Patent Application
20110008447
The present invention relates to a carrier including a nanodiamond particle, and more particularly, to a carrier including a nanodiamond particle and a linker. Further, the present invention relates to a carrier including a nanodiamond particle, a linker and an active unit.
Cancer is current main cause of human death. The current cancer therapies include surgical operations, radiation therapies, chemotherapies, etc. For late-stage cancer patients, chemotherapies should be taken and followed by further therapies. However, the medication circulated in body usually has poor stability and is not easy to be taken into cells. Further, anti-cancer drugs have non-specific toxicity to normal cells and healthy tissues, thereby reducing therapy effects thereof. Hence, it is an urgent issue to develop novel therapy for cancers.
It has been reported that the anti-cancer drugs or biological molecules can be bounded with nanoparticles for enhancing stability thereof and further providing better cancer therapies. In the research of nanoparticles, it has been reported that carbon nanotubes and carbon-60 have more bio-toxicity; however, it has been proven that nanodiamond (ND) induces no significant cellular toxicity in human lung cells (K. K. Liu, C. L. Cheng, C. C. Chang, and J. I. Chao, Nanotechnology, 2007, 18, 325102), neuron cells (A. M. Schrand, H. Huang, C. Carlson, J. J. Schlager, E. Omacr Sawa, S. M. Hussain, L. Dai, J. Phys. Chem. B 2007, 111, 2-7), kidney cells (S. J. Yu, M. W. Kang, H. C. Chang, K. M. Chen, Y. C. Yu, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 17604-17605; T. Lechleitner, F. Klauser, T. Seppi, J. Lechner, P. Jennings, P. Perco, B. Mayer, D. Steinmuller-Nethl, J. Preiner, P. Hinterdorfer, M. Hermann, E. Bertel, K. Pfaller, W. Pfaller, Biomaterials 2008, 29, 4275-4284) and cervical cells (I. P. Chang, K. C. Hwang, C. S. Chiang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 15476-15481). Nanodiamond has no toxicity and better biocompatibility than other nanoparticles, and is thus more suitable to be used in biomedical field. Further, nanodiamond has fluorescent property, so that nanodiamond can be used in biolabeling, detection and trace while being connected to drugs or biomolecules. Therefore, nanodiamond has great potential in biomedical field.
It is one application of nanodiamond in biomedical field that drugs are bound to the surface of nanodiamond. Nanodiamond powder is formed by detonation synthesis, and has nanodiamond core covered by one or more carbon and amorphous carbon. Also, the surface of nanodiamond is coated by various functional groups including carboxyl, lactone, ketone, hydroxyl, alkyl, etc. Since the surface of nanodiamond has carboxyl and/or carboxylic acid, nanodiamond particles are suitable to be a substrate of functionalized nanomaterials.
The surface of nanodiamond is easy to be modified, such that nanodiamond particles are valuable nanomaterials in recent years. There are two modifications on the surface of nanodiamond particles including covalent bonding and non-covalent bonding. Chao et al. (J. I. Chao, E. Perevedentseva, P. H. Chung, K. K. Liu, C. Y. Cheng, C. C. Chang, C. L. Cheng, Biophys. J. 2007, 93, 2199-2208) and Liu et al. (K. K. Liu, M. F. Chen, P. Y. Chen, T. J. F. Lee, C. L. Cheng, C. C. Chang, Y. P. Ho, J. I. Chao, Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 205102) have disclosed lysozyme and alpha-bungarotoxin bound to carboxylated surface of nanodiamond via adsorption and maintaining protein activity thereof, respectively, for performing biological reactions. Huang et al. (H. Huang, E. Pierstorff, E. Osawa, D. Ho, Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 3305-3314) have disclosed nanodiamond hydrogels absorbing doxorubicin via non-covalent bonding for delivering anti-cancer drugs. Huang et al. (L. C. Huang, H. C. Chang, Langmuir 2004, 20, 5879-5884) have also disclosed cytochrome c absorbed on the surface of nanodiamond via non-covalent bonding. However, the above drug adsorption via non-covalent bonding results in that when the drug is delivered in body, the drug may be dissociated, so as to cause instability of the drug circulated in body.
