Casement window

Abstract

A casement window or door comprised of a glass unit and pultruded fiberglass lineals which are formed into a frame having a narrow sightline. The window is thermally and acoustically efficient.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to a pultruded fiberglass casement window or door having a narrow sightline and is thermally and acoustically efficient.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Window replacements for existing steel casement windows, especially in Historic Landmark Districts is difficult. The Landmarks Preservation Commission mandates that in designated locations new windows must replicate old window in profile and outward appearance. In particular, the “sightline” of the new window must be as narrow as that of the old window and have the same “shadow line” detail.

[0004] The old non-thermal windows had very narrow frames, due in part to single glazing (non insulated glass) and in part because they have no “thermal barrier” (insulation incorporated within the metal frame to keep cold air which contacts the outside of the frame from being passed right through the metal of the frame in contact with room-side air) and have little, if any, integral weather-stripping. Modern steel casement window manufacturers substituted insulated glass for single glass only served to take away some of the shadow-line detail of the old windows. With the addition of thicker insulated glass, the glass fills the glazing space and eliminates the room for the “putty-line” aspect of the old window profile—the sloped putty section which held the glass in the old steel frames. Current modern steel window fabricators, however, have done little to better weather-strip their windows, leaving them drafty, inefficient thermally and acoustically.

[0005] The present invention incorporates a glazing space for full one-inch insulated glass, a superior weather-stripping system and a thermally efficient frame material. The pultruded fiberglass needs no “thermal barrier” as it is a thermally efficient material. In addition, this window system has the same “sightline” (frame width) as the heavy intermediate steel casement window. It is much narrower than aluminum or vinyl imitations. The pultruded fiberglass also is very strong, will not rust, rot or corrode, as will steel or aluminum.

[0006] Accordingly, it is a broad object of the invention to provide a pultruded fiberglass casement window which can be used as a window or door. Throughout the specification the term casement window is meant to refer to applications as a window as well as a door.

[0007] A specific object of the invention is to provide a casement window which has a narrower sightline (frame width) than other operable casement windows with a thermally insulated frame and glass.

[0008] A more specific object of the invention is to provide a fiberglass casement window that is more thermally and acoustically efficient than any other casement window even with a 20% wider frame. The invention casement window passed the highest classification water infiltration test (ASTM E 331, WTP=12 psf) that the American Architectural Manufacturer's Association recognizes.

[0009] Another more specific object of the invention is to provide a fiberglass casement window that recreates the historic putty line exterior profile of the old steel non-thermal casement windows.

[0010] Another more specific object of the invention is to create a thermally and acoustically efficient window retaining the sightlines and charm of the old steel casement windows. Historically correct cast bronze scroll handles and bronze friction bar hardware complete the look of a historic replication.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] In general, the invention provides a casement window or door comprised of a glass unit and pultruded fiberglass lineals which are formed into a sash frame and a main frame having a narrow sightlines. The window is thermally and acoustically efficient and further has a lower air infiltration and a higher resistance to water penetration than traditional steel casement windows.

[0012] More particularly, the invention provides a casement window comprising: a glass unit; a glazing space for the glass unit; and a frame made of a thermally efficient material. The glass unit and said frame are structurally bonded to combine the strength of the glass with the strength of the frame to produce a casement window that is thermally and acoustically efficient.

[0013] Preferably the glass unit is insulated glass, but single pane glass can be used. Typically the glazing space accommodates glass up to one inch thick, however other thicknesses less than or greater than one inch can be used in the invention windows.

[0014] In preferred embodiments the thermally efficient frame material is pultruded fiberglass. Additionally, the frame material has grooves and slots for the incorporation of a weather stripping material which may be co-extruded dual durometer gaskets, foam filled bulb gaskets, generic vinyl bulb gaskets, other thermoplastic bulb or lip gaskets or other conventional weather stripping materials.

[0015] The casement window according to the invention further comprises a sash system that is preferably structurally glazed.

[0016] The sash system comprises fiberglass sash profiles which are u-shaped pieces that fit around the edges of an insulated glass unit. A structural sealant is used to bond the insulated glass and fiberglass sash profiles together. The sealant used is selected from the group consisting of silicones, urethanes or polysulfides.

