0
113	Glyburide	None	None	Active	5	0	0	100.0	0.0	0	100
114	Glyburide	CMCAB	None	Powder	7.2	52.9	0	12.0	88.0	0
115	Glyburide	CMCAB	None	Co-Evp	7.2	52.9	0	12.0	88.0	0
116	Glyburide	CMCAB	None	Lyophilized	7.2	52.9	0	12.0	88.0	0
117	Glyburide	CMCAB	None	Spray	7.2	52.9	0	12.0	88.0	0

Example 118

This Example describes the preparation of a glyburide/CMCAB solid dispersion by spray drying.

A solid dispersion of glyburide (Gly) and a polymer carrier (carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB)) was prepared by spray drying as described in Table 11 using the spray drying conditions described in the Materials and Method section. Glyburide was not soluble in acetone and thus DMSO was used to dissolve glyburide. The glyburide/DMSO solution was added to the polymer/additive (optional) solution in acetone prior to formation of the solid dispersion.

TABLE 11
	Glyburide	Polymer	Polymer	DMSO	Acetone	Wt %	Wt %	%
Example #	Amount g	Amount g	Description	Amount mL	Amount mL	Gly1	DMSO2	Xity3
118	2.5	22.5	CMCAB	50	200	7.99	10.5*	0
1Weight percent glyburide in the solid dispersion as determined by HPLC.
2Weight percent DMSO in the solid dispersion as determined by HPLC.
3Percent crystallinity in the solid dispersion as determined by x-ray.

Examples 119-124

These Examples describe the preparation of glyburide solid dispersions.

Solid dispersions of glyburide (Gly) and a polymer carrier (carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB) or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate butyrate (HPMCAS)) were prepared by co-precipitation, flake method (see Example 1 for details) as described in Table 12. Note: Glyburide was not soluble in acetone and thus DMSO was used to dissolve glyburide. The glyburide/DMSO solution was added to the polymer/additive (optional) solution in acetone prior to formation of the solid dispersion.

TABLE 12
	Glyburide	Polymer	Polymer	DMSO	Acetone	Precipitation	Wt %	Wt %	%
Example #	Amount g	Amount g	Description	Amount mL	Amount mL	Water Amount mL	Gly1	DMSO2	Xity3
119	1.08	7.92	CMCAB	22.5	128	750	9.69	1.07	100
120	1.08	7.92	CMCAB	45	106	750	11.1	0.34	0
121	1.8	8	CMCAB	22.5	128	750	15.6	0.32	2.7
122	1.08	7.92	HPMCAS	22.5	128	750	9.36	0.57	2.7
123	1.08	7.92	HPMCAS	45	106	750	9.94	<0.1	0
124	1.8	7.2	HPMCAS	22.5	127.5	750
1Weight percent glyburide in the solid dispersion as determined by HPLC.
2Weight percent DMSO in the solid dispersion as determined by HPLC.
3Percent crystallinity in the solid dispersion as determined by x-ray.

Examples 125-134

These Examples describe the preparation of griseofulvin solid dispersions.

Solid dispersions of griseofulvin (Gris) and a polymer carrier (carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate butyrate (HPMCAS), or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)) were prepared by co-precipitation, flake method, or co-evaporation (see Examples 1-4 for details) as described in Table 13.

TABLE 13
										wt %	wt %
		Amount	Solvent for	Amount		Amount	Solvent for	Amount	Method of	Crystal	Drug
Example #	Drug	(g)	Drug	(mL)	Polymer	(g)	Polymer	(mL)	Preparation	(X-ray)	(LC)
125	Griseofulvin	1.07	CH2Cl2	15 mL	CMCAB	9	Acetone	50	Co-evaporation	0	10.2
126	Griseofulvin	1.07	CH2Cl2	15 mL	HPMCAS	9	Acetone	50	Co-evaporation
127	Griseofulvin	1.05	CH2Cl2	15 mL	PVP	9	Acetonitrile	50	Co-evaporation	0	9.87
128	Griseofulvin	1	CH2Cl2	15 mL	CMCAB	9	Acetone	50	Co-precipitation	0	8.52
129	Griseofulvin	1	CH2Cl2	15 mL	HPMCAS	9	Acetone	50	Co-precipitation	0	9.21
130	Griseofulvin	1	CH2Cl2	15 mL	CMCAB	9	Acetone	50	Film co-evaporation	0	9.19
131	Griseofulvin	1	CH2Cl2	15 mL	HPMCAS	9	Acetone	50	Film co-evaporation	2.6	9.57
132	Griseofulvin	1	CH2Cl2	15 mL	PVP	9	Acetonitrile	50	Film co-evaporation	3.4	7.88
133	Griseofulvin	1	CH2Cl2	15 mL	CMCAB	9	Acetonitrile	50	Co-evaporation	0	9.49
134	Griseofulvin	1	CH2Cl2	15 mL	HPMCAS	9	Acetonitrile	50	Co-evaporation	0	10.4

Examples 135-138

These Examples describe the preparation of griseofulvin/CMCAB/surfactant solid dispersions by co-evaporation.

Solid dispersions of griseofulvin (Gris), a polymer carrier (carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB)), and surfactant (Tween 80 or sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)) were prepared by co-evaporation (see Example 3 for details) as described in Table 14.

TABLE 14
		Amount	Solvent for	Amount		Target	Actual	Solvent for	Amount
Example #	Drug	(g)	Drug	(mL)	Surfactant	Amount (g)	Amount (g)	Surf	(mL)
135	Griseofulvin	1	CH2Cl2	15 mL	Tween 80	0.1	0.5	Acetone	10
136	Griseofulvin	1	CH2Cl2	15 mL	Tween 80	0.5	0.5	Acetone	10
137	Griseofulvin	1	CH2Cl2	15 mL	Tween 80	0.1	0.12	Acetone	10
138	Griseofulvin	1	CH2Cl2	15 mL	SDS	0.5	0.5	CH2Cl2	10
		Target			Target	Actual	Actual		wt %	wt %
		Amount	Solvent for	Dope Conc	Dope	Dope	Polymer	Method of	Crystal	Drug
Example #	Polymer	(g)	Polymer	(poly/total)	Amount	Amount	Amount	Prep	(X-ray)	(LC)
135	CMCAB	8.9	Acetone	0.186690317	47.67	47.67	8.900	Co-evaporation
136	CMCAB	8.5	Acetone	0.186690317	45.53	45.55	8.504	Co-evaporation
137	CMCAB	8.9	Acetone	0.186690317	47.67	47.69	8.903	Co-evaporation
138	CMCAB	8.5	Acetone	0.186690317	45.53	45.54	8.502	Co-evaporation

Examples 139-142

These Examples describe the preparation of azithromycin/CMCAB/additive (optional) solid dispersions by co-evaporation.

Solid dispersions of azithromycin (Azi), a polymer carrier (carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate (CMCAB)), and an optional additive (surfactant (Tween 80) or vitamin E TPGS (TPGS) were prepared by co-evaporation (see Example 3 for details) as described in Table 15. Immediately upon addition of the azithromycin solution to the CMCAB solution a white precipitate was formed. Upon stirring this precipitate began dissolving, but the solution never completely cleared and remained slightly cloudy. This event was also observed with previous attempts to make CMCAB/azithromycin solid dispersions and many of those attempts were discarded since the precipitation was more pronounced than in this example (i.e. the entire continuer was solidified, but not always white in color, sometimes it would appear as a large gel, this possibly indicated crosslinking or hydrogel formation.

TABLE 15
		Amount	Solvent for	Amount		Target	Actual	Solvent for	Amount
Example #	Drug	(g)	Drug	(mL)	Surfactant	Amount (g)	Amount (g)	Surf	(mL)
139	Azithromyci	1	Acetone	15 mL				Acetone	10
140	Azithromyci	1	Acetone	15 mL	Tween 80	0.5	0.55	Acetone	10
141	Azithromyci	1	Acetone	15 mL	TPGS	1	1	Acetone	10
142	Azithromyci	1.01	Acetone	15 mL	TPGS	2	2.03	Acetone	10
		Target			Target	Actual	Actual		wt %	wt %
		Amount	Solvent for	Dope Conc	Dope	Dope	Polymer	Method of	Crystal	Drug
Example #	Polymer	(g)	Polymer	(poly/total)	Amount	Amount	Amount	Prep	(X-ray)	(LC)
139	CMCAB	9	Acetone	0.186690317	48.21	48.23	9.004	Co-evaporation
140	CMCAB	8.5	Acetone	0.186690317	45.53	45.56	8.506	Co-evaporation
141	CMCAB	8	Acetone	0.186690317	42.85	42.91	8.011	Co-evaporation
142	CMCAB	7	Acetone	0.186690317	37.50	37.52	7.005	Co-evaporation

Dissolution Studies

Example 143

These Examples evaluate the samples described in Examples 74-86. SlFsp, pH 6.8 media preparation was described in the Materials and Methods section.

Samples were transferred into vegetable-based Vcaps (Capsugel, size OCS, Lot #630311) using a manual single capsule filler. The weight of each capsule and the amount of sample added are found in Table 16 (Capsule Description).

TABLE 16
		Sample Prep
Sample	Vessel	Notebook	Sample	Capsule	Capsule	Total	Sample
#	#	#	Description	Size	Weight g	Weight g	Weight g
EX000039-010-1	1	None	Phenytoin	0	0.0971	0.1279	0.0308
EX000039-010-2	2	None	Phenytoin	0	0.0956	0.1239	0.0283
EX000039-010-3	3	X-29555-043-1	Phe/CMCAB SD	0	0.0963	0.2121	0.1158
EX000039-010-4	4	X-29555-043-1	Phe/CMCAB SD	0	0.0986	0.2062	0.1076
EX000039-010-5	5	X-29555-043-1	Phe/CMCAB SD	0	0.096	0.2044	0.1084
EX000039-010-6	6	X-29555-043-4	Phe/CMCAB PB	0	0.0978	0.206	0.1082
EX000039-010-7	7	X-29555-043-4	Phe/CMCAB PB	0	0.0974	0.2176	0.1202
EX000039-010-8	8	X-29555-043-4	Phe/CMCAB PB	0	0.0967	0.2086	0.1119

Dissolution Protocol. A Varian VK7025 dissolution apparatus and a Varian VK8000 autosampler were used for the dissolution studies using the following parameters: stir rate (50 rpm), sample size (5 mL), sample times (15 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 1 hr 30 min, 2 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr, 5 hr, 6 hr, 24 hr), bath temperature (37.3° C.), vessel temperature (37° C.), pump prime (60 seconds), pump purge (60 seconds), and filter tips (10 μm). The media used was 900 g of SlFsp, pH 6.8 in each vessel.

