Patent Application
20100093526
The present invention relates to a catalyst composition used as a reaction catalyst for vapor or liquid phase.
Exhaust gas discharged from internal combustion engines such as a vehicle contains hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxides (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and the like, and exhaust gas purifying catalysts which purify these substances are known.
As such exhaust gas purifying catalyst, there have been known various catalysts which supports or transforms noble metals serving as active components on or into a solid solution in composite oxides such as cerium composite oxides, zirconium composite oxides, or perovskite-type composite oxides.
Reportedly, for example, a perovskite-type composite oxide of La1.00Fe0.57CO0.38Pd0.05O3 suppresses grain growth and maintains high catalytic activity over a long period of time. This is because of a self-regenerative function, in which the perovskite-type composite oxide reversibly introduces or extracts Pd to or from a perovskite-type crystal structure corresponding to oxidation-reduction change of emissions, so that Pd is transformed into a solid solution in the crystal structure of the composite oxide under an oxidizing atmosphere and precipitated from the same under a reducing atmosphere (see, for example, the following Non-Patent Document 1).
However, noble metal elements are generally expensive, so that in industrial production, it is necessary to minimize the use of noble metal elements as much as possible.
On the other hand, transition elements other than noble metal elements have lower catalytic activity than noble metal elements and also less durability in high temperature environments. Accordingly, there is a difficulty in using those transition elements as active components.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a catalyst composition capable of exhibiting excellent catalytic activity over a long period of time under high temperature or under oxidation-reduction change, without using noble metal elements or while reducing the use of noble metal elements.
To achieve the above object, the present invention is to provide a catalyst composition containing a composite oxide, in which the composite oxide contains a transition element (excluding platinum group elements) which is transformed into a solid solution in the composite oxide under an oxidizing atmosphere and is precipitated from the composite oxide under a reducing atmosphere.
In the catalyst composition of the present invention, it is preferable that the transition element is Fe.
In the catalyst composition of the present invention, it is preferable that the composite oxide is represented by the following general formula (1):
AO.x(B2-yFeyO3-α (1)
(wherein A represents an element selected from monovalent elements, divalent elements, and rare earth elements; B represents Al, or Al and a transition element; x represents 1 to 9; y represents an atomic ratio satisfying the following relation: 0<y<2; and α represents a deficient atomic ratio of oxygen atoms).
Further, it is preferable that the composite oxide is represented by the following general formula (2):
AO.x(B2-yFeyO3-α) (2)
(wherein A represents an element selected from monovalent elements, divalent elements, and rare earth elements; B represents Al, or Al and a transition element (excluding platinum group elements); x represents 1 to 9; y represents an atomic ratio satisfying the following relation: 0<y<2; and α represents a deficient atomic ratio of oxygen atoms).
Further, it is preferable that the composite oxide is represented by the following general formula (3):
AO.x(B2-y-zFeyPdZO3-α) (3)
(wherein A represents an element selected from monovalent elements, divalent elements, and rare earth elements; B represents Al, or Al and a transition element (excluding platinum group elements); x represents 1 to 9; y represents an atomic ratio satisfying the following relation: 0<y≦1.2; z represents an atomic ratio satisfying the following relation: 0<z≦0.5; and α represents a deficient atomic ratio of oxygen atoms).
Further, it is preferable that the A is at least one element selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and rare earth elements, and that the A is Mg.
Further, it is preferable that the B is Al, and that the x is 1 and/or 6.
In the catalyst composition of the present invention, it is preferable that the composite oxide comprises at least one type of crystal phase selected from the group consisting of a spinel type, a magnetoplumbite type and an alumina type crystal phase.
Further, it is preferable that the catalyst composition of the present invention is an exhaust gas purifying catalyst.
According to the catalyst composition of the present invention, since the solid solution-regeneration (self-regeneration) in which a transition element (excluding platinum group elements) is transformed into a solid solution in the composite oxide under an oxidizing atmosphere and precipitated from the same under a reducing atmosphere is efficiently repeated, a dispersion state of the transition element (excluding platinum group elements) in the composite oxide is satisfactorily maintained. Therefore, deterioration in catalytic activity due to grain growth of the transition element (excluding platinum group elements) can be prevented and high catalytic activity can be maintained over a long period of time.