[0017] The sash frame exhibits a substantial sloped surface portion which recreates the traditional appearance of a putty line.

[0018] The casement window frame is comprised of pultruded fiberglass lineals which are formed into a frame having a narrow sightline. As previously stated the window is thermally and acoustically efficient and further has a lower air infiltration and a higher resistance to water penetration than traditional steel casement windows.

[0019] Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent when the detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention are considered with reference to the drawings, which should be construed in an illustrative and not limiting sense as follows:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] FIGS. 1A and 1B are cross-section illustrations of the casement window according to the invention at section A-A;

[0021] FIGS. 2A and 2B are cross-section illustrations of the casement window according to the invention at section B-B;

[0022] FIGS. 3A and 3B are cross-section illustrations of the casement window according to the invention at section C-C;

[0023] FIGS. 4A and 4B are cross-section illustrations of the casement window according to the invention at section D-D;

[0024] FIGS. 5A and 5B are cross-section illustrations of the casement window according to the invention at section E-E;

[0025] FIGS. 6A and 6B are cross-section illustrations of the casement window according to the invention at section F-F;

[0026] FIGS. 7A and 7B are cross-section illustrations of the casement window according to the invention at section G-G;

[0027] FIGS. 8A and 8B are cross-section illustrations of the casement window according to the invention at section G′-G′;

[0028] FIGS. 9A and 9B are cross-section illustrations of the casement window according to the invention at section H-H;

[0029] FIGS. 10A and 10B are cross-section illustrations of the casement window according to the invention at section H′-H′;

[0030] FIGS. 11A and 11B are cross-section illustrations of the casement window according to the invention at section J-J;

[0031] FIG. 12 is an exterior view of a casement window according to the invention;

[0032] FIG. 13 is an exterior view of another embodiment of a casement window according to the invention;

[0033] FIG. 14 is an exterior view of another embodiment of a casement window according to the invention;

[0034] FIG. 15 is an exterior view of another embodiment of a casement window according to the invention;

[0035] FIG. 16 is an exterior view of another embodiment of a casement window according to the invention;

[0036] FIG. 17 is an exterior view of another embodiment of a casement window according to the invention;

[0037] FIG. 18 is an illustration of the putty line grid;

[0038] FIG. 19 is an illustration of the flat muntin grid;

[0039] FIG. 20 is an illustration of a casement window according to the invention;

[0040] FIG. 21 is another illustration of a casement window according to the invention;

[0041] FIG. 22 is another illustration of a casement window according to the invention;

[0042] FIG. 23 is an illustration of the installation of the casement window according to the invention;

[0043] FIG. 24 is another illustration of the installation of the casement window according to the invention; and

[0044] FIG. 25 illustrates various sash and frame combinations for perimeter and mullion situations.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0045] In accordance with the present invention a pultruded fiberglass casement window having a narrow sightline is provided that is thermally and acoustically efficient.

[0046] FIGS. 1 thru 11 are cross-section illustrations of the casement window according to the invention at various sections of the window.

[0047] FIGS. 12 thru 17 illustrate exterior views of embodiments of casement windows according to the invention.

[0048] FIG. 18 is an illustration of a putty line grid anad FIG. 19 is an illustration of a flat muntin grid which may be used in the invention windows.

[0049] FIGS. 20 thru 22 are illustrations of casement windows according to the invention.

[0050] FIGS. 23 and 24 are illustrations of installation of the casement window according to the invention.

[0051] The invention relies upon “pultruded” fiberglass to make it practical. Pultruded fiberglass takes fiberglass yarn and matts and feeds them into a die form, arranging the fiberglass content carefully within the shape to promote maximum strength. Mats as well as yarn are needed because the transverse nature of the glass orientation in the mats gives strength. When in the proper position and being pulled through the die, resins are added to solidify the shape. The glass fiber content gives the shape its strength and the resins stabilize it in place. The glass content in a high quality window is approximately 60-65%.

[0052] The casement window according to the invention uses a structurally glazed sash system. The sash profiles are u-shaped pieces which fit around the edges of the insulated glass unit. A structural sealant, such as silicones, urethanes or polysulfides, is used to bond the insulated glass and fiberglass sash profiles together, giving the sash the added strength of the insulated glass unit itself.

