Patent Application
20130320304
The disclosure relates to a carrier transport material and an electronic device.
According to current techniques, in order to achieve high efficiency, a calcium (Ca) electrode with low work function, and an aluminium (Al) layer formed on a surface of the Ca electrode to both serve as an electrode and a passivation layer are used in most of electronic devices. However, the Ca electrode should be formed with vacuum evaporation, and activity of calcium may lead to a poor lifespan of the device. Therefore, an interlayer is added between the electrode and an active layer to modify an interface property to ameliorate carrier transport efficiency between the electrode and the active layer.
In recent years, since an electrolyte having ion characteristics has a dipole characteristic, which avails inducing electrons to move towards a single direction on a semiconductor interface to improve electron transport capability, it is one of candidate materials of the novel interlayer. A small molecule electrolyte generally forms a film through self-assembly, which has unsatisfactory evenness and coverage rate. Since a polymer material such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) or poly(sytrene sulfonate) (PSS) is a water-soluble material, the problem of mutual dissolution with the active layer after filming is avoided. Meanwhile, the polymer material has a better film forming property, which avails applying a coating process, and is complied with a processing design concept of an organic device. However, since PEO and PSS are all non-conductive, such type of material is required to have an extremely thin film thickness (several nanometers) in order to implement interface modification without causing a large resistance.
The disclosure provides a carrier transport material including a conjugated polyelectrolyte and a functional organic molecule. The conjugated polyelectrolyte includes a conjugated backbone and at least one alkyl side-chain, where an end of the alkyl side-chain has a first ionic group. The functional organic molecule includes a functional main-chain and a second ionic group located at an end of the functional organic molecule. An Electrostatic attraction is formed between the first ionic group of the conjugated polyelectrolyte and the second ionic group of the functional organic molecule, and the carrier transport material presents an electrical neutral state.
The disclosure provides an electronic device including a first electrode, a second electrode, an active layer and a first electron transport layer. The first electrode and the second electrode are disposed opposite to each other. The active layer is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The first electron transport layer is disposed between the active layer and the first electrode, where the first electron transport layer includes the aforementioned carrier transport material.
In order to make the aforementioned and other features and advantages of the disclosure comprehensible, several exemplary embodiments accompanied with figures are described in detail below.
The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate embodiments of the disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure.
The first electrode 102 and the second electrode 104 are, fore example, respectively a metal material, a transparent conductive material or other suitable conductive material.
The active layer 106 is, for example, an active layer of a thin-film transistor, an active layer of a solar cell or a light-emitting material layer of an organic light-emitting diode. In detail, when the electronic device 100a is a thin-film transistor, the active layer 106 is, for example, the active layer of the thin-film transistor. When the electronic device 100a is a solar cell, the active layer 106 is, for example, the active layer of the solar cell. When the electronic device 100a is an organic light-emitting diode, the active layer 106 is, for example, a light-emitting material layer. However, the disclosure is not limited thereto.
In the present embodiment, the first electron transport layer 108 is an interlayer between the active layer 106 and the first electrode 102. The first electron transport layer 108 includes a carrier transport material, so that it has effects of interface modification and prompting electron transport.
Moreover, the electronic device 100a of the disclosure may further include a second electron transport layer 110. The first electron transport layer 108 is located between the active layer 106 and the first electrode 102, and the second electron transport layer 110 is located between the first electron transport layer 108 and the first electrode 102. A material of the second electron transport layer 110 includes an inorganic oxide, and the inorganic oxide includes zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium oxide (TiOx) or indium tin oxide (ITO). However, positions of the first electron transport layer 108 and the second electron transport layer 110 between the active layer 106 and the first electrode 102 are not limited by the disclosure. In other embodiments, the second electron transport layer 110 of an electronic device 100b can also be located between the active layer 106 and the first electron transport layer 108, as that shown in
Referring to
The carrier transport material is further described below.
The carrier transport material includes a conjugated polyelectrolyte and a functional organic molecule, where electrostatic attraction is formed between the conjugated polyelectrolyte and the functional organic molecule, and the carrier transport material presents an electrical neutral state.
In the present embodiment, the conjugated polyelectrolyte includes a conjugated backbone and at least one alkyl side-chain, where an end of the alkyl side-chain has a first ionic group. The functional organic molecule includes a functional main-chain and a second ionic group located at an end of the functional organic molecule. The electrostatic attraction is formed between the first ionic group of the conjugated polyelectrolyte and the second ionic group of the functional organic molecule to form a stable complex, and the carrier transport material presents an electrical neutral state. It is noticed that none chemical bonding is formed between the conjugated polyelectrolyte and the functional organic molecule, so that the effects of the conjugated polyelectrolyte and the functional organic molecule can simultaneously function.