As a result, since the transition element (excluding platinum group elements) is an active component, when the catalyst composition of the present invention is used, the catalyst composition can exhibit excellent catalytic activity at low cost over a long period of time under high temperature or under oxidation-reduction change, without using noble metal elements or while reducing the use of noble metal elements.
The composite oxide contained in the catalyst composition of the present invention contains a transition element (excluding platinum group elements) which is transformed into a solid solution in the composite oxide under an oxidizing atmosphere and precipitated from the same under a reducing atmosphere.
The above transition element is a transition metal other than noble metal elements. As such transition metal, Ti (titanium), V (vanadium), Cr (chromium), Mn (manganese), Fe (iron), Co (cobalt), Ni (nickel), Cu (copper), and Zn (zinc) are preferable, or Fe (iron) is more preferable.
More specifically, the composite oxide is represented, for example, by the following general formula (1):
AO.x(B2-yFeyO3-α) (1)
(wherein A represents an element selected from monovalent elements, divalent elements, and rare earth elements; B represents Al, or Al and a transition element; x represents 1 to 9; y represents an atomic ratio satisfying the following relation: 0<y<2; and α represents a deficient atomic ratio of oxygen atoms).
In the above general formula (1), examples of the monovalent element represented by A include alkali metals such as Li (lithium), Na (sodium), K (potassium), Rb (rubidium), Cs (cesium) and Fr (francium).
Further, examples of the divalent element represented by A include alkaline earth metals such as Be (beryllium), Mg (magnesium), Ca (calcium), Sr (strontium), Ba (barium) and Ra (radium); and divalent transition elements (where Fe is excluded) such as Co(II) (divalent cobalt), Ni(II) (divalent nickel), Cu(II) (divalent copper), and Zn(II) (divalent zinc).
Further, examples of the rare earth elements represented by A include Sc (scandium), Y (yttrium), La (lanthanum), Ce (cerium), Pr (praseodymium), Nd (neodymium), Pm (promethium), Sm (samarium), Eu (europium), Gd (gadolinium), Tb (terbium), Dy (dysprosium), Ho (holmium), Er (erbium), Tm (thulium), Yb (ytterbium), and Lu (lutetium).
As the element represented by A, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and rare earth elements are preferable, or Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, La, Pr, and Nd are more preferable.
These elements represented by A can be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds.
In the above general formula (1), B is Al, or Al and a transition element, that is, B always contains Al (aluminum) and may further contain a transition element.
Examples of the transition element used in combination with Al include, in the Periodic Table of Elements (IUPAC, 1990), elements having atomic numbers of 21 (Sc) through 30 (Zn), atomic numbers of 39 (Y) through 48 (Cd), atomic numbers of 57 (La) through 80 (Hg), and atomic numbers 89 (Ac) or higher. Ti (titanium), Mn (manganese), Co (cobalt), Ni (nickel), Mo (molybdenum), and Pd (palladium) are preferable. These transition elements can be used alone or in combination of two or more kinds.
As the element represented by B, preferably Al is used alone, or Al and Pd are used in combination.
In the above general formula (1), x represents 1 to 9. For example, when x is 1, the composite oxide represented by the above general formula (1) has a spinel-type crystal phase serving as a primary crystal phase, in which 1 mol of oxide represented by B2-yFeyO3-α, is coordinated to 1 mol of oxide represented by AO.
For example, when x is 6, the composite oxide represented by the above general formula (1) has a magnetoplumbite-type or an alumina-type crystal phase serving as a primary crystal phase, in which 6 mol of oxide represented by B2-yFeyO3-α, is coordinated to 1 mol of oxide represented by AO.
Specifically, when x is 1 to 3, the composite oxide represented by the above general formula (1) has a spinel-type crystal phase serving as a primary crystal phase. Further, when x is 4 to 6, the composite oxide represented by the above general formula (1) has a mixed phase of a spinel-type, a magnetoplumbite-type, and an alumina-type crystal phases serving as a primary crystal phase. Further, when x is 7 to 9, the composite oxide represented by the above general formula (1) has an alumina-type crystal phase serving as a primary crystal phase. That is, when x is 1 to 9, the composite oxide represented by the above general formula (1), in which the constituent ratios of the respective crystal phases described above are different, has a mixed phase or a single phase of these crystal phases.
y represents an atomic ratio of Fe satisfying the following relation: 0<y<2. That is, Fe is an essential component, and y preferably represents an atomic ratio of Fe satisfying the following relation: 0.02<y<0.5. The atomic ratio of B satisfies the relation of 2-y, namely, a residual atomic ratio obtained by subtracting the atomic ratio of Fe from 2.