[0053] The frame sections themselves may have grooves or slots in them to incorporate different weather stripping materials at different locations. The frame sections are miter cut and screwed together with aluminum corner angles to add to the strength. The frame as well as the sash profiles have slots set aside so that the ⅛″ thick stainless steel reinforcing strips may be added for additional strength. An aluminum “dog bone” shape is inserted in mating frame profiles to join two frame sections together back-to-back. An aluminum “drip cap” similar in design to that used in old steel casement windows is used between the top of an operable sash and another window section above it. FIG. 25 illustrates various sash and frame combinations for perimeter and mullion situations.

[0054] The following examples illustrate various aspects of the invention but are not to be interpreted as limiting it. These examples are merely representative and are not inclusive of all the possible embodiments of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Thermal Performance Test

[0055] A casement window according to the invention was tested for its thermal performance.

[0056] Type: Fiberglass Casement Window

[0057] Test Procedure: The condensation resistance factor (CRF) and thermal transmittance (U) were determined in accordance with AAMA 1503-98, Voluntary Test Methodfor Thermal Transmittance and Condensation Resistance of Windows, Doors and Glazed Wall Sections.

1. Average warm side ambient temperature 70.0 F.
2. Average cold side ambient temperature −0.3 F.
3. 15 mph dynamic wind applied to test specimen exterior.
4. 0.0″ ± 0.04″ static pressure drop across specimen.

[0058] Test Results Summary:

	1.	Condensation resistance factor - Frame (CRFf)	74
		Condensation resistance factor - Glass (CRFg)	67
	2.	Thermal transmittance due to conduction (Uc)	0.37
		(U values expressed in Btu/hr · ft2 · F)

[0059] Test Sample Description:

TABLE I
Construction:
	Frame	Vent
	Size	48.00″ × 72.00″	46.38″ × 70.38″
	CORNERS	Mitered	Mitered
	Fasteners	Keys & Screws	Keys & Screws
	Sealant	Corners	Corners
	MATERIAL	FG	FG
	Color Exterior	White	White
	Finish Exterior	FG	FG
	Color Interior	White	White
	Finish Interior	FG	FG
	GLAZING METHOD	NA	Channel

[0060]

TABLE II
Glazing: (Sheet #1 is Exterior Sheet)
	Sheet #1	Gap #1	Sheet #2
THICKNESS	0.135″	0.552″	0.253″
COATING EMISSIVITY	0.204	NA	NA
COATING SURFACE	2	NA	NA
SPACER/SEALANT	NA	ZF	NA
MATERIAL	Annealed	90% Argon*	Laminated
		10% Air*
Gas Filling Technique*: Single-Probe Timed
*Stated per Client/Manufacturer
NA-Non Applicable
See TABLE V for Description Codes

[0061]

TABLE III
Components:
	Type	Quantity	Location
	WEATHERSTRIP
	Single leaf gasket	1 Row	Frame perimeter
	Wrapped foam gasket	1 Row	Vent perimeter
	HARDWARE
	Quarter-turn lock	2	Lock stile
	Metal keeper	2	Lock jamb
	Full mortise butt hinge	2	Hinge stile
	DRAINAGE
	No weeps

[0062] Condensation Resistance Factor:

[0063] 1. Environmental systems started at 1535 hr., Mar. 28, 2000.

[0064] 2. System was determined to be stable between 0555 and 0755 hr., Mar. 29, 2000.

[0065] The following information, condensed from the test data, was used to determine the condensation resistance factor:

Th =	Warm side ambient air temperature	70.0 F.
Tc =	Cold side ambient air temperature	−0.3 F.
FTP =	Average of pre-specified frame temperatures (14)	52.0 F.
FTr =	Average of roving thermocouples (4)	45.3 F.
W =	(FTp − FTr)/[FTp − (Tc + 10)] × 0.40	0.064
FT =	FTP(1 − W) + W (FTr) = Frame Temperature	51.6 F.
GT =	Glass Temperature	46.7 F.
CRFg =	Condensation resistance, factor-Glass	67
	CRFg = (GT − Tc)/(Th− Tc) × 100
CRFf =	Condensation resistance factor-Frame	74
	CRFf = (FT − Tc)/(Th− Tc) × 100

[0066] The CRF number was determined to be 67. When reviewing this test data, it should be noted that the glass temperature (GT) was colder than the frame temperature (FT) therefore controlling the CRF number. Attached to this report is a copy of the “CRF Data Sheet” and the “Thermocouple Location Diagram” indicating average surface temperatures.