In detail, the conjugated polyelectrolyte has a conjugated structure and an ionic group, which may produce an intense dipole function between the first electrode 102 and the active layer 106 to reduce a potential obstacle and induce carriers to inject into the active layer, so as to reduce a driving voltage. In other words, the conjugated polyelectrolyte may increase carrier transport efficiency of the carrier transport material.
Regarding the conjugated polyelectrolyte, the backbone having the conjugated structure is, for example, benzene, thiophene, aniline, furan, phenyl vinylene, fluorine or a copolymer of any combination of the above compound. Moreover, the first ionic group is, for example, a cationic group containing nitrogen.
Moreover, since the conjugated polyelectrolyte is generally a water-soluble material, when the carrier transport material having the conjugated polyelectrolyte is to be coated on a hydrophobic surface of a substrate or a film layer, a carrier transport material solution on the hydrophobic surface probably has poor wettability, which may produce a non-continuous film layer. It is noticed that in the present embodiment, the functional organic molecules are added to the carrier transport material to enhance a coating characteristic thereof.
For example, the functional main-chain of the functional organic molecule is, for example, a hydrophobic or cross-linking compound, so that when the carrier transport material is coated on the surface of the substrate or the film layer, it may have a good coating characteristic to form a continuous film layer. Moreover, after the carrier transport material containing the functional organic molecules is coated on the surface of the substrate or a member, it may further change a surface characteristic of the substrate or the member. The surface characteristic is, for example, a water contact angle.
In the present embodiment, the functional main-chain of the functional organic molecule is, for example, aromatics with an alkyl chain, aromatics with fluorine-contained groups, aromatics with cross-linkable groups, aliphatics with an alkyl chain, aliphatics with fluorine-contained groups, or aliphatics with cross-linkable groups. Moreover, the second ionic group is, for example, an anionic group.
Moreover, since the conjugated polyelectrolyte has the first ionic group, and the ionic group generally has good hydrophilicity, moisture in the air is easy to be absorbed by the ionic groups, which may cause poor stability of the electronic device 100a. In the present embodiment, the functional organic molecules are added to mitigate the above problem.
For example, an electrostatic attraction phenomenon is formed between the second ionic group in the functional organic molecule of the carrier transport material and the first ionic group of the conjugated polyelectrolyte, so that the moisture in the air is not liable to be absorbed on the carrier transport material, and the electronic device 100a is not easy to be influenced by the moisture and has good stability, by which reliability of the electronic device 100a is improved.
In detail, the conjugated polyelectrolyte of the present embodiment, for example, has a structure shown as a formula 1, a formula 2 or a formula 3:
Where, A1 is a main-chain having conjugated double bonds or conjugated triple bonds, A2 is a main-chain having conjugated double bonds or conjugated triple bonds, R1+ is a cationic group, X− is an anion, in is 3˜18, n is 2˜1000, and y is 2˜1000.
Moreover, the functional organic molecule of the present embodiment, for example, has a structure shown as a formula 4:
A3-R2−M+ formula 4
Where, A2 is an aromatic main-chain or an aliphatic main-chain, R2− is an anionic group, and M+ is a cation.
In the present embodiment, R1+ in the conjugated polyelectrolyte is, for example, N+(CH3)3, N+(C2H5)(CH3)2, N+(C2H5)2CH3 or
X− is F−, Cl−, Br− or I−, and M+ is Li+, Na+, K+ or Rb+. Moreover, R2− in the functional organic molecule is, for example, SO3−.
Further, the conjugated polyelectrolyte of the present embodiment, for example, includes at least one of following:
Where, n is 2˜1000 and y is 2˜1000.
Moreover, the functional organic molecule of the present embodiment, for example, includes at least one of following:
Embodiments are provided below to apply the carrier transport material to the solar cell, and a plurality of experiments are performed to verify the effect of the disclosure.
The first electrode is Al, the conjugated polyelectrolyte of the carrier transport material used by the first electron transport layer is PTMAHT, the functional organic molecule is DBSA, the active layer is poly-(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) blend with phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), the hole transport layer is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxy thiophene): polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), and the second electrode is ITO. Structures of PTMAHT and DBSA are shown in a following table one.
