Patent Application
20100276036
The present invention generally relates to superalloys employed under service conditions involving extended exposures to high temperatures. More particularly, this invention is directed to a process for incorporating a carburized region beneath an aluminum-rich environmental coating on substrates formed of nickel-based superalloys prone to coating-induced metallurgical instability, wherein the carburized region stabilizes the microstructure of the substrate beneath the coating.
Certain components of gas turbine engines, particularly turbine blades, turbine vanes, and components of the combustor and augmentor, are susceptible to damage by oxidation and hot corrosion attack and are therefore protected by an environmental coating. If used in combination with a thermal barrier coating (TBC), the environmental coating is termed a bond coat and the combination of the TBC and environmental coating form what may be termed a TBC system. Environmental coatings in wide use include diffusion aluminide coatings formed by diffusing aluminum into the substrate to be protected, resulting in a coating on the substrate surface and a diffusion zone beneath the substrate surface. Examples are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,415,672, 3,540,878, 3,598,638, 3,617,360, 3,667,985, 3,677,789, 3,692,554, 3,819,338, 3,837,901, and 6,066,405. Other environmental coatings in use include overlay coatings such as MCrAlX (where M is iron, cobalt and/or nickel, and X is yttrium, rare earth metals, and/or reactive metals), and beta-phase (β) NiAl overlay coatings. Examples of the former are disclosed in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,043,138 and 5,316,866, and examples of the latter are disclosed in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,975,852, 6,153,313, 6,255,001, 6,291,084, and 6,620,524. The suitability of environmental coatings formed of NiAlPt to contain the gamma-prime phase (γ′-Ni3Al has also been considered, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2004/0229075 to Gleeson et al., 2006/0093801 to Darolia et al., and 2006/0093850 to Darolia et al.
Environmental coatings (with and without TBC) are being used in an increasing number of turbine applications, particularly on combustors, augmentors, turbine blades, turbine vanes, etc., of gas turbine engines. The material systems used for most turbine airfoil applications comprise a nickel-based superalloy as the substrate material, a platinum-modified diffusion aluminide (β-(Ni,Pt)Al) as the environmental coating (bond coat), and a zirconia-based ceramic as the TBC material. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), with a typical yttria content in the range of about 4 to about 8 weight percent, is widely used as the ceramic material for TBC's. Common deposition processes include thermal spraying (particularly air plasma spraying) and physical vapor deposition (particularly electron-beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD)).
The above-noted environmental coating materials contain relatively high amounts of aluminum relative to the superalloys they protect, while superalloys contain various elements that are not present or are present in relatively small amounts in environmental coatings. During the deposition of an environmental coating, a primary diffusion zone of chemical mixing occurs to some degree between the coating and the superalloy substrate as a result of the concentration gradients of the constituents. Such a diffusion zone is particularly prominent in diffusion aluminide coatings. At elevated temperatures, further interdiffusion occurs as a result of solid-state diffusion across the substrate/coating interface. The migration of elements across this interface alters the chemical composition and microstructure of both the environmental coating and the substrate in the vicinity of the interface, causing what may be termed coating-induced metallurgical instability, sometimes deleterious results. For example,
Commercially-known high strength superalloys that contain significant amounts of refractory elements (such as rhenium, chromium, tantalum, tungsten, hafnium, molybdenum, niobium, and zirconium) include gamma prime (γ′) precipitate-strengthened nickel-based superalloys such as MX4 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,789), René N6 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,455,120), CMSX-10, CMSX-12, and TMS-75. Significant efforts have been put forth to control SRZ in these and other superalloys. For example, commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,334,263, 5,891,267, and 6,447,932 provide for direct carburizing or nitriding of a superalloy substrate to form stable carbides or nitrides that tie up the high level of refractory metals present near the surface. Other proposed approaches involve blocking the diffusion path of aluminum into the superalloy substrate with a diffusion barrier coating, examples of which include ruthenium-based coatings disclosed in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,306,524 to Spitsberg et al., 6,720,088 to Zhao et al., 6,746,782 to Zhao et al., and 6,921,586 to Zhao et al. Still other attempts involve coating the surface of a high rhenium superalloy with chromides or cobalt prior to aluminizing the surface, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,246. Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,866 to Nagaraj et al. discloses that a PGM-based coating diffused directly into a superalloy substrate can eliminate the need for a traditional aluminum-containing environmental coating and thereby avoid SRZ and TCP phase formation.