DMSO (2.0 mL) was added to each test tube in the fraction collector to prevent the drug from recrystallizing once is cooled in the tubes.

All capsules initially floated even though they were inserted into capsule sinkers purchased from Varian. The capsules sank before 15 minutes of mixing.

Samples from Vessels 1 and 3 bounced out of the pill droppers. The sample for vessel 1 was added to the open pill dropper in time to make it into the vessel. The sample for vessel 3 did not get added to the pill dropper before it closed and a separate opening was opened and it was dropped through that opening by hand. Vessel 3 was started approximately 20-30 seconds late.

Several of the capsules did not completely dissolve after 2.5 hours. There was some sample trapped within the following partially dissolved capsules (1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8).

Since portions of some of the samples were isolated from the dissolution media by being trapped in undissolved VCap capsules these runs were discarded.

Examples 144-146

These Examples describe the dissolution of carbamazepine and carbamazepine solid dispersions by evaluating the samples described in Examples 91-99. SlFsp, pH 6.8 media preparation was described in the Materials and Methods section.

Samples were transferred into gelatin capsules (Capsugel, size OCS, Lot #624282) using a manual single capsule filler. The weight of each capsule and the amount of sample added are found in Table 17 (Capsule Description).

TABLE 17
		Sample Prep
Sample	Vessel	Notebook	Sample	Capsule	Capsule	Total	Sample	% Drug
#	#	#	Description	Size	Weight g	Weight g	Weight g	by LC
EX000039-019-1	1	X-29555-043-17	Cbz/CMCAB PB	0	0.0943	0.3092	0.2149	10
EX000039-019-2	2	X-29555-043-18	Carbamazepine	0	0.0943	0.125	0.0307	90.5
EX000039-019-3	3	X-29555-043-14	Cbz/CMCAB SD	0	0.0956	0.2654	0.1698	6.1
EX000039-019-4	4	X-29555-043-17	Cbz/CMCAB PB	0	0.0968	0.4442	0.3474	10
EX000039-019-5	5	X-29555-043-18	Carbamazepine	0	0.0955	0.1255	0.03	90.5
EX000039-019-6	6	X-29555-043-17	Cbz/CMCAB PB	0	0.0948	0.3953	0.3005	10
EX000039-019-7	7	X-29555-043-14	Cbz/CMCAB SD	0	0.0955	0.2834	0.1879	6.1
EX000039-019-8	8	X-29555-043-14	Cbz/CMCAB SD	0	0.0948	0.2731	0.1783	6.1

TABLE 17A
Total Drug Released (mg)
	Cbz/CMCAB PB	Carbamazepine	Cbz/CMCAB SD	Cbz/CMCAB PB
	Sample #
Time	X-29555-043-17	X-29555-043-18	X-29555-043-14	X-29555-043-17
min	EX000039-019-1	EX000039-019-2	EX000039-019-3	EX000039-019-4
10	5.0391	−1.5539	−1.5539	4.8917
20	13.6043	9.4293	4.0536	18.3350
30	15.4562	12.2594	6.5810	24.4295
60	15.7399	16.5605	6.7730	25.7644
120	15.5921	19.0064	6.6061	25.6305
180	15.4944	18.7744	6.6931	25.7953
240	15.3477	18.8275	6.5660	24.9505
300	15.5894	18.7969	6.6511	24.5158
360	15.4792	20.1237	6.7339	24.7251
450	15.3119	18.7429	6.6138	24.8036
	Carbamazepine	Cbz/CMCAB PB	Cbz/CMCAB SD	Cbz/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time	X-29555-043-18	X-29555-043-17	X-29555-043-14	X-29555-043-14
min	EX000039-019-5	EX000039-019-6	EX000039-019-7	EX000039-019-8
10	5.1967	4.5042	−1.5539	0.8162
20	10.5423	15.7130	1.9622	5.0917
30	14.9980	20.4260	5.0631	6.9701
60	18.6664	22.5416	7.6078	7.2212
120	21.6075	22.1612	8.0073	6.9864
180	19.5736	22.3220	7.4415	6.9722
240	19.7250	21.8377	7.5675	6.8960
300	19.7968	21.6984	7.6193	6.8027
360	19.5227	21.8670	7.4297	6.8263
450	19.1984	21.8897	7.3588	6.8926

TABLE 17B
% Drug Released
	Cbz/CMCAB PB	Carbamazepine	Cbz/CMCAB SD	Cbz/CMCAB PB
	Sample #
Time	X-29555-043-17	X-29555-043-18	X-29555-043-14	X-29555-043-17
min	EX000039-019-1	EX000039-019-2	EX000039-019-3	EX000039-019-4
10	23.4487	−5.5931	−15.0027	14.0808
20	63.3050	33.9384	39.1360	52.7779
30	71.9229	44.1249	63.5369	70.3209
60	73.2428	59.6056	65.3899	74.1636
120	72.5552	68.4090	63.7788	73.7779
180	72.1007	67.5738	64.6187	74.2525
240	71.4178	67.7652	63.3917	71.8206
300	72.5428	67.6548	64.2132	70.5695
360	72.0299	72.4305	65.0131	71.1718
450	71.2514	67.4606	63.8535	71.3979
	Carbamazepine	Cbz/CMCAB PB	Cbz/CMCAB SD	Cbz/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time	X-29555-043-18	X-29555-043-17	X-29555-043-14	X-29555-043-14
min	EX000039-019-5	EX000039-019-6	EX000039-019-7	EX000039-019-8
10	19.1408	14.9891	−13.5575	7.5048
20	38.8298	52.2895	17.1191	46.8147
30	55.2412	67.9734	44.1736	64.0849
60	68.7527	75.0136	66.3747	66.3935
120	79.5856	73.7478	69.8600	64.2355
180	72.0943	74.2827	64.9239	64.1048
240	72.6520	72.6713	66.0230	63.4042
300	72.9162	72.2076	66.4746	62.5460
360	71.9068	72.7687	64.8209	62.7628
450	70.7122	72.8443	64.2026	63.3728

TABLE 17C
Average % Released
	Cbz/CMCAB PB	Carbamazepine	Cbz/CMCAB SD
Time	Sample #
min	X-29555-043-17	X-29555-043-18	X-29555-043-14
10	17.5062	6.7739	−7.0185
20	56.1242	36.3841	34.3566
30	70.0724	49.6830	57.2651
60	74.1400	64.1792	66.0527
120	73.3603	73.9973	65.9581
180	73.5453	69.8341	64.5491
240	71.9699	70.2086	64.2730
300	71.7733	70.2855	64.4113
360	71.9901	72.1686	64.1990
450	71.8312	69.0864	63.8097

FIG. 1 shows carbamazepine and carbamazepine solid dispersions dissolution profiles.

Examples 147-149

These Examples describe the dissolution of glyburide and glyburide solid Dispersions by evaluating the samples described in Examples 109-117. SlFsp, pH 6.8 media preperation was described in the Materials and Methods section.

Samples were transferred into gelatin capsules (Capsugel, size OCS, Lot #624282) using a manual single capsule filler. The weight of each capsule and the amount of sample added are found in Table 18 (Capsule Description).

TABLE 18
		Sample Prep
Sample	Vessel	Notebook	Sample	Capsule	Capsule.	Total	Sample	% Drug
#	#	#	Description	Size	Weight g	Weight g	Weight g	by LC
EX000039-023-1	1	X-29555-043-27	Glyburide	0	0.0938	0.1747	0.0809	88.9
EX000039-023-2	2	X-29555-043-23	Gly/CMCAB SD	0	0.0953	0.2577	0.1624	8.49
EX000039-023-3	3	X-29555-043-24	Gly/CMCAB/TPGS SD	0	0.0951	0.3028	0.2077	8.67
EX000039-023-4	4	X-29555-043-23	Gly/CMCAB SD	0	0.0955	0.2648	0.1693	8.49
EX000039-023-5	5	X-29555-043-24	Gly/CMCAB/TPGS SD	0	0.0944	0.314	0.2196	8.67
EX000039-023-6	6	X-29555-043-23	Gly/CMCAB SD	0	0.0914	0.255	0.1636	8.49
EX000039-023-7	7	X-29555-043-27	Glyburide	0	0.0934	0.177	0.0836	88.9
EX000039-023-8	8	X-29555-043-24	Gly/CMCAB/TPGS SD	0	0.0943	0.3006	0.2063	8.67

TABLE 18A
Total Drug Released (mg)
	Glyburide	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB/TPGS SD	Gly/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time	X-29555-043-27	X-29555-043-23	X-29555-043-24	X-29555-043-23
min	EX000039-023-1	EX000039-023-2	EX000039-023-3	EX000039-023-4
10	−1.5219	−1.5219	2.2056	−0.6987
20	−0.8018	4.4084	8.8578	4.5814
30	−0.6491	6.5687	9.9189	6.5636
60	−0.2329	7.6080	10.8926	7.7988
120	0.0521	7.9981		8.2094
180	0.1504	8.0920	11.1159	8.3416
240	0.1934	8.0570	11.0773	8.3189
300	0.2583	8.0754	11.1055	8.3242
360	0.3246	8.0909	11.0082	8.2953
450		8.0015	11.1217	8.3772
	Gly/CMCAB/			Gly/CMCAB/
	TPGS SD	Gly/CMCAB SD	Glyburide	TPGS SD
	Sample #
Time	X-29555-043-24	X-29555-043-23	X-29555-043-27	X-29555-043-24
min	EX000039-023-5	EX000039-023-6	EX000039-023-7	EX000039-023-8
10	2.5357	−0.5469	−1.2990	3.2672
20	8.6164	5.0459	−0.7920	9.3445
30	9.8214	6.5916	−0.6233	10.1650
60	11.2513	7.6496	−0.2559	10.7942
120	11.5971	8.0137	−0.0751	11.0344
180	11.6435	8.0299	0.0469	10.9419
240	11.6367	8.0399	0.1252	10.9735
300	11.5940	8.1190	0.1982	10.9481
360	11.6018	8.0899	0.2373	10.9629
450	11.6217	8.0627	0.3205	10.8221