[0067] Thermal Transmittance:

	Th	= Average warm side	70.0	F.
		ambient temperature
	Tc	= Average cold side	−0.3	F.
		ambient temperature
	P	= Static pressure	0.0	psf
		difference across test
		specimen 15 mph dynamic
		perpendicular
		wind at exterior
	Nominal sample area	24.00	ft2
	Total measured input to	691.7	Btu/hr
	calorimeter
	Calorimeter correction	61.4	Btu/hr
	Net specimen heat loss	630.3	Btu/hr
	Uc	= Thermal	0.37	Btu/hr · ft2 · F
		Transmittance

[0068] Glazing Deflection:

TABLE IV
Vent
Glazing
Glazing thickness at edge        0.94″
Center glazing thickness upon receipt of specimen 1.04″
in laboratory (after stabilization)
Center glazing thickness at laboratory ambient 1.04″
conditions on day of testing
Center glazing thickness at test conditions 0.93″

[0069]

TABLE V
Description of Table Abbreviations
CODE	FRAME/PANEL MATERIAL	DEFINITION
AI	Aluminum w/ vinyl inserts	Vinyl inserts employed in aluminum frame/sash
AL	Aluminum	No thermally broken frame/sash components
AP	Aluminum w/ thermal breaks - partial	Some frame/panel members thermally broken
AT	Aluminum w/ thermal breaks - all members	All members contain thermal breaks
AV	Aluminum/vinyl composite	Aluminum members combined with vinyl members
AW	Aluminum clad wood	Aluminum cladding covering primary wood members
FG	Fiberglass	Fiber reinforced frame/panel members
OT	Other	Material not described in this lookup table
PL	ABS Plastic	ABS plastic frame/sash members
ST	Steel	Steel alloy members
VA	Vinyl w/ reinforcing - all members	Some frame/panel members contain reinforcement
VC	Vinyl clad aluminum	Vinyl cladding covering primary aluminum members
VH	Vinyl w/ reinforcing - horizontal members only	Only horizontal panel members contain reinforcing
VI	Vinyl w/ reinforcing - interlock only	Only panel interlock members contain reinforcing
VP	Vinyl w/ reinforcing - partial	Only specific members contain reinforcing
VV	Vinyl w/ reinforcing - vertical members only	Only vertical panel members contain reinforcing
VW	Vinyl clad wood	Vinyl cladding covering primary wood members
VY	Vinyl	Vinyl members with no reinforcing
WA	Aluminum / wood composite	Aluminum members combined with wood members
WD	Wood	All members are solid wood
WV	Vinyl / wood composite	Vinyl members combined with wood members
			THERMAL
			BREAK
CODE	INTERSPACE GAS FILL	CODE	MATERIAL
AIR	Air	F	Foam
AR2	Argon / Krypton mixture	O	Other
AR3	Argon / Krypton / Air mixture	U	Urethane
ARG	Argon	V	Vinyl
CO2	Carbon Dioxide
KRY	Krypton
OT	Other
SF6	Sulfur Hexaflouride
CODE	SPACER TYPE	DEFINITION
A1	Aluminum	Aluminum spacer system
A2	Aluminum - thermally broken	Aluminum spacer with urethane thermal break
A3	Aluminum - reinforced polymer	Polymer spacer with aluminum substrate
A4	Aluminum / wood	Aluminum / wood composite
A5	Aluminum reinforced butyl	Butyl spacer with aluminum substrate
A6	Aluminum /foam/aluminum	Two aluminum spacers separated by foam
A7	Aluminum U shaped	U shaped aluminum spacer embedded in sealant
FG	Fiberglass	Fiberglass spacer system
GL	Glass	Glass spacer system
PU	Polyurethane foam	Polyurethane foam
S1	Steel	Stainless steel spacer system
S2	Steel - thermally broken	Stainless steel spacer with urethane thermal break
S3	Steel / foam / steel	Two steel spacers separated by foam
S4	Steel U shaped	U shaped stainless steel spacer system
S5	Steel reinforced butyl	Butyl spacer with steel substrate
V1	Vinyl U shaped	U shaped spacer system embedded in sealant
WD	Wood	Wood spacer system
ZF	Silicone foam	Silicone foam spacer system

EXAMPLE 2

Thermal Performance Test

[0070] A casement window according to the invention was tested for its thermal performance.