The ability to successfully inhibit SRZ formation by surface carburization was demonstrated in the above-noted U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,334,263 and 5,891,267. Surface carburization reacts TCP phase-forming elements (most notably rhenium, chromium, tantalum, and tungsten) with carbon to form submicron-sized carbides, to the extent that the incidence of TCP phases can be reduced and the microstructure of the substrate stabilized against formation of SRZ.
Various processes exist for carburizing metal surfaces. Each generally involves the use of a carbon-rich source and an enclosure within which a substrate to be coated can be exposed to carbon atoms made available by the source over a period of time and at a sufficiently elevated temperature to enable the substrate to be enriched with carbon. The composition of the substrate determines the effect of the carburization process. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,702,540, a vacuum gas carburization process is disclosed for carburizing a steel material, in which the carbon source is acetylene gas and the steel material is carburized in a vacuum furnace for the purpose of hardening its surface.
In the context of inhibiting SRZ formation in nickel-based superalloys that undergo a diffusion aluminide coating process, there appears to be a need to accurately and consistently control the depth of carburization. Too little carburization can be inadequate to inhibit SRZ formation, while too much carburization can adversely affect mechanical properties. The nominal carbide layer depth in a nickel-based superalloy protected by a diffusion aluminide coating is believed to approximately coincide with the depth of the aluminum-enriched diffusion zone beneath the coating following application of the coating and subsequent post-coating heat treatments. On this basis, for a diffusion aluminide coating formed by conventional diffusion processes, a preferred carburization depth is believed to be about 25 to about 100 micrometers below the substrate surface. However, in practice it has been difficult to consistently form carburized surface regions in nickel-based superalloys with depths within this range, and particularly with depths that approximately coincide with a known depth of a diffusion zone of a given diffusion coating. The ability to consistently control the carburization depth becomes particularly important for turbine components that have relatively thin walls and cross-sections and are therefore more sensitive to carburization depth variations. Excessive carburization can be particularly problematic at sharp features, such as the trailing edge of an airfoil where carburization occurs from three directions.
The present invention provides a process by which a nickel-based substrate prone to deleterious reactions with an aluminum-rich coating can be stabilized by carburization. The process is particularly effective for use on nickel-based superalloys, and involves a vacuum carburization treatment capable of consistently forming carburized surface regions of controllable depths.
The process generally entails processing the surface of the substrate to be substantially free of oxides, heating the substrate in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to a carburization temperature, and then contacting the surface of the substrate with a carburization gas mixture comprising a diluted low activity hydrocarbon gas while maintaining the substrate at the carburization temperature. While at the carburization temperature and contacted by the carburization gas, carbon atoms in the carburization gas dissociate therefrom, transfer onto the surface of the substrate, diffuse into the substrate, and react with at least one refractory metal within the substrate to form carbides of the refractory metal within a carburized region beneath the surface of the substrate. Thereafter, the substrate is cooled in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to terminate the formation of the carbides in the substrate.
According to this invention, a carburizing process as described above is able to consistently form a carburized surface region in a nickel-based superalloy to a desirable depth, preferably coinciding with the depth of a diffusion zone beneath an aluminum-rich coating subsequently deposited on the substrate surface. The carbides within the carburized surface region serve to tie up refractory metals present in the substrate to inhibit SRZ formation by stabilizing the microstructure of the substrate during and following deposition of the coating.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will be better appreciated from the following detailed description.
The present invention is generally applicable to components that operate within environments characterized by relatively high temperatures and subjected to severe thermal and environmental conditions. Notable examples of such components include the high and low pressure turbine nozzles and blades, shrouds, combustor liners, and augmentor hardware of gas turbine engines. An example of a high pressure turbine blade 10 is shown in
As a high pressure turbine (HPT), the blade 10 represented in
Environmental coatings typically applied to HPT blades are aluminum-rich compositions including diffusion coatings such as diffusion aluminides and platinum-modified diffusion aluminides, and overlay coatings such as MCrAlX and nickel aluminide intermetallic. As such, a beneficial aluminum oxide (alumina) scale grows on the coating surface, providing environmental protection for the underlying substrate, inhibiting further oxidation of the coating, and promoting adhesion of the thermal barrier coating (if present). Various materials can be employed as the thermal barrier coating, including zirconia partially or fully stabilized with yttria and/or other oxides. The thermal barrier coating can be deposited by a thermal spray process, a vapor deposition process, or another suitable technique.
