Patent Grant
7749474
This application claims the benefit of provisional application Ser. No. 60/601,069, entitled Catalyst Composition for Use in a Lean NOx Trap, filed Aug. 12, 2004; provisional application Ser. No. 60/601,027, entitled Catalyst Composition for Use in a Lean NOx Trap, filed Aug. 12, 2004; provisional application Ser. No. 60/601,049, entitled Catalyst Composition for Use in a Lean NOx Trap, filed Aug. 12, 2004; and provisional application Ser. No. 60/600,933, entitled Method of Making a Catalyst Composition for Use in a Lean NOx Trap, filed Aug. 12, 2004, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to a catalyst composition for use in a lean NOx trap, and more particularly, to a low cost catalyst composition for use in a lean NOx trap for use in lean-burn engines such as gasoline and diesel engines and to methods of using such a composition.
Environmental concerns and government regulations have led to efforts to improve the removal of noxious combustion by-products from vehicle engine exhausts. Typically, the combustion by-products include carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, sulfur oxides and various nitrogen oxides (NOx). In recent years, lean-burn engines such as gasoline and diesel engines have become more widely used as they offer improved fuel economy. However, because such engines operate under fuel-lean conditions, it is difficult to achieve reduction and removal of NOx in the oxidizing atmosphere of the engine exhaust. One solution to this problem has been the use of lean NOx traps (“LNT”), which typically include a catalyst comprising one or more precious metals such as platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), or rhodium (Rh), and an alkali earth metal such as barium, and which are provided on a support material such as alumina. The precious metal catalysts are capable of absorbing or storing nitrogen oxides during lean-burn engine operation (where there is excess oxygen) and releasing and converting them when the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas is lowered.
However, while such traps have been effective in the removal of NOx from the exhaust of lean burn engines, they require high loadings of precious metals such as platinum, which are very expensive. Accordingly, the high cost of such traps has prevented their wide application.
Attempts have been made to develop lean NOx traps with non-precious metals in an effort to reduce costs. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,212, which teaches a catalyst for use in a lean NOx trap comprised of manganese and potassium. However, while such a trap has effective NO storage efficiency, the trap does not effectively convert the stored NOx to N2. It is very important for the catalyst materials to exhibit good NOx storage efficiency as well as effective NOx conversion because low conversion efficiency will result in higher NOx emissions. By “storage efficiency,” we mean the efficiency of the LNT to store NOx during the lean period. By “conversion efficiency” we mean the efficiency of the LNT to convert NOx during both the lean and rich periods.
Ruthenium has also been proposed for use as a reducing catalyst component, typically in combination with other precious metals. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,057. While ruthenium is also considered a precious metal, it is much lower in cost than platinum and other precious metals. However, although ruthenium has generally been regarded as an effective reducing catalyst for NOx, we have not seen ruthenium being used as a catalyst in lean NOx traps because its effectiveness for NO oxidation, which is the first step in reactions involving a lean NOx trap, has not been demonstrated.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a catalyst composition for use in a lean NOx trap which is low in cost, which exhibits high NOx storage efficiency, and high (NOx to N2) conversion efficiency.
The present invention meets this need by providing a lean NOx trap composition utilizing ruthenium in place of higher cost precious metals such as platinum. The lean NOx trap composition provides high NOx storage efficiency and high NOx conversion efficiency when incorporated in a lean NOx trap.
According to one aspect of the invention, a lean NOx trap composition is provided. The lean NOx trap composition includes a support material; a ruthenium catalyst wherein the ruthenium catalyst is free of other precious metals; a NOx absorbent material comprising an alkaline earth metal; and an alkali metal; wherein the lean NOx trap composition has a storage efficiency of at least 70% at a temperature in a range of from about 350° C. to about 500° C., and a conversion efficiency of at least 60% at a temperature in a range of from about 350° C. to about 500° C.