In the above general formula (1), α represents a deficient atomic ratio of oxygen atoms and is represented by 0 or a positive integer. More specifically, α represents a deficient atomic ratio of oxygen atoms caused by allowing the constituent atoms on the (B+Fe) site to be deficient to the theoretical constituent ratio of the oxide represented by B2-yFeyO3-α of (B+Fe):O=2:3. In other words, α represents an oxygen deficient amount, which is a proportion of pores produced in the crystal structure of the composite oxide represented by the above general formula (1).
In the present invention, the composite oxide is more specifically represented by the following general formula (2) or (3):
AO.x(B2-yFeyO3-α) (2)
(wherein A represents an element selected from monovalent elements, divalent elements, and rare earth elements; B represents Al, or Al and a transition element (excluding platinum group elements); x represents 1 to 9; y represents an atomic ratio satisfying the following relation: 0<y<2; and α represents a deficient atomic ratio of oxygen atoms). In the above general formula (2), A, B, x, y, and α are defined as in the above general formula (1):
Examples of the composite oxide represented by the above general formula (2) include MgO(Al1.96Fe0.04O3), MgO(Al1.60Fe0.40O3), MgO(Al1.00Fe1.00O3), MgO.1.1(Al1.00Fe1.00O3), MgO.1.25(Al1.00Fe1.00O3), MgO.1.5(Al1.00Fe1.00O3), MgO.6(Al1.00Fe1.00O3), MgO.9(Al1.00Fe1.00O3), SrO(Al1.60Fe0.40O3), CoO(Al1.60Fe0.40O3), and NiO(Al1.00Fe1.00O3)
AO.x(B2-y-zFeyPdzO3-α) (3)
(wherein A represents an element selected from monovalent elements, divalent elements, and rare earth elements; B represents Al, or Al and a transition element (excluding platinum group elements), x represents 1 to 9; y represents an atomic ratio satisfying the following relation: 0<y≦1.2; z represents an atomic ratio satisfying the following relation: 0<z≦0.5; and α represents a deficient atomic ratio of oxygen atoms).
In the above general formula (2), A, B, x, and α are defined as in the above general formula (1). y represents an atomic ratio of Fe satisfying the following relation: 0<y≦1.2. That is, Fe is an essential component, and y preferably represents an atomic ratio of Fe satisfying the following relation: 0.02<y<0.5. When the atomic ratio of Fe is higher than this range, the crystal structure of the composite oxide may be unstable. When it is lower than this range, the catalytic activity of Fe may fail to be sufficiently exhibited.
z represents an atomic ratio of Pd satisfying the following relation: 0<z≦0.5. That is, Pd is an essential component, and z preferably represents an atomic ratio of Pd satisfying the following relation: 0<z<0.2. The use of Pd in combination with Fe facilitates solid solution and precipitation of Fe during oxidation and reduction, so that the efficiency of self-regeneration of Fe can be greatly enhanced. The atomic ratio of B satisfies the relation of 2-y-z, namely, a residual atomic ratio obtained by subtracting the atomic ratios of Fe and Pd from 2.
Examples of the composite oxide represented by the above general formula (3) include MgO(Al1.588Fe0.397Pd0.015O3), MgO(Al0.9925Fe0.9925Pd0.015O3), and MgO.1.1(Al1.589Fe0.397Pd0.014O3).
The composite oxide of the present invention can be produced according to any suitable method for preparing a composite oxide, such as coprecipitation method, citrate complex method and alkoxide method, without particular limitation.
In the coprecipitation method, for example, an aqueous mixed salt solution containing salts (excluding noble metal salts) of the above-mentioned respective elements in a predetermined stoichiometric ratio is prepared. The aqueous mixed salt solution is coprecipitated by addition of a neutralizing agent, and the resulting coprecipitate is dried and subjected to a heat treatment.