[0071] Type: Fiberglass Casement Window

[0072] Overall Size: 48.00″ wide by 72.00″ high

[0073] Representative Size: Non-Residential

[0074] Test Procedure: U-factor tests were performed in a Guarded Hot Box in accordance with NFRC 100-97, Procedure for Determining Fenestration Product Thermal Properties.

[0075] Test Results Summary:

[0076] Standardized U-factor (Ust): 0.37 Btu/hr·ft2·F (CTS Equivalent Procedure)

[0077] Test Sample Description:

[0078] Construction:

	Frame	Vent
	Size	48.00″ × 72.00″	46.38″ × 70.38″
	CORNERS	Mitered	Mitered
	Fasteners	Keys & Screws	Keys & Screws
	Sealant	Corners	Corners
	MATERIAL	FG	FG
	Color Exterior	White	White
	Finish Exterior	FG	FG
	Color Interior	White	White
	Finish Interior	FG	FG
	GLAZING METHOD	NA	Channel

[0079] Glazing: (Sheet #1 is Exterior Sheet)

	Sheet #1	Gap #1	Sheet #2
THICKNESS	0.135″	0.552″	0.253″
COATING EMISSIVITY	0.204	NA	NA
COATING SURFACE	2	NA	NA
SPACER/SEALANT	NA	ZF	NA
MATERIAL	Annealed	90% Argon*	Laminated
		10% Air*
Gas Filling Technique*: Single-Probe Timed
*Stated per Client/Manufacturer
NA-Non Applicable
See table V for Description Codes

[0080] Components:

	Type	Quantity	Location
	WEATHERSTRIP
	Single leaf gasket	1 Row	Frame perimeter
	Wrapped foam gasket	1 Row	Vent perimeter
	HARDWARE
	Quarter-turn lock	2	Lock stile
	Metal keeper	2	Lock jamb
	Full mortise butt hinge	2	Hinge stile
	DRAINAGE
	No weeps

[0081] Test Conditions:

t11 = Average weather side ambient temperature −0.3 F.
t1 = Average room side ambient temperature 70.0 F.
Metering room average relative humidity 24%
Nominal 15-mph dynamic wind applied perpendicular to the
test specimen exterior.
Specimen was sealed during testing using clear tape.
The pressure created by the dynamic wind was offset to create
a pressure difference across specimen to 0.00″ ± 0.04″ H2O,
using make-up air.

[0082] Test Data:

Test Data:
A5 = Projected specimen area	24.00	Ft2
Asp = Area of surround panel	12.33	Ft2
Amb = Metering box area	36.33	Ft2
Ab1 = Area of warm side baffle	32.13	Ft2
Q = Total measured input to meter box	691.8	Btu/hr
Qsp = Surround panel heat loss	33.7	Btu/hr
Qmb = Metering box heat loss	23.0	Btu/hr
Qfl = Flanking loss.	4.8	Btu/hr
Qsp = Net specimen heat loss	630.3	Btu/br
Us = Thermal Transmittance of test specimen	0.37	Btu/hr·ft2·F
Rs = Thermal Resistance of the test specimen	2.68	Btu/hr·ft2·F
t1 = Area-weighted warm side surface temperature	51.8	F
t2 = Area-weighted cold side surface temperature	4.7	F
Equivalent warm side surface temperature	50.8	F
Equivalent cold side surface temperature	4.7	F
Area-weighted cold side frame surface temperature	3.0	F
Area-weighted warm side frame surface temperature	53.0	F
Area-weighted cold side edge-of-glass temperature	4.4	F
Area-weighted warm side edge-of-glass temperature	43.4	F
Area-weighted cold side center-of-glass temperature	5.2	F
Area-weighted warm side center-of-glass temperature	53.3	F
h1 = Warm side surface conductance	1.37	Btu/hr·ft2·F
h11 = Cold side surface conductance	5.25	Btu/hr·ft2·F
Cs = Thermal conductance of specimen	0.57	Btu/hr·ft2·F
Rc = Surface-to-surface thermal resistance of specimen	1.75	hr·ft2·F/Btu
R1 = Warm side surface resistance	0.73	hr·ft2·F/Btu
R11 = Weather side surface resistance	0.19	hr·ft2·F/Btu
Ru = Overall thermal resistance of specimen	2.68	hr·ft2·F/Btu
tb1 = Area-weighted baffle surface temperature	70.4	F
tsp1 = Surround panel warm side temperature	66.9	F
tsp2 = Surround panel cold side temperature	0.9	F
hst1 = Warm side standardized surface conductance	1.37	Btu/hr·ft2·F
hst11 = Cold side standardized surface conductance	5.10	Btu/hr·ft2·F
Ust = Standardized thermal transmittance of test	0.37	Btu/hr·ft2·F
specimen
1
2

