Patent Grant
9612549
Hyperpigmented low melt black toners containing a thermal carbon black with improved overall charge compared to conventional toners containing furnace carbon black only; developers comprising said hyperpigmented low melt black toners; devices comprising said hyperpigmented low melt black toners and developers; imaging device components comprising said hyperpigmented low melt black toners and developers; imaging devices comprising said developers; and so on, are described.
Black color materials useful in information recording, such as, an electrophotographic toner and an ink for inkjet printing, include carbon black, aniline black, black iron oxide, black titanium oxide and the like. The black color materials are being utilized also as substrates for imparting a black color or a light-shielding property to a glass or other transparent or translucent medium, a black matrix material for plasma display and/or liquid crystal display, an agricultural light-shielding film and the like.
Carbon black is an organic pigment having a high color density (coloring per unit weight), a high blackness degree and high light fastness. Toners containing carbon black have lower charging with high dielectric loss, and both factors reduce transfer efficiency and degrade image quality. Black pigments are known to be more conductive than other pigments and thus, such carbon black pigments are believed to form conductive pathways through the toner particle. Therefore, there remains a need to reduce dielectric loss, and thus, improve charging to enable lower cost hyperpigmented low melt black toners.
The present disclosure describes hyperpigmented black low melt toner compositions containing a thermal carbon black, which toners exhibit reduced dielectric loss and improved tribo charging.
In embodiments, a low melt toner composition is disclosed comprising an amorphous resin, an optional crystalline resin, a wax, an optional shell, optionally a black colorant and a thermal carbon black, wherein presence of a thermal carbon black results in a toner with reduced dielectric loss as compared to a similar toner lacking said thermal carbon black.
In embodiments, a low melt polyester toner for use in imaging is disclosed comprising an amorphous resin, an optional crystalline resin, a wax, an optional shell, optionally a black colorant and a thermal carbon black, wherein said thermal carbon black has an ash content of from about 0.02 to about 0.2%, a pH of from about 9 to about 11, a particle size from about 240 to about 320 nm, a dibutyl phthalate absorption (DBPA) number from about 32 to about 47 ml/100 g. indicating very little particle aggregation or structure, and a nitrogen surface area of from about 7 to about 12 m2/g. In embodiments, the toner comprises two amorphous resins. In embodiments, the toner may include about 18 to about 25% of an amorphous resin and about 18 to about 25% of a second resin. A toner can comprise about 6 to about 7% of a crystalline resin, when present, about 28 to about 35% of a shell and about 0 to about 6% of a black colorant, where the black colorant is a furnace carbon black with an average primary particle size from about 15-80 nm, a DBPA number of from about 65 ml/100 g to about 160 ml/100 g, and a BET surface area of about 30-145 m2/g. A toner can comprise from about 1 to about 30% of a thermal carbon black.
In embodiments, a method of making a hyperpigmented low melt black toner is disclosed including mixing a first composition comprising an amorphous resin and an optional second amorphous resin, an optional crystalline resin, a wax, an optional shell, and optionally a black colorant, and adding a thermal carbon black, where the mixing includes aggregating particles produced in the mixture and optionally coalescing the aggregated particles to produce particles from about 4 to about 7 μm in average diameter.
I. Introduction
Thermal Carbon Black
A thermal carbon black (TCB) is a carbon black produced by a thermal decomposition process by introducing a natural gas into a furnace heated to the thermal decomposition point by burning fuel to decompose the gas. TCB is larger in particle size, lower in structure and smaller in specific surface area than those of oil furnace carbon black, acetylene carbon black and other carbon blacks. Along the carbon black spectrum, TCB has the largest particle size and among the lowest degrees of particle aggregation or structure. TCB has good electrical insulating properties and low impurities content (e.g., ash content and sulfur content) due to complete combustion during manufacture. Since TCB is derived from natural gas, TCB is also one of the purer forms of carbon available on an industrial scale. TCB is produced, for example, by Cancarb, Ltd., Medicine Hat, Alberta, Calif. In embodiments, the TCB has an ash content from about 0.02 to about 0.2%, a pH from about 9 to about 11, and a nitrogen surface area from about 7 to about 12 m2/g. The process of producing TCB involves decomposing natural gas in the absence of oxygen. Each of Cancarb's five production units includes two reactors. One reactor is preheated to about 1,300° C. and natural gas is introduced where the gas is decomposed into carbon and hydrogen. The carbon/hydrogen mixture is cooled with water and the carbon is separated from the hydrogen in large bag filters. The hydrogen is used as fuel to preheat the second reactor unit.
As the process of producing the carbon consumes energy, the first reactor will eventually cool to a point where the reaction becomes inefficient. At that time, the reactors trade roles and the second reactor becomes the producing reactor while the first reactor is reheated. The unit costs of TCB are competitive with that of other carbon blacks.
Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities and conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term, “about.” “About,” is meant to indicate a variation of no more than 20% from the stated value. Also used herein is the term, “equivalent,” “similar,” “essentially,” “substantially,” “approximating” and “matching,” or grammatic variations thereof, have generally acceptable definitions or at the least, are understood to have the same meaning as, “about.”
In the application, use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. In the application, use of, “or,” means, “and/or,” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, use of the term, “including,” as well as other forms, such as, “includes,” and, “included,” is not limiting.
“Bio-based,” is meant to indicate originating or derived from an extant animal, plant or microbe, as compared to a reagent obtained, for example, from a petroleum, coal or other fossil fuel.
“Hyperpigment,” and grammatic forms thereof is meant to describe a toner or toner preparation that has a higher amount of pigment than found in conventional and/or nominal toners currently in use, which generally have a pigment content on a weight basis of about 4 to about 8 wt %. A hyperpigmented toner is one with at least about 15%, at least about 25%, at least about 35%, at least about 45% or more pigment than found in conventional toners. Hyperpigmented toner preparations are also those that on printing and fusing the toner particles to the substrate to form an image of a 100% solid area single color patch, the thickness of that image is less than about 70% of a diameter of the toner particles, as provided, for example, in U.S. Pub. No. 20110250536.
“Low melt,” relates to toners that have a Tg of from about 45° C. to about 85° C., from about 50° C. to about 65° C., from about 50° C. to about 60° C. Low melt also can relate to toners that have a fusing temperature of from about 75° C. to about 150° C., from about 80° C. to about 140° C., from about 90° C. to about 130° C.
For the purposes of the instant disclosure, “toner,” “developer,” “toner composition,” and “toner particles,” can be used interchangeably, and any particular or specific use and meaning will be evident from the context of the sentence, paragraph and the like in which the word or phrase appears.
As used herein, pH adjuster means an acid or base or buffer which may be used to change the pH of a composition (e.g., slurry, resin, aggregate, toner and the like). Such adjusters may include, but are not limited to, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ammonium hydroxide, nitric acid, sodium acetate/acetic acid, and the like.
II. Toner Particles
Toner particles of interest comprise a resin as known in the art, such as, a polyester resin, a styrene resin, an acrylate resin and so on. A toner can comprise more than one form or sort of polymer, such as, two or more different polymers, such as, two or more different polyester polymers composed of different monomers. The polymer can be an alternating copolymer, a block copolymer, a graft copolymer, a branched copolymer, a crosslinked copolymer and so on.
The toner particle can include other optional reagents, such as, a surfactant, a wax, a shell and so on. The toner composition optionally can comprise inert particles, which can serve as toner particle carriers, which can comprise the resin taught herein. The inert particles can be modified, for example, to serve a particular function. Hence, the surface thereof can be derivatized or the particles can be manufactured for a desired purpose, for example, to carry a charge or to possess a magnetic field.
In embodiments, the dielectric loss of the toner is from about 5×10−3 to about 75×10−3, in embodiments, from about 10×10−3 to about 40×10−3. In embodiments, the dielectric loss is less than about 75×10−3, less than about 55×10−3, less than about 40×10−3, less than about 35×10−3, less than about 25×10−3. In embodiments, the dielectric loss is less than about 50, less than about 40, less than about 30.
A. Components
1. Resin
Toner particles of the instant disclosure comprise any known materials, such as, polystyrenes, polyacrylates, polyesters and so on, as well as combinations thereof and so on suitable for such use. Thus, a polymer-forming monomer(s) or a resin-forming monomer(s) suitable for use in forming a particulate carrying or associated with, for example, a colorant of a toner for use in certain imaging devices can be used in the practice of the instant invention. Generally, any suitable monomer or monomers are induced to polymerize to form a resin or a copolymer. Any polyfunctional monomer may be used depending on the particular polymer desired in a toner particle. Hence, bifunctional reagents, trifunctional reagents and so on can be used to form branches and sites of crosslinking within and between chains. One or more reagents that comprise at least three functional groups can be incorporated into a polymer or into a branch to enable branching, further branching and/or crosslinking. Examples of such polyfunctional monomers for polyesters include 1,2,4-benzene-tricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid, 2,5,7-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, 1, 2,4-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,5-hexanetricarboxylic acid, 1,3-dicarboxyl-2-methyl-2-methylene-carboxylpropane, tetra(methylene-carboxyl)methane and 1,2,7,8-octanetetracarboxylic acid. Polyester resins, for example, can be used for applications requiring low melting temperature. Formed particles can be mixed with other reagents, such as, a colorant and/or a wax to form a developer.
One, two or more polymers may be used in forming a toner or toner particle. In embodiments where two or more polymers are used, the polymers may be in any suitable ratio (e.g., weight ratio) such as, for instance, with two different polymers, from about 1% (first polymer)/99% (second polymer) to about 99% (first polymer)/1% (second polymer), in embodiments from about 10% (first polymer)/90% (second polymer) to about 90% (first polymer)/10% (second polymer) and so on, as a design choice. In embodiments, a first and a second polymer each may be present in an amount from about 10 to about 40% by weight, from about 15 to about 35%, from about 20 to about 30%.
The polymer may be present in an amount of from about 65 to about 95% by weight, from about 75 to about 85% by weight of toner particles on a solids basis.
a. Polyester Resins
Suitable polyester resins include, for example, those which are sulfonated, non-sulfonated, crystalline, amorphous, combinations thereof and the like. The polyester resins may be linear, branched, crosslinked, combinations thereof and the like. Polyester resins may include those described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,593,049; 6,830,860; 7,754.406; 7,781,138; 7,749,672; and 6,756,176, the disclosures of each of which hereby are incorporated by reference in entirety.
