Patent Grant
11446734
This application is the National Stage application of International Application No. PCT/EP2020/064266, filed May 22, 2020, which claims the benefit of European Patent Application No. EP 19176155.0, filed May 23, 2019.
This invention relates generally to a refractory article and, more particularly, to a refractory pour tube for use in the transfer of molten metal in a continuous casting operation.
In the continuous casting of metal, particularly steel, a stream of molten metal is typically transferred via a refractory pour tube from a first metallurgical vessel into a second metallurgical vessel or mold. Such tubes are commonly referred to as nozzles or shrouds and possess a bore adapted to transfer molten metal. Pour tubes include submerged-entry nozzles (SEN) or submerged-entry shrouds (SES), which discharge molten metal below the liquid surface of a receiving vessel or mold.
Liquid metal is discharged from the downstream end of the bore through one or more outlet ports. One important function of a pour tube is to discharge the molten metal in a smooth and steady manner without interruption or disruption. A smooth, steady discharge facilitates processing and can improve the quality of the finished product. Controlling the discharge may entail reduction of turbulence, stabilization of exit jets, and achievement of a desired discharge angle for independent streams. A second important function of a pour tube is to establish proper dynamic conditions within the liquid metal in the receiving vessel or mold in order to facilitate further processing. Producing proper dynamic conditions may require the pour tube to possess a plurality of exit ports that are arranged so as to cause the stream of molten metal to be turned in one or more directions upon discharge from the tube, or to induce a desired flow pattern in the molten metal to which the stream is being introduced.
Thin slab casting is a process in which steel is cast directly to slabs typically having a thickness from 30 mm to 60 mm and widths from 800 mm to 1600 mm. In the slab casting process, molten steel is poured from a ladle into a tundish at the top of a slab caster. The molten steel passes at a controlled rate into a caster, in which the outer surface of the steel solidifies in a water cooled mould. Because of the caster geometry, and to allow for tight clearances, the refractory pour tube is configured so that the lower portion has a geometry in which one horizontal dimension is significantly larger than the other. It is advantageous to deliver liquid metal to a mold in one or more streams with an overall elongated cross-section oriented to conform to the configuration of the mold.
It is known in the art to make use of casting nozzles having a main transition from circular cross-section containing a flow of axial symmetry, to an elongated cross-section with a thickness which is less than the diameter of the circular cross-section and a width which is greater than the diameter of the circular cross-section containing a flow of planar symmetry with generally uniform velocity distribution throughout the transition neglecting wall friction. Also known is the use of baffles within casting nozzles to proportion the flow divided between outer streams and a central stream.
Reference D1 (CN2770832Y, LUOYANG REFRACTORY MATERIAL IN [CN]) relates to a submersible nozzle for sheet billet continuous casting. The nozzle comprises an elongated bore having a central axis comprising, in descending order from the top of the bore, an entry section, a contraction section, an expansion section, and an adjustment section. Examples are disclosed in which a flow divider is disposed within the bore at the lower end of the nozzle. Examples in which each of a pair of baffles is positioned between the flow divider and a respective side wall are not disclosed.
Reference D2 (US2001/038045 to Heaslip et al.) relates to a method and apparatus for flowing liquid metal through a casting nozzle. The nozzle comprises an elongated bore. Examples are disclosed in which a flow divider is disposed within the bore at the lower end of the nozzle, and in which each of a pair of baffles is positioned between the flow divider and a respective side wall. Examples in which each of a pair of baffles is positioned between the flow divider and a respective side wall, and in which the baffles extend upwardly from an exit port to the top of an adjustment section, are not presented.
Reference D3 (US 2006/243760 McIntosh et al.) relates to a nozzle for transferring molten steel in a thin slab continuous casting machine from the tundish to the mold which provides at least two areas of stream compression below the major changes in section required to transition from the entry diameter to the rectangular submerged portion of the nozzle. The nozzle comprises an elongated bore having a central axis comprising, in descending order from the top of the bore, an entry section, a contraction section, an expansion section, and an adjustment section. Examples are disclosed in which a flow divider is disposed within the bore at the lower end of the nozzle. Examples in which each of a pair of baffles is positioned between the flow divider and a respective side wall, and in which the baffles extend upwardly from an exit port to the top of an adjustment section, are not presented. Examples in which the baffles have a greater upward extent than the flow divider are not presented.