While essentially any environmental coating containing aluminum or an aluminide intermetallic is potentially within the scope of this invention, including but not limited to diffusion aluminides, MCrAlX overlay, and beta-phase NiAl overlay coatings, of particular interest are diffusion coatings since the diffusion zone beneath a diffusion coating is much greater than that beneath an overlay coating, and therefore renders the blade substrate more prone to the formation of SRZ. To inhibit SRZ formation, the coating system on the blade 10 includes a carburized region at the surface of the substrate, generally as schematically represented in
According to the invention, the substrate surface of the blade 10 should undergo appropriately processing prior to forming a carburized zone capable of achieving the above-noted advantages. In particular, the substrate surface should be clean and free of oxides, as surface oxidation will inhibit the desired carburization of the substrate surface. Suitable surface preparation for carburization has been achieved by grit blasting using a combination of adequate pressure and grit size to clean the surface. For example, grit sizes of about 600 to about 80 mesh (about 25 to about 177 micrometers) have been found suitable in combination with pressures of about 40 psi (about 280 kPa), though finer and coarser grit sizes and lower and higher pressures should produce similar effects of cleanliness. In addition, alternate cleaning methods are foreseeable, such as chemical etching and vapor honing techniques capable of producing an essentially oxide-free surface for carburization. An aging heat treatment may be performed prior to surface cleaning if appropriate or desired for the particular substrate alloy.
Following surface cleaning, carburization preferably follows immediately to ensure that the substrate surface remains free of contaminants. Furthermore, handling of the substrate should be conducted in a manner to avoid contamination, and proper surface cleanliness should be maintained while heating the substrate to a carburization temperature, which as used herein indicates a temperature at which carbon atoms will dissociate from a carbon-containing gas, transfer onto the surface of the blade 10, and diffuse into the substrate of the blade 10. For this reason, the blade 10 should be stored (if necessary) in a non-oxidizing environment until transferred to a furnace in which heating of the blade 10 can be conducted in a non-oxidizing environment, such as a vacuum, a hydrogen atmosphere, or a clean and dry inert gas atmosphere. Heating in air is believed to be unacceptable, as the clean substrate surface will oxidize as a result of being contaminated with oxygen. Therefore, after the blade 10 is loaded in the carburizing furnace, the furnace chamber is preferably evacuated, for example, to a level of less than one micrometer Hg (about 0.1 Pa). This vacuum can be maintained while heating to the carburization temperature, which may be, for example, about 1850° F. to about 2100° F. (about 1010° C. to about 1150° C.). Alternatively, the furnace can be backfilled with hydrogen gas to a subatmospheric pressure, for example, about 20 Pa or less, though lower and higher pressures (e.g., 65 Pa or more) are also possible. Once at the carburization temperature, any hydrogen gas is evacuated and the carburization gas is injected into the chamber. According to the process time periods discussed below, the duration of the carburization treatment is timed from the moment the injection of the carburization gas begins (after the blade 10 has been heated to the carburization temperature), and ends when the carburization gas has been purged from the furnace chamber.
Preferred carburization gases are hydrocarbons, including but not limited to acetylene (C2H2), ethylene (C2H4), propane (C3H8), and methane (CH4). The carburization gas may be introduced into the furnace using various techniques. For example, a continuously flowing technique may be used, or a pulsed “boost-diffuse” technique, or a single pulse or injection. Continuous flow of the carburization gas ensures sustained carbon presence at the substrate surface, and has been shown to be successful in investigations leading up to this invention. Alternate gas flow methods may also be acceptable as long as they supply adequate carburization gas to present an effective carbon level at the substrate surface that will ensure carburization of the substrate without depletion of carbon at the substrate surface.
Once the blade 10 reaches the carburization temperature (e.g., about 1850° F. to about 2100° F., as noted above), the hydrocarbon gas is injected into the furnace to make carbon atoms available at the substrate surface. Carbon then deposits on the surface and carbon atoms diffuse below the surface and combine with refractory metal elements in the substrate, with the result that a metallic carbide layer forms below the surface of the blade 10. At the completion of the carburization process, the carburization gas is evacuated from the furnace, a quench gas such as an inert gas (e.g., argon or helium) is preferably injected into the furnace to rapidly cool the blade 10 below a temperature at which carbides will not form in the substrate. While this temperature may depend on the particular carburization gas and substrate material, investigations leading to this invention suggest that a threshold temperature of about 1800° F. (about 980° C.) is a reasonable lower limit for carbide formation in nickel-based superalloys. At the completion of the carburization treatment, the blade 10 is removed from the carburization furnace, after which the blade 10 can undergo any desired or necessary heat treatment and machining, followed by deposition of the desired environmental coating and optional a thermal barrier coating, and then any desired or necessary post-coating heat treatments.