When a mixture is used, such as, amorphous and crystalline polyester resins, the ratio of crystalline polyester resin to amorphous polyester resin can be in the range from about 1:99 to about 30:70; from about 5:95 to about 25:75; in embodiments, from about 10:90) to about 15:95. A mixture can comprise two amorphous resins. Thus, each of an amorphous resin may be present in an amount from about 10% to about 40%, from about 15% to about 35%, from about 15% to about 30%, from about 20% to about 25%. A crystalline resin may be present in an amount from about 3 to about 15%, from about 4 to about 10%, from about 5 to about 8%.
A polyester resin may be obtained synthetically, for example, in an esterification reaction involving a reagent comprising a carboxylic acid group and another reagent comprising an alcohol. In embodiments, the alcohol reagent comprises two or more hydroxyl groups, in embodiments, three or more hydroxyl groups. In embodiments, the acid comprises two or more carboxylic acid groups, in embodiments, three or more carboxylic acid groups. Reagents comprising three or more functional groups enable, promote or enable and promote polymer branching and crosslinking. In embodiments, a polymer backbone or a polymer branch comprises at least one monomer unit comprising at least one pendant group or side group, that is, the monomer reactant from which the unit was obtained comprises at least three functional groups.
Examples of polyacids or polyesters that can be used for preparing an amorphous polyester resin include terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, fumaric acid, trimellitic acid, diethyl fumarate, dimethyl itaconate, cis-1,4-diacetoxy-2-butene, dimethyl fumarate, diethyl maleate, maleic acid, succinic acid, itaconic acid, succinic acid, cyclohexanoic acid, succinic anhydride, dodecylsuccinic acid, dodecylsuccinic anhydride, glutaric acid, glutaric anhydride, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, dodecanedioic acid, dimethyl naphthalenedicarboxylate, dimethyl terephthalate, diethyl terephthalate, dimethylisophthalate, diethylisophthalate, dimethylphthalate, phthalic anhydride, diethylphthalate, dimethylsuccinate, naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, dimer diacid, dimethylfumarate, dimethylmaleate, dimethylglutarate, dimethyladipate, dimethyl dodecylsuccinate, and combinations thereof. The organic polyacid or polyester reagent may be present, for example, in an amount from about 40 to about 60 mole % of the resin, in embodiments from about 42 to about 52 mole % of the resin, in embodiments from about 45 to about 50 mole % of the resin, and optionally a second polyacid can be used in an amount from about 0.1 to about 10 mole % of the resin.
Examples of polyols which may be used in generating an amorphous polyester resin include 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, 2,2-dimethylpropanediol, 2,2,3-trimethylhexanediol, heptanediol, dodecanediol, bis(hydroxyethyl)-bisphenol A, bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-bisphenol A, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,3-cyclohexanedimethanol, xylenedimethanol, cyclohexanediol, diethylene glycol, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) oxide, dipropylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, and combinations thereof. The amount of organic polyol can vary, and may be present, for example, in an amount from about 40 to about 60 mole % of the resin, in embodiments from about 42 to about 55 mole % of the resin, in embodiments from about 45 to about 53 mole % of the resin, and a second polyol can be used in an amount from about 0.1 to about 10 mole %, in embodiments, from about 1 to about 4 mole % of the resin.
In embodiments, the resin may be a crosslinkable resin. A crosslinkable resin is a resin including a crosslinkable group or groups, such as, a C═C bond or a pendant group or side group, such as, a carboxylic acid group. The resin can be crosslinked, for example, through a free radical polymerization with an initiator.
Examples of amorphous resins which may be used include alkali sulfonated-polyester resins, branched alkali sulfonated-polyester resins, alkali sulfonated-polyimide resins and branched alkali sulfonated-polyimide resins. Alkali sulfonated polyester resins may be useful in embodiments, such as, the metal or alkali salts of copoly(ethylene-terephthalate)-copoly(ethylene-5-sulfo-isophthalate), copoly(propylene-terephthalate)-copoly(propylene-5-sulfo-isophthalate), copoly(diethylene-terephthalate)-copoly(diethylene-5-sulfo-isophthalate), copoly(propylene-diethylene-terephthalate)-copoly(propylene-diethylene-5-sulfoisophthalate), copoly(propylene-butylene-terephthalate)-copoly(propylene-butylene-5-sulfo-isophthalate), copoly(propoxylated bisphenol-A-fumarate)-copoly(propoxylated bisphenol A-5-sulfo-isophthalate), copoly(ethoxylated bisphenol-A-fumarate)-copoly(ethoxylated bisphenol-A-5-sulfo-isophthalate), and copoly(ethoxylated bisphenol-A-maleate)-copoly(ethoxylated bisphenol-A-5-sulfo-isophthalate), wherein the alkali metal is, for example, a sodium, a lithium or a potassium ion.
In embodiments, an unsaturated amorphous polyester resin may be used as a latex resin. Examples of such resins include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,827, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Exemplary unsaturated amorphous polyester resins include, but are not limited to, poly(propoxylated bisphenol co-fumarate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol co-fumarate), poly(butyloxylated bisphenol co-fumarate), poly(co-propoxylated bisphenol co-ethoxylated bisphenol co-fumarate), poly(1,2-propylene fumarate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol co-maleate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol co-maleate), poly(butyloxylated bisphenol co-maleate), poly(co-propoxylated bisphenol co-ethoxylated bisphenol co-maleate), poly(1,2-propylene maleate), poly(propoxylated bisphenol co-itaconate), poly(ethoxylated bisphenol co-itaconate), poly(butyloxylated bisphenol co-itaconate), poly(co-propoxylated bisphenol co-ethoxylated bisphenol co-itaconate), poly(1,2-propylene itaconate) and combinations thereof.
In embodiments, a suitable amorphous resin may include alkoxylated bisphenol A fumarate/terephthalate-based polyester and copolyester resins. In embodiments, a suitable polyester resin may be an amorphous polyester resin, such as, a poly(propoxylated bisphenol A co-fumarate) resin. Examples of such resins and processes for production thereof include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,827, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in entirety.
An example of a linear propoxylated bisphenol A fumarate resin is available under the trade name SPARII from Resana S/A Industrias Quimicas, Sao Paulo Brazil. Other propoxylated bisphenol A fumarate resins that are commercially available include GTUF and FPESL-2 from Kao Corporation, Japan, and EM181635 from Reichhold, Research Triangle Park, N.C., and the like.
For forming a crystalline polyester resin, suitable organic polyols include aliphatic polyols with from about 2 to about 36 carbon atoms, such as 1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,9-nonanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol and the like; alkali sulfo-aliphatic diols such as sodio 2-sulfo-1,2-ethanediol, lithio 2-sulfo-1,2-ethanediol, potassio 2-sulfo-1,2-ethanediol, sodio 2-sulfo-1,3-propanediol, lithio 2-sulfo-1,3-propanediol, potassio 2-sulfo-1,3-propanediol, mixture thereof, and the like, including their structural isomers. The aliphatic polyol may be, for example, selected in an amount from about 40 to about 60 mole %, in embodiments from about 42 to about 55 mole %, in embodiments from about 45 to about 53 mole %, and a second polyol can be used in an amount from about 0.1 to about 10 mole %, in embodiments from about 1 to about 4 mole % of the resin.
Examples of organic polyacid or polyester reagents for preparing a crystalline resin include oxalic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, dimethyl fumarate, dimethyl itaconate, cis, 1,4-diacetoxy-2-butene, diethyl fumarate, diethyl maleate, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, naphthalene-2,7-dicarboxylic acid, cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid (sometimes referred to herein, in embodiments, as cyclohexanedioic acid), malonic acid and mesaconic acid, a polyester or anhydride thereof; and an alkali sulfo-organic polyacid, such as, the sodio, lithio or potassio salt of dimethyl-5-sulfo-isophthalate, dialkyl-5-sulfo-isophthalate-4-sulfo-1,8-naphthalic anhydride, 4-sulfo-phthalic acid, dimethyl-4-sulfo-phthalate, dialkyl-4-sulfo-phthalate, 4-sulfophenyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxybenzene, 6-sulfo-2-naphthyl-3,5-dicarbomethoxybenzene, sulfo-terephthalic acid, dimethyl-sulfo-terephthalate, 5-sulfo-isophthalic acid, dialkyl-sulfo-terephthalate, sulfo-p-hydroxybenzoic acid, N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-amino ethane sulfonate, or mixtures thereof. The organic polyacid may be selected in an amount of, for example, in embodiments from about 40 to about 60 mole %, in embodiments from about 42 to about 52 mole %, in embodiments from about 45 to about 50 mole %, and optionally, a second polyacid can be selected in an amount from about 0.1 to about 10 mole % of the resin.
Specific crystalline resins include poly(ethylene-adipate), poly(propylene-adipate), poly(butylene-adipate), poly(pentylene-adipate), poly(hexylene-adipate), poly(octylene-adipate), poly(ethylene-succinate), poly(propylene-succinate), poly(butylene-succinate), poly(pentylene-succinate), poly(hexylene-succinate), poly(octylene-succinate), poly(ethylene-sebacate), poly(propylene-sebacate), poly(butylene-sebacate), poly(pentylene-sebacate), poly(hexylene-sebacate), poly(octylene-sebacate), poly(decylene-sebacate), poly(decylene-decanoate), poly(ethylene-decanoate), poly(ethylene dodecanoate), poly(nonylene-sebacate), poly(nonylene-decanoate), copoly(ethylene-fumarate)-copoly(ethylene-sebacate), copoly(ethylene-fumarate)-copoly(ethylene-decanoate), copoly(ethylene-fumarate)-copoly(ethylene-dodecanoate), copoly(2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diol-decanoate)-copoly(ethylene-adipate), alkali copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(propylene-adipate), alkali copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(butylene-adipate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylene-adipate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylene-adipate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl-copoly(octylene-adipate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylene-adipate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly (propylene-adipate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(butylene-adipate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylene-adipate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylene-adipate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(octylene-adipate), alkali copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylene-succinate), alkali copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(propylene-succinate), alkali copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(butylenes-succinate), alkali copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylene-succinate), alkali copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylene-succinate), alkali copoly(5-sulfoisophthaloyl)-copoly(octylene-succinate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylene-sebacate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(propylene-sebacate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl-copoly(butylene-sebacate), alkali copoly(S-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylene-sebacate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylene-sebacate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(octylene-sebacate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(ethylene-adipate), alkali copoly(S-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(propylene-adipate), alkali copoly(S-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(butylene-adipate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(pentylene-adipate), alkali copoly(5-sulfo-isophthaloyl)-copoly(hexylene-adipatenonylene-decanoate), poly(octylene-adipate), and so on, wherein alkali is a metal like sodium, lithium or potassium. Examples of polyamides include poly(ethylene-adipamide), poly(propylene-adipamide), poly(butylenes-adipamide), poly(pentylene-adipamide), poly(hexylene-adipamide), poly(octylene-adipamide), poly(ethylene-succinimide), and poly(propylene-sebecamide). Examples of polyimides include poly(ethylene-adipimide), poly(propylene-adipimide), poly(butylene-adipimide), poly(pentylene-adipimide), poly(hexylene-adipimide), poly(octylene-adipimide), poly(ethylene-succinimide), poly(propylene-succinimide), and poly(butylene-succinimide).