Further, U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2006/0269467 and 2005/0158549 have disclosed methods for preparing nanodiamond with halogen gas or halogen acid. However, there are safety concerns about handling halogen materials. For example, when forming functional groups on nanodiamond, toxic gas including halogens may be produced. In addition, Ushizawa et al. (Koichi Ushizawa et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 2002, 351, 105-108) have disclosed DNA reacting with COCl on the surface of nanodiamond via covalent bonding. However, nanodiamond is a nanoparticle much larger than biological molecules, and thus has steric hinderance disfavoring chemical reactions, so that it is hard to increase derivatives of the biological molecules. Regarding the functionalized nanodiamond made by Ushizawa et al., —COCl group is in contact with the nanodiamond and fails to have effective reaction with DNA, such that DNA cannot be effectively formed on the surface of nanodiamond.
Accordingly, it is an urgent issue to provide drugs or biological molecules formed with nanodiamond via covalent bonding applicable in the biomedical field, wherein the stability and activity of the drugs or biological molecules circulated in body are maintained.
The present invention provides a carrier having nanodiamond covalently bound with an active unit, thereby eliminating dissociation of the active unit due to a physical treatment (such as washing). Further, the present invention provides a carrier having a linker for avoiding low derivatives resulting from stereo block and facilitating applications in the biomedical field.
It is an aspect of the present invention to provide a carrier including a nanodiamond (ND) particle and a linker covalently bound to the nanodiamond particle.
In accordance with the present invention, the linker is covalently bound to a surface of the nanodiamond particle, and the linker is presented as —R1—O(R2)m-Q-, wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of a covalent bond, C1-20alkyl, C2-20alkenyl, C2-20alkynyl, C1-20alkoxy, C1-20alkylthio and C1-20alkylamino, in which the C1-20alkyl, C2-20alkenyl, C2-20alkynyl, C1-20alkoxy, C1-20alkylthio and C1-20alkylamino are optionally substituted by at least one selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, carboxyl, C1-20alkyl, C2-20alkenyl, C2-20alkynyl, C1-20alkoxy, C2-20alkyl ether, C3-20alkyl ketone, C1-20alkylthio, amino, mono-(C1-C20alkyl)amino, di-(C1-C2oalkyl)amino, haloC1-20alkyl, haloC1-20alkoxy, C1-20alkanoyl, C2-20alkanoyloxy, C1-20alkoxycarbonyl, amido (—CONH2), mono-(C1-20alkyl)aminocarbony, di-(C1-20alkyl)aminocarbonyl, sulfonylamino (—SO2NH2), mono-(C1-20alkyl)sulfonylamino and di-(C1-20alkyl)sulfonylamino; Q is hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, acyl, keto, carboxyl, halogen, cayno, thio, C1-20alkyl, C1-20alkoxy, C2-20alkenyl, C2-20alkynyl, C6-16aryl, azide, aldehyde, thiocyano, CO2(R3)n, CO(R4)n, NHR5, N(R6)n, SR7 or O(R8)n, in which R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of halogen, amino, carbonyl, acyl, keto, carboxyl, phenylsulfonyl, sulfonyl, C1-20alkyl, C2-20alkenyl, C2-20alkynyl, C1-20alkoxy and C6-16aryl, and n at each occurrence is an integer from 1 to 20, preferably an integer from 1 to 16, and more preferably an integer from 1 to 12; and m at each occurrence is an integer from 1 to 20, preferably an integer from 1 to 16, and more preferably an integer from 1 to 12.
In accordance with the present invention, R1 and R2 of the linker are optionally substituted methyl, and the carrier includes one or more linkers bound to the nanodiamond particle.