TABLE 18B
Normalized Drug Released (mg)
	Glyburide	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB/TPGS SD	Gly/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time	X-29555-043-27	X-29555-043-23	X-29555-043-24	X-29555-043-23
min	EX000039-023-1	EX000039-023-2	EX000039-023-3	EX000039-023-4
10	0.0000	0.0000	3.7275	0.8232
20	0.7201	5.9303	10.3797	6.1033
30	0.8728	8.0906	11.4409	8.0855
60	1.2890	9.1299	12.4145	9.3207
120	1.5740	9.5200		9.7313
180	1.6724	9.6139	12.6378	9.8636
240	1.7153	9.5789	12.5992	9.8409
300	1.7802	9.5973	12.6274	9.8461
360	1.8465	9.6128	12.5301	9.8172
450		9.5234	12.6436	9.8991
	Gly/CMCAB/			Gly/CMCAB/
	TPGS SD	Gly/CMCAB SD	Glyburide	TPGS SD
	Sample #
Time	X-29555-043-24	X-29555-043-23	X-29555-043-27	X-29555-043-24
min	EX000039-023-5	EX000039-023-6	EX000039-023-7	EX000039-023-8
10	4.0576	0.9750	0.2229	4.7891
20	10.1383	6.5679	0.7299	10.8665
30	11.3433	8.1135	0.8986	11.6869
60	12.7732	9.1715	1.2660	12.3161
120	13.1190	9.5356	1.4468	12.5563
180	13.1654	9.5518	1.5688	12.4638
240	13.1586	9.5618	1.6471	12.4954
300	13.1160	9.6409	1.7202	12.4701
360	13.1237	9.6119	1.7592	12.4848
450	13.1436	9.5846	1.8424	12.3440

	TABLE 18C
	Glyburide	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB/TPGS SD	Gly/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time	X-29555-043-27	X-29555-043-23	X-29555-043-24	X-29555-043-23
min	EX000039-023-1	EX000039-023-2	EX000039-023-3	EX000039-023-4
10	0.0000	0.0000	20.6995	5.7275
20	1.0013	43.0114	57.6409	42.4619
30	1.2136	58.6797	63.5335	56.2526
60	1.7923	66.2174	68.9403	64.8463
120	2.1886	69.0469		67.7027
180	2.3253	69.7281	70.1806	68.6229
240	2.3850	69.4741	69.9659	68.4650
300	2.4752	69.6075	70.1227	68.5014
360	2.5674	69.7199	69.5825	68.3005
450		69.0716	70.2126	68.8701
	Gly/CMCAB/			Gly/CMCAB/
	TPGS SD	Gly/CMCAB SD	Glyburide	TPGS SD
	Sample #
Time	X-29555-043-24	X-29555-043-23	X-29555-043-27	X-29555-043-24
min	EX000039-023-5	EX000039-023-6	EX000039-023-7	EX000039-023-8
10	21.3119	7.0196	0.3099	26.7756
20	53.2495	47.2861	1.0149	60.7533
30	59.5783	58.4143	1.2495	65.3404
60	67.0887	66.0314	1.7603	68.8582
120	68.9047	68.6524	2.0117	70.2010
180	69.1485	68.7690	2.1813	69.6837
240	69.1129	68.8413	2.2902	69.8606
300	68.8888	69.4108	2.3918	69.7188
360	68.9294	69.2017	2.4461	69.8014
450	69.0342	69.0055	2.5617	69.0141

TABLE 18D
Average % Released
	Glyburide	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB/TPGS SD
Time	Sample #
min	X-29555-043-27	X-29555-043-23	X-29555-043-24
10	0.1549	4.2490	22.9290
20	1.0081	44.2531	57.2146
30	1.2315	57.7822	62.8174
60	1.7763	65.6984	68.2957
120	2.1001	68.4673	69.5529
180	2.2533	69.0400	69.6710
240	2.3376	68.9268	69.6465
300	2.4335	69.1732	69.5768
360	2.5067	69.0740	69.4378
450	2.5617	68.9824	69.4203

FIG. 2 shows glyburide and glyburide solid dispersions dissolution profiles.

Examples 150-155

These Examples describe the dissolution of glyburide and glyburide solid dispersions by evaluating the samples described in Examples 119-124. SIFsp, pH 6.8 media preperation was described in the Materials and Methods section.

Samples were transferred into gelatin capsules (Capsugel, size OCS, Lot # 624282) using a manual single capsule filler. The weight of each capsule and the amount of sample added are found in Tables 19 and 20 (Capsule Description).

TABLE 19
	Vessel	Sample Prep		Capsule
Sample #	#	Notebook #	Sample Description	Size
EX000039-044-1	1	Lt024K0701	Glyburide	0
EX000039-044-2	2	EX000039-036-1	Gly/CMCAB SD	0
EX000039-044-3	3	Lt024K0701	Glyburide	0
EX000039-044-4	4	EX000039-036-1	Gly/CMCAB SD	0
EX000039-044-5	5
EX000039-044-6	6	EX000039-036-1	Gly/CMCAB SD	0
EX000039-044-7	7	Lt024K0701	Glyburide	0
EX000039-044-8	8	EX000039-036-1	Gly/CMCAB SD	0
EX000039-045-1	1	EX000039-036-2	CMCAB/Glyburide SD	0
EX000039-045-2	2	EX000039-036-3	CMCAB/Glyburide SD	0
EX000039-045-3	3	EX000039-036-2	CMCAB/Glyburide SD	0
EX000039-045-4	4	EX000039-036-3	CMCAB/Glyburide SD	0
EX000039-045-5	5
EX000039-045-6	6	EX000039-036-3	CMCAB/Glyburide SD	0
EX000039-045-7	7	EX000039-036-2	CMCAB/Glyburide SD	0
EX000039-045-8	8	EX000039-036-2	CMCAB/Glyburide SD	0
EX000039-046-1	1	EX000039-036-4	HPMCAS/Glyburide SD	0
EX000039-046-2	2	EX000039-036-5	HPMCAS/Glyburide SD	0
EX000039-046-3	3	EX000039-036-4	HPMCAS/Glyburide SD	0
EX000039-046-4	4	EX000039-036-5	HPMCAS/Glyburide SD	0
EX000039-046-5	5
EX000039-046-6	6	EX000039-036-5	HPMCAS/Glyburide SD	0
EX000039-046-7	7	EX000039-036-4	HPMCAS/Glyburide SD	0
EX000039-046-8	8	EX000039-036-4	HPMCAS/Glyburide SD	0

TABLE 20
	Capsule	Total	Sample	% Drug	Drug in	DMSO
Sample #	Weight g	Weight g	Weight g	by LC	Capsule mg	Wt %	% Xity
EX000039-044-1	0.0961	0.1895	0.0934	96.9	90.5046	0	0
EX000039-044-2	0.0955	0.3475	0.252	9.69	24.4188	1.07	0
EX000039-044-3	0.0917	0.174	0.0823	96.9	79.7487	0	0
EX000039-044-4	0.0922	0.3306	0.2384	9.69	23.10096	1.07	0
EX000039-044-5
EX000039-044-6	0.0931	0.3414	0.2483	9.69	24.06027	1.07	0
EX000039-044-7	0.0951	0.1867	0.0916	96.9	88.7604	0	0
EX000039-044-8	0.0942	0.3407	0.2465	9.69	23.88585	1.07	0
EX000039-045-1	0.0941	0.1991	0.105	11.10	11.6550	0.34	2.7
EX000039-045-2	0.092	0.2333	0.1413	15.60	22.0428	0.32	2.7
EX000039-045-3	0.0945	0.2308	0.1363	11.10	15.1293	0.34	2.7
EX000039-045-4	0.0955	0.213	0.1175	15.60	18.3300	0.32	2.7
EX000039-045-5
EX000039-045-6	0.0944	0.2317	0.1373	15.60	21.4188	0.32	2.7
EX000039-045-7	0.0952	0.2261	0.1309	11.10	14.5299	0.34	2.7
EX000039-045-8	0.0952	0.185	0.0898	11.10	9.9678	0.34	2.7
EX000039-046-1	0.0946	0.3414	0.2468	9.36	0.0231	0.57	0
EX000039-046-2	0.0934	0.205	0.1116	9.94	0.0111	<0.2	0
EX000039-046-3	0.0937	0.3079	0.2142	9.36	0.0200	0.57	0
EX000039-046-4	0.0936	0.2048	0.1112	9.94	0.0111	<0.2	0
EX000039-046-5
EX000039-046-6	0.0953	0.205	0.1097	9.94	0.0109	<0.2	0
EX000039-046-7	0.0947	0.2744	0.1797	9.36	0.0168	0.57	0
EX000039-046-8	0.0913	0.3322	0.2409	9.36	0.0225	0.57	0

TABLE 20A
Total Drug Released (mg)
	Glyburide	Gly/CMCAB SD	Glyburide	Gly/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time	Drug	EX000039-036-1	Drug	EX000039-036-1
min	EX000039-044-1	EX000039-044-2	EX000039-044-3	EX000039-044-4
15	0.0321	2.7022	0.0321	0.8907
30	0.0321	6.3951	0.2322	3.3345
45	0.3834	10.0485	0.3424	6.1538
60	0.3950	13.0845	0.4562	8.7641
90	0.6124	17.5758	0.6166	13.2085
120	0.7134	20.1525	0.7222	16.6634
150	0.8270	22.2370	0.8369	19.5955
180	0.8919	23.7455	0.9402
210	0.9428	24.1593	0.9956	22.6921
240	1.0358	24.2168	1.0726	23.1819
	Gly/CMCAB SD	Glyburide	Gly/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time		EX000039-036-1	Drug	EX000039-036-1
min	EX000039-044-5	EX000039-044-6	EX000039-044-7	EX000039-044-8
15		3.0134	0.0321	8.3353
30		7.3343	0.3730	13.1771
45		11.0312	0.4071	16.7701
60		14.0083	0.5752	19.6024
90		18.0834	0.7677	23.4151
120		20.4571	0.8356	24.3092
150		21.9013	0.9711	24.6604
180		23.2828	0.9572	24.7122
210		23.9530	1.4143	24.3535
240		23.9340	1.2243	24.1000

TABLE 20B
% Drug Released
	Glyburide	Gly/CMCAB SD	Glyburide	Gly/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time	Drug	EX000039-036-1	Drug	EX000039-036-1
min	EX000039-044-1	EX000039-044-2	EX000039-044-3	EX000039-044-4
10	0.0355	11.0661	0.0403	3.8558
20	0.0355	26.1892	0.2912	14.4343
30	0.4237	41.1508	0.4293	26.6389
60	0.4365	53.5839	0.5720	37.9384
120	0.6767	71.9764	0.7732	57.1775
180	0.7882	82.5286	0.9056	72.1328
240	0.9138	91.0651	1.0495	84.8255
300	0.9855	97.2428	1.1790
360	1.0417	98.9374	1.2484	98.2302
450	1.1444	99.1726	1.3449	100.3505
	Gly/CMCAB SD	Glyburide	Gly/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time		EX000039-036-1	Drug	EX000039-036-1
min	EX000039-044-5	EX000039-044-6	EX000039-044-7	EX000039-044-8
10		12.5244	0.0362	34.8964
20		30.4830	0.4202	55.1671
30		45.8482	0.4587	70.2093
60		58.2219	0.6480	82.0669
120		75.1586	0.8649	98.0293
180		85.0243	0.9414	101.7723
240		91.0269	1.0941	103.2428
300		96.7688	1.0784	103.4596
360		99.5542	1.5934	101.9579
450		99.4753	1.3793	100.8966