After the PTMAHT and the DBSA are respectively dissolved in water and are merged, the cationic group N+(CH3)3 of the PTMAHT and the anionic group SO3− of the DBSA may have an ionic sorption effect to form a complex PTMAHT:DBSA, and a reaction schematic diagram is as that shown in
In the example 1 (serving as a comparative example), the first electrode is an Al electrode, and the first electron transport layer is not configured. Materials of the active layer, the hole transport layer and the second electrode are all the same to that of the embodiment 1.
In the example 2 (serving as a comparative example), the first electrode is a Ca/Al electrode, and the first electron transport layer is not configured. Materials of the active layer, the hole transport layer and the second electrode are all the same to that of the embodiment 1.
In the example 3 (serving as a comparative example), the first electrode is the Al electrode. The first electron transport layer is the DBSA, and the materials of the active layer, the hole transport layer and the second electrode are all the same to that of the embodiment 1.
Measurement 1: comparison of device performance
In the example 4 (serving as a comparative example), the first electrode is the Al electrode. The first electron transport layer is the PTMAHT, and the materials of the active layer, the hole transport layer and the second electrode are all the same to that of the embodiment 1.
According to
The first electrode is Al, the conjugated polyelectrolyte of the carrier transport material is PTMAHT, the functional organic molecule is DBSA, the active layer is PTB7 plus PC71BM, the hole transport layer is PEDOT:PSS, and the second electrode is ITO. Structures of PTB7 and PC71BM are shown in a following table three.
In the example 5 (serving as a comparative example), the first electrode is an Al electrode, and the first electron transport layer is not configured. Materials of the active layer, the hole transport layer and the second electrode are all the same to that of the embodiment 2.
In the example 6 (serving as a comparative example), the first electrode is a Ca/Al electrode, and the first electron transport layer is not configured. Materials of the active layer, the hole transport layer and the second electrode are all the same to that of the embodiment 2.
The first electrode is Al, the conjugated polyelectrolyte of the carrier transport material is PTMAHT, the active layer is P3HT plus PCBM, the hole transport layer is PEDOT:PSS, and the second electrode is ITO. A structure of the functional organic molecule is shown as follows.
A plurality of embodiments are provided below to describe a surface modification effect of the carrier transport material of the disclosure.
In the example 7 (serving as a comparative example), a contact angle of water on the surface of the active layer of the embodiment 1 is measured. In the embodiment 4, a contact angle of water on the surface of the first electron transport layer of the embodiment 1 is measured.
In the example 8 (serving as a comparative example), a contact angle of water on the surface of a glass substrate is measured. In the embodiment 5, the first electron transport layer of the embodiment 3 is coated on the glass substrate and a contact angle of water on the surface of the first electron transport layer is measured, and a result is shown in a following table 6.
In the example 9 (serving as a comparative example), a contact angle of water on the surface of the active layer of the embodiment 3 is measured. In the embodiment 6, the first electron transport layer of the embodiment 3 is coated on the active layer of the embodiment 3 and a contact angle of water on the surface of the first electron transport layer is measured, and a result is shown in a following table 7.
According to the measurements 5-7, it is known that by coating the first electron transport layer of the disclosure on the surface of the substrate or film layer, the effect of surface modification is indeed achieved.
The first electrode is Al, the conjugated polyelectrolyte of the carrier transport material is PTMAHT, the functional organic molecule is DBSA, the active layer is PTPTBT plus PC71BM, the hole transport layer is PEDOT:PSS, and the second electrode is ITO. A structure of the PTPTBT is shown in a following table 8.
In the example 10 (serving as a comparative example), the first electrode is a Ca/Al electrode, and the first electron transport layer is not configured. Materials of the active layer, the hole transport layer and the second electrode are all the same to that of the embodiment 7.
In summary, in the carrier transport material of the disclosure, the conjugated polyelectrolyte includes the first ionic group, and the functional organic molecule includes the second ionic group, so that electrostatic attraction is formed between the conjugated polyelectrolyte and the functional organic molecule, which promotes functions of carrier transport and interface characteristic improvement. Moreover, the functional organic molecule may further enhance a water resistance of the carrier transport material, so that the electronic device using the above carrier transport material is not liable to be influenced by the moisture in the air and a film-forming property of the carrier transport material is ameliorated. In this way, the electronic device using the above carrier transport material may have good device performance and reliability of device operation is further improved.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the structure of the disclosure without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. In view of the foregoing, it is intended that the disclosure cover modifications and variations of this disclosure provided they fall within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents.