In accordance with the present invention, the active unit can be a drug, vitamin or biological molecule. The drug can be an anti-cancer drug, and preferably an anti-microtubule agent, and more preferably taxol, Iressa or Sutent. The vitamin can be vitamin K3, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin H or vitamin B7. The biological molecule can be nucleic acid, peptide, protein or derivatives thereof, wherein the nucleic acid is DNA or RNA. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the active unit is an optical isomer.
It is an another aspect of the present invention to provide a method for preparing the above carrier, including at least the steps of: providing a nanodiamond particle; performing acidification and oxidation on the nanodiamond particle to form a first intermediate; performing reduction on the first intermediate to form a second intermediate; performing alkylation on the second intermediate to form a third intermediate; and performing an reaction of the third intermediate and a substituent. The acidification comprises a treatment with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid or a mixed solution thereof, more preferably a mixed solution of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid or a mixed solution of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The acidification comprises a treatment with aluminum hydride agent or boron hydride agent, preferably lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) or sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The alkylation comprises substituting any functional group of the second intermediate with C1-20alkyl.
In the method of the present invention, the substituent comprises hydroxyl, amino, carbonyl, acyl, keto, carboxyl, halogen, cayno, thio, C1-20alkyl, C1-20alkoxy, C2-20alkenyl, C2-20alkynyl, C6-16aryl, azide, aldehyde, thiocyano, CO2(R3)n, CO(R4)n, NHR5, N(R6)n, SR7 or O(R8)n, in which R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 are independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of halogen, amino, carbonyl, acyl, keto, carboxyl, phenylsulfonyl, sulfonyl, C1-20alkyl, C2-20alkenyl, C2-20 alkynyl, C1-20alkoxy and C6-16aryl, and n at each occurrence is an integer from 1 to 20, preferably an integer from 1 to 16, and more preferably an integer from 1 to 12.
In accordance with the present invention, the substituent is covalently bound to the active unit. In accordance with the present invention, the active unit can be a drug, vitamin or biological molecule. The drug can be an anti-cancer drug, and preferably an anti-microtubule agent, and more preferably taxol, Iressa or Sutent. The vitamin can be vitamin K3, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin H or vitamin B7. The biological molecule can be nucleic acid, peptide, protein or derivatives thereof, wherein the nucleic acid is DNA or RNA. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the active unit is an optical isomer.
It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a kit, including above carrier and a reagent, wherein the reagent includes a reagent needed in PCR reaction, a reagent needed in agarose gel electrophoresis, and a reagent needed in immunoactivity reaction.
It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a method for in vitro detecting a biological molecule by using the above carrier, wherein the biological molecule includes a nucleic acid, peptide, protein and derivatives thereof.
It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a use of the above carrier for preparing a drug for treating a cancer, wherein the cancer is lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, bladder cancer or other cancers.
Functional groups of the present invention are generally described using standard nomenclature. It is to be understood that the linker is described herein using a general formula, such as R1 to R8 and Q. Unless otherwise specified, each variable within such a formula is defined at each occurrence independently of other variables.
The term “alkyl” of the present invention is intended to include branched, straight-chain and circular saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups. Alkyl groups can be bound to an atom of a molecule via suitable moiety. The term “alkyl” indicates a group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (C1-20alkyl), from 1 to 16 carbon atoms (C1-16alkyl), or from 1 to 12 carbon atoms (C1-12alkyl), such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 2-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 3-methylpentyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl. In certain embodiments, alkyl group is preferably branched or straight-chain. In some embodiments of the present invention, alkyl group specifically indicates, for example, C1-20alkylthio, referring to C1-20alkyl group substituted by thio group.
“Alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain comprising one or more unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds. Alkenyl groups include C2-20alkenyl groups which have from 2 to 20 carbon atoms (C2-20alkenyl), from 2 to 16 carbon atoms (C2-16alkenyl) and from 2 to 12 carbon atoms (C2-12alkenyl), respectively, such as ethenyl, propenyl or isopropenyl. “Alkynyl” refers to straight or branched hydrocarbon chains comprising one or more triple carbon-carbon bonds. Alkynyl groups include C2-20alkynyl, C2-16alkynyl and C2-12alkynyl groups, which have from 2 to 20, from 2 to 16 and from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, respectively. In certain embodiments, alkenyl groups and alkynyl groups are preferably straight or branched chains.