Suitable crystalline resins which may be utilized, optionally in combination with an amorphous resin as described above, include those disclosed in U.S. Pub. No. 2006/0222991, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in entirety.
In embodiments, a suitable crystalline resin may include a resin formed of ethylene glycol and a mixture of dodecanedioic acid and fumaric acid comonomers.
The crystalline resin may be present, for example, in an amount from about 1 to about 85% by weight of the toner components, in embodiments from about 2 to about 50% by weight of the toner components, in embodiments from about 3 to about 15% by weight of the toner components. The crystalline resin can possess various melting points of, for example, from about 3° C. to about 120° C. in embodiments from about 50° C. to about 90° C., in embodiments from about 60° C. to about 80° C. The crystalline resin may have a number average molecular weight (Mn), as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of, for example, from about 1,000 to about 50,000, in embodiments from about 2,000 to about 25,000, and a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of, for example, from about 2,000 to about 100,000, in embodiments from about 3,000 to about 80,000, as determined by GPC using polystyrene standards. The molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of the crystalline resin may be, for example, from about 2 to about 6, in embodiments from about 3 to about 4.
b. Catalysts and Other Optional Additives
Condensation catalysts which may be used in the polyester reaction include tetraalkyl titanates; dialkyltin oxides, such as, dibutyltin oxide; tetraalkyltins, such as, dibutyltin dilaurate; dibutyltin diacetate; dibutyltin oxide; dialkyltin oxide hydroxides, such as, butyltin oxide hydroxide; aluminum alkoxides, alkyl zinc, dialkyl zinc, zinc oxide, stannous oxide, stannous chloride, butylstannoic acid, or combinations thereof.
Such catalysts may be used in amounts of, for example, from about 0.01 mole % to about 5 mole % based on the amount of starting polyacid, polyol or polyester reagent in the reaction mixture.
Branching agents can be used, and include, for example, a multivalent polyacid such as 1,2,4-benzene-tricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-cyclohexanetricarboxylic acid, 2,5,7-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,4-naphthalenetricarboxylic acid, 1,2,5-hexanetricarboxylic acid, 1,3-dicarboxyl-2-methyl-2-methylene-carboxylpropane, tetra(methylene-carboxyl)methane, 1,2,7,8-octanetetracarboxylic acid, acid anhydrides thereof, lower alkyl esters thereof and so on. The branching agent can be used in an amount from about 0.01 to about 10 mole % of the resin, from about 0.05 to about 8 mole % or from about 0.1 to about 5 mole % of the resin.
It may be desirable to crosslink the polymer. A suitable resin conducive to crosslinking is one with a reactive group, such as, a C═C bond or with pendant or side groups, such as, a carboxylic acid group. The resin can be crosslinked, for example, through free radical polymerization with an initiator. Suitable initiators include peroxides such as, organic peroxides or azo compounds, for example diacyl peroxides, such as, decanoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide and benzoyl peroxide, ketone peroxides, such as, cyclohexanone peroxide and methyl ethyl ketone, alkyl peroxy esters, such as, tbutyl peroxy neodecanoate, 2,5-dimethyl 2,5-di(2-ethyl hexanoyl peroxy)hexane, tamyl peroxy 2-ethyl hexanoate, t-butyl peroxy 2-ethyl hexanoate, t-butyl peroxy acetate, t-amyl peroxy acetate, t-butyl peroxy benzoate, t-amyl peroxy benzoate, alkyl peroxides, such as, dicumyl peroxide, 2,5-dimethyl 2,5-di(t-butyl peroxy)hexane, t-butyl cumyl peroxide, bis(t-butyl peroxy)diisopropyl benzene, di-t-butyl peroxide and 2,5-dimethyl 2,5-di(t-butyl peroxy)hexyne-3, alkyl hydroperoxides, such as, 2,5-dihydro peroxy 2,5-dimethyl hexane, cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide and t-amyl hydroperoxide, and alkyl peroxyketals, such as, n-butyl 4,4-di(t-butyl peroxy)valerate, 1,1-di(t-butyl peroxy) 3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane, 1,1-di(t-butyl peroxy)cyclohexane, 1,1-di(t-amyl peroxy)cyclohexane, 2,2-di(t-butyl peroxy)butane, ethyl 3,3-di(t-butyl peroxy)butyrate and ethyl 3,3-di(t-amyl peroxy)butyrate, azobis-isobutyronitrile, 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethyl valeronitrile), 2,2′-azobis(methyl butyronitrile), 1,1′-azobis(cyano cyclohexane), 1,1-di(t-butyl peroxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, combinations thereof and the like. The amount of initiator used is proportional to the degree of crosslinking, and thus, the gel content of the polyester material. The amount of initiator used may range from, for example, about 0.01 to about 10 wt %, or from about 0.1 to about 5 wt % of the polyester resin. In the crosslinking, it is desirable that substantially all of the initiator be consumed. The crosslinking may be carried out at high temperature, and thus the reaction may be very fast, for example, less than 10 minutes, such as from about 20 seconds to about 2 minutes residence time.
Generally, as known in the art, the polyacid/polyester and polyols reagents are mixed together, optionally with a catalyst, and incubated at an elevated temperature, such as, from about 180° C. or more, from about 190° C. or more, from about 200° C. or more, and so on, which can be conducted anaerobically, to enable esterification to occur until equilibrium, which generally yields water or an alcohol, such as, methanol, arising from forming the ester bonds in esterification reactions. The reaction can be conducted under vacuum to promote polymerization. The product is collected by practicing known methods, and can be dried, again, by practicing known methods to yield particulates.
The polymer reagent then can be incorporated with, for example, other reagents suitable for making a toner particle, such as, a colorant and/or a wax, and processed in a known manner to produce toner particles.
c. Other Resins
Other suitable resins that can be used to make toner comprise a styrene, an acrylate, such as, an alkyl acrylate, such as, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, n-butylacrylate, 2-chloroethyl acrylate, β-carboxy ethyl acrylate (β-CEA), phenyl acrylate, methacrylate and so on; a butadiene, an isoprene, an acrylic acid, an acrylonitrile, a styrene acrylate, a styrene butadiene, a styrene methacrylate, and so on, such as, methyl α-chloroacrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, butadiene, isoprene, methacrylonitrile, acrylonitrile, vinyl ethers, such as, vinyl methyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether and the like; vinyl esters, such as, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl benzoate and vinyl butyrate; vinyl ketones, such as, vinyl methyl ketone, vinyl hexyl ketone, methyl isopropenyl ketone and the like; vinylidene halides, such as, vinylidene chloride, vinylidene chlorofluoride and the like; N-vinyl indole, N-vinyl pyrrolidone, methacrylate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylamide, methacrylamide, vinylpyridine, vinylpyrrolidone, vinyl-N-methylpyridinium chloride, vinyl naphthalene, p-chlorostyrene, vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, vinyl fluoride, ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene and mixtures thereof. A mixture of monomers can be used to make a copolymer, such as, a block copolymer, an alternating copolymer, a graft copolymer and so on.
Hence, in embodiments, a first monomer composition and a second monomer composition may independently of each other comprise two or three or more different monomers.
Illustrative examples of other latex copolymers include poly(styrene-n-butyl acrylate-β-CEA), poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate), poly(styrene-1,3-diene), poly(styrene-1,2-diene), poly(styrene-1,4-diene), poly(styrene-alkyl methacrylate), poly(alkyl methacrylate-alkyl acrylate), poly(alkyl methacrylate-aryl acrylate), poly(aryl methacrylate-alkyl acrylate), poly(alkyl methacrylate), poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate-acrylonitrile), poly(styrene-1,3-diene-acrylonitrile), poly(alkyl acrylate-acrylonitrile), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(methylstyrene-butadiene), poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(methyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(methylstyrene-isoprene), poly(methyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(methyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl acrylate-isoprene); poly(styrene-propyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile) poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-1,3-diene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-alkyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(alkyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-alkyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly (styrene-1,3-diene-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(alkyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butylacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-methacrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(styrene-butyl methacrylate), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-isoprene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(butyl methacrylate-butyl acrylate), poly(butyl methacrylate-acrylic acid), poly(acrylonitrile-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), and mixtures thereof, see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,227,460, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference).
Examples of other suitable resins or polymers which may be utilized in forming a toner include, but are not limited to, poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(methylstyrene-butadiene), poly(methyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl methacrylate-butadiene), poly(methyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(ethyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(propyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(butyl acrylate-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene), poly(methylstyrene-isoprene), poly(methyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl methacrylate-isoprene), poly(methyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(ethyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(propyl acrylate-isoprene), poly(butyl acrylate-isoprene); poly(styrene-propyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-methacrylic acid), poly(styrene-butadiene-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile), poly(styrene-butyl acrylate-acrylonitrile-acrylic acid), and combinations thereof. The polymer may be, for example, block, random, or alternating copolymers.
In embodiments, the monomer(s) may be substantially water insoluble, generally hydrophobic or may be dispersed readily in an aqueous phase with adequate stirring when added to the reaction vessel.
When monomer compositions are used, the weight ratio between a first monomer composition and a second monomer composition may be generally in the range of from about 0.1:99.9 to about 50:50, from about 0.5:99.5 to about 25:75, from about 1:99 to about 10:90.
In embodiments, a first monomer composition and a second monomer composition can be the same.
An example of a composition for making a latex may be one comprising a styrene and an alkyl acrylate, such as, a mixture comprising styrene, n-butyl acrylate and β-carboxyethyl acrylate (β-CEA). Based on total weight of the monomers, styrene generally may be present in an amount from about 1% to about 99%, from about 50% to about 95%, from about 70% to about 90%, although may be present in greater or lesser amounts; alkyl acrylate, such as, n-butyl acrylate, generally may be present in an amount from about 1% to about 99%, from about 5% to about 50%, from about 10% to about 30%, although may be present in greater or lesser amounts.