Preliminary investigations using undiluted hydrocarbon gases, including acetylene and propane, were performed in vacuum furnaces on substrate specimens formed of N6 and MX4. However, all such investigations using an undiluted (100% by volume) hydrocarbon gas resulted in excessive carburization to the extent that the process time could not be reliably used to achieve a carbide layer of desired thickness with good repeatability. Furthermore, specimens carburized using an undiluted hydrocarbon gas underwent substantial growth in the thickness of the carbide layer during subsequent elevated temperature exposures, including diffusion coating and heat treatments performed on the specimens.
In response, additional investigations were undertaken to limit the depth of carbide layer formation by drastically reducing the activity of the carburization gas. In particular, hydrocarbon gases such as acetylene, ethylene, propane, and methane were diluted with an inert gas or hydrogen.
From the results plotted in
From the investigations reported above, it was concluded that the carburization temperature and duration are interrelated and that, as a result of using a sufficiently diluted, low-activity carburization gas in accordance with this invention, both temperature and duration can be adjusted to control the depth of a carbide layer. Carburization temperature will be a function of the desired carbide layer depth and the carburizing source. Previous research had indicated the requirement for a carburization temperature about 2000° F. (about 1095° C.) and above 1900° F. (about 1035° C.) if undiluted methane or undiluted acetylene, respectfully, is used as the carburization gas. In investigations subsequent to those reported above, a carburization temperature of about 1975° F. (about 1080° C.) was successfully evaluated when using diluted acetylene as the carburization gas. For preferred low activity carburization gases such as diluted acetylene, the preferred range for the carburization temperature is believed to be about 1900° F. to about 2000° F. (about 1035° C. to about 1095° C.). It is worth noting at this point that conventional carburization temperatures used with steels are not high enough to produce carbide layers in nickel-based superalloys.
As previously stated, the duration of the carburization process of this invention is preferably measured as the period commencing with the introduction of the carburization gas into the furnace, and ends when the carburization gas has been purged from the furnace. In the investigations leading to this invention, durations of about 10 to about 60 minutes were successfully used with low activity carburization gases in which a hydrocarbon gas was diluted to constitute less than 25 volume percent of the carburization gas. While it should be understood that carburization duration is a function of the carburization temperature, the carburization gas, and the desired carbide layer depth, preferred durations are believed to be about 1 to about 120 minutes for a gas mixture containing acetylene, ethylene, methane, and/or propane diluted to about 0.1 volume percent to about 10 volume percent of the gas mixture.
To consistently obtained the advantageous results reported above, those skilled in the art will appreciate that, in addition to controlling dilution and treatment duration, several other operating parameters should be controlled to yield a desired carbide layer thickness. For example, the flow rate of the carburization gas should be maintained at a level sufficient to ensure that carbon atoms are available and present at the substrate surface for diffusing into the substrate. A range of flow rates is believed to be acceptable as long as there is an overabundance of carbon at the article surface. In the investigations reported above, carburization gas flow rates of about 100 liters/hour were successful within a chamber having a volume of about twelve cubic feet (about 350 liters). Though preferred flow rates will be dependent on the particular carburization gas used, the geometry of the furnace chamber, the number and size of articles being coated, and the desired carbide layer depth, it is believed that suitable flow rates for the gas mixture are in a range of about 25 to about 1000 liters/hour. The pressure within the carburization furnace (the gas mixture pressure) is also believed to be a result-effective parameter, with preferred pressures being in a range of about 1 to about 10 Torr to reduce or avoid sooting.
Gamma prime precipitate-strengthened nickel-based superalloys benefit from being heat treated to cause precipitation of the beneficial gamma prime strengthening phases. Such heat treatments to precipitate gamma prime or other beneficial phases can be applied before or after the carburization treatment of this invention. However, it is believed that such heat treatments are not necessary to obtain the beneficial effect of carbide formation to eliminate SRZ in accordance with the process of this invention. Furthermore, many components formed of nickel-based superalloys may require various manufacturing processing steps after the carburization step of this invention. For example, in addition to coating and heat treatments, some form of drilling, grinding, shot peening, etc., may be desirable or necessary. The carburized layer produced by this invention does not appear to interfere with any of these traditional manufacturing processes. Finally, it should be noted that the carburized nickel-based superalloy specimens of the investigations reported above experienced local increases in hardness at their carburized surfaces, with hardnesses increasing from initial values of about 40-45 Rc to about 55-60 Rc. While unintended, such increases may have beneficial side effects.
While our invention has been described in terms of a preferred embodiment, it is apparent that other forms could be adopted by one skilled in the art. Accordingly, the scope of our invention is to be limited only by the following claims.