“Alkoxy” represents an alkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge. Alkoxy groups include C1-20alkoxy, C1-16alkoxy and C1-12alkoxy, which have from 1 to 20, from 1 to 16 and from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, respectively. Examples of alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, 2-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-pentoxy, 2-pentoxy, 3-pentoxy, isopentoxy, neopentoxy, n-hexoxy, 2-hexoxy, 3-hexoxy, and 3-methylpentoxy. Similarly, the term “alkylthio” refers to an alkyl group attached via a thioether linkage. Preferably, alkoxy groups and alkylthio groups are alkyl groups attached via a heteroatom bridge.
The term “alkanoyl” refers to an acyl group in a linear or branched arrangement (such as —(C═O)-alkyl). Alkanoyl groups include C2-20alkanoyl, C2-16alkanoyl and C2-12alkanoyl groups, which have from 2 to 20, from 2 to 16, and from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, respectively. “C1alkanoyl” refers to —(C═O)—H, which is encompassed by the term “C1-20alkanoyl”.
“Alkyl ketone” has a ketone group having carbon atoms in a linear, branched or circular arrangement. C3-20alkyl ketone, C3-16alkyl ketone and C3-12alkyl ketone have from 3 to 20, from 3 to 16, and from 3 to 12 carbon atoms, respectively. For example, C3alkyl ketone has the structure —CH2—(C═O)—CH2—.
The term “alkyl ether” refers to a linear or branched ether substituent linked via a carbon-oxygen-carbon bond. Alkyl ether groups include C2-20alkyl ether, C2-16alkyl ether and C2-12alkyl ether groups, which have 2 to 20, from 2 to 16, and from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, respectively. For example, C2alkyl ether has the structure —CH2—O—CH2—. For example, the branched alkyl ether has the structure —C(CH3)2CH2—O—CH3.
The term “alkoxycarbonyl” refers to an alkoxy group linked via a carbonyl (i.e., a group having the general structure-C(═O)—O-alkyl). Alkoxycarbonyl groups include C2-20alkoxycarbony, C2-16alkoxycarbony, and C2-12alkoxycarbonyl groups, which have from 2 to 20, from 2 to 16, and 2 to 16 carbon atoms, respectively. “C1alkoxycarbonyl” refers to —C(═O)—OH, and is encompassed by “C1-20alkoxycarbonyl”.
“Alkanoyloxy” as used herein refers to an alkanoyl group linked via an oxygen bridge (i.e., a group having the general structure —OC(═O)-alkyl). Alkanoyloxy groups include C2-20alkanoyloxy, C2-16alkanoyloxy, and C2-12alkanoyloxy groups, which have from 2 to 20, from 2 to 16, and 2 to 12 carbon atoms, respectively.
“Alkylamino” refers to a secondary or tertiary amine having the general structure —NH-alkyl or —N(alkyl)(alkyl), wherein each alkyl may be the same or different. Such groups include, for example, mono- and di-(C1-20alkyl) amino groups, in which each alkyl may be the same or different and may contain from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
The term “amido” refers to an amide group (i.e., —(C═O)NH2). Mono- or di-(C1-20alkyl)amido means one or two hydrogen atoms of amido group is substituted by C1-20alkyl, wherein if both hydrogen atoms are substituted, the C1-20alkyl groups can be the same or different.