2. Colorants
Suitable colorants include those comprising carbon black, such as, REGAL 330® and Nipex 35; magnetites, such as, Mobay magnetites, MO8029™ and MO8060™ Columbian magnetites, MAPICO® BLACK; surface-treated magnetites; Pfizer magnetites, CB4799™, CB530™, CB5600™ and MCX6369™ Bayer magnetites, BAYFERROX 8600™ and 8610™ Northern Pigments magnetites, NP604™ and NP-608™ Magnox magnetites, TMB-100™ or TMB104™ and the like. Colored pigments, such as, cyan, magenta, yellow, red, orange, green, brown, blue or mixtures thereof can be used. The additional pigment or pigments can be used as water-based pigment dispersions.
Examples of pigments include SUNSPERSE 6000, FLEXIVERSE and AQUATONE, water-based pigment dispersions from SUN Chemicals; HELIOGEN BLUE L6900™, D684™, D7080™, D7020™, PYLAM OIL BLUE™, PYLAM OIL YELLOW™ and PIGMENT BLUE I® available from Paul Uhlich & Company, Inc.; PIGMENT VIOLET I™, PIGMENT RED 48™, LEMON CHROME YELLOW DCC IO26™, TOLUIDINE RED™ and BON RED CM available from Dominion Color Corporation, Ltd., Toronto, Ontario; NOVAPERM YELLOW FGL™ and HOSTAPERM PINK E™ from Hoechst; CINQUASIA MAGENTA™ available from E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., and the like.
Examples of magenta pigments include 2,9-dimethyl-substituted quinacridone, an anthraquinone dye identified in the Color Index as CI 60710, CI Dispersed Red 15, a diazo dye identified in the Color Index as CI 26050, CI Solvent Red 19, and the like.
Illustrative examples of cyan pigments include copper tetra(octadecylsulfonamido) phthalocyanine, a copper phthalocyanine pigment listed in the Color Index as CI 74160, CI Pigment Blue, Pigment Blue 15:3, Pigment Blue 15:4, an Anthrazine Blue identified in the Color Index as CI 69810, Special Blue X-2137, and the like.
Illustrative examples of yellow pigments are diarylide yellow 3,3dichlorobenzidene acetoacetanilide, a monoazo pigment identified in the Color Index as CI 12700, CI Solvent Yellow 16, a nitrophenyl amine sulfonamide identified in the Color Index as Foron Yellow SE/GLN, CI Disperse Yellow 3, 2,5dimethoxy-4-sulfonanilide phenylazo-4′-chloro-2,5-dimethoxy acetoacetanilide and Permanent Yellow FGL.
Other known colorants can be used, such as, Levanyl Black ASF (Miles, Bayer) and Sunsperse Carbon Black LHD 9303 (Sun Chemicals), and colored dyes, such as, Neopen Blue (BASF), Sudan Blue OS (BASF), PV Fast Blue B2G 01 (American Hoechst), Sunsperse Blue BHD 6000) (Sun Chemicals), Irgalite Blue BCA (CibaGeigy), Paliogen Blue 6470 (BASF). Sudan III (Matheson, Coleman, Bell), Sudan II (Matheson, Coleman, Bell), Sudan IV (Matheson, Coleman, Bell), Sudan Orange G (Aldrich), Sudan Orange 220 (BASF), Paliogen Orange 3040 (BASF), Ortho Orange OR 2673 (Paul Uhlich), Paliogen Yellow 152, 1560 (BASF), Lithol Fast Yellow 0991K (BASF), Paliotol Yellow 1840 (BASF), Neopen Yellow (BASF), Novoperm Yellow FG 1 (Hoechst), Permanent Yellow YE 0305 (Paul Uhlich), Lumogen Yellow D0790 (BASF), Sunsperse Yellow YHD 6001 (Sun Chemicals), Suco-Gelb L1250 (BASF), SUCD-Yellow D1355 (BASF), Hostaperm Pink E (American Hoechst), Fanal Pink D4830 (BASF), Cinquasia Magenta (DuPont), Lithol Scarlet D3700 (BASF), Toluidine Red (Aldrich), Scarlet for Thermoplast NSD PS PA (Ugine Kuhlmann of Canada), E.D. Toluidine Red (Aldrich), Lithol Rubine Toner (Paul Uhlich), Lithol Scarlet 4440 (BASF), Bon Red C (Dominion Color Company), Royal Brilliant Red RD-8192 (Paul Uhlich), Oracet Pink RF (Ciba-Geigy), Paliogen Red 3871K (BASF), Paliogen Red 3340 (BASF), Lithol Fast Scarlet L4300 (BASF), combinations of the foregoing and the like. Other pigments that can be used, and which are commercially available include various pigments in the color classes, Pigment Yellow 74, Pigment Yellow 14. Pigment Yellow 83, Pigment Orange 34, Pigment Red 238, Pigment Red 122, Pigment Red 48:1, Pigment Red 269, Pigment Red 53:1, Pigment Red 57:1, Pigment Red 83:1, Pigment Violet 23, Pigment Green 7 and so on, and combinations thereof.
The colorant, for example furnace carbon black, cyan, magenta and/or yellow colorant, may be incorporated in an amount sufficient to impart the desired color to the toner. In general, pigment or dye, may be employed in an amount ranging from about 2% to about 35% by weight of the toner particles on a solids basis, from about 5% to about 25% by weight or from about 5% to about 15% by weight. Thus, a furnace carbon black can be present in amounts up to about 2%, up to about 4%, up to about 6%, up to about 8%, up to about 10% or more. A furnace carbon black can have a particle size from about 20 nm to about 40 nm, from about 25 nm to about 35 nm; a DBPA number of from about 65 ml/100 g to about 160 ml/100 g; and a BET surface area from about 50 to about 80 m2/g, from about 60 to about 70 m2/g.
In embodiments, the black colorant, for example, furnace carbon black (e.g., but not limited to, Nipex 35), may be replaced in part using Cancarb N991, or any other TCB. Such a TCB may have the properties, such as, having an ash content of from about 0.02 to about 0.2%, a pH of from about 9 to about 11, dibutyl phthalate absorption (DBPA) numbers from about 32 to about 47 ml/100 g, and a nitrogen surface area of from about 7 to about 12 m2/g. Other properties may include, but are not limited to, 325 mesh % (ppm) of maximum of 0.25; magnetics on 325 mesh % (ppm) maximum of 0.005; oil absorption number maximum in cm3/100 g of 44; total sulfur % (ppm) of about 0.006; toluene extract % maximum of about 0.5; and maximum heat loss % of about 0.1. The TCB can have a volume mean diameter of from about 100 to about 800 nm, from about 200 to about 600 nm, from about 300 to about 500 nm.
When a TCB is combined with a black colorant, the black colorant can be present on a weight basis in an amount from about 0.1% to about 20%, from about 1% to about 15%, in embodiments, up to about 15%, up to about 10%, up to about 7%; and the TCB can be present in an amount from about 0.1% to about 20%, from about 1% to about 15%, in embodiments, up to about 25%, up to about 20%, up to about 15%, up to about 10%, up to about 7%. When TCB is the only black pigment used in a toner, the TCB can be present in an amount from about 1% to about 30%, from about 2% to about 20%, from about 3% to about 15%, in embodiments, up to about 15%, up to about 20%, up to about 25% or more.
The amount of black colorant, and of the TCB can be adjusted to levels higher than those presented above to attain a hyperpigmented toner as described herein.
In embodiments, more than one colorant may be present in a toner particle. For example, two colorants may be present in a toner particle, such as, a first colorant of pigment blue, may be present in an amount ranging from about 2% to about 10% by weight of the toner particle on a solids basis, from about 3% to about 8% by weight or from about 5% to about 7% by weight; with a second colorant of pigment yellow that may be present in an amount ranging from about 5% to about 20% by weight of the toner particle on a solids basis, from about 6% to about 15% by weight or from about 7% to about (10% by weight and so on.
3. Optional Components
a. Surfactants
In embodiments, toner compositions may be in dispersions including surfactants. Emulsion aggregation methods where the polymer and other components of the toner are in combination can employ one or more surfactants to form an emulsion.
One, two or more surfactants may be used. The surfactants may be selected from ionic surfactants and nonionic surfactants, or combinations thereof. Anionic surfactants and cationic surfactants are encompassed by the term, “ionic surfactants.”
In embodiments, the surfactant or the total amount of surfactants may be used in an amount of from about 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the toner forming composition, for example, from about 0.75% to about 4% by weight of the toner-forming composition, in embodiments, from about 1% to about 3% by weight of the toner-forming composition.
Examples of nonionic surfactants include, for example, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene octyl ether, polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether and dialkylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol, for example, available from Rhone-Poulenc as IGEPAL CA-210™, IGEPAL CA520™, IGEPAL CA-720™, IGEPAL CO-890™, IGEPAL CO-720™, IGEPAL CO-290™, IGEPAL CA-210™, ANTAROX 890™ and ANTAROX 897™. Other examples of suitable nonionic surfactants include a block copolymer of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, including those commercially available as SYNPERONIC™ PR/F, in embodiments, SYNPERONIC™ PR/F 108; and a DOWFAX, available from The Dow Chemical Corp.
Anionic surfactants include sulfates and sulfonates, such as, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium dodecylnaphthalene sulfate and so on; dialkyl benzenealkyl sulfates; acids, such as, palmitic acid, and NEOGEN or NEOGEN SC obtained from Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku, and so on, combinations thereof and the like. Other suitable anionic surfactants include, in embodiments, alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonates or TAYCA POWER BN2060 from Tayca Corporation (Japan), which is a branched sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. Combinations of those surfactants and any of the foregoing nonionic surfactants may be used in embodiments.
Examples of cationic surfactants include, for example, alkylbenzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, dialkyl benzenealkyl ammonium chloride, lauryl trimethyl ammonium chloride, alkylbenzyl methyl ammonium chloride, alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium bromide, benzalkonium chloride, cetyl pyridinium bromide, trimethyl ammonium bromides, halide salts of quarternized polyoxyethylalkylamines, dodecylbenzyl triethyl ammonium chlorides, MIRAPOL® and ALKAQUAT® available from Alkaril Chemical Company, SANISOL® (benzalkonium chloride) available from Kao Chemicals and the like, and mixtures thereof, including, for example, a nonionic surfactant as known in the art or provided hereinabove.
b. Waxes
The toners of the instant disclosure, optionally, may contain a wax, which can be either a single type of wax or a mixture of two or more different types of waxes (hereinafter identified as, “a wax”). A wax can be added to a toner formulation or to a developer formulation, for example, to improve particular toner properties, such as, toner particle shape, charging, fusing characteristics, gloss, stripping, offset properties and the like. Alternatively, a combination of waxes can be added to provide multiple properties to a toner or a developer composition. A wax may be included as, for example, a fuser roll release agent.