TABLE 20C
Total Drug Released (mg)
	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-036-2	EX000039-036-3	EX000039-036-2	EX000039-036-3
min	EX000039-045-1	EX000039-045-2	EX000039-045-3	EX000039-045-4
15	2.0196	4.9485	3.1565	4.5326
30	4.0273	8.3712	5.0765	7.5472
45	4.4796	9.1719	5.4931	8.4260
60	4.8707	9.6898	5.8042	8.9389
90	5.2491	10.1842	6.0701	9.4626
120	5.6053	10.6236	6.3825	9.7103
150	5.6803	11.1267	6.6169	10.1284
180	5.8419	11.1766	6.7375	10.2111
210	5.9831	11.2241	6.8028	10.2809
240	5.9575	11.3209	6.7890	10.6076
	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time		EX000039-036-3	EX000039-036-2	EX000039-036-2
min	EX000039-045-5	EX000039-045-6	EX000039-045-7	EX000039-045-8
15		4.7500	2.8471	2.3841
30		8.0297	4.7618	3.9051
45		8.8857	5.4658	4.4487
60		9.4029	5.7254	4.7834
90		9.9966	6.1215	5.0237
120		10.3182	6.5590	5.1859
150		10.5440	6.6215	5.3959
180		10.8004	6.7478	5.5955
210		10.7875	6.7590	5.5819
240		11.2664	6.8465	5.7242

TABLE 20D
% Drug Released
	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-036-2	EX000039-036-3	EX000039-036-2	EX000039-036-3
min	EX000039-045-1	EX000039-045-2	EX000039-045-3	EX000039-045-4
10	17.3284	22.4494	20.8636	24.7279
20	34.5543	37.9770	33.5541	41.1742
30	38.4351	41.6097	36.3080	45.9685
60	41.7911	43.9590	38.3640	48.7663
120	45.0369	46.2021	40.1214	51.6238
180	48.0935	48.1952	42.1864	52.9749
240	48.7374	50.4775	43.7357	55.2556
300	50.1239	50.7043	44.5326	55.7072
360	51.3350	50.9197	44.9645	56.0879
450	51.1150	51.3589	44.8732	57.8703
	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time		EX000039-036-3	EX000039-036-2	EX000039-036-2
min	EX000039-045-5	EX000039-045-6	EX000039-045-7	EX000039-045-8
10		22.1766	19.5946	23.9182
20		37.4889	32.7722	39.1773
30		41.4855	37.6176	44.6310
60		43.9004	39.4043	47.9888
120		46.6723	42.1301	50.3990
180		48.1734	45.1413	52.0267
240		49.2280	45.5714	54.1329
300		50.4250	46.4409	56.1362
360		50.3645	46.5182	55.9994
450		52.6004	47.1200	57.4266

TABLE 20E
Total Drug Released (mg)
	HPMCAS/Gly SD	HPMCAS/Gly SD	HPMCAS/Gly SD	HPMCAS/Gly SD
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-036-4	EX000039-036-5	EX000039-036-4	EX000039-036-5
min	EX000039-046-1	EX000039-046-2	EX000039-046-3	EX000039-046-4
15	1.1011	7.4108	1.3791	6.5816
30	4.4528	9.4128	4.3607	9.1836
45	7.2066	9.9065	6.9892	9.7294
60	9.6549	10.1545	9.0370	9.9747
90	13.7393	10.5025	11.9870	10.1525
120	16.9871	10.4761	14.3403	10.2741
150	19.7324	10.4162	15.9981	10.4222
180	21.7776	10.5196	17.7797	10.4192
210	22.9188	10.5084	18.9679	10.6124
240	23.8843	10.6079	20.0208	10.5921
	HPMCAS/Gly SD	HPMCAS/Gly SD	HPMCAS/Gly SD
	Sample #
Time		EX000039-036-5	EX000039-036-4	EX000039-036-4
min	EX000039-046-5	EX000039-046-6	EX000039-046-7	EX000039-046-8
15		7.5154	2.3387	3.2577
30		9.2272	5.3869	6.9338
45		9.8914	7.8544	10.1164
60		10.1524	9.8341	13.0096
90		10.2225	12.7487	17.2764
120		10.3754	14.9230	20.3482
150		10.4490	16.3234	22.4369
180		10.3862	17.4505	23.3829
210		10.4925	17.6811	23.9734
240		10.4778	17.9006	24.0551

TABLE 20F
% Drug Released
	HPMCAS/Gly SD	HPMCAS/Gly SD	HPMCAS/Gly SD	HPMCAS/Gly SD
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-036-4	EX000039-036-5	EX000039-036-4	EX000039-036-5
min	EX000039-046-1	EX000039-046-2	EX000039-046-3	EX000039-046-4
10	4.7665	66.8058	6.8788	59.5442
20	19.2758	84.8530	21.7503	83.0850
30	31.1968	89.3039	34.8606	88.0229
60	41.7954	91.5397	45.0745	90.2422
120	59.4764	94.6766	59.7884	91.8501
180	73.5356	94.4382	71.5258	92.9511
240	85.4197	93.8981	79.7944	94.2909
300	94.2735	94.8311	88.6805	94.2637
360	99.2134	94.7300	94.6074	96.0113
450	103.3931	95.6271	99.8590	95.8273
	HPMCAS/Gly SD	HPMCAS/Gly SD	HPMCAS/Gly SD
	Sample #
Time		EX000039-036-5	EX000039-036-4	EX000039-036-4
min	EX000039-046-5	EX000039-046-6	EX000039-046-7	EX000039-046-8
10		68.9218	13.9042	14.4477
20		84.6211	32.0272	30.7510
30		90.7117	46.6967	44.8654
60		93.1052	58.4672	57.6969
120		93.7488	75.7954	76.6197
180		95.1511	88.7220	90.2431
240		95.8255	97.0480	99.5061
300		95.2497	103.7493	103.7018
360		96.2242	105.1201	106.3206
450		96.0901	106.4250	106.6827

TABLE 20G
Average % Released
	Glyburide	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB SD	Gly/CMCAB SD	HPMCAS/Gly SD	HPMCAS/Gly SD
Time	Sample #
min	Drug	EX000039-036-1	EX000039-036-2	EX000039-036-3	EX000039-036-4	EX000039-036-5
10	0.0373	15.5857	20.4262	23.3180	9.9993	65.0906
20	0.2490	31.5684	35.0145	38.9544	25.9511	84.1864
30	0.4372	45.9618	39.2480	43.4237	39.4049	89.3462
60	0.5522	57.9528	41.8870	46.1537	50.7585	91.6290
120	0.7716	75.5854	44.4219	48.7243	67.9200	93.4252
180	0.8784	85.3645	46.8620	50.3425	81.0066	94.1801
240	1.0191	92.5401	48.0443	52.2735	90.4421	94.6715
300	1.0810	99.1571	49.3084	53.2432	97.6013	94.7815
360	1.2945	99.6699	49.7043	53.3429	101.3154	95.6551
450	1.2896	99.9738	50.1337	54.8141	104.0899	95.8482

FIG. 4 is the dissolution profile of three different CMCAB/glyburide solid dispersions (see Tables 19 and 20 for the description of each sample). Both samples with lower dissolution rates (EX000039-036-2 and -036-3) were solid dispersions with approximately 2.7% crystallinity. It is possible that the increase in crystallinity caused the decrease in release rate and total amount of glyburide released into the media. Other process factors could have also played a role in the reduced release rate.

FIG. 5 contains the dissolution profiles of two HPMCAS/glyburide solid dispersions compared with the best performing CMCAB/glyburide solid dispersion and glyburide (see Tables 19 and 20 for the description of each sample). It is obvious from these results that the release rate of glyburide can be modified within a group of solid dispersions using the same polymeric carrier and that CMCAB can perform equally as well as HPMCAS in certain systems.

The mass of glyburide released from a CMCAB/glyburide solid dispersion and a HPMCAS/glyburide solid dispersion is presented in FIG. 6. When viewing the data in this manner it is obvious that CMCAB/glyburide solid dispersion (EX000039-036-1) performed better than the HPMCAS/glyburide solid dispersion (EX000039-036-4). The HPMCAS/glyburide solid dispersion (EX000039-036-5) outperforms both of these samples as can be seen in FIG. 5. In the format of FIG. 6, the 036-5 sample had a lower drug loading than the 036-1 or 036-4 samples.

Examples 156-161

These Examples describe the dissolution of griseofulvin and griseofulvin solid dispersions by evaluating the samples described in Examples 125-134. SlFsp, pH 6.8 media preparation was described in the Materials and Methods section.

Samples were transferred into gelatin capsules (Capsugel, size 0CS, Lot # 624282) using a manual single capsule filler. The weight of each capsule and the amount of sample added are found in Table 21 and 22 (Capsule Description).

TABLE 21
	Vessel	Sample Prep	Sample	Sample	Capsule
Sample #	#	Notebook #	Description	Prep	Size
EX000039-047-1	1	083K1219	Griseofulvin	Drug	0
EX000039-047-2	2	EX000039-040-1	CMCAB/Gris SD	Co-evp	0
EX000039-047-3	3	083K1219	Griseofulvin	Drug	0
EX000039-047-4	4	EX000039-040-1	CMCAB/Gris SD	Co-evp	0
EX000039-047-5	5	083K1219	Griseofulvin	Drug	0
EX000039-047-6	6	EX000039-040-1	CMCAB/Gris SD	Co-evp	0
EX000039-047-7	7	083K1219	Griseofulvin	Drug	0
EX000039-047-8	8	EX000039-040-1	CMCAB/Gris SD	Co-evp	0
EX000039-048-1	1	EX000039-040-3	PVP/Gris SD	Co-evp	0
EX000039-048-2	2	EX000039-040-4	CMCAB/Gris SD	Ppt	0
EX000039-048-3	3	EX000039-040-3	PVP/Gris SD	Co-evp	0
EX000039-048-4	4	EX000039-040-4	CMCAB/Gris SD	Ppt	0
EX000039-048-5	5	EX000039-040-3	PVP/Gris SD	Co-evp	0
EX000039-048-6	6	EX000039-040-4	CMCAB/Gris SD	Ppt	0
EX000039-048-7	7	EX000039-040-3	PVP/Gris SD	Co-evp	0
EX000039-048-8	8	EX000039-040-4	CMCAB/Gris SD	Ppt	0
EX000039-049-1	1	EX000039-040-5	HPMCAS/Gris SD	Ppt	0
EX000039-049-2	2	EX000039-040-6	CMCAB/Gris SD	Film Co-evp	0
EX000039-049-3	3	EX000039-040-5	HPMCAS/Gris SD	Ppt	0
EX000039-049-4	4	EX000039-040-6	CMCAB/Gris SD	Film Co-evp	0
EX000039-049-5	5	EX000039-040-5	HPMCAS/Gris SD	Ppt	0
EX000039-049-6	6	EX000039-040-6	CMCAB/Gris SD	Film Co-evp	0
EX000039-049-7	7	EX000039-040-5	HPMCAS/Gris SD	Ppt	0
EX000039-049-8	8	EX000039-040-6	CMCAB/Gris SD	Film Co-evp	0