The term “halogen” indicates fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. “Haloalkyl” refers to both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms, substituted with 1 or more halogen atoms (i.e., haloC1-8alkyl group has from 1 to 8 carbon atoms; haloC1-6alkyl group has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms). Examples of haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, mono-, di- or trifluoromethyl; mono-, di- or trichloromethyl; mono-, di-tri-, tetra- or penta-fluoroethyl; mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- or penta-chloroethyl; and 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-trifluoromethyl-ethyl. “Haloalkoxy” indicates a haloalkyl group as defined above attached through an oxygen bridge. HaloC1-8alkoxy group has from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
As used herein, the term “aryl” indicates aromatic groups containing only carbon in the aromatic ring(s). In addition to aromatic rings, aryl groups can include non-aromatic rings. C6-16aryl groups have from 6 to 16 carbon atoms. Specifically preferred aryl groups include phenyl, napthyl (such as 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl), biphenyl, tetralyl and indenyl.
A dash (“-”) that is between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent. For example, —CONH2 is attached through the carbon atom.
A “substituent” as used herein, refers to a molecular moiety that is covalently bonded to an atom within a molecule of interest. For example, a “ring substituent” may be a moiety such as a halogen, alkyl group, haloalkyl group or other substituent discussed herein that is covalently bonded to an atom (preferably a carbon or nitrogen atom) that is a ring member. The term “substituted” as used herein means that any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated substituents, provided that the designated atom's normal valence is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound (i.e., a compound that can be isolated, characterized and tested for biological activity).
The phrase “optionally substituted” indicates that a group may either be unsubstituted or substituted at one or more of any of the available positions, typically 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 positions, by one or more suitable substituents such as those (which can be the same or different) disclosed herein. Suitable substituents include, for example, hydroxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, carboxy, C1-20alkyl, C2-20alkenyl, C2-20alkyyl, C1-20alkoxy, C2-20alkyl ether, C3-20alkyl ketone, C1-20alkylthio, amino, mono-(C1-C20alkyl)amino, di-(C1-C20alkyl)amino, haloC1-20alkyl, haloC1-20alkoxy, C1-20alkanoyl, C2-20 alkanoyloxy, C1-20 alkoxycarbonyl, amido (—CONH2), mono-(C1-20alkyl)aminocarbonyl, di-(C1-20alkyl)aminocarbonyl, sulfonylamino (—SO2NH2), mono-(C1-20alkyl)sulfonylamino and di-(C1-20alkyl)sulfonylamino. Optional substitution may also be indicated by the phrase “substituted with from 0 to Z substituents”, in which Z is the maximum number of substituents. Certain groups provided herein are optionally substituted with from 0 to 2, 0 to 3 or 0 to 4 independently selected substituents (i.e, unsubstituted or substituted by up to the maximum number of substituents).
The term “isomer” refers to compounds with the same molecular formula, but different structure. According to the arrangement or three dimensional positions of atoms, isomers can be divided into structural isomers and stereoisomers. Stereoisomers include geometric isomers, enantiomers and diastereomers. Enantiomers have optical activity as being able to rotate plane-polarized light, and are thus also called optical isomers. For stereoisomers, the specific arrangement of atoms is named as configuration, and enantiomers are two compounds with opposite configurations. The R/S system is a nomenclature system for denoting enantiomers with different configurations.
The term “acidification” refers to performing a treatment with inorganic acid on nanodiamond, wherein the treatment with inorganic acid includes a treatment with hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid or a mixed solution thereof, or a treatment with alkaline reagent and then while performing acidification, washing the solution into weak acidic solution by using water.
The term “reduction” refers to a treatment with a reducing agent such as aluminum hydride agent or boron hydride agent for reducing carboxyl group, lactone or keto group on nanodiamond to hydroxyl group, wherein the aluminum hydride agent and boron hydride agent include lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) or sodium borohydride (NaBH4), respectively.
The term “alkylation” refers to substituting any groups of the above identified groups with the above identified alkyl groups.
Microtubules are important targets to be observed in cancer therapy. Paclitaxel or taxol is the most common clinical anti-cancer drug, especially for lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, cervical cancer, bladder cancer, etc. The molecular mechanism of taxol is to stabilize microtubules so as to inhibit mitosis of cancer cells and further to induce apoptosis of cancer cells.