The wax may be combined with the resin-forming composition for forming toner particles. When included, the wax may be present in an amount of, for example, from about 1 wt % to about 25 wt % of the toner particles, in embodiments, from about 5 wt % to about 20 wt % of the toner particles.
Waxes that may be selected include waxes having, for example, a weight average molecular weight of from about 500 to about 20,000, in embodiments, from about 1,000 to about 10,000. Waxes that may be used include, for example, polyolefins, such as, polyethylene, polypropylene and polybutene waxes, such as, those that are commercially available, for example, POLYWAX™ polyethylene waxes from Baker Petrolite, wax emulsions available from Michaelman, Inc. or Daniels Products Co., EPOLENE N15™ which is commercially available from Eastman Chemical Products, Inc., VISCOL 550P™, a low weight average molecular weight polypropylene available from Sanyo Kasei K.K.; plant-based waxes, such as carnauba wax, rice wax, candelilla wax, sumac wax and jojoba oil; animal-based waxes, such as beeswax; mineral-based waxes and petroleum-based waxes, such as montan wax, ozokerite, ceresin wax, paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax and FischerTropsch waxes; ester waxes obtained from higher fatty acids and higher alcohols, such as stearyl stearate and behenyl behenate; ester waxes obtained from higher fatty acids and monovalent or multivalent lower alcohols, such as butyl stearate, propyl oleate, glyceride monostearate, glyceride distearate and pentaerythritol tetrabehenate; ester waxes obtained from higher fatty acids and multivalent alcohol multimers, such as diethyleneglycol monostearate, dipropyleneglycol distearate, diglyceryl distearate and triglyceryl tetrastearate; sorbitan higher fatty acid ester waxes, such as sorbitan monostearate; cholesterol higher fatty acid ester waxes, such as, cholesteryl stearate, and so on.
Examples of functionalized waxes that may be used include, for example, amines and amides, for example, AQUA SUPERSLIP 6550™ and SUPERSLIP 6530™ available from Micro Powder Inc.; fluorinated waxes, for example, POLYFLUO 190™, POLYFLUO 200™, POLYSILK 19™ and POLYSILK 14™ available from Micro Powder Inc.; mixed fluorinated amide waxes, for example, MICROSPERSION 19™ also available from Micro Powder Inc.; imides, esters, quaternary amines, carboxylic acids, acrylic polymer emulsions, for example, JONCRYL 74™, 89™, 130™, 537™ and 538™ available from SC Johnson Wax; and chlorinated polypropylenes and polyethylenes available from Allied Chemical, Petrolite Corp. and SC Johnson. Mixtures and combinations of the foregoing waxes also may be used in embodiments.
c. Aggregating Factor
An aggregating factor may be an inorganic cationic coagulant, such as, for example, polyaluminum chloride (PAC), polyaluminum sulfosilicate (PASS), aluminum sulfate, zinc sulfate, magnesium sulfate, chlorides of magnesium, calcium, zinc, beryllium, aluminum, sodium, other metal halides including monovalent and divalent halides.
The aggregating factor may be present in an emulsion in an amount of from, for example, from about 0 to about 10 wt %, or from about 0.05 to about 5 wt % based on the total solids in the toner.
The aggregating factor may also contain minor amounts of other components, for example, nitric acid.
In embodiments, a sequestering agent or chelating agent may be introduced after aggregation is complete to sequester or extract a metal complexing ion, such as, aluminum from the aggregation process. Thus, the sequestering, chelating or complexing agent used after aggregation is complete may comprise an organic complexing component, such as, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), gluconal, hydroxyl-2,2′iminodisuccinic acid (HIDS), dicarboxylmethyl glutamic acid (GLDA), methyl glycidyl diacetic acid (MGDA), hydroxydiethyliminodiacetic acid (HIDA), sodium gluconate, potassium citrate, sodium citrate, nitrotriacetate salt, humic acid, fulvic acid, salts of EDTA, such as, alkali metal salts of EDTA, tartaric acid, gluconic acid, oxalic acid, polyacrylates, sugar acrylates, citric acid, polyasparic acid, diethylenetriamine pentaacetate, 3-hydroxy-4-pyridinone, dopamine, eucalyptus, iminodisuccinic acid, ethylenediaminedisuccinate, polysaccharide, sodium ethylenedinitrilotetraacetate, thiamine pyrophosphate, farnesyl pyrophosphate, 2-aminoethylpyrophosphate, hydroxyl ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, aminotrimethylenephosphonic acid, diethylene triaminepentamethylene phosphonic acid, ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid, and mixtures thereof.
d. Surface Additives
In embodiments, the toner particles can be mixed with one or more of silicon dioxide or silica (SiO2), titania or titanium dioxide (TiO2) and/or cerium oxide. Silica may be a first silica and a second silica. The first silica may have an average primary particle size, measured in diameter, in the range of, for example, from about 5 nm to about 50 nm, such as, from about 5 nm to about 25 nm or from about 20 nm to about 40 nm. The second silica may have an average primary particle size, measured in diameter, in the range of, for example, from about 100 nm to about 200 nm, such as, from about 100 nm to about 150 nm or from about 125 nm to about 145 nm. The second silica may have a larger average size (diameter) than the first silica. The titania may have an average primary particle size in the range of, for example, about 5 nm to about 50 nm, such as, from about 5 nm to about 20 nm or from about 10 nm to about 50 nm. The cerium oxide may have an average primary particle size in the range of, for example, about 5 nm to about 50 nm, such as, from about 5 nm to about 20 nm or from about 10 nm to about 50 nm.
Zinc stearate also may be used as an external additive. Calcium stearate and magnesium stearate may provide similar functions. Zinc stearate may have an average primary particle size in the range of, for example, from about 500 nm to about 700 nm, such as, from about 500 nm to about 600 nm or from about 550 nm to about 650 nm.
e. Carrier
Carrier particles include those that are capable of triboelectrically obtaining a charge of polarity opposite to that of the toner particles. Illustrative examples of suitable carrier particles include granular zircon, granular silicon, glass, steel, nickel, ferrites, iron ferrites, silicon dioxide, nickel berry carriers as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,847,604, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference, comprised of nodular carrier beads of nickel, characterized by surfaces of reoccurring recesses and protrusions thereby providing particles with a relatively large external area, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,937,166 and 4,935,326, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference, and so on. In embodiments, the carrier particles may have an average particle size of, for example, from about 20 to about 85 μm, such as, from about 30 to about 60 μm, or from about 35 to about 50 μm.
B. Toner Particle Preparation
1. Method
a. Particle Formation
The toner particles may be prepared by any method within the purview of one skilled in the art, for example, any of the emulsion/aggregation methods can be used with a polyester resin and the thermal carbon black of interest. However, any suitable method of preparing toner particles may be used, including chemical processes, such as, suspension and encapsulation processes disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,290,654 and 5,302,486, the disclosures of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in entirety; by conventional granulation methods, such as, jet milling; pelletizing slabs of material; other mechanical processes; any process for producing nanoparticles or microparticles; and so on.
In embodiments relating to an emulsification/aggregation process, a resin can be dissolved in a solvent, and can be mixed into an emulsion medium, for example water, such as, deionized water, optionally containing a stabilizer, and optionally a surfactant. Examples of suitable stabilizers include water-soluble alkali metal hydroxides, such as, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, beryllium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide or barium hydroxide; ammonium hydroxide; alkali metal carbonates, such as, sodium bicarbonate, lithium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, lithium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, beryllium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, barium carbonate or cesium carbonate; or mixtures thereof. When a stabilizer is used, the stabilizer can be present in amounts of from about 0.1% to about 5%, from about 0.5% to about 3% by weight of the resin. When such salts are added to the composition as a stabilizer, in embodiments, incompatible metal salts are not present in the composition, for example, a composition can be completely or essentially free of zinc and other incompatible metal ions, for example, Ca, Fe, Ba etc., that form water-insoluble salts. The term “essentially free” refers, for example, to the incompatible metal ions as present at a level of less than about 0.01%, less than about 0.005% or less than about 0.001%, by weight of the wax and resin. The stabilizer can be added to the mixture at ambient temperature, or can be heated to the mixture temperature prior to addition.
Optionally, a surfactant may be added to the aqueous emulsion medium, for example, to afford additional stabilization to the resin or to enhance emulsification of the resin. Suitable surfactants include anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants as taught herein.
Following emulsification, toner compositions may be prepared by aggregating a mixture of a resin, a pigment, an optional wax and any other desired additives in an emulsion, optionally, with surfactants as described above, and then optionally coalescing the aggregate mixture. A mixture may be prepared by adding an optional wax or other materials, which may also be optionally in a dispersion, including a surfactant, to the emulsion comprising a resin-forming material and a pigments, which may be a mixture of two or more emulsions containing the requisite reagents. The pH of the resulting mixture may be adjusted with an acid, such as, for example, acetic acid, nitric acid or the like. In embodiments, the pH of the mixture may be adjusted to from about 2 to about 4.5.
Additionally, in embodiments, the mixture may be homogenized. If the mixture is homogenized, mixing can be at from about 600 to about 4,000 rpm. Homogenization may be by any suitable means, including, for example, an IKA ULTRA TURRAX T50 probe homogenizer.
b. Aggregation
Following preparation of the above mixture, often, it is desirable to form larger particles or aggregates, often sized in micrometers, of the smaller particles from the initial polymerization reaction, often sized in nanometers. An aggregating factor may be added to the mixture. Suitable aggregating factors include, for example, aqueous solutions of a divalent cation, a multivalent cation or a compound comprising same.
The aggregating factor, as provided above, may be, for example, a polyaluminum halide, such as, polyaluminum chloride (PAC) or the corresponding bromide, fluoride or iodide; a polyaluminum silicate, such as, polyaluminum sulfosilicate (PASS); or a water soluble metal salt, including, aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrite, aluminum sulfate, potassium aluminum sulfate, calcium acetate, calcium chloride, calcium nitrite, calcium oxylate, calcium sulfate, magnesium acetate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, zinc acetate, zinc nitrate, zinc sulfate, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, magnesium bromide, copper chloride, copper sulfate or combinations thereof.
In embodiments, the aggregating factor may be added to the mixture at a temperature that is below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the resin or of a polymer.