Problems associated with refractory pour tubes for casting operations include the presence of turbulence and the associated entrainment of slag and the incorporation of the slag into the body of the metal melt. Another problem encountered is nonuniformity of the flow pattern along the longer dimension of the exit of the refractory pour tube. Still another problem encountered is the production of long discharging jets from the refractory pour tube; these may become unstable and may be subject to wandering. In general, in wide nozzles the flow distribution is not optimal, and the liquid fluctuates within the nozzle. This will cause severe bias flows, in which there will be more liquid output through one exit port than through the other. At high casting speed, this flow asymmetry can cause vortexing around the nozzle along the meniscus and also hot delivery along one side of the mold. A need therefore exists for a refractory pour tube providing improved flow stability and improved flow distribution.
The present invention relates to a casting nozzle for use in the casting of molten metal. The pour tube contains at least four exit ports and, relative to prior art, provides a stable flow pattern having an elongated section in the horizontal plane.
The technical solution is achieved by a particular configuration of the cross-sectional area for the bore or casting channel of a nozzle. The bore cross-sectional area contains, from entry to exit, at least two significant cross-sectional area reductions to reduce turbulence, realign streamlines and affect flow distribution inside the nozzle. From upper end to lower end, the bore contains an entry section, a contraction section, an expansion section and an adjustment section. The bore cross-section has a local minimum value in a contraction section located between the entry section and an expansion section. Bore cross-sectional area decreases from the expansion section/adjustment section boundary to the lower end of the nozzle. The two significant cross-section area reductions may cooperate with other structures to achieve the technical solution. One cooperating structure is the combination of a flow divider, located at the bottom of the refractory pour tube along the central vertical axis of the bore, with baffles located between the flow divider and respective side walls, to form a pair of exit ports on each side of the central vertical axis of the bore. In certain configurations of this structure, all walls of each exit port extend to the bottom surface of the casting nozzle. Another cooperating structure is the configuration of exit ports that direct flow, on each side of the central vertical axis of the bore, away from the central vertical axis at the same angle. Another cooperating structure is the arrangement of the baffles and the flow divider so that flow within the casting nozzle is directed away from the central vertical axis of the bore and towards the sides of the casting nozzle. Another cooperating structure is the coincident position of the upper ends of the baffles and the intersection of the expansion section and adjustment section of the nozzle. Another cooperating structure is the mathematical relationship between the distance between the upper ends of each of a pair of baffles, and the minimum distance between each respective baffle and a respective side wall. Another cooperating structure is the beveling of the lower end of the nozzle so that the distance from the intersection of the expansion section and adjustment section of the nozzle for exit ports in communication with the interior of a side wall to the exterior of the nozzle at its lower end is shorter than the distance from the intersection of the expansion section and adjustment section of the nozzle for exit ports in communication with a lateral wall of the flow divider to the exterior of the nozzle at its lower end.
The nozzle has a lower end, an exterior surface, and an elongated bore having a central vertical axis, the bore having an upper end and a lower end, the bore having at least one entry port disposed at the upper end and at least one exit port disposed at the lower end.
The elongated bore contains an entry section disposed at the upper end of the bore, the entry section having an upper end, a lower end, and a uniform cross-sectional area. The elongated bore contains a contraction section disposed below, and in direct communication with, the entry section; the contraction section having an upper end, a lower end, a cross-sectional area at the upper end being equal to the cross-sectional area of the entry section, and a cross-sectional area that decreases from the upper end to the lower end of the section. The elongated bore contains an expansion section disposed below, and in direct communication with, the contraction section; the expansion section having an upper end, a lower end, a cross-sectional area at the upper end being equal to the cross-sectional area of the lower end of the contraction section and less than the cross-sectional area of the entry section, a cross sectional area that increases from the upper end to the lower end; and a cross-sectional area at the lower end being greater than the cross-sectional area of the entry section. The elongated bore contains an adjustment section disposed below, and in direct communication with, the expansion section; the adjustment section having an upper end, a lower end, a length, a cross-sectional area at the upper end being equal to the cross-sectional area of the of the lower end of the expansion section and greater than the cross-sectional area of the entry section, a cross-sectional area that decreases from the upper end to the lower end. The cross-sectional area at the lower end may be in the range from and including 80% to and including 120% of the cross-sectional area of the entry section, or in the range from and including 100% to and including 120% of the cross-sectional area of the entry section, or may be larger than the cross-sectional area of the entry section. The cross-sectional area of the elongated bore at the lower end of the casting nozzle may be characterized as the sum of (a) the cross-sectional area of each exit port in the plane orthogonal to the central vertical axis and containing the lower end of the nozzle, and (b) the projected cross-sectional area, in the plane orthogonal to the central vertical axis, of each exit port not extending to the plane orthogonal to the central vertical axis and containing the lower end of the nozzle.