Iressa is a target therapy drug for non-small cell lung cancer. Lung cancer cells produce excess epidermal growth factor receptors, resulting in rapid growth, transformation and drug-resistance of cancer cells. Iressa is an inhibitor of epidermal growth factors, and capable of treating cancers by inhibiting growth and transformation of cancer cells.
Sutent is capable of inhibiting PDGF-R and VEGG-R, and inhibiting proliferation of cancer cells and angiogenesis, so as to inhibit growth and transformation of cancer cells.
The invention has been described using following embodiments. However, it is to be understood that the scope of the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments.
In the following embodiments, taxol was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Japan, and succinic anhydride was purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Nanodiamond with diameter of from 3 to 5 nm was purchased from Nanostructured and Amorphous Materials Inc. (Houston, Tex.). 3-(4, 5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Cy3-labeled mouse anti-β-microtubulin (c-4585) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, Mo.). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is Perkin Elmer Paragon 1000 FTIR Spectroscopy.
Scheme 1 shows the steps of synthesizing nanodiamond having linkers and binding taxil to nanodiamond. a. Nanodiamond (1) is acidified with HCl/HNO3 and further oxidized to form (2); b. (2) is reduced by LAH to form (3); c. (3) is modified with a alkyl group to form (4), and the alkyl group is further derivated; d. THP (tetrahydropyranyl) protection group at the end is cleaved to form (5); e. The terminal of (5) is converted to methanesulfonate so as to form (6); and f. The terminal of (6) is converted to —NH2 group so as to form (7). Then, a reaction of (7) and an active unit is performed, such that the active unit is linked to nanodiamond. Take nanodiamond linked with taxol as an example. g. A reaction of taxol and succinic anhydride is performed to form a product, which then reacts with (7), such that a nanodiamond particle (9) covalently bound with taxol is obtained. The following reaction is further performed on (9). h. (9) is treated with 1M NaOH, so as to remove taxol and obtain (10). In this embodiment, D is used for replacing H (such as d-8, d-9 and d-10), so as to analyze spectra the carrier having taxol.
FTIR spectra of (5) and (7) in scheme 1 are shown in
Scheme 2 shows the synthesis of Iressa bound to nanodiamond. A reaction of Iressa (11) and succinic anhydride is performed to form a derivative (12) of Iressa; and a reaction of (12) and nanodiamond having linkers is performed in a solution of 2-ethoxy-1-ethoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline to bind derivative (12) of Iressa to nanodiamond with linkers, so as to obtain (13).
Scheme 3 shows the synthesis of Sutent bound to nanodiamond. A reaction of a compound (14) and a compound (15) is performed to form a compound (16), and the compound (16) is bound to a compound (17) to form a compound (18). Then, a reaction of the compound (18) and succinic anhydride is performed to form a derivate of Sutent, which is further bound to (5) to form nanodiamond bound with Sutent derivate (19).
Scheme 4 shows the synthesis of a vitamin K3 derivate bound to nanodiamond. A reaction of (5) and succinic anhydride is performed to form a derivate (20) of nanodiamond, and (20) is treated with SOCl2 to form (21), and then a reaction of (21) and a vitamin K3 derivate (22) is performed to form nanodiamond bound with the vitamin K3 derivate (23).
FTIR spectra of (21) and (23) in scheme 4 are shown in
Scheme 5 shows the synthesis of peptides bound to nanodiamond. A reaction of (5) and N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-L-phenylalanine in a mixed solution of DCC, DMAP and CH2Cl2 is performed to form (24). The protection group, fmoc, on (24) is cleaved by 20% of piperidine in DMF solution to form (25). Then, a reaction of (25) and N-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-L-valine in a mixed solution of DCC, DMAP and CH2Cl2 is performed to form (26). The protection group, fmoc, on (26) is cleaved by 20% of piperidine in DMF solution to form (27). (27) is treated with 1M NaOH to form dipeptide (28).