The aggregating factor may be added to the mixture components to form a toner in an amount of, for example, from about 0.1 part per hundred (pph) to about 1 pph, in embodiments, from about 0.25 pph to about 0.75 pph, in embodiments, about 0.5 pph of the reaction mixture.
To control aggregation of the particles, the aggregating factor may be metered into the mixture over time. For example, the factor may be added incrementally into the mixture over a period of from about 5 to about 240 minutes, in embodiments, from about 30 to about 200 minutes.
Addition of the aggregating factor also may be done while the mixture is maintained under stirred conditions, in embodiments, from about 50 rpm to about 1,000 rpm, in embodiments, from about 100 rpm to about 500 rpm; and at a temperature that is below the Tg of the resin or polymer, in embodiments, from about 30° C. to about 90° C., in embodiments, from about 35° C. to about 70° C. The growth and shaping of the particles following addition of the aggregation factor may be accomplished under any suitable condition(s).
The particles may be permitted to aggregate until a predetermined desired particle size is obtained. Particle size can be monitored during the growth process. For example, samples may be taken during the growth process and analyzed, for example, with a COULTER COUNTER, for average particle size. The aggregation thus may proceed by maintaining the mixture, for example, at elevated temperature, or slowly raising the temperature, for example, from about 40° C. to about 100° C., and holding the mixture at that temperature for from about 0.5 hours to about 6 hours, in embodiments, from about hour 1 to about 5 hours, while maintaining stirring, to provide the desired aggregated particles. Once the predetermined desired particle size is attained, the growth process is halted.
The characteristics of the toner particles may be determined by any suitable technique and apparatus. Volume average particle diameter and geometric standard deviation may be measured using an instrument, such as, a Beckman Coulter MULTISIZER 3, operated in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer.
The growth and shaping may be conducted under conditions in which aggregation occurs separate from coalescence. For separate aggregation and coalescence stages, the aggregation process may be conducted under shearing conditions at an elevated temperature, for example, of from about 40° C. to about 90° C., in embodiments, from about 45° C. to about 80° C., which may be below the Tg of the resin or a polymer.
In embodiments, the aggregate particles may be of a size of less than about 3 μm, in embodiments from about 2 μm to about 3 μm, in embodiments from about 2.5 μm to about 2.9 μm.
In embodiments, after aggregation, but prior to coalescence, a resin coating may be applied to the aggregated particles to form a shell thereover. Any resin described herein or as known in the art may be used as the shell. In embodiments, a polyester amorphous resin latex as described herein may be included in the shell. In embodiments, a polyester amorphous resin latex described herein may be combined with a different resin, and then added to the particles as a resin coating to form a shell.
A shell resin may be applied to the aggregated particles by any method within the purview of those skilled in the art. In embodiments, the resins used to form the shell may be in an emulsion, optionally including any surfactant described herein. The emulsion possessing the resins may be combined with the aggregated particles so that the shell forms over the aggregated particles.
The formation of the shell over the aggregated particles may occur while heating to a temperature from about 30° C. to about 80° C., in embodiments from about 35° C. to about 70° C. The formation of the shell may take place for a period of time from about 5 minutes to about 10 hours, in embodiments from about 10 minutes to about 5 hours.
The shell may be present in an amount from about 1% by weight to about 80% by weight of the toner components, in embodiments from about 10% by weight to about 40% by weight of the toner components, in embodiments from about 20% by weight to about 35% by weight of the toner components.
c. Coalescence
Following aggregation to a desired particle size and application of any optional shell, the particles then may be coalesced to a desired final shape, such as, a circular shape, for example, to correct for irregularities in shape and size, the coalescence being achieved by, for example, heating the mixture to a temperature from about 45° C. to about 100° C., in embodiments from about 55° C. to about 99° C., which may be at or above the Tg of the resins used to form the toner particles, and/or reducing the stirring, for example to from about 1000 rpm to about 100 rpm, in embodiments from about 800 rpm to about 200 rpm. Coalescence may be conducted over a period from about 0.01 to about 9 hours, in embodiments from about 0.1 to about 4 hours, see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,736,831.
After aggregation and/or coalescence, the mixture may be cooled to room temperature, such as, from about 20° C. to about 25° C. The cooling may be rapid or slow, as desired. A suitable cooling method may include introducing cold water to a jacket around the reactor. After cooling, the toner particles optionally may be washed with water and then dried. Drying may be by any suitable method, including, for example, freeze-drying.
Optionally, a coalescing agent can be used. Examples of suitable coalescence agents include, but are not limited to, benzoic acid alkyl esters, ester alcohols, glycol/ether-type solvents, long chain aliphatic alcohols, aromatic alcohols, mixtures thereof and the like. Examples of benzoic acid alkyl esters include those where the alkyl group, which can be straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted, has from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms, such as decyl or isodecyl benzoate, nonyl or isononyl benzoate, octyl or isooctyl benzoate, 2-ethylhexyl benzoate, tridecyl or isotridecyl benzoate, 3,7dimethyloctyl benzoate, 3,5,5-trimethylhexyl benzoate, mixtures thereof and the like. Examples of such benzoic acid alkyl esters include VELTA® 262 (isodecyl benzoate) and VELTA® 368 (2-ethylhexyl benzoate) available from Velsicol Chemical Corp. Examples of ester alcohols include hydroxyalkyl esters of alkanoic acids, where the alkyl group, which can be straight or branched, substituted or unsubstituted, and can have from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms, such as, 2,2,4trimethylpentane-1,3-diol monoisobutyrate. An example of an ester alcohol is TEXANOL® (2,2,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diol monoisobutyrate) available from Eastman Chemical Co. Examples of glycol/ether-type solvents include diethylene glycol monomethylether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutylether acetate, butyl carbitol acetate (BCA) and the like. Examples of long chain aliphatic alcohols include those where the alkyl group is from about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms, such as, ethylhexanol, octanol, dodecanol and the like. Examples of aromatic alcohols include benzyl alcohol and the like.
In embodiments, the coalescence agent (or coalescing agent or coalescence aid agent) evaporates during later stages of the emulsion/aggregation process, such as, during a second heating step, that is, generally above the Tg of the resin or a polymer. The final toner particles are thus, free of, or essentially or substantially free of any remaining coalescence agent. To the extent that any remaining coalescence agent may be present in a final toner particle, the amount of remaining coalescence agent is such that presence thereof does not affect any properties or the performance of the toner or developer.
The coalescence agent can be added prior to the coalescence or fusing step in any desired or suitable amount. For example, the coalescence agent can be added in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 10% by weight, based on the solids content in the reaction medium, or from about 0.05, or from about 0.1%, to about 0.5 or to about 3.0% by weight, based on the solids content in the reaction medium. Of course, amounts outside those ranges can be used, as desired.
In embodiments, the coalescence agent can be added at any time between aggregation and coalescence, although in some embodiments it may be desirable to add the coalescence agent after aggregation is, “frozen,” or completed, for example, by adjustment of pH, for example, by addition, for example, of base.
Coalescence may proceed and be accomplished over a period of from about 0.1 to about 9 hours, in embodiments, from about 0.5 to about 4 hours.
After coalescence, the mixture may be cooled to room temperature, such as, from about 20° C. to about 25° C. The cooling may be rapid or slow, as desired. A suitable cooling method may include introducing cold water in a jacket around the reactor. After cooling, the toner particles optionally may be washed with water and then dried. Drying may be accomplished by any suitable method for drying including, for example, freeze drying.
d. Shells
In embodiments, an optional shell may be applied to the formed toner particles, aggregates or coalesced particles. Any polymer, including those described above as suitable for the core, may be used for the shell. The shell polymer may be applied to the particles or aggregates by any method within the purview of those skilled in the art.
In embodiments, an amorphous polyester resin may be used to form a shell over the particles or aggregates to form toner particles or aggregates having a coreshell configuration. In some embodiments, a low molecular weight amorphous polyester resin may be used to form a shell over the particles or aggregates.
The shell polymer may be present in an amount of from about 10% to about 40% by weight of the toner particles or aggregates, in embodiments, from about 20% to about 30% by weight of the toner particles or aggregates.
Once the desired final size of the toner particles or aggregates is achieved, the pH of the mixture may be adjusted with base to a value of from about 6 to about 10, in embodiments, from about 6.2 to about 7. The adjustment of pH may be used to freeze, that is, to stop, toner particle growth. The base used to stop toner particle growth may be, for example, an alkali metal hydroxide, such as, for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, combinations thereof and the like. In embodiments, EDTA may be added to assist adjusting the pH to the desired value.
The base may be added in amounts from about 2 to about 25% by weight of the mixture, in embodiments, from about 4 to about 10% by weight of the mixture. Following aggregation to the desired particle size, with the formation of an optional shell as described above, the particles then may be coalesced to the desired final shape, the coalescence being achieved by, for example, heating the mixture to a temperature of from about 55° C. to about 100° C., in embodiments, from about 65° C. to about 75° C., in embodiments, about 70° C., which may be below the melting point of the resin or polymer(s) to prevent plasticization. Higher or lower temperatures may be used, it being understood that the temperature is a function of the polymer(s) used for the core and/or shell.
e. Optional Additives
In embodiments, the toner particles also may contain other optional additives.
i. Charge Additives
The toner may include any known charge additives in amounts of from about 0.1 to about 10 weight %, in embodiments, of from about 0.5 to about 7 weight % of the toner. Examples of such charge additives include alkyl pyridinium halides, bisulfates, the charge control additives of U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,944,493; 4,007,293; 4,079,014; 4,394,430; and 4,560,635, the disclosures of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in entirety, negative charge enhancing additives, such as, aluminum complexes, and the like.
Charge enhancing molecules can be used to impart either a positive or a negative charge on a toner particle. Examples include quaternary ammonium compounds, see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,298,672, organic sulfate and sulfonate compounds, see for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,390, cetyl pyridinium tetrafluoroborates, distearyl dimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate, aluminum salts and so on.
Such enhancing molecules can be present in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 10% or from about 1 to about 3% by weight.
ii. Surface Modifications
Surface additives can be added to the toner compositions of the present disclosure, for example, after washing or drying. Examples of such surface additives include, for example, one or more of a metal salt, a metal salt of a fatty acid, a colloidal silica, a metal oxide, such as, TiO2 (for example, for improved RH stability, tribo control and improved development and transfer stability), an aluminum oxide, a cerium oxide, a strontium titanate, SiO2, mixtures thereof and the like. Examples of such additives include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,590,000; 3,720,617; 3,655,374; and 3,983,045, the disclosures of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in entirety.