TABLE 22
	Capsule	Total	Sample	% Drug	Drug in
Sample #	Weight g	Weight g	Weight g	by LC	Capsule mg	% Xity
EX000039-047-1	0.0949	0.2914	0.1965	96.4	189.4	100
EX000039-047-2	0.0959	0.4337	0.3378	10.2	34.5	0
EX000039-047-3	0.0944	0.2863	0.1919	96.4	185.0	100
EX000039-047-4	0.0963	0.4305	0.3342	10.2	34.1	0
EX000039-047-5	0.0941	0.286	0.1919	96.4	185.0	100
EX000039-047-6	0.0938	0.4163	0.3225	10.2	32.9	0
EX000039-047-7	0.0955	0.3227	0.2272	96.4	219.0	100
EX000039-047-8	0.0951	0.4133	0.3182	10.2	32.5	0
EX000039-048-1	0.0952	0.4526	0.3574	9.87	35.3	0
EX000039-048-2	0.0934	0.4127	0.3193	8.52	27.2	0
EX000039-048-3	0.0949	0.4596	0.3647	9.87	36.0	0
EX000039-048-4	0.095	0.4194	0.3244	8.52	27.6	0
EX000039-048-5	0.0951	0.4285	0.3334	9.87	32.9	0
EX000039-048-6	0.0954	0.3682	0.2728	8.52	23.2	0
EX000039-048-7	0.094	0.3751	0.2811	9.87	27.7	0
EX000039-048-8	0.0946	0.4226	0.328	8.52	27.9	0
EX000039-049-1	0.0952	0.5188	0.4236	9.21	39.0	0
EX000039-049-2	0.0949	0.5029	0.408	9.19	37.5	0
EX000039-049-3	0.0952	0.4959	0.4007	9.21	36.9	0
EX000039-049-4	0.0947	0.4978	0.4031	9.19	37.0	0
EX000039-049-5	0.0962	0.4942	0.398	9.21	36.7	0
EX000039-049-6	0.095	0.4948	0.3998	9.19	36.7	0
EX000039-049-7	0.0953	0.5333	0.438	9.21	40.3	0
EX000039-049-8	0.0935	0.5239	0.4304	9.19	39.6	0

TABLE 22A
Total Drug Released (mg)
	Griseofulvin	Gris/CMCAB SD	Griseofulvin	Gris/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time	Griseofulvin	EX000039-040-1	Griseofulvin	EX000039-040-1
min	EX000039-047-1	EX000039-047-2	EX000039-047-3	EX000039-047-4
15	12.9809	1.5609	12.9579	2.0980
30	13.1347	4.4468	13.2291	4.2917
45	12.9970	6.2791	13.2561	6.0074
60	13.2187	8.1057	13.2865	7.6437
90	12.8793	10.2209	13.0152	9.3797
120	13.8093	11.9735	13.2937	11.1139
150	13.0036	12.8185	12.9639	11.9355
180	12.9786	13.6019	12.8966	12.7607
210	13.1671	14.3534	12.9476	13.5760
240	13.0461	15.2645	13.2489	14.4654
	Griseofulvin	Gris/CMCAB SD	Griseofulvin	Gris/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time	Griseofulvin	EX000039-040-1	Griseofulvin	EX000039-040-1
min	EX000039-047-5	EX000039-047-6	EX000039-047-7	EX000039-047-8
15	13.1651	1.9474	12.7375	1.8564
30	13.1014	3.3056	13.0986	4.2574
45	13.0726	4.6003	13.1471	6.2941
60	13.3296	5.7322	12.9703	7.8380
90	13.1633	7.3397	14.2638	10.6032
120	13.3211	8.7390	13.2009	11.6810
150	13.1075	9.2870	13.3283	12.7176
180	12.9315	9.7942	13.0464	13.6898
210	13.0903	10.5153	13.0333	14.9911
240	13.0897	11.4187	12.8881	15.7045

TABLE 22B
% Drug Released
	Griseofulvin	Gris/CMCAB SD	Griseofulvin	Gris/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time	Griseofulvin	EX000039-040-1	Griseofulvin	EX000039-040-1
min	EX000039-047-1	EX000039-047-2	EX000039-047-3	EX000039-047-4
15	36.6133	5.7043	35.8167	7.5465
30	37.0470	16.2505	36.5664	15.4371
45	36.6587	22.9467	36.6412	21.6086
60	37.2839	29.6218	36.7251	27.4942
90	36.3266	37.3517	35.9752	33.7387
120	38.9498	43.7564	36.7450	39.9765
150	36.6774	46.8445	35.8335	42.9319
180	36.6068	49.7073	35.6474	45.8999
210	37.1385	52.4534	35.7882	48.8328
240	36.7973	55.7831	36.6212	52.0319
	Griseofulvin	Gris/CMCAB SD	Griseofulvin	Gris/CMCAB SD
	Sample #
Time	Griseofulvin	EX000039-040-1	Griseofulvin	EX000039-040-1
min	EX000039-047-5	EX000039-047-6	EX000039-047-7	EX000039-047-8
15	39.8059	8.3298	45.3135	6.6573
30	39.6132	14.1394	46.9736	15.2675
45	39.5262	19.6769	47.1475	22.5714
60	40.3033	24.5187	46.5134	28.1082
90	39.8005	31.3946	51.1520	38.0244
120	40.2775	37.3797	47.3403	41.8896
150	39.6316	39.7236	47.7972	45.6070
180	39.0996	41.8930	46.7861	49.0935
210	39.5796	44.9776	46.7393	53.7603
240	39.5780	48.8419	46.2187	56.3185

TABLE 22C
Total Drug Released (mg)
	Gris/PVP SD Co-	Gris/CMCAB SD	Gris/PVP SD Co-	Gris/CMCAB SD
	evap	Co-Ppt	evap	Co-Ppt
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-040-3	EX000039-040-4	EX000039-040-3	EX000039-040-4
min	EX000039-048-1	EX000039-048-2	EX000039-048-3	EX000039-048-4
15	9.9996	1.4755	9.6753	2.1650
30	17.4239	3.7589	16.8334	3.3415
45	17.4059	5.3141	17.2502	4.9486
60	17.3946	6.5307	17.2214	6.5650
90	17.2406	8.5005	16.8140	8.9330
120	17.2740	10.7522	17.8023	11.3360
150	16.9607	11.5109	16.6208	13.0561
180	16.7757	12.7906	16.2912	13.6839
210	16.7851	14.0867	16.8391	14.7480
240	16.4131	15.0130	16.4544	15.9036
	Gris/PVP SD Co-	Gris/CMCAB SD	Gris/PVP SD Co-	Gris/CMCAB SD
	evap	Co-Ppt	evap	Co-Ppt
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-040-3	EX000039-040-4	EX000039-040-3	EX000039-040-4
min	EX000039-048-5	EX000039-048-6	EX000039-048-7	EX000039-048-8
15	9.7745	2.0648	8.6415	1.7164
30	16.3982	3.8999	15.0999	4.0500
45	17.2819	5.7631	15.8053	5.9299
60	17.1839	7.2092	15.7985	7.5201
90	17.0428	9.3872	15.9514	10.0257
120	17.0698	10.8863	16.1015	11.3604
150	16.7958	12.3264	16.0268	12.7934
180	16.6404	13.5326	15.6296	14.2034
210	16.8336	14.0898	15.5183	15.5169
240	16.4408	15.0170	15.5550	16.5624

TABLE 22D
% Drug Released
	Gris/PVP SD Co-	Gris/CMCAB SD	Gris/PVP SD Co-	Gris/CMCAB SD
	evap	Co-Ppt	evap	Co-Ppt
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-040-3	EX000039-040-4	EX000039-040-3	EX000039-040-4
min	EX000039-048-1	EX000039-048-2	EX000039-048-3	EX000039-048-4
15	28.2045	5.3922	26.7435	7.7876
30	49.1450	13.7368	46.5291	12.0191
45	49.0943	19.4201	47.6812	17.8000
60	49.0623	23.8659	47.6015	23.6143
90	48.6281	31.0644	46.4755	32.1318
120	48.7221	39.2934	49.2073	40.7754
150	47.8385	42.0658	45.9413	46.9626
180	47.3168	46.7425	45.0303	49.2209
210	47.3431	51.4789	46.5449	53.0485
240	46.2941	54.8640	45.4814	57.2051
	Gris/PVP SD Co-	Gris/CMCAB SD	Gris/PVP SD Co-	Gris/CMCAB SD
	evap	Co-Ppt	evap	Co-Ppt
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-040-3	EX000039-040-4	EX000039-040-3	EX000039-040-4
min	EX000039-048-5	EX000039-048-6	EX000039-048-7	EX000039-048-8
15	29.5542	8.8319	30.9895	6.1061
30	49.5814	16.6811	54.1505	14.4080
45	52.2535	24.6508	56.6799	21.0955
60	51.9572	30.8364	56.6556	26.7529
90	51.5304	40.1525	57.2038	35.6663
120	51.6120	46.5647	57.7423	40.4148
150	50.7835	52.7241	57.4745	45.5126
180	50.3138	57.8836	56.0501	50.5288
210	50.8979	60.2670	55.6508	55.2015
240	49.7104	64.2330	55.7826	58.9206