[0083] The reported standardized thermal transmittance (Ust) was determined using the CTS equivalent calculation procedure.

[0084] Glazing Deflection:

Glazing
Glazing thickness at edge        0.94″
Center glazing thickness upon receipt of specimen 1.04″
in laboratory (after stabilization)
Center glazing thickness at laboratory ambient 1.04″
conditions on day of testing
Center glazing thickness at test conditions 0.93″

EXAMPLE 3

Structural Test

[0085] A structural test was performed on a casement window according to the invention.

[0086] Project Summary: Architectural Testing, Inc. (ATI) was contracted to perform tests on a Series/Model TE 6000, twin fiberglass casement window with transom lite. Test specimen description and results are reported herein.

[0087] Test Specification: The test specimen was evaluated in accordance with the following:

[0088] ASTM E 283-91, Standard Test Methodfor Determining the Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under Specified Pressure Differences Across the Specimen.

[0089] ASTM E 330-97, Standard Test Methodfor Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference.

[0090] ASTM E 331-96, Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference.

[0091] Test Specimen Description:

[0092] Series/Model: TE 6000

[0093] Type: Twin Fiberglass Casement Window with Overhead Transom Fixed Lite

[0094] Overall Size: 3′3″ wide by 6′5″ high

[0095] (2) Vent Size: 1′7″ wide by 5′0-¼″ high

[0096] Transom: 3′2-¾″ wide by 1′3-¼″ high

[0097] Finish: All fiberglass was white.

[0098] Glazing Details: The vents and transom lites utilized 1,00″ thick, sealed insulating glass fabricated from two sheets of {fraction (3/16)}″ thick clear annealed glass and a desiccant filled metal spacer system. The sealed insulating glass was channel glazed in a silicone seal to both the interior and exterior of the glass.

[0099] Weatherstripping:

	Description	Quantity	Location
	Custom single leaf vinyl	1 Row	Vent perimeter
	compression gasket
	¼″ diameter hollow vinyl	1 Row	Top rail
	bulb seal

[0100] Frame Construction: The frame was constructed of fiberglass pultrusion members and all corners were mitered, keyed, sealed, and fastened with two screws per corner. The astragal was fastened to the sill and mullion with silicone and two screws per end.

[0101] Vent Construction: The vent was constructed of fiberglass pultrusion members and all corners were mitered, keyed, sealed, and fastened with four screws per corner.

[0102] Mullion Construction: The mullion was constructed of two fiberglass pultrusions members. The “L” shaped members were butted and sealed with silicone. The mullion was fastened to the jambs with silicone and four screws per end.

[0103] Hardware:

Description	Quantity	Location
Cast bronze handle	4	15″ o.c. from stile ends with keepers
lock with keeper		aligned on jamb
Metal door hinge	6	(2) 6″ o.c. from stile ends,
		(1) midspan of hinge stile

[0104] Reinforcement: The vent was reinforced with a 1″ wide by ⅛″ thick stainless steel flat bar. The mullion was reinforced with two extruded aluminum inserts.

[0105] Installation: The window was fastened into the 3″×8″ aluminum channel test buck with four screws per jamb and three screws per head and sill. The exterior perimeter was sealed with silicone.