Examples of the salts of the respective elements include inorganic salts such as sulfates, nitrates, chlorides and phosphates; and organic salts such as acetate and oxalates. The aqueous mixed salt solution can be prepared, for example, by adding the salts of the respective elements to water so as to establish the predetermined stoichiometric ratio and mixing them with stirring.
Then, the aqueous mixed salt solution is coprecipitated by adding the neutralizing agent thereto. Examples of the neutralizing agent include ammonia; organic bases including amines such as triethylamine and pyridine; and inorganic bases such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and ammonium carbonate. The neutralizing agent is added so that the solution after the addition of the neutralizing agent has a pH of about 6 to 10.
When the composite oxide does not contain a noble metal element, the resulting coprecipitate is washed with water as required, for example, dried by vacuum drying or forced-air drying, and then subjected to a heat treatment, for example, at a temperature of 500 to 1400° C., or preferably 800 to 1200° C. to give the composite oxide of the present invention.
On the other hand, when the composite oxide contains a noble metal element, the resulting coprecipitate is washed with water as required, for example, dried by vacuum drying or forced-air drying, and then subjected to a heat treatment (primary baking), for example, at a temperature of 500 to 1000° C., or preferably 600 to 950° C. to give a primary composite oxide.
Subsequently, an aqueous noble metal salt solution is added to the resulting primary composite oxide to prepare a precursor composition. The resulting precursor composition is dried by, for example, vacuum drying or forced-air drying, and thereafter, subjected to a heat treatment (secondary baking), for example, at a temperature of 500 to 1400° C., or preferably 800 to 1200° C. to give the composite oxide of the present invention.
Examples of the noble metal salt include the same salts as those described above and can be prepared in the same manner as above. Practically, aqueous nitrate solution, dinitrodiammine nitrate solution or aqueous chloride solution is used. More specific examples thereof include palladium salt solutions such as aqueous palladium nitrate solution, dinitrodiammine palladium nitrate solution and palladium tetraammine nitrate solution.
In the above method, an aqueous solution (containing noble metal(s)) of all the constituent elements is prepared. The aqueous solution thus prepared is coprecipitated by addition of a neutralizing agent, and the resulting coprecipitate is dried and subjected to a heat treatment.
In the citrate complex method, for example, an aqueous citric acid mixed salt solution is prepared by adding citric acid and the salts of the respective elements (excluding noble metal salts) to an aqueous solution so that an amount of the citric acid slightly exceeds an amount of the salts thereof (excluding noble metal salts) corresponding to the stoichiometric ratio with respect to the above-mentioned respective elements. The aqueous citric acid mixed salt solution is evaporated to dryness to form citrate complex of the above-mentioned respective elements (excluding noble metal salts). The resulting citrate complex is provisionally baked and then subjected to a heat treatment.
Examples of the salts of the respective elements include the same salts as described above, and the aqueous citric acid mixed salt solution can be prepared, for example, by preparing an aqueous mixed salt solution in the same manner as above and then adding an aqueous solution of citric acid to the aqueous mixed salt solution.
Thereafter, the aqueous citric acid mixed salt solution is evaporated to dryness to form a citrate complex of the above-mentioned respective elements. The evaporation to dryness is carried out to remove moisture at a temperature at which the formed citrate complex is not decomposed, for example, at room temperature to about 150° C. Thus, the citrate complex of the above-mentioned respective elements (excluding noble metal salts) can be formed. Thereafter, the formed citrate complex is provisionally baked. The provisional baking is carried out by heating at a temperature of 250 to 350° C., for example, in vacuum or in an inert atmosphere.
When the composite oxide does not contain a noble metal element, the baked citrate complex is subjected to a heat treatment, for example, at a temperature of 500 to 1400° C., or preferably 800 to 1200° C. to give the composite oxide of the present invention.
On the other hand, when the composite oxide contains a noble metal element, the baked citrate complex is subjected to a heat treatment (primary baking), for example, at a temperature of 500 to 1200° C., or preferably 600 to 1000° C. to give a primary composite oxide.