The minimum cross-sectional area of the contraction section may have a value in the range from and including 60% to and including 90% of the cross-sectional area of the entry section.
The maximum cross-sectional area of the expansion section may have a value in the range from and including 150% to and including 200% of the cross-sectional area of the entry section, or may have a value in the range from and including 160% to and including 170% of the cross-sectional area of the entry section.
The contraction section, expansion section and the adjustment section may comprise a pair of opposing face walls having interiors and exteriors and a pair of opposing side walls having interiors and exteriors, with the distance between the opposing side walls being greater than the distance between the opposing face walls, and with the distance between the opposing side walls increasing from the upper end to the lower end of the expansion section. The distance between the opposing side walls may increase by a factor of 2 or by a factor of at least 2, from the upper end of the expansion section to the lower end of the expansion section. The contraction section and the adjustment section may both be located within the half of the bore proximal to the lower end of the nozzle. The width of the bore may increase, in the contraction section, at least 20% from the upper end of the contraction section to the lower end of the contraction section.
According to a generalized description, the article comprises a nozzle having a bore comprising an adjustment section, adjacent to one or more exit ports, that diminishes in cross-sectional area with respect to the downward extent of the bore.
The casting nozzle may also contain a flow divider and baffles. In one configuration, a flow divider is disposed within the bore, at the lower end of the casting nozzle, on the central vertical axis of the bore, between the pair of opposing face walls, and a pair of baffles is positioned within the bore, each baffle positioned between the flow divider and a respective side wall, the lower end of each baffle forming a portion of the exterior surface of the casting nozzle, each baffle extending inwardly from at least one face wall, the pair of baffles being positioned symmetrically with respect to the central vertical axis of the elongated bore. The flow divider may comprise a pair of lateral walls; each lateral wall facing a respective adjustment section side wall, the pair of lateral walls being positioned symmetrically with respect to the central vertical axis of the elongated bore. Each baffle may comprise an upper end, a lower end, outward-facing longitudinal wall and an inward-facing longitudinal wall. The outward-facing wall of each baffle defines, in conjunction with a respective casting nozzle side wall interior and the interiors of opposing nozzle face walls, a lateral exit port; The inward-facing wall of each baffle defines, in conjunction with a respective lateral wall of the flow divider and the interiors of opposing nozzle face walls, a central exit port. The flow divider may comprise a concave upper surface. The size of the divider may be such that the flow entering between the baffles is restricted when exiting the region comprised between the baffles and the central divider.
In configurations in which a flow divider and baffles are present, the flow divider may contain an exit port channel extending from the adjustment section to the exterior of the casting nozzle, with the flow divider exit port channel having a diameter of (d0). In such configurations, the minimum distance between the first baffle and the second baffle, or the distance between the upper ends of the first baffle and the second baffle (d), and the minimum distance between each baffle and a respective side wall (d2), may be expressed by the formula (d)/2<d2<2(d/2). In such configurations, the minimum distance between the first baffle and the second baffle (d), the diameter (d0) of the flow divider exit port channel, and the minimum distance between each baffle and the flow divider (d1), may be expressed by the formula 0.8(d)/2<((d1)+(d0))<2(d)/2.
The angle (beta) described, in the vertical plane orthogonal to the outward-facing longitudinal surface of each baffle, by the outward-facing longitudinal surface of each baffle and the central vertical axis of the bore of the nozzle, may have a value from and including 6 degrees to and including 18 degrees, and may have a value of any of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 degrees.
The outward-facing longitudinal surface of each baffle, the inward-facing longitudinal surface of each baffle, the corresponding lateral surface of the flow divider, and the interior of the corresponding side wall may be parallel at their intersection with the exit ports they form. Configurations in which an outward-facing longitudinal surface of a baffle curves outwardly from the upper end of the baffle to the lower end may be excluded from configurations of the casting nozzle.