Another aspect of the invention involves a method of removing harmful gases from an automobile exhaust containing NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons. The method includes contacting a lean NOx trap composition with a first exhaust gas mixture comprising exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine operating in a fuel-lean condition, the lean NOx trap composition comprising: a support material; a ruthenium catalyst wherein the ruthenium catalyst is free of other precious metals; a NOx absorbent material comprising an alkaline earth metal; and an alkali metal; wherein the lean NOx trap composition has a storage efficiency of at least 70% at a temperature in a range of from about 350° C. to about 500° C., and a conversion efficiency of at least 60% at a temperature in a range of from about 350° C. to about 500° C.; and contacting the lean NOx trap composition with a second exhaust mixture comprising exhaust gases from the internal combustion engine operating in a fuel-rich condition.
We have found that a ruthenium catalyst can effectively oxidize NOx, as shown in commonly assigned application Ser. No. 11/156898, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,622,095, entitled Catalyst Composition for Use in a Lean NOx Trap and Method of Using, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The ruthenium catalyst demonstrates excellent NOx storage efficiency when it is incorporated into a lean NOx trap. The use of ruthenium allows lean NOx traps to be produced at much lower cost than previous traps which incorporate higher cost precious metals.
The catalyst composition can comprise a ruthenium catalyst, such as ruthenium or ruthenium oxide, in combination with an alkaline earth metal on a support material. The ruthenium catalyst component functions to oxidize NO to NO2 and to reduce NOx to N2. It is generally present in an amount of about 0.1 to about 10% by weight of washcoat, typically about 0.3 to about 5% by weight of washcoat, or about 0.5 to about 3% by weight of washcoat. The ruthenium catalyst component can be prepared from a chlorine-free precursor, if desired.
The alkaline earth metal functions to absorb NOx and is generally present in an amount of about 5 to about 50% by weight of washcoat, or about 5 to about 30% by weight of washcoat, or about 5 to about 20% by weight of washcoat. The alkaline earth metal is typically barium. Suitable barium precursors include, but are not limited to, barium oxide, barium carbonate, barium nitrate, or barium acetate.
One problem we encountered in developing a ruthenium LNT was the occurrence of rich NOx spikes, i.e., some of the NOx stored during lean engine operation may escape without conversion at the point the feedgas is switched from lean to rich operation. Such rich NOx spikes lead to a reduction in the overall NOx conversion efficiency. In current lean NOx traps which utilize precious metal catalysts, this problem is typically solved by adjusting the amounts of precious metals in the catalyst composition, e.g., increasing the precious metal loading and/or by adjusting the feedgas air/fuel ratio. However, it would be desirable to eliminate these rich spikes without adding expensive precious metals or employing complicated feedgas controls.
We observed that a significant rich NOx spike occurred when the feedgas was switched from lean operation to rich operation in Ru—Ba LNTs. We believe this NOx spike may occur due to the slow redox transition of the active Ru sites. We discovered that the addition of an alkali metal to the catalyst composition removes the rich spikes so that the total overall NOx conversion efficiency is significantly improved.
Suitable alkali metals include, but are not limited to, cesium, lithium, or potassium. A particularly effective alkali metal is potassium. The alkali metal is generally present in an amount of from about 5 to about 50% by weight of washcoat, or about 5 to about 30% by weight of washcoat, or about 5 to about 20% by weight of washcoat. The alkali metal can be applied using a suitable alkali metal precursor.
Generally, the weight ratio of alkaline earth metal to alkali metal is between about 90:10 to about 10:90, typically about 80:20 to about 20:80, or about 60:40 to about 40:60, or about 55:45 to about 45:55. As shown in
The support material of the catalyst composition provides support to the catalyst and NOx absorbent components. Suitable support materials for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, and zeolites. An alumina support is commonly used.