Surface additives may be used in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 10 wt %, or from about 0.5 to about 7 wt % of the toner.
Other surface additives include lubricants, such as, a metal salt of a fatty acid (e.g., zinc or calcium stearate) or long chain alcohols, such as, UNILIN 700 available from Baker Petrolite and AEROSIL R972® available from Degussa. The coated silicas of U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,190,815 and 6,004,714, the disclosures of each of which hereby are incorporated by reference in entirety, also can be present. The additive can be present in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 5%, and in embodiments, of from about 0.1 to about 2% of the toner, which additives can be added during the aggregation or blended into the formed toner product.
Silica, for example, can enhance toner flow, tribo control, admix control, improved development and transfer stability and higher toner blocking temperature. Zinc, calcium or magnesium stearate also can provide developer conductivity, tribo enhancement, higher toner charge and charge stability. The external surface additives can be used with or without a coating or shell.
The gloss of a toner may be influenced by the amount of retained metal ion, such as, Al3+, in a particle. The amount of retained metal ion may be adjusted further by the addition of a chelator, such as, EDTA. In embodiments, the amount of retained catalyst, for example, Al3+, in toner particles of the present disclosure may be from about 0.1 pph to about 1 pph, in embodiments, from about 0.25 pph to about 0.8 pph, in embodiments, about 0.5 pph. The gloss level of a toner of the instant disclosure may have a gloss, as measured by Gardner Gloss Units (gu), of from about 20 gu to about 100 gu, in embodiments, from about 50 gu to about 95 gu, in embodiments, from about 60 gu to about 90 gu.
Hence, a particle can contain at the surface one or more silicas, one or more metal oxides, such as, a titanium oxide and a cerium oxide, a lubricant, such as, a zinc stearate and so on. In some embodiments, a particle surface can comprise two silicas, two metal oxides, such as, titanium oxide and cerium oxide, and a lubricant, such as, a zinc stearate. All of those surface components can comprise about 5% by weight of a toner particle weight. There can also be blended with the toner compositions, external additive particles including flow aid additives, which additives may be present on the surface of the toner particles. Examples of these additives include metal oxides like titanium oxide, tin oxide, mixtures thereof, and the like; colloidal silicas, such as AEROSIL®, metal salts and metal salts of fatty acids, including zinc stearate, aluminum oxides, cerium oxides, and mixtures thereof. Each of the external additives may be present in embodiments in amounts of from about 0.1 to about 5 wt %, or from about 0.1 to about 1 wt %, of the toner. Several of the aforementioned additives are illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,590,000, 3,800,588, and 6,214,507, the disclosures which are incorporated herein by reference.
A desirable characteristic of a toner is sufficient release of the paper image from the fuser roll. For oil containing fuser rolls, the toner may not contain a wax. However, for fusers without oil on the fuser (usually hard rolls), the toner will usually contain a lubricant like a wax to provide release and stripping properties. Thus, a toner characteristic for contact fusing applications is that the fusing latitude, that is, the temperature difference between the minimum fixing temperature (MFT) and the hot offset temperature, should be from about 50° C. to about 100° C., from about 75′ C to about 100° C., from about 80° C. to about 100° C. and from about 90° C. to about 95° C.
For the evaluation of toner particles, the parent charge can be measured by conditioning the toner at a specific TC (toner concentration, e.g., 8%) with a standard 35 μm Xerox DocuColor 2240 carrier, in both A-zone and C-zone, overnight, followed by charge evaluation after either 2 min or 60 min of mixing on a Turbula® mixer. Charging performance can be tested in two environmental chambers, one can be a low humidity zone (also known as the C zone) while another can be a high humidity zone (also known as the A zone). The quantity of charge is a value measured through image analysis of the charge-spectrograph process (CSG). Toner charge-to-diameter ratios (q/d) in the C zone and the A zone, typically with a unit of femtocoulombs/(mm), can be measured on a known standard charge spectrograph. Tribo blow-off Q/m values in μC/g may be measured using a blow-off method. A prescribed amount of toner is blended with the carrier. The blending can be performed by a paint shaker in 4 oz glass jars or may be performed in a mixer. The blending of the toner and carrier components results in an interaction, where toner particles become negatively charged and carrier particles become positively charged. Samples of the resulting mixture are loaded into a Robot Cage and weighed. Via instrument air and a vacuum source, the toner is removed from the carrier, while the carrier is retained by the screened Robot Cage. The residual charge on the carrier is detected by an electrometer in coulombs (relating to tribo). The residual charge and the weight of toner blown off can be used to calculate the tribo. Using the weights of toner blown off and retained carrier, the toner concentration can be calculated.
Toners may possess suitable charge characteristics when exposed to extreme relative humidity (RH) conditions. C zone may be about 10° C. and 15% RH, and the A zone may be about 28° C. and 85% RH.
Toners of the instant disclosure also may possess a parent toner charge per mass ratio (Q/m) of from about −5 μC/g to about −90 μC/g, and a final toner charge after surface additive blending of from about −15 μC/g to about 80 μC/g.
Other desirable characteristics of a toner include storage stability, particle size integrity, high rate of fusing to the substrate or receiving member, sufficient release of the image from the photoreceptor, nondocument offset, use of smaller-sized particles and so on, and such characteristics can be obtained by including suitable reagents, suitable additives or both, and/or preparing the toner with particular protocols.
The dry toner particles, exclusive of external surface additives, may have the following characteristics: (1) volume average diameter (also referred to as “volume average particle diameter”) of from about 2.0 to about 15.0 nm, in embodiments, from about 2.5 to about 10.0 μm, in embodiments, from about 3.0 to about 7.0 μm; (2) number average geometric standard deviation (GSDn) and/or volume average geometric standard deviation (GSDv) of from about 1.18 to about 1.30, in embodiments, from about 1.21 to about 1.24; and (3) circularity of from about 0.9 to about 1.0 (measured with, for example, a Sysmex FPIA 2100 analyzer), in embodiments, from about 0.95 to about 0.985, in embodiments, from about 0.96 to about 0.98.
III. Developers
A. Composition
The toner particles thus formed may be formulated into a developer composition. For example, the toner particles may be mixed with carrier particles to achieve a two component developer composition. The toner concentration in the developer may be from about 1% to about 25% by weight of the total weight of the developer, in embodiments, from about 2% to about 15% by weight of the total weight of the developer, with the remainder of the developer composition being the carrier. However, different toner and carrier percentages may be used to achieve a developer composition with desired characteristics.
1. Carrier
Examples of carrier particles for mixing with the toner particles include those particles that are capable of triboelectrically obtaining a charge of polarity opposite to that of the toner particles. Illustrative examples of suitable carrier particles include granular zircon, granular silicon, glass, steel, nickel, ferrites, iron ferrites, silicon dioxide, one or more polymers and the like. Other carriers include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,847,604; 4,937,166; and 4,935,326.
In embodiments, the carrier particles may include a core with a coating thereover, which may be formed from a polymer or a mixture of polymers that are not in close proximity thereto in the triboelectric series, such as, those as taught herein or as known in the art. The coating may include fluoropolymers, such as polyvinylidene fluorides, terpolymers of styrene, methyl methacrylates, silanes, such as triethoxy silanes, tetrafluoroethylenes, other known coatings and the like. For example, coatings containing polyvinylidenefluoride, available, for example, as KYNAR 301F™, and/or polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), for example, having a weight average molecular weight of about 300,000 to about 350,000, such as, commercially available from Soken, may be used. In embodiments, PMMA and polyvinylidenefluoride may be mixed in proportions of from about 30 to about 70 wt % to about 70 to about 30 wt %, in embodiments, from about 40 to about 60 wt % to about 60 to about 40 wt %. The coating may have a coating weight of, for example, from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of the carrier, in embodiments, from about 0.5 to about 2% by weight of the carrier.
In embodiments, PMMA, for example, may be copolymerized with any desired monomer, so long as the resulting copolymer retains a suitable particle size. Suitable monomers include monoalkyl or dialkyl amines, such as, a dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, diisopropylaminoethyl methacrylate or butylaminoethyl methacrylate, and the like.
Various effective suitable means can be used to apply the polymer to the surface of the carrier core, for example, cascade roll mixing, tumbling, milling, shaking, electrostatic powder cloud spraying, fluidized bed mixing, electrostatic disc processing, electrostatic curtain processing, combinations thereof and the like. The mixture of carrier core particles and polymer then may be heated to enable the polymer to melt and to fuse to the carrier core. The coated carrier particles then may be cooled and thereafter classified to a desired particle size.
The carrier particles may be prepared by mixing the carrier core with polymer in an amount from about 0.05 to about 10% by weight, in embodiments, from about 0.01 to about 3% by weight, based on the weight of the coated carrier particle, until adherence thereof to the carrier core is obtained, for example, by mechanical impaction and/or electrostatic attraction.
In embodiments, suitable carriers may include a steel core, for example, of from about 25 to about 100 μm in size, in embodiments, from about 50 to about 75 μm in size, coated with about 0.5% to about 10% by weight, in embodiments, from about 0.7% to about 5% by weight of a polymer mixture including, for example, methylacrylate and carbon black, using the process described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,236,629 and 5,330,874.
IV. Devices Comprising a Toner Particle
Toners and developers can be combined with a number of devices ranging from enclosures or vessels, such as, a vial, a bottle, a flexible container, such as a bag or a package, and so on, to devices that serve more than a storage function.
A. Imaging Device Components
The toner compositions and developers of interest can be incorporated into devices dedicated, for example, to delivering same for a purpose, such as, forming an image. Hence, particularized toner delivery devices are known, see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,822,370, and can contain a toner preparation or developer of interest. Such devices include cartridges, tanks, reservoirs and the like, and can be replaceable, disposable or reusable. Such a device can comprise a storage portion; a dispensing or delivery portion; and so on; along with various ports or openings to enable toner or developer addition to and removal from the device; an optional portion for monitoring amount of toner or developer in the device; formed or shaped portions to enable siting and seating of the device in, for example, an imaging device; and so on.
B. Toner or Developer Delivery Device
A toner or developer of interest may be included in a device dedicated to delivery thereof, for example, for recharging or refilling toner or developer in an imaging device component, such as, a cartridge, in need of toner or developer, see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,817,944, wherein the imaging device component may be replaceable or reusable.
V. Imaging Devices
The toners or developers can be used for electrostatographic or electrophotographic processes, including those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,295,990, the disclosure of which hereby is incorporated by reference in entirety. In embodiments, any known type of image development system may be used in an image developing device, including, for example, magnetic brush development, jumping single component development, hybrid scavengeless development (HSD) and the like. Those and similar development systems are within the purview of those skilled in the art.