The entry section, contraction section, expansion section, and adjustment sections of the nozzle may have specified lengths with respect to the entire length of the nozzle. The length of the contraction section has a value from and including 5% to and including 15% of the length of the casting nozzle. The length of the expansion section may have a value from and including 20% to and including 50% of the length of the casting nozzle. The length of the adjustment section may have a value from and including 5% to and including 15% of the length of the casting nozzle.
The lower end of the casting nozzle may be composed of a central planar surface orthogonal to the central vertical axis of the bore of the nozzle, from which two planar surfaces each extending upwardly and away from the central planar surface to a respective side wall of the casting nozzle. This configuration might alternatively be described as the formation of two beveled surfaces at the intersection of each side wall with the lower end of the nozzle. The beveled surfaces may contain exit ports and thus contain lower ends of the nozzle bore. The angle (alpha) formed by a beveled surface with the plane orthogonal to the central vertical axis and containing the lower end of the nozzle may have a value in the range from and including 30 degrees to and including 60 degrees, or from and including 40 degrees to and including 50 degrees.
Nozzle bore entry section 30 extends downwardly from entry section upper end 32, located in proximity to the upper end 20 of the casting nozzle, to entry section lower end 34, where the entry section 30 is in communication with contraction section 40. Nozzle bore contraction section 40 extends downwardly from contraction section upper end 42 to contraction section lower end 44, where the contraction section 40 is in communication with expansion section 50. Nozzle bore expansion section 50 extends downwardly from expansion section upper end 52 to expansion section lower end 54, where the expansion section is in communication with adjustment section 60. Nozzle bore adjustment section 60 extends downwardly from adjustment section upper end 62 to adjustment section lower end 64, which corresponds to lower end 23 of the casting nozzle.
Flow divider 70, located in proximity to the lower end 22 of the casting nozzle, divides the flow of molten metal descending in proximity to central vertical axis 14 into two streams; each stream passes through an exit port 26. Flow divider exit port channel 72 passes longitudinally or vertically through flow divider 70 from adjustment section 60 to the exterior of the casting nozzle 10, permitting flow of molten metal downwardly through flow divider 70.
Side walls 76, in conjunction with face walls (not shown) form an exterior surface of casting nozzle 10. Side walls 76 have side wall interior surfaces 78 describing the lateral surface of casting nozzle bore 12. Side walls 76 curve outwardly at the lower end 22 of the casting nozzle.
Two baffles 80 are located in nozzle bore 12 at, or in proximity to, lower end 22 of the casting nozzle bore. Each baffle 80 is located between flow divider 70 and a respective casting nozzle side wall 76. Each baffle 80 divides incident flow of molten metal into a lateral portion in proximity to a side wall 76 and a central portion in proximity to central vertical axis 14. Exit port channels 81, each leading from the interior of the casting nozzle 10 to a respective exit port 26, are defined as the volume between a baffle 80 and a respective side wall interior surface 78, or a baffle 80 and the flow divider 70. Exit port channels 81 located between a baffle 80 and a respective side wall interior surface 78 may be straight, may be free of curved portions, or may have a fixed angle with the central vertical axis 14.
Flow divider 70 extends inwardly, into bore of casting nozzle 12, from lower end of casting nozzle central portion 23. Flow divider 70 is penetrated, from nozzle bore 12 to casting nozzle exterior surface 11, along central vertical axis of casting nozzle 14, by flow divider exit port channel 72. The upper surface of flow divider 70 contains a concavity in which the entry to flow divider exit port channel 72 is contained. Each of a pair of flow divider lateral walls 82 faces away from central vertical axis of casting nozzle 14 towards a respective side of the casting nozzle. In the configuration shown, each flow divider lateral wall 82 contains a planar portion.
In the configuration shown, each baffle 80 is located in the bore of casting nozzle 12 between the flow divider 70 and a respective casting nozzle side wall 76. Each baffle extends from an exit port face 28 to the upper end of the adjustment section 62. Each baffle has a baffle inner lateral wall 84 facing flow divider 70, and a baffle outer lateral wall 86 facing a respective casting nozzle side wall interior 78. In the configuration shown, each baffle lateral wall 84, 86 contains a planar portion. The upward extent of flow divider 70 is less than the upward extent of baffles 80. Baffles 80 extend upwardly to the upper end of adjustment section 62. As the flow divider 70 extends from lower end of the casting nozzle 23, the flow divider 70 and baffles 80 are advantageously entirely located within the adjustment section 60.