Subsequently, in the same manner as the coprecipitation method, an aqueous noble metal salt solution is added to the resulting primary composite oxide to prepare a precursor composition. The resulting precursor composition is dried by, for example, vacuum drying or forced-air drying, and thereafter, subjected to a heat treatment (secondary baking), for example, at a temperature of 500 to 1400° C., or preferably 800 to 1200° C. to give the composite oxide of the present invention.
In the alkoxide method, an alkoxide mixed solution containing alkoxides of the respective elements (excluding noble metals) in the above-mentioned stoichiometric ratio is prepared. The alkoxide mixed solution is hydrolyzed by adding water thereto, to give a precipitate.
Examples of the alkoxides of the respective elements include mono-, di-, or tri-alcoholates each comprising the respective elements and an alkoxy such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy or butoxy; and mono-, di-, or tri-alkoxyalcoholates of the respective elements represented by the following general formula (4).
E[OCH(R1)—(CH2)i—OR2]j (4)
(wherein E represents each of the elements, R1 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R2 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, i represents an integer of 1 to 3, and j represents an integer of 2 to 4).
More specific examples of the alkoxyalcoholates include methoxyethylate, methoxypropylate, methoxybutylate, ethoxyethylate, ethoxypropylate, propoxyethylate and butoxyethylate.
The alkoxide mixed solution can be prepared, for example, by adding the alkoxides of the respective elements to an organic solvent in such proportions so as to establish the above-mentioned stoichiometric ratio and mixing them with stirring.
The organic solvent is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve the alkoxides of the respective elements, and examples thereof include aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones and esters. Among them, aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene and xylene are preferable.
When the composite oxide does not contain a noble metal element, the resulting precipitate is evaporated to dryness and the dried precipitate is then dried, for example, by vacuum drying or forced-air drying, and is thereafter subjected to a heat treatment, for example, at a temperature of 500 to 1400° C., or preferably 800 to 1200° C. to give the composite oxide of the present invention.
On the other hand, when the composite oxide contains a noble metal element, the resulting precipitate is evaporated to dryness and the dried precipitate is then dried, for example, by vacuum drying or forced-air drying, and is thereafter subjected to a heat treatment (primary baking), for example, at a temperature of 500 to 1000° C., or preferably 600 to 950° C. to give a primary composite oxide.
Subsequently, in the same manner as the coprecipitation method, an aqueous noble metal salt solution is added to the resulting primary composite oxide to prepare a precursor composition. The resulting precursor composition is dried by, for example, vacuum drying or forced-air drying, and thereafter, subjected to a heat treatment (secondary baking), for example, at a temperature of 500 to 1400° C., or preferably 800 to 1200° C. to give the composite oxide of the present invention.
In the alkoxide method, when the composite oxide contains a noble metal element, for example, a homogeneously mixed solution containing an alkoxide mixed solution and an organometallic salt of the noble metal at a given stoichiometric ratio is prepared, and water is added thereto to precipitate. Thereafter, the resulting precipitate is dried and subjected to a heat treatment to give the composite oxide of the present invention.
Examples of the organometallic salt of the noble metal include carboxylates of the noble metals derived from, for example, acetates and propionates; metal chelate complexes of the noble metals derived from β-diketone compounds or β-ketoester compounds represented by the following general formula (5), and/or β-dicarboxylic acid ester compounds represented by the following general formula (6).
R3COCHR5COR4 (5)
(wherein R3 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, or an aryl group, R4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a fluoro alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, an aryl group, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and R5 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms).
R7CH(COR6)2 (6)
(wherein R6 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and R7 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms).
In the above general formulae (5) and (6), examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms of R3, R4, and R6 include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, t-amyl, and t-hexyl. Further, examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms of R5 and R7 include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, and t-butyl.
In the above general formula (5), examples of the fluoroalkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms of R3 and R4 include trifluoromethyl. Further, examples of the aryl groups of R3 and R4 include phenyl. Further, examples of the alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms of R3 include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, s-butoxy, and t-butoxy.
More specific examples of the β-diketone compound include 2,4-pentanedione, 2,4-hexanedione, 2,2-dimethyl-3,5-hexanedione, 1-phenyl-1,3-butanedione, 1-trifluoromethyl-1,3-butanedione, hexafluoro acetylacetone, 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedione, and dipivaloyl methane.