[0106] Test Results:

[0107] The results are tabulated as follows:

Specification	Title of Test	Results	Allowed*
ASTM E 283	Air	<0.01 cfm/ft2	0.10 cfm/ft2 max.
	Infiltration
	@ 6.24 psf
	(50 mph)
ASTM E 331	Water	No entry	No entry
	Resistance
	WTP = 12.00 psf
ASTM E 330	Uniform Load
	Structural
	@ 82.50 psf	0.08″	0.24″ max.
	(exterior)
	@ 82.50 psf	0.03″	0.24″ max.
	(interior)
*Allowed values are referenced from AAMA/NWWDA 101/I.S.2-97.

EXAMPLE 4

Acoustical Performance Test

[0108] An acoustical performance test was performed on a casement window according to the invention.

[0109] Type: Fiberglass Casement

[0110] Overall Size: 48.00″×72.00″

[0111] Glazing: 1″ IG (¼″ Laminated, ⅝″ Air, ⅛″ Annealed)

[0112] Project Scope: Architectural Testing, Inc. (ATI) was contracted by Tempest Architectural Products, Inc. to conduct a sound transmission loss test on a Series/Model TE 6000, fiberglass casement window. A summary of the results is listed in the Test Results section and the complete test data is included as Appendix C of this report.

[0113] Test Methods: The acoustical tests were conducted in accordance with the following:

[0114] ASTM E 90-97, Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions.

[0115] ASTM E 413-87 (Re-approved 1999), Classification for Rating Sound Insulation.

[0116] ASTM E 1332-90 (Re-approved 1998), Standard Classification for Determination of Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class.

[0117] Test Equipment: The equipment, used to conduct these tests, meets the requirements of ASTM E 90-97. The microphones were calibrated before conducting sound transmission loss tests. The test equipment and test chamber descriptions are listed in TABLE VI

[0118] Test Procedure:

[0119] The sound transmission loss test was initially performed on a filler wall that was designed to test 4′0″ by 6′0″ and 6′0″ by 4′0″ specimens. The filler wall achieved an STC rating of 63.

[0120] A wood frame was placed around the outside perimeter of the window. Silicone caulk was used to seal the window frame to the wood frame. The 4′0″ by 6′0″ plug was removed from the filler wall assembly and the test specimen was installed in the opening. The interior side of the window frame, when installed, was approximately ¼″ from being flush with the receive room side of the filler wall. A dense neoprene gasket and duct seal was used to seal the wood frame to the inside perimeter of the filler wall opening. A stethoscope was used to check for any abnormal air leaks before the test.

[0121] One background noise sound pressure level, and five sound absorption measurements were conducted at each of the five microphone positions. Two sound pressure level measurements were made simultaneously in both rooms, at each of the five microphone positions. The air temperature and relative humidity conditions were monitored and recorded during the background, absorption, source and receive room measurements.

[0122] Sample Descriptions:

Construction
	Frame	Vent
Size	48.00″ × 72.00″	46.38″ × 70.38″
CORNERS	Mitered	Mitered
Fasteners	Keys & Screws	Keys & Screws
Seal Method	Comers	Corners
MATERIAL	FG	FG
Thermal Break Material	NA	NA
GLAZING METHOD	NA	Channel Glazed
		Daylight Opening Size =
		44.50″ × 68.50″
Vent Glazing: (Sheet #1 is Exterior Sheet)
	Sheet #1	Gap #1	Sheet #2
MEASURED THICKNESS	0.118″	0.612″	0.105″, 0.030″, 0.105″
EMISSIVITY COATING	NA	NA	NA
COATING SURFACE	NA	NA	NA
SPACER/SEALANT	NA	PU	NA
MUNTIN PATTERN	NA	NA	NA
MATERIAL	Annealed	Air*	Laminated
Components:
	TYPE	QUANTITY	LOCATION
	WEATHERSTRIP
	Single leaf gasket	1 Row	Frame perimeter
	Wrapped foam gasket	1 Row	Vent perimeter
	HARDWARE
	Quarter-turn lock	2	Lock stile
	Metal keeper	2	Lock jamb
	Full mortise butt hinge	2	Hinge stile
	DRAINAGE
	No weeps

[0123] Test Results: The STC (Sound Transmission Class) rating was calculated in accordance with ASTM E 413-87. The OITC (Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class) was calculated in accordance with ASTM E 1332-90. A summary of the sound transmission loss test results on the window is listed below.