Imaging processes include, for example, preparing an image with an electrophotographic device including, for example, one or more of a charging component, an imaging component, a photoconductive component, a developing component, a transfer component, a fusing component and so on. The electrophotographic device may include a high speed printer, a color printer and the like.
Once the image is formed with toners/developers via a suitable image development method, such as any of the aforementioned methods, the image then may be transferred to an image receiving medium or substrate, such as, a paper and the like. In embodiments, the fusing member or component, which can be of any desired or suitable configuration, such as, a drum or roller, a belt or web, a flat surface or platen, or the like, may be used to set the toner image on the substrate. Optionally, a layer of a liquid, such as, a fuser oil can be applied to the fuser member prior to fusing.
Color printers commonly use four housings carrying different colors to generate full color images based on black plus the standard printing colors, cyan, magenta and yellow. However, in embodiments, additional housings may be desirable, including image generating devices possessing five housings, six housings or more, thereby providing the ability to carry additional toner colors to print an extended range of colors (extended gamut).
The following Examples illustrate embodiments of the instant disclosure. The Examples are intended to be illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. As used herein, “room temperature,” (RT) refers to a temperature of from about 20° C. to about 30° C.
A Cancarb N991 dispersion was produced in a 1 L Nalgene bottle by adding 52 g of Cancarb N991 dry carbon black pigment, 4.64 g Taycapower BN2060 surfactant (Tayca Corp.) and 245 g deionized (DI) water. The remainder of the volume in the Nalgene bottle was filled with 0.25 inch stainless steel shot. The bottle then was rolled for 48 hrs at a speed around 240 rpm. The resulting pigment dispersion had a solids loading of 8% and a D50 size of 530 nm.
A black polyester EA toner was prepared at the 2 L bench scale (175 g dry theoretical toner). Two amorphous resins (97 g polyester emulsion A (Mw=86,000, Tg onset=56° C., 35% solids and 101 g polyester emulsion B (Mw=19.400, Tg onset=60° C., 35% solids), 34 g crystalline polyester emulsion C (Mw23,300, Mn=10,500, Tm=71° C., 35% solids), 5.06 g surfactant (DOWFAX® 3A1, Dow Chemical Company), 51 g polyethylene wax emulsion (Tm=90° C., 30% solids, The International Group, Inc. (IGI)), 96 g black pigment (Nipex 35) and 16 g cyan pigment (Pigment Blue 15:3 dispersion) were mixed, then the pH was adjusted to 4.2 using 0.3M nitric acid. The resulting slurry then was homogenized for a total of 5 min at about 3000 to about 4000 rpm while adding in 3.14 g aluminium sulphate (coagulant) mixed with 36.1 g of DI water. The slurry then is transferred to a 2 L Buchi reactor and set for mixing at 460 rpm. The slurry then was aggregated at a batch temperature of 42° C. During aggregation, a shell (34 wt % of toner) comprised of the same amorphous emulsions as in the core was pH-adjusted to 3.3 with nitric acid and then added to the batch, where the batch was allowed to achieve a targeted particle size. Once the particle size reached 5.2 μm, the pH was adjusted to pH 7.8 with NaOH and EDTA to freeze aggregation. The process was continued with the reactor temperature (Tr) increased to 85° C. Once the desired temperature was reached, the pH was adjusted to 6.5 using sodium acetate/acetic acid buffer (pH 5.7), where the particles began to coalesce. After about 2 hrs, the particles achieved a circularity of >0.956 and were quench-cooled with ice. Final toner particle size, GSDv and GSDn were 5.25/1.21/1.18, respectively. The fines (1.3-3 μm), coarse (>16 μm) and circularity were 0.57%, 0.15%, and 0.965, respectively.
A black polyester EA toner was prepared at the 2 L bench scale (180 g dry theoretical toner). The two amorphous resins (100 g polyester emulsion A and 94 g polyester emulsion B), 36 g crystalline polyester emulsion C, 1.28 g surfactant (DOWFAX), 55 g polyethylene wax (IGI), 68 g black pigment dispersion, 17% solids (Nipex-35), 43 g Cancarb N991 dispersion (20.9% solids), 450 g DI and 16 g cyan pigment (PB 15:3 Dispersion) were mixed, then the pH was adjusted to 4.2 using 0.3M nitric acid. The slurry was then homogenized for a total of 5 min at 3000 rpm while adding in the coagulant, 3.23 g aluminium sulphate mixed with 86 g DI. The slurry was then transferred to the 2 L Buchi and mixing was set at 460 rpm. The slurry is then aggregated at a batch temperature of 42° C. During aggregation, a shell (34 wt % of toner) mixture comprised of the same amorphous resins as in the core was pH adjusted to 3.3 with nitric acid and added to the batch. Then the batch was allowed to achieve the targeted particle size of 5.2 μm. The particle size was then frozen using pH adjustment to pH 7.8 with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and EDTA. The process was followed by increasing the Ti to 85° C. Once that temperature was reached, the pH was adjusted to pH 6.5 using sodium acetate/acetic acid buffer (pH 5.7), after which the particles began to coalesce. After about 2 hrs, the particles achieved a circularity of >0.965 and were quench-cooled with ice. Final particle size, GSDv, and GSDn were 5.31/1.19/1.21, respectively. The fines (1.3-3 μm), coarse (>16 μm), and circularity were 0.78%, 011%, and 0.973, respectively.
The two toners in Examples 1 and 2 were both washed with six DI washes at room temperature and dried using a freeze drier.
Charging and Fusing
Toners were blended with the additive package as follows: about 0.88% of titanium dioxide treated with a decylsilane, commercially available as JMT2000 from Tayca; about 1.71% of a silica surface-treated with polydimethylsiloxane, commercially available as RY50 from Evonik (from Nippon Aerosil); about 1.73% of a sol-gel silica surface-treated with hexamethyldisilazane, commercially available as X24-9163A from Nisshin Chemical Kogyo; about 0.55% of a cerium dioxide, commercially available as E10 from Mitsui Mining & Smelting; and about 0.2% of zinc stearate. The resulting compositions were tested under A zone conditions for a stress scenario. The control toner was a black low melt toner with 6% pigment loading (Example 4 below). The goal was to compare the charging and fusing of the two experimental toners of Examples 1 and 2 with that of the black control toner of Example 4.
Testing revealed the hyperpigmented black toner containing Cancarb N991 of Example 2 matches the black control toner in charge, gloss and image quality. Hence, the larger size of the thermal black particles did not impede incorporation into a toner particle and did not impede toner performance.
Dielectric loss of the toners of Examples 1 and 2 were obtained by first creating a toner pellet in a custom-made fixture. The toner sample is placed in a mold on a spring-loaded 2-in diameter and pressed by a precision-ground plunger at about 2000 psi for 2 minutes. While maintaining contact with the plunger (which acts as one electrode), the pellet is then forced out of the mold onto a spring-loaded support, which keeps the pellet under pressure and also acts as the counter electrode. Using an HP4263B LCR Meter via shielded 1 meter BNC cables, dielectric and dielectric loss are determined by measuring the capacitance (Cp) and the loss factor (D) at 100 KHz frequency and 1 VAC.
The hyperpigmented black toner containing Cancarb N991 outperforms the hyperpigmented black toner containing only Nipex 35 (Example 1) in dielectric loss (a 29% improvement), charge, second transfer efficiency and image quality. Dielectric loss tangent (or dissipation factor, DF) was measured for the two toners of Examples 1 and 2. The toner of Example 2 had a DF of 0.0189 indicating the particle has some but not excessive conductivity. Finally, the hyperpigmented black toner containing Cancarb N991 prepared at 20-gal scale, a scaled-up version of the toner of Example 2, behaved similarly to the toner of Example 1 in optical density versus toner mass per unit area (TMA) on 4200 and DCEG paper, demonstrating a useful and effective hyperpigmented black toner.
The Cancarb N991-containing toner has reduced dielectric loss as compared to the control hyperpigmented black toner containing only Nipex 35 of Example 1. That improvement enables the Cancarb-containing hyperpigmented black toner to exhibit performance equal to that of the control black toner. The toner of Example 2 exhibits equivalent gloss versus TMA as compared to the control black toner. The Cancarb-containing toner has equivalent graininess when compared to the control black toner.
A toner was prepared in a similar manner to Example 1, with the following formulation:
In Table 2, A represents amorphous. Crys is crystalline. The toner replaces all of the hyperpigmented Nipex pigment with Cancarb N991. There is a higher loading than 8.7% due to the lower darkness color of Cancarb N991.
A toner was prepared in a similar manner to that of Example 1, with the following formulation:
A control toner was prepared in a similar manner to that of Example 1, with the following formulation:
The toner with 12.7% Cancarb N991 (Example 3) exhibits excellent bench charging as compared to the hyperpigmented control toner lacking TCB (Example 5), and equivalent additive charging and lower dielectric loss as compared to the control toner (Example 4) with nominally loaded conventional carbon black. Thus, a hyperpigmented black toner comprising TCB has a lower dielectric loss as compared to a control with nominal loading of pigment or a hyperpigmented control not containing a thermal carbon black and yields an equivalent image quality as with the conventional toner having normal colorant loading.
Hence, replacing some or all of the Nipex 35 carbon black with thermal carbon black improves overall charge as compared to using all Nipex 35. Further, machine tribo improves in A zone relative to a hyperpigmented toner containing only Nipex 35, and matches a nominally loaded black control toner, including that the thermal carbon black improves 2nd transfer efficiency, mottle and graininess without changing fusing. Moreover, thermal carbon black hyperpigmented toner results in low TMA, where the toner layer on the print is significantly thinner, reducing the amount of toner required. Hence, equivalent image quality is obtained using less toner than with current toner having lower colorant loading.
It will be appreciated that various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Also various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art, which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims. Unless specifically recited in a claim, steps or components of claims should not be implied or imported from the specification or any other claims as to any particular order, number, position, size, shape, angle, color or material.
All references cited herein are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6087434 | Hisashi | Jul 2000 | A |
| 6096465 | Kadokura | Aug 2000 | A |
| 7150951 | Sato | Dec 2006 | B2 |
| 7822370 | Himes | Oct 2010 | B2 |
| 20090286176 | Ohmura | Nov 2009 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 14470991 | Aug 2014 | US |
| Child | 14880227 | US | |
| Parent | 13686953 | Nov 2012 | US |
| Child | 14470991 | US |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parent | 13118483 | May 2011 | US |
| Child | 13686953 | US |