In the configuration shown, the planar portion of the casting nozzle side wall interior 78 in adjustment section 60, the baffle outer lateral wall 86, the baffle inner lateral wall 84, and the flow divider lateral wall 82 on a respective side of the casting nozzle are all parallel.
Flow divider exit port channel 72 has a diameter of (d0). The minimum distance between baffles 80 is represented as (d). The minimum distance between each baffle 80 and a respective casting nozzle side wall 78 is represented as (d2). The relationship of d and d2 may be expressed by the formula (d)/2<d2<2(d)/2. The minimum distance (d) between baffles 80, the diameter (d0) of the flow divider exit port channel 72, and the minimum distance (d1) between each baffle 80 and the flow divider 70, may be expressed by the formula 0.8(d)/2<((d1)+(d0))<2(d)/2.
Angle 88 represents the angle between baffle inner lateral walls 84 of respective baffles 80. Angle 88 may have a value may have a value from and including 12 degrees to and including 36 degrees, and may have a value of any of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36 degrees.
Angle 89 represents the angle between the plane of lower end 23 of the casting nozzle, and the plane of an adjacent exit port face 28. Angle 89 may have a value from and including 30 degrees to and including 60 degrees, from 35 degrees to and including 55 degrees, or may have a value of any of 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, and 60 degrees.
Flow divider 70 extends inwardly, into bore of casting nozzle 12, from lower end of casting nozzle 23. Flow divider 70 is penetrated vertically by flow divider exit port channel 72.
Baffles 80 are located in the bore of casting nozzle 12 between the flow divider 70 and a respective casting nozzle side wall 76. The upward extent of flow divider 70 is less than the upward extent of baffles 80. Baffles 80 extend upwardly to the upper end of adjustment section 62. As the flow divider 70 extends from lower end of the casting nozzle 23, the flow divider 70 and baffles 80 are therefore advantageously entirely located within the adjustment section 60.
Exit ports 26 are formed in an exit port face 28 between each baffle 80 and a respective casting nozzle side wall interior 78, and between each baffle 80 and flow divider 70.
Exit port projections 90 are the projections of exit ports 26 into the plane of lower end of casting nozzle central portion 23.
In the example depicted in
Fluid entering entry section 30 of casting nozzle bore 12 is turbulent. The passage of the fluid through contraction section 40 reduces the turbulence and produces a limited pressure increase. In expansion section 50, turbulence increases and the velocity average per unit of volume decreases. The passage of the fluid through adjustment section 60 reduces the turbulence and produces a limited pressure increase.
Table I shows cross-sectional areas of the bore of a comparative example of a nozzle according to
Table II shows volume weighted averages of velocity U in meters/second and turbulence intensity Tu as a percentage in a nozzle comparative example and a nozzle inventive example.
In the nozzle comparative example, a continuous decrease in velocity and turbulence is produced as the fluid passes through volumes 130, 140, 150 and 160. In the nozzle inventive example, an increase in velocity is produced in volume 40, and an increase in turbulence is produced in volume 60.
Table III shows volume ΔV in cubic meters, velocity per unit volume U/ΔV, and turbulent energy per unit volume k/ΔV in a nozzle comparative example and a nozzle inventive example.
In both the nozzle comparative example and the nozzle innovative example, values of U/ΔV increase, decrease, and increase again with passage through volumes 130/30, 140/40, 150/50 and 160/60, but the changes are more pronounced in the nozzle innovative example.
In the nozzle comparative example, values of k/ΔV show a continuous decrease with passage through volumes 130, 140, 150 and 160. In the nozzle innovative example, values of k/ΔV increase, decrease, and increase again with passage through volumes 30, 40, 50 and 60.
One transition from turbulent flow to aligned flow occurs within the comparative example nozzle. Two transitions from turbulent flow to aligned flow occur within the inventive example nozzle.
In casting nozzle 10, a low velocity (higher pressure) volume is observed above the flow divider and between the baffles. The pressure forces the flow between each side of the piece and a respective baffle.
Table IV shows velocity U in meters per second and bore cross-sectional area in square meters for a nozzle comparative example and a nozzle inventive example.