TABLE 22E
Total Drug Released (mg)
	Gris/HPMCAS SD	Grts/CMCAB SD	Gris/HPMCAS SD	Gris/CMCAB SD
	Co-Ppt	Co-Evap (film)	Co-Ppt	Co-Evap (film)
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-040-5	EX000039-040-6	EX000039-040-5	EX000039-040-6
min	EX000039-049-1	EX000039-049-2	EX000039-049-3	EX000039-049-4
15	4.9721	1.2834	14.2108	0.9289
30	5.7511	2.8784	15.6603	2.4705
45	5.9501	4.2490	16.5603	3.5984
60	6.1222	5.5960	16.9882	4.7561
90	6.5943	7.3894	16.7500	6.3535
120	6.7926	8.7812	17.1461	7.8829
150	7.1275	10.1074	17.4313	9.0446
180	7.4120	10.8039	17.8693	9.8346
210	7.5936	11.8673	17.6789	10.8286
240	7.8820	12.4033	17.8073	11.2821
	Gris/HPMCAS SD	Gris/CMCAB SD	Gris/HPMCAS SD	Gris/CMCAB SD
	Co-Ppt	Co-Evap (film)	Co-Ppt	Co-Evap (film)
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-040-5	EX000039-040-6	EX000039-040-5	EX000039-040-6
min	EX000039-049-5	EX000039-049-6	EX000039-049-7	EX000039-049-8
15		0.8137	5.4854	1.0343
30		2.5240	7.3840	2.9252
45		3.7953	7.9958	4.3061
60		4.7919	8.2168	5.1880
90		6.3212	8.6812	6.7430
120		7.3077	9.2581	7.8737
150		8.1396	9.5011	8.9107
180		8.8441	9.6101	9.4227
210		9.2020	9.8162	10.3873
240		9.8209	10.0703	10.8388

TABLE 22F
% Drug Released
	Gris/HPMCAS SD	Gris/CMCAB SD	Gris/HPMCAS SD	Gris/CMCAB SD
	Co-Ppt	Co-Evap (film)	Co-Ppt	Co-Evap (film)
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-040-5	EX000039-040-6	EX000039-040-5	EX000039-040-6
min	EX000039-049-1	EX000039-049-2	EX000039-049-3	EX000039-049-4
15	14.0240	4.6900	39.2799	3.3414
30	16.2212	10.5188	43.2866	8.8862
45	16.7827	15.5278	45.7741	12.9432
60	17.2681	20.4502	46.9570	17.1077
90	18.5996	27.0040	46.2985	22.8535
120	19.1588	32.0905	47.3935	28.3547
150	20.1035	36.9367	48.1817	32.5333
180	20.9060	39.4821	49.3923	35.3748
210	21.4182	43.3681	48.8662	38.9505
240	22.2316	45.3271	49.2211	40.5816
	Gris/HPMCAS SD	Gris/CMCAB SD	Gris/HPMCAS SD	Gris/CMCAB SD
	Co-Ppt	Co-Evap (film)	Co-Ppt	Co-Evap (film)
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-040-5	EX000039-040-6	EX000039-040-5	EX000039-040-6
min	EX000039-049-5	EX000039-049-6	EX000039-049-7	EX000039-049-8
15		3.4804	19.6716	3.7091
30		10.7959	26.4801	10.4903
45		16.2339	28.6740	15.4424
60		20.4968	29.4665	18.6047
90		27.0380	31.1322	24.1815
120		31.2576	33.2008	28.2361
150		34.8161	34.0724	31.9550
180		37.8294	34.4632	33.7910
210		39.3600	35.2021	37.2502
240		42.0076	36.1135	38.8696

TABLE 22G
Average % Released
			Gris/PVP SD Co-	Gris/CMCAB SD	Gris/HPMCAS SD	Gris/CMCAB SD
	Griseofulvin	Gris/CMCAB SD	evap	Co-Ppt	Co-Ppt	Co-Evap (film)
	Sample #
Time	Griseofulvin	EX000039-040-1	EX000039-040-3	EX000039-040-4	EX000039-040-5	EX000039-040-6
min	MS-39-47	MS-39-47	MS-39-48	MS-39-48	MS-39-44	MS-39-44
15	39.3874	7.0595	28.8729	7.0295	24.3252	3.8052
30	40.0500	15.2736	49.8515	14.2112	28.6626	10.1728
45	39.9934	21.7009	51.4272	20.7416	30.4103	15.0368
60	40.2064	27.4357	51.3191	26.2674	31.2305	19.1649
90	40.8136	35.1274	50.9595	34.7537	32.0101	25.2693
120	40.8282	40.7505	51.8209	41.7621	33.2511	29.9847
150	39.9849	43.7767	50.5094	46.8163	34.1192	34.0603
180	39.5350	46.6484	49.6777	51.0940	34.9205	36.6194
210	39.8114	50.0060	50.1092	54.9990	35.1622	39.7322
240	39.8038	53.2438	49.3171	58.8057	35.8554	41.6965

Griseofulvin was released into SIFsp, pH 6.8 media in a controlled and sustained manner that differed from the immediate release observed with the unmodified drug substance (FIGS. 7-9). CMCAB/griseofulvin solid dispersions on have a different release profile than that of CMCAB/glyburide solid dispersions. Griseofulvin release from a CMCAB solid dispersion showed a more controlled release than the rapid release of griseofulvin from PVP solid dispersions, HPMCAS solid dispersion, or unmodified griseofulvin (FIGS. 7, 10-13). However, the total amount of griseofulvin released was not improved by the formation of the solid dispersions.

Examples 162-164

These Examples describe the impact of surfactant additives on the dissolution profiles of griseofulvin/CMCAB solid dispersions. Preparations of the griseofulvin/CMCAB, griseofulvin/CMCAB/Tween 80, and griseofulvin/CMCAB/SDS solid dispersions evaluated in this example are described in Examples 135-138. SIFsp, pH 6.8 media preparation was described in the Materials and Methods section.

Samples were transferred into gelatin capsules (Capsugel, size 00CS, Lot # 637785) using a manual single capsule filler. The weight of each capsule and the amount of sample added are found in Table 23 (Capsule Description).

TABLE 23
Example	Dissolution	Total Drug	Sample Prep	Sample	% Drug
#	Run #	in Capsule	#	Description	calc'd
162-A	EX000039-056-1	50.916	EX000039-053-1	Gris/CMCAB/Tween	9.62
163-A	EX000039-056-2	51.181	EX000039-053-2	Gris/CMCAB/Tween	10.00
162-B	EX000039-056-3	74.600	EX000039-053-1	Gris/CMCAB/Tween	9.62
163-B	EX000039-056-4	61.277	EX000039-053-2	Gris/CMCAB/Tween	10.00
162-C	EX000039-056-5	46.714	EX000039-053-1	Gris/CMCAB/Tween	9.62
163-C	EX000039-056-6	57.369	EX000039-053-2	Gris/CMCAB/Tween	10.00
162-D	EX000039-056-7	50.695	EX000039-053-1	Gris/CMCAB/Tween	9.62
163-D	EX000039-056-8	57.808	EX000039-053-2	Gris/CMCAB/Tween	10.00
164-A	EX000039-057-1	32.734	EX000039-053-3	Gris/CMCAB/Tween	9.98
165-A	EX000039-057-2	41.352	EX000039-053-4	Gris/CMCAB/SDS	10.00
164-B	EX000039-057-3	32.445	EX000039-053-3	Gris/CMCAB/Tween	9.98
165-B	EX000039-057-4	44.552	EX000039-053-4	Gris/CMCAB/SDS	10.00
164-C	EX000039-057-5	34.460	EX000039-053-3	Gris/CMCAB/Tween	9.98
165-C	EX000039-057-6	49.851	EX000039-053-4	Gris/CMCAB/SDS	10.00
164-D	EX000039-057-7	35.408	EX000039-053-3	Gris/CMCAB/Tween	9.98
165-D	EX000039-057-8	47.121	EX000039-053-4	Gris/CMCAB/SDS	10.00
					Calc'd

TABLE 23A
Total Drug Released (mg)
	Gris/CMCAB/	Gris/CMCAB/	Gris/CMCAB/	Gris/CMCAB/
	Tween SD	Tween SD	Tween SD	Tween SD
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-053-1	EX000039-053-2	EX000039-053-1	EX000039-053-2
min	EX000039-056-1	EX000039-056-2	EX000039-056-3	EX000039-056-4
15	13.5282	11.6295	13.4174	11.2270
30	20.2876	20.4718	20.7217	24.0079
45	23.1192	23.7565	23.6875	28.0878
60	24.8704	25.5940	25.4174	29.5686
90	26.9217	27.4981	27.4357	29.2619
120	27.6194	28.8126	28.2747	25.1265
150	28.4264	29.6012	28.1467	26.3081
180	29.6174	30.6760	30.9669	26.5987
210	29.8564	30.9146	31.1874	29.0113
240	29.8848	31.1328	31.6563	29.2049
	Gris/CMCAB/	Gris/CMCAB/	Gris/CMCAB/	Gris/CMCAB/
	Tween SD	Tween SD	Tween SD	Tween SD
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-053-1	EX000039-053-2	EX000039-053-1	EX000039-053-2
min	EX000039-056-5	EX000039-056-6	EX000039-056-7	EX000039-056-8
15	14.8864	11.6894	12.6909	15.4677
30	21.0922	22.5678	20.4484	24.7671
45	23.8655	26.4418	23.2612	28.3437
60	25.5763	28.2613	25.2804	29.7099
90	27.7216	29.1113	27.3016	30.4436
120	29.5277	27.0263	28.9519	30.0708
150	30.4629	26.7319	29.3934	31.2110
180	31.1752	27.0181	30.5373	30.3273
210	31.7381	27.9012	30.7444	30.9532
240	31.6190	30.5104	31.3978	32.6128

TABLE 23B
% Drug Released
	Gris/CMCAB/	Gris/CMCAB/	Gris/CMCAB/	Gris/CMCAB/
	Tween SD	Tween SD	Tween SD	Tween SD
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-053-1	EX000039-053-2	EX000039-053-1	EX000039-053-2
min	EX000039-056-1	EX000039-056-2	EX000039-056-3	EX000039-056-4
15	26.5698	22.7223	17.9859	18.3218
30	39.8454	39.9990	27.7772	39.1792
45	45.4067	46.4168	31.7528	45.8375
60	48.8462	50.0070	34.0718	48.2539
90	52.8749	53.7273	36.7773	47.7534
120	54.2454	56.2956	37.9020	41.0048
150	55.8303	57.8365	37.7304	42.9330
180	58.1693	59.9364	41.5108	43.4073
210	58.6388	60.4026	41.8064	47.3445
240	58.6946	60.8290	42.4350	47.6604
	Gris/CMCAB/	Gris/CMCAB/	Gris/CMCAB/	Gris/CMCAB/
	Tween SD	Tween SD	Tween SD	Tween SD
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-053-1	EX000039-053-2	EX000039-053-1	EX000039-053-2
min	EX000039-056-5	EX000039-056-6	EX000039-056-7	EX000039-056-8
15	31.8674	20.3760	21.9534	30.5114
30	45.1521	39.3383	35.3727	48.8554
45	51.0888	46.0912	40.2385	55.9108
60	54.7512	49.2627	43.7314	58.6056
90	59.3436	50.7444	47.2277	60.0529
120	63.2100	47.1100	50.0825	59.3175
150	65.2120	46.5967	50.8462	61.5668
180	66.7369	47.0957	52.8250	59.8234
210	67.9417	48.6350	53.1834	61.0582
240	67.6868	53.1832	54.3137	64.3318