FTIR spectrum of (27) in scheme 5 is shown in
Scheme 6 shows an application of nanodiamond having linkers in asymmetric reaction. A reaction of (5) and hydroxyproline (29) is performed to form (30), and then the protection group, Boc, of (30) is cleaved by a treatment with trifluoroacetic acid, so as to form (31), which has optical activity to be used in subsequent asymmetric reaction.
FTIR spectrum of (31) in scheme 6 is shown in
Scheme 7 shows the synthesis of DNA bound to nanodiamond. (33) is treated with NaOH to form (33), and then (33) is treated with SOCl2 to form (34). A reaction of (34) and DNA is performed to form nanodiamond bound with DNA (35).
Scheme 8 shows the synthesis of protein bound to nanodiamond. 1. Binding C-terminal of protein to nanodiamond with linkers: a reaction of (7) and protein in EDC solution is performed, so as to form (36). 2. Binding N-terminal of protein to nanodiamond with linkers: a reaction of (33) and protein in EDC solution is performed, so as to form (37).
Scheme 9 shows the synthesis of other synthetic compounds bound to nanodiamond. Nanodiamond bound with chemical derivates (R1 to R12) can be bound to other drugs or biological molecules.
FTIR spectra of (41) and (42) in scheme 9 are shown in
The bonding of the carrier including taxol obtained in embodiment 1 was determined by FTIR. The morphology and size of nanodiamond bound to taxol were also analyzed by AFM and TEM.
Referring to scheme 1, ND samples in each step was determined to be functionalized by using FTIR (direct absorption method), and the extension and removal of functional groups of intermediates in subsequent steps were observed. The absorbance for SO2 is 1203 cm−1 and 1315 cm−1, the absorbance for NH2 is 3390 cm−1 (as shown in (b) and (II) of
As shown in
Taxol is capable of stabilizing microtubules and inducing abnormal microtubular bundles to inhibit mitosis. In order to test whether the carrier having taxol influences microtubules, A549 cells (ATCC No. CCL-185) were treated with the carrier having taxol (100 μg/mL for 24 hours), and then cytoskeleton and nuclei staining was performed on the A549 cells. Results are shown in
Further, the A549 cells were analyzed by flow cytometer and mitotic index, and thus the influences of the carrier having taxol on cell cycles and on termination of mitosis were determined. In comparison with the non-treated samples, the carrier having taxol or unbound taxol significantly reduced G1/G0 cell population of the A549 cells, but increased G2/M cell population (p<0.01) (referring to
In order to further prove the activity of taxol bound on ND, the carrier having taxol was treated with 1M NaOH to remove the biological activity of taxol. Upon the treatment of NaOH, the carrier having taxol did not change mitotic indexes of the A549 cells (referring to
In addition to inhibition of microtubules, taxol induces apoptosis. Upon triple experiments, the average of sub-G1 population (apoptotic population) induced by the carrier having taxol is 13.4% based on the number of total cells (referring to
Further, by nuclei and cytoskeleton staining, the proportion of apoptotic nuclei was determined under fluorescence microscope. Similarly, the carrier having taxol significantly increased the apoptotic population (˜12%) of A549 cells (referring to
Upon the treatment with ND, the carrier having taxol, the NaOH-treated carrier having taxol, the viability of cells was analyzed by MTT. It was shown that ND particles (0.1-50 μg/mL for 48 hours) did not significantly reduce the viability of A549 cells (referring to
However, the carrier having taxol significantly reduces viability of various cells including A549 lung cancer cells (referring to
However, upon the treatment of NaOH, the carrier having taxol lost the activity to induce apoptosis of cancer cells (referring to
Hence, the present invention provides a carrier having taxol with anti-cancer activity for cancer therapy.
The invention has been described using exemplary preferred embodiments. However, it is to be understood that the scope of the invention is not limited to the disclosed arrangements. The scope of the claims, therefore, should be accorded the broadest interpretation, so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 98123574 | Jul 2009 | TW | national |