The catalyst composition may further include the use of stabilizers which provide thermal stability to the composition. Suitable stabilizers include, but are not limited to, rare earth oxides, such as lanthanum and cerium, and manganese, and zirconium. Other suitable thermal stabilizers include those disclosed in commonly assigned application Ser. No. 10/710,920, pending, entitled Processing Methods And Formulations To Enhance Stability Of Lean NOx Trap Catalysts Based On Alkali- And Alkaline Earth Metal Compounds and commonly assigned application Ser. No. 10/710,922, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,137,249, entitled Thermally Stable Lean NOx Trap, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Generally, the lean NOx trap composition has a storage efficiency of at least 70% at a temperature in a range of from about 350° C. to about 500° C., and a conversion efficiency of at least 60% at a temperature in a range of from about 350° C. to about 500° C. It can have a storage efficiency of at least 80% at a temperature in a range of from about 350° C. to about 500° C., and a conversion efficiency of at least 70% at a temperature in a range of from about 350° C. to about 500° C.; or a storage efficiency of at least 90% at a temperature in a range of from about 300° C. to about 500° C., and a conversion efficiency of at least 90% at a temperature in a range of from about 350° C. to about 500° C.; or a storage efficiency of at least 95% at a temperature in a range of from about 350° C. to about 550° C., and a conversion efficiency of at least 95% at a temperature in a range of from about 350° C. to about 450° C.
The catalyst composition of the present invention can be incorporated into a lean NOx trap by any suitable process. A washcoating process will be described, although other processes could be used. The support material (for example, aluminum oxide) is first washcoated onto a monolithic substrate. Suitable substrates for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, cordierite and metallic substrates. In order to prevent any possible interaction between the alkali metal and the substrate, it may be desirable to modify the surface of the substrate before washcoating. For example, the substrate can be coated with a protective layer, such as silica or similar materials.
The substrate is preferably repeatedly washcoated with the support material until a washcoat weight of 20% to 45% is achieved. After each deposition, the substrate is dried at about 80° C. for about six hours and then calcined at temperatures up to about 600° C. for about six hours. When the washcoat level is achieved, a solution of the ruthenium catalyst composition is prepared. The solution is deposited onto the substrate as a percentage of the washcoat. The ruthenium can be deposited two to three times to ensure a uniform distribution. After each deposition of the catalyst, the substrate is dried at about 80° C. for about six hours and then calcined under reducing conditions at temperatures up to about 600° C. for about six hours. After the catalyst component has been applied, the alkaline earth metal and alkali metal are then prepared as a solution. The amounts of alkaline earth metal and alkali metal deposited may vary based on the amount of support material deposited. The alkaline earth metal/alkali metal solution can be washcoated onto the monolith substrate in one or more depositions, with each deposition followed by drying at about 80° C. for about six hours. Finally, the trap is calcined at a temperature up to about 600° C. for about six hours.
In use, the lean NOx trap of the present invention is placed in the exhaust of a vehicle having an engine which can operate in a fuel-lean condition and which contains NOx and other harmful gases. The trap is exposed to the exhaust gases from the engine operating in a fuel-lean condition and operating in a fuel-rich condition such that at least a portion of the NOx in the gas is converted to N2, preferably at a temperature between about 125° C. and 700° C.
In order that the invention may be more readily understood, reference is made to the following examples of compositions within the scope of the present invention, which examples are intended to be illustrative of the invention, but are not intended to be limiting in scope.
A series of lean NOx traps (LNT) utilizing a ruthenium catalyst, an alumina support, and including different ratios of Ba and K were formed in accordance with the present invention. The catalysts were prepared using a wet impregnation method. The LNTs contained 2% by weight of washcoat of Ru impregnated from Ru(NO)(NO3)3 and dried at 80° C. and calcined at 600° C. under reducing conditions for 6 hours. Barium (from barium acetate) and potassium (from potassium nitrate) were then coated on the support and dried and calcined under the same conditions.
The testing was conducted in a tubular flow reactor. A core of monolith (400 cells) model LNT (approximately ¾ inch in diameter and 1 inch long) was used for testing. The feedgas used contained 500 ppm NOx , 10% CO2, 10% H2O and N2. The feedgas cycled between lean and rich conditions in 60 second lean and 10 second rich. During the lean cycle, the feedgas contained 5% O2. During the rich cycle, it contained approximately 5% CO and 1.67% H2. The space velocity was approximately 25,000 hr−1. Reaction temperature was measured using a thermocouple ½ inch ahead of the sample core.
The NOx storage and conversion efficiency of a lean NOx trap containing Ru and Ba only are shown in
While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for purposes of illustrating the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in the compositions and methods disclosed herein may be made without departing from the scope of the invention.
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