TABLE 23C
Total Drug Released (mg)
	Gris/CMCAB/		Gris/CMCAB/
	Tween SD	Gris/CMCAB/SDS SD	Tween SD	Gris/CMCAB/SDS SD
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-053-3	EX000039-053-4	EX000039-053-3	EX000039-053-4
min	EX000039-057-1	EX000039-057-2	EX000039-057-3	EX000039-057-4
15	6.6847	12.3840	6.4044	12.2735
30	9.9322	15.7208	10.3247	16.5435
45	11.7462	17.7770	12.2167	18.6814
60	13.0593	19.2732	13.5940	20.2416
90	14.9446	21.5211	15.4063	22.3824
120	15.7383	22.4183	16.3355	23.4678
150	16.5373	23.2805	17.1367	24.6385
180	17.0484	24.0800	18.4179	25.4343
210	17.7112	24.5786	18.5572	25.9478
240		25.0350	19.1823	26.8323
	Gris/CMCAB/		Gris/CMCAB/
	Tween SD	Gris/CMCAB/SDS SD	Tween SD	Gris/CMCAB/SDS SD
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-053-3	EX000039-053-4	EX000039-053-3	EX000039-053-4
min	EX000039-057-5	EX000039-057-6	EX000039-057-7	EX000039-057-8
15	7.7630	13.1552	7.1028	14.2510
30	11.3405	17.5700	11.0540	18.2056
45	13.5710	19.8553	12.9926	20.6523
60	15.2204	21.5680	14.4580	22.4551
90	17.1880	23.3019	15.8800	24.5912
120	18.3349	24.9694	17.0413	25.7224
150	19.2422	26.0070	17.7741	26.6282
180	20.1335	27.1555	18.3948	27.3578
210	20.5399	27.5006	18.9397	28.1546
240	20.9136		19.6982	28.8091

TABLE 23D
% Drug Released
	Gris/CMCAB/		Gris/CMCAB/
	Tween SD	Gris/CMCAB/SDS SD	Tween SD	Gris/CMCAB/SDS SD
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-053-3	EX000039-053-4	EX000039-053-3	EX000039-053-4
min	EX000039-057-1	EX000039-057-2	EX000039-057-3	EX000039-057-4
15	20.4213	29.9476	19.7396	27.5489
30	30.3422	38.0167	31.8226	37.1334
45	35.8839	42.9893	37.6541	41.9321
60	39.8955	46.6074	41.8991	45.4339
90	45.6550	52.0435	47.4851	50.2392
120	48.0796	54.2131	50.3490	52.6756
150	50.5203	56.2980	52.8186	55.3033
180	52.0820	58.2315	56.7674	57.0895
210	54.1065	59.4371	57.1966	58.2420
240		60.5409	59.1233	60.2274
	Gris/CMCAB/		Gris/CMCAB/
	Tween SD	Gris/CMCAB/SDS SD	Tween SD	Gris/CMCAB/SDS SD
	Sample #
Time	EX000039-053-3	EX000039-053-4	EX000039-053-3	EX000039-053-4
min	EX000039-057-5	EX000039-057-6	EX000039-057-7	EX000039-057-8
15	22.5276	26.3893	20.0600	30.2432
30	32.9094	35.2453	31.2193	38.6358
45	39.3821	39.8296	36.6943	43.8280
60	44.1685	43.2652	40.8330	47.6540
90	49.8783	46.7434	44.8491	52.1872
120	53.2067	50.0885	48.1288	54.5878
150	55.8394	52.1699	50.1984	56.5101
180	58.4259	54.4738	51.9515	58.0585
210	59.6054	55.1659	53.4906	59.7495
240	60.6898		55.6326	61.1384

TABLE 23E
Average % Released
	Gris/CMCAB/	Gris/CMCAB/	Gris/CMCAB/	Gris/CMCAB/
	Tween SD	Tween SD	Tween SD	SDS SD
Time	Sample #
min	EX000039-053-1	EX000039-053-2	EX000039-053-3	EX000039-053-4
15	24.5941	22.9829	20.6871	28.5322
30	37.0368	41.8430	31.5734	37.2578
45	42.1217	48.5641	37.4036	42.1447
60	45.3501	51.5323	41.6990	45.7402
90	49.0559	53.0695	46.9669	50.3033
120	51.3600	50.9320	49.9410	52.8912
150	52.4047	52.2333	52.3442	55.0703
180	54.8105	52.5657	54.8067	56.9633
210	55.3926	54.3601	56.0998	58.1486
240	55.7825	56.5011	58.4819	60.6355

The impact of the addition of surfactants to the release profile of griseofulvin/CMCAB solid dispersions can be seen graphically in FIG. 14. The addition of surfacants, more specifically Tween 80 and SDS, to the solid dispersion compositions at levels as low as 1-5% total weight percent changed the nature of the release profile of griseofulvin. In the addition of about 1 to about 5 weight percent Tween 80 of SDS to griseofulvin/CMCAB solid dispersions, the surfactant was added prior to the co-evaporation process, and changed the near zero-order release profile of a griseofulvin/CMCAB solid dispersion into a much faster release profile. The addition of the surfactant to the griseofulvin/CMCAB solid dispersion also increased the total amount of the drug released in the system when compared to the drug alone and the griseofulvin/CMCAB solid dispersion without the surfactant.

Example 165

This Example describes the impact of polymer and plasticizer levels.

Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the use of a plasticizer that is mutually compatible with both the drug substance and the polymeric support in a solid dispersion may reduce the level of crystallinity of the drug substance trapped in the solid dispersion by generating a system of compatible ingredients and reducing the likelihood of drug substance “pooling” that would ultimately result in crystallization of the drug substance within the solid dispersion. To evaluate this theory, the impact of various plasticizers and plasticizer levels on the % crystallinity of a solid dispersion containing C-A-P or CMCAB and ibuprofen was investigated. These experiments indicated an impact of plasticizer (max loading of 10%) on the percent crystallinity of solid dispersions of ibuprofen with CMCAB or C-A-P as the polymeric carrier, as indicated in Table 24.

	TABLE 24
	X Ray
	wt %	%	Mod. DSC
	CMCAB	IB	Pz	CMCAB	Crystaline	Amorphous	LC wt %	Tg	Tm	Tg	Tm
Sample #	(g)	(g)	(g)	%	IB %	Pz %	IB	IB	IB	CMCAB	Pz	(1st)	(1st)	(2nd)	(2nd)
X-29555-17-1	4.19	1.397	0.45	69.41	23.14	7.45	6.1	16.8	22.9	72.5	4.6	nd	69.3	76.7	nd
X-29555-17-2	6.02	0.074	0	98.79	1.21	0.00	0	1.4	1.4	98.6	0	132	nd	nd	130
X-29555-17-3	5.24	0.513	0.31	86.43	8.46	5.11	2.1	12.1	6.3	90.1	3.6	nd	75.2	93.7	nd
X-29555-17-4	5.078	0.95	0	84.24	15.76	0.00	0	6.3	14.2	85.8	0	110	nd	109	nd
X-29555-17-5	4.77	0.922	0.3	79.61	15.39	5.01	0	12.1	12.1	84.5	3.4	96.1	nd	93.9	nd
X-29555-17-6	5.504	0.08	0.6	89.00	1.29	9.70	0	1.3	1.3	92.3	6.4	116	nd	109	nd
X-29555-17-7	5.99	0.11	0	98.20	1.80	0.00	0	1.8	1.8	98.2	0	128	nd	128	nd
X-29555-17-8	3.62	1.8	0.598	60.15	29.91	9.94	8.4	22.7	31.1	62.5	6.4	nd	69.6	61	nd
X-29555-17-9	4.55	0.937	0.65	74.14	15.27	10.59	2.9	12.5	15.4	78.6	6	nd	66.7	76.8	nd
X-29555-17-10	4.21	1.82	0	69.82	30.18	0.00	7.9	23.1	31	69	0	nd	73.4	58.1	nd
X-29555-17-11	4.2	1.8	0	70.00	30.00	0.00	8.3	21.9	30.2	69.8	0	nd	74	62.7	nd
X-29555-17-12	5.34	0.08	0.58	89.00	1.33	9.67	0	1.9	1.9	91.6	6.5	112	nd	111	nd
X-29555-17-13	3.6	1.83	0.6	59.70	30.35	9.95	9.6	22.2	31.8	61.3	6.9	nd	67.7	56.1	nd
X-29555-17-14	4.51	1.43	0.151	74.04	23.48	2.48	6.7	16.2	22.9	75.2	1.9	62.6	72.3	74.8	nd

FIG. 15 shows the impact of TPGS on % crystallinity of ibuprofen/CMCAB solid dispersions (D-Optimal Mixture DOE Results).

Example 166

This Example describes the impact of sample preparation method. Solid dispersions were prepared using co-precipitation methods in which the drug, enteric polymer, and additives were dissolved in acetone then precipitated by adding the mixture to water. The poor water solubility of the drug results in the drug co-precipitating with the enteric cellulosic to produce a solid dispersion. Evaluated here are a series of strategies for preparing solid dispersions, including co-precipitation (flake ppt'n and powder ppt'n), co-evaporation, and spray drying and determined the impact the various methods had on the % crystallinity of the solid dispersion, as indicated in Table 25, which shows the impact of method of preparation on % crystallinity of solid dispersions.