Two compression sections and two expansion sections are seen to provide, in combination with one or more of cooperating baffle configurations and orientations, ratios of exit port cross-sections in comparison with other nozzle bore cross-sections, nozzle bore cross-sectional geometries and values, and selected values and ratios of values of the sections of the nozzle bore, an increased flow stability and improved flow distribution in the fluid passing through the exit ports with respect to previous designs. The flow pattern exhibits less deflection and does not coalesce into single high intensity streams. It retains a laminar planar structure and is therefore suited to even distribution of molten metal into a mold in which one dimension of cross-section is significantly larger than the other.
Various features and characteristics are described in this specification and illustrated in the drawings to provide an overall understanding of the invention. It is understood that the various features and characteristics described in this specification and illustrated in the drawings can be combined in any operable manner regardless of whether such features and characteristics are expressly described or illustrated in combination in this specification. The Inventors and the Applicant expressly intend such combinations of features and characteristics to be included within the scope of this specification, and further intend the claiming of such combinations of features and characteristics to not add matter to the application. As such, the claims can be amended to recite, in any combination, any features and characteristics expressly or inherently described in, or otherwise expressly or inherently supported by, this specification. Furthermore, the Applicant reserves the right to amend the claims to affirmatively disclaim features and characteristics that may be present in the prior art, even if those features and characteristics are not expressly described in this specification. Therefore, any such amendments will not add new matter to the specification or claims, and will comply with written description, sufficiency of description, and added matter requirements (e.g., 35 U.S.C. § 112(a) and Article 123(2) EPC). The invention can comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the various features and characteristics described in this specification.
Also, any numerical range recited in this specification includes the recited endpoints and describes all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision (i.e., having the same number of specified digits) subsumed within the recited range. For example, a recited range of “1.0 to 10.0” describes all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recited maximum value of 10.0, such as, for example, “2.4 to 7.6,” even if the range of “2.4 to 7.6” is not expressly recited in the text of the specification. Accordingly, the Applicant reserves the right to amend this specification, including the claims, to expressly recite any sub-range of the same numerical precision subsumed within the ranges expressly recited in this specification. All such ranges are inherently described in this specification such that amending to expressly recite any such sub-ranges will comply with written description, sufficiency of description, and added matter requirements (e.g., 35 U.S.C. § 112(a) and Article 123(2) EPC).
The grammatical articles “one”, “a”, “an”, and “the”, as used in this specification, are intended to include “at least one” or “one or more”, unless otherwise indicated or required by context. Thus, the articles are used in this specification to refer to one or more than one (i.e., to “at least one”) of the grammatical objects of the article. By way of example, “a component” means one or more components, and thus, possibly, more than one component is contemplated and can be employed or used in an implementation of the invention. Further, the use of a singular noun includes the plural, and the use of a plural noun includes the singular, unless the context of the usage requires otherwise.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 19176155 | May 2019 | EP | regional |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2020/064266 | 5/22/2020 | WO |
| Publishing Document | Publishing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| WO2020/234447 | 11/26/2020 | WO | A |
| Number | Name | Date | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4819840 | Lax et al. | Apr 1989 | A |
| 5785880 | Heaslip et al. | Jul 1998 | A |
| 5944261 | Heaslip et al. | Aug 1999 | A |
| 6027051 | Heaslip et al. | Feb 2000 | A |
| 6464154 | Heaslip et al. | Oct 2002 | B1 |
| 8584911 | Morales | Nov 2013 | B2 |
| 9156084 | Guastini et al. | Oct 2015 | B2 |
| 20010038045 | Heaslip et al. | Nov 2001 | A1 |
| 20060243760 | McIntosh et al. | Nov 2006 | A1 |
| Number | Date | Country |
|---|---|---|
| 2018079 | Dec 1990 | CA |
| 87104752 | Mar 1988 | CN |
| 1047819 | Dec 1990 | CN |
| 1283535 | Feb 2001 | CN |
| 2770832 | Apr 2006 | CN |
| 111974981 | Nov 2020 | CN |
| 214161385 | Sep 2021 | CN |
| Entry |
|---|
| International Search Report for PCT/EP2020/064266, dated Aug. 25, 2020. |
| ISIJ Morales Design of a Submerged Entry Nozzle for Thin Slab Molds Operating at High Casting Speed. |
| Number | Date | Country | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20220250142 A1 | Aug 2022 | US |