ATI Job
File No.	Sample Description	STC	OITC
01-37028.01-1	Series/Model TE 6000, fiberglass	33	26
	casement window with 1″
	insulating glass (¼″
	laminated, ⅝″ airspace,
	⅛″ annealed)

[0124]

TABLE VI
Instrumentation:
1.	Analyzer:	Hewlett Packard Model 35670A, Dynamic
		Signal Analyzer.
2.	Receive room	Hewlett Packard (ACO), model ACOJ 7047
	microphone:	½″ pressure type, condenser microphone.
3.	Source room	Hewlett Packard (ACO), model ACOJ 7047
	microphone:	½″ pressure type, condenser microphone.
4.	Microphone	Bruel & Kjaer, Type 4228 Pistonphone
	calibrator:	Calibrator, 124 dB at 250 hertz.
5.	Noise source:	Two, non-coherelated “Pink” noise signals
		generated by a Delta Electronics, Type
		SNG-1 Stereo Noise Generator.
6.	Spectrum shaper:	Rane Type RPE228 Programmable EQ.
7.	Power amplifiers	Two Renkus-Heinz Model P2000 Amplifiers.
8.	Receive room	Two Renkus-Heinz “Trap Jr/9” loudspeakers.
	loudspeakers:
9.	Source room	Two Renkus-Heinz “Trap Jr/9” loudspeakers.
	loudspeakers:
Test Chamber Descriptions:
1.	Receive Room:	Volume = 8,291.3 ft3 (234 m3).
		Rotating vane and stationary diffusers.
		Temperature & humidity controlled.
		Isolation pads under the floor.
2.	Source Room:	Volume = 7296.3 ft3 (206.6 m3).
		Stationary diffusers only.
		Temperature & humidity controlled.
3.	TL Test Opening	Size = 14 ft wide by 10 ft high. Vibration
		break between source and receive rooms.

[0125] The invention now being fully described, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth herein.

Claims

1. A casement window or door comprised of a glass unit and pultruded fiberglass lineals which are formed into a sash frame and a main frame having narrow sightlines; wherein the window is thermally and acoustically efficient.

2. The casement window according to claim 1, wherein the window further has a lower air infiltration and a higher resistance to water penetration than traditional steel casement windows.

3. A casement window or door comprising: a glass unit; a glazing space for said glass unit; and a frame made of a thermally efficient material; wherein said glass unit and said frame are structurally bonded to combine the strength of the glass with the strength of the frame to produce a casement window or door that is thermally and acoustically efficient.

4. The casement window according to claim 3, wherein said glass unit is insulated glass.

5. The casement window according to claim 3, wherein said glazing space accommodates glazing up to one inch thick.

6. The casement window according to claim 3, wherein said thermally efficient frame material is pultruded fiberglass.

7. The casement window according to claim 3 wherein said frame has grooves and slots for the incorporation of a weather stripping material.

8. The casement window according to claim 7 wherein said weather stripping material is selected from the group consisting of co-extruded dual durometer gaskets, foam filled bulb gaskets, generic vinyl bulb gaskets, other thermoplastic bulb or lip gaskets and other conventional weather stripping materials.

9. The casement window according to claim 3, further comprising a sash system.

10. The casement window according to claim 9, wherein said sash system is structurally glazed.

11. The casement window according to claim 10, wherein said sash system comprises fiberglass sash profiles which are u-shaped pieces that fit around the edges of a glass unit; and a structural sealant to bond the glass and fiberglass sash profiles together.

12. The casement window according to claim 11, wherein said sealant is selected from the group consisting of silicones, urethanes or polysulfides.

13. The casement window according to claim 3 wherein said frame is comprised of pultruded fiberglass lineals which are formed into a frame having a narrow sightline; wherein the window is thermally and acoustically efficient.

14. The casement window according to claim 3, wherein the window further has a lower air infiltration and a higher resistance to water penetration than steel casement windows.

15. The casement window according to claim 3, wherein the frame consists of a sash frame and a main frame.

16. The casement window according to claim 15, wherein said sash frame has a substantial sloped surface portion.