TABLE 25
				wt %	wt %
Preparation				Crystalline	Amorphous	wt %	Tg	Tm	Tg	Tm
Method	Sample #	CAP %	IB %	IB	IB	IB	(1st)	(1st)	(2nd)	(2nd)
Spray	X-29555-27A-1	83.00	17.00	0	17.5	17.5	120.6	74.4	93.0	nd
	X-29555-27A-2	60.00	40.00	5.1	29.9	35	nd	75	99.68	70.73
	X-29555-27A-3	40.00	60.00	12.1	35.5	47.6	135.1	75	99.67	70.73
	X-29555-27A-4	33.00	67.00	17.2	37	54.2	nd	74.9	96.64	70.29
	X-29555-27A-5	5.00	95.00	19.4	39.1	58.5	nd	74.9	101.4	71.2
Co-Evp	X-29555-27B-1	83.00	17.00	*	*	15.8	nd	74.4	97.27	nd
	X-29555-27B-2	60.00	40.00	12.3	22.7	35	nd	74.1	101.8	71.28
	X-29555-27B-3	40.00	60.00	22	29.8	51.8	nd	75.7	99.09	71.2
	X-29555-27B-4	33.00	67.00	**	**	61.6	nd	75.7	99.4	71.1
	X-29555-27B-5	5.00	95.00	**	**	92.9	nd	75.4	nd	162.6
Co-Ppt	X-29555-27C-1	83.00	17.00	1.6	16.6	18.2	nd	75.7	139.1	nd
	X-29555-27C-2	60.00	40.00	4.1	35.5	39.6	nd	75.8	105.4	71.89
	X-29555-27C-3	40.00	60.00	12.6	46.4	59	nd	72.1	100.6	71.3
	X-29555-27C-4	33.00	67.00	16.4	49.2	65.6	nd	75	105.4	71.43
	X-29555-27C-5	5.00	95.00	**	**	94.8	hd	74.5	nd	nd
Powder Ppt	X-29555-27D-1	83.00	17.00	*	*	16.4	120.6	74.7	111.7	nd
	X-29555-27D-2	60.00	40.00	6.3	23.6	29.9	123.8	74.8	102.9	nd
	X-29555-27D-3	40.00	60.00	40.9	18.9	59.8	nd	75.2	104.1	70.9
	X-29555-27D-4	33.00	67.00	32.2	32.1	64.3	nd	75.1	106.5	71.75
	X-29555-27D-5	5.00	95.00	**	**	92.9	nd	72.8	nd	72.16
**Indicates the sample morphology was out of the calibrated range for X-ray

Example 167

This Example describes the impact of process parameters (Temperature). Specifically, the impact of drying temperatures between 40 and 100° C. on the % crystallinity of solid dispersions was evaluated. Increased drying temperatures or processing temperatures can reduce the crystallinity of a solid dispersion prepared by co-precipitation, as indicated in Table 26, which shows the impact of drying temperature on % crystallinity of ibuprofen/C-A-P solid dispersions.

	TABLE 26
	X-ray
	Dry		Wt. %
	Temp.		Cryst.	Wt %	LCWt %
Sample #	Deg. C	C-A-P(g)	IB(g)	Pz(g)	C-A-P %	IB %	Pz %	IB	Amor*	IB	C-A-P*	Pz
X-29555-26-1	40	9.72	2.4	0	80.20	19.80	0.00	3	17.6	20.6	79.4	0
X-29555-26-2	60	9.72	2.4	0	80.20	19.80	0.00	0.9	16.1	17	83	0
X-29555-26-3	80	9.72	2.4	0	80.20	19.80	0.00	0	12.9	12.9	87.1	0
X-29555-26-4	100	9.72	2.4	0	80.20	19.80	0.00	0	4.5	4.5	95.5	0
X-29555-26-5	40	7.29	4.8	0	60.30	39.70	0.00	8.5	31.9	40.4	59.6	0
X-29555-26-6	60	7.29	4.8	0	60.30	39.70	0.00	6	27.2	33.2	66.8	0
X-29555-26-7	80	7.29	4.8	0	60.30	39.70	0.00	0	24.4	24.4	75.6	0
X-29555-26-8	100	7.29	4.8	0	60.30	39.70	0.00	NA	NA	18.5	81.5	0
X-29555-26-9	40	4.81	7.2	0	40.05	59.95	0.00	22.2	40.4	62.6	37.4	0
X-29555-26-10	60	4.81	7.2	0	40.05	59.95	0.00	20.3	30.9	51.2	48.8	0
X-29555-26-11	80	4.81	7.2	0	40.05	59.95	0.00	5.3	13.2	18.5	81.5	0
X-29555-26-12	100	4.81	7.2	0	40.05	59.95	0.00	NA	NA	20	80	0
X-29555-26-13	40	2.4	9.6	0	20.00	80.00	0.00	33.8	48.7	82.5	17.5	0
X-29555-26-14	60	2.4	9.6	0	20.00	80.00	0.00	40.5	42.4	82.9	17.1	0
X-29555-26-15	80	2.4	9.6	0	20.00	80.00	0.00	13.1	42	55.1	44.9	0
X-29555-26-16	100	2.4	9.6	0	20.00	80.00	0.00	NA	NA	18.6	81.4	0
X-29555-26-17	40	0.6	11.4	0	5.00	95.00	0.00	46.9	52.3	99.2	0.8	0
X-29555-26-18	60	0.6	11.4	0	5.00	95.00	0.00	102.6	-3.7	98.9	1.1	0
X-29555-26-19	80	0.6	11.4	0	5.00	95.00	0.00	NA	NA	92.9	7.1	0
X-29555-26-20	100	0.6	11.4	0	5.00	95.00	0.00	NA	NA	10.3	89.7	0

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention.

Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.

Claims

1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: at least one pharmaceutically active agent having low solubility in a medium, and at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester comprising an anhydroglucose repeat unit having the structure: wherein: R1-R6 are each independently selected from —OH, —OC(O)(alkyl), and —O(CH2)xC(O)OH, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein x ranges from 1-3, a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OH ranges from 0.1 to 0.7, a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)(alkyl) ranges from 0.1 to 2.7, and a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —O(CH2)xC(O)OH ranges from 0.2 to 0.75.

2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a solid dispersion.

3. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising at least one additive chosen from binding agent, filling agent, lubricating agent, suspending agent, sweetener, flavoring agent, preservative, buffer, wetting agent, disintegrant, effervescent agent, or other excipient.

4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein further comprising at least one of the additive chosen from Vitamin E TPGS, sucrose acetate isobutyrate, glucose pentapropionate, diethyl phthalate, triacetin, polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate and sodium dodecylsulfate.

5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the —OC(O)(alkyl) is chosen from —OC(O)(C1-C21 alkyl).

6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the —OC(O)(alkyl) is chosen from —OC(O)(C1-C11 alkyl).

7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the —OC(O)(alkyl) is chosen from —OC(O)(C1-C5 alkyl).

8. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the —OC(O)(alkyl) is chosen from —OC(O)(C1-C3 alkyl).

9. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester is chosen from carboxymethylcellulose esters having a degree of substitution ranging from 0.2 to 0.4.

10. The composition according to claim 9, wherein the carboxyalkylcellulose ester is carboxymethylcellulose acetate having a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)CH3 ranging from 1.5 to 2.7.

11. The composition according to claim 9, wherein the at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester is carboxymethylcellulose propionate having a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)CH2CH3 ranging from 1.5 to 2.7.

12. The composition according to claim 9, wherein the at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester is carboxymethylcellulose butyrate having a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)CH2CH2CH3 ranging from 1.5 to 2.7.

13. The composition according to claim 9, wherein the at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester is carboxymethylcellulose acetate propionate having a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)CH3 ranging from 0.1 to 2.65 and a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)CH2CH2H3 ranging from 0.1 to 2.6.

14. The composition according to claim 9, wherein the at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester is carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate having a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)CH3 ranging from 0.1 to 1.65 and a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)CH2CH2H3 ranging from 0.1 to 2.6.

15. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprises a polymeric blend.

16. The composition according to claim 1, wherein in pharmaceutically acceptable media, the composition exhibits release of the pharmaceutically active agent at a pH of at least 5.

17. The composition according to claim 1, wherein in pharmaceutically acceptable media, the composition exhibits release of the pharmaceutically active agent at a pH of at least 6.

18. The composition according to claim 1, wherein in pharmaceutically acceptable media, the composition exhibits release of the pharmaceutically active agent at a pH of at least 6.5.

19. A composition comprising: at least one pharmaceutically active agent, and at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester comprising an anhydroglucose repeat unit having the structure: wherein: R1-R6 are each independently selected from —OH, —OC(O)(alkyl), and —O(CH2)xC(O)OH, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein x ranges from 1-3, a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OH ranges from 0.1 to 0.7, a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)(alkyl) ranges from 0.1 to 2.7, and a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —O(CH2)xC(O)OH ranges from 0.2 to 0.75, wherein the composition is in the form of a solid dispersion.

20. The composition according to claim 19, wherein the carboxyalkylcellulose ester is a carboxymethylcellulose acetate butyrate having an inherent viscosity of 0.35 to 0.60 dL/g.

21. The composition according to claim 19, wherein the degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OCH2C(O)OH ranges from 0.751 to 1.2.

22. The composition according to claim 19, prepared by the process of co-precipitation.

23. The composition according to claim 19, prepared by the process of co-evaporation.

24. The composition according to claim 19, prepared by the process of spray drying.

25. The composition according to claim 19, prepared by the process of lyophilization.

26. The composition according to claim 19, prepared by a solvent-free process.

27. The composition according to claim 19, prepared by melt blending.

28. The composition according to claim 19, prepared by melt extrusion.

29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: at least one pharmaceutically active agent, wherein at least 10,000 mL of water is required to dissolve 1 g of the agent, and at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester comprising an anhydroglucose repeat unit having the structure: wherein: R1-R6 are each independently selected from —OH, —OC(O)(alkyl), and —O(CH2)xC(O)OH, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein x ranges from 1-3, a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OH ranges from 0.1 to 0.7, a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)(alkyl) ranges from 0.1 to 2.7, and a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —O(CH2)xC(O)OH ranges from 0.2 to 0.75.

30. A method of treating a mammal in need thereof with a pharmaceutical composition, comprising: administering to the mammal in need of treatment the pharmaceutical composition comprising: a therapeutically effective amount of at least one poorly soluble pharmaceutically active agent, and at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester comprising an anhydroglucose repeat unit having the structure: wherein: R1-R6 are each independently selected from —OH, —O—C(O)(alkyl), and —O(CH2)xC(O)OH, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, wherein x ranges from 1-3, a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OH ranges from 0.1 to 0.7, a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)(alkyl) ranges from 0.1 to 2.7, and a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —O(CH2)xC(O)OH ranges from 0.2to 0.75.

31. A pharmaceutical composition comprising: at least one pharmaceutically active agent having low solubility in a medium, and at least one carboxyalkylcellulose ester comprising an anhydroglucose repeat unit having the structure: wherein: R1-R6 are each independently selected from —OH, —OC(O)(alkyl), and —O(CH2)xC(O)OH, O−A+, and —O(CH2)xC(O)O−A+, wherein x ranges from 1-3, and A+ is a counter ion, a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OH and O−A+ ranges from 0.1 to 0.7, a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —OC(O)(alkyl) ranges from 0.1 to 2.7, and a degree of substitution per anhydroglucose of —O(CH2)xC(O)OH and —O(CH2)x(O)O−A+ ranges from 0.2 to 0.75.

32. The composition according to claim 31, wherein the composition comprises a solid dispersion.

33. The composition according to claim 31, wherein each A+ is independently selected from monovalent inorganic cations, divalent inorganic cations, ammonium salts, and alkyl ammonium salts.

34. The composition according to claim 33, wherein the monovalent inorganic cations are chosen from lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and silver.

35. The composition according to claim 33, wherein the divalent inorganic cations are chosen from magnesium, calcium, nickel, zinc, iron copper, and manganese.