More specific examples of the β-ketoester compound include methylacetoacetate, ethylacetoacetate, and t-butylacetoacetate.
More specific examples of the β-dicarboxylic acid ester compound include dimethyl malonate and diethyl malonate.
The composite oxide of the present invention thus obtained can be used intact as a catalyst composition, but is generally prepared as a catalyst composition by a known method such as being supported on a catalyst carrier.
Examples of the catalyst carrier include known catalyst carriers such as honeycomb monolith carriers made of cordierites. The composite oxide is supported on the catalyst carrier, for example, first by adding water to the composite oxide obtained in the above manner to form a slurry, then applying the slurry to the catalyst carrier, drying the applied slurry, and thereafter subjecting it to a heat treatment at a temperature of 300 to 800° C., or preferably 300 to 600° C.
In the catalyst composition of the present invention, the transition element (excluding platinum group elements) is coordinated in a crystal structure of the composite oxide, and the coordinated transition element (excluding platinum group elements) is precipitated from the crystal structure under a reducing atmosphere, or transformed into a solid solution in the crystal structure under an oxidizing atmosphere.
Thus, in the catalyst composition of the present invention, by a self-regenerative function capable of repeating formation of solid solution under an oxidizing atmosphere and precipitation under a reducing atmosphere, grain growth of transition element (excluding platinum group elements) is effectively suppressed and a dispersion state thereof in the composite oxide can be maintained even in long term use.
As a result, since the transition element (excluding platinum group elements) is an active component, the use of the catalyst composition of the present invention can exhibit excellent catalytic activity at low cost over a long period of time under high temperature or under oxidation-reduction change, without using noble metal elements or while reducing the use of noble metal elements.
More specifically, in the catalyst composition of the present invention, which contains the composite oxides represented by the general formulae (1) to (3), Fe is coordinated in a crystal structure of the composite oxide, and the coordinated Fe is precipitated from the crystal structure under a reducing atmosphere, or transformed into a solid solution in the crystal structure under an oxidizing atmosphere. Thus, by a self-regenerative function capable of repeating formation of solid solution under an oxidizing atmosphere and precipitation under a reducing atmosphere, grain growth of Fe is effectively suppressed and a dispersion state thereof in the composite oxide can be maintained even in long term use.
As a result, since Fe is an active component, the use of the catalyst composition of the present invention, which contains the composite oxides represented by the general formulae (1) to (3), can exhibit excellent catalytic activity at low cost over a long period of time under high temperature or under oxidation-reduction change, without using noble metal elements or while reducing the use of noble metal elements.
Therefore, the catalyst composition of the present invention can be widely used as a reaction catalyst for vapor or liquid phase. In particular, the catalyst composition can realize excellent exhaust gas purifying properties over a long period of time, and therefore, the catalyst composition can be suitably used as an exhaust gas purifying catalyst which is used for purifying exhaust gas discharged from internal combustion engines such as gasoline engine and diesel engine, and boilers.
While in the following, the present invention is described in further detail with reference to Examples and Comparative Example, the present invention is not limited to any of them by no means.
Magnesium nitrate 0.100 mol in terms of Mg
Aluminum nitrate 0.196 mol in terms of Al
Iron nitrate 0.004 mol in terms of Fe
An aqueous mixed salt solution was prepared by charging the above components in a 500-mL round-bottomed flask, adding 100 mL of deionized water thereto, and dissolving the mixture with stirring. Next, the aqueous mixed solution thus prepared was gradually added dropwise to an aqueous alkaline solution (neutralizing agent) which was prepared by dissolving 25.0 g of sodium carbonate in 200 g of deionized water, to give a coprecipitate. After the coprecipitate was washed with water and then filtered, vacuum drying was performed at 80° C. Subsequently, the resulting product was subjected to a heat treatment at 800° C. for 1 hour, to give a powder of a composite oxide made of MgO(Al1.96Fe0.04O3).
The result of X-ray diffraction confirmed that this powder had a spinel structure. The X-ray diffraction data is shown in
Magnesium nitrate 0.100 mol in terms of Mg
Aluminum nitrate 0.160 mol in terms of Al
Iron nitrate 0.040 mol in terms of Fe
A powder of a composite oxide made of MgO(Al1.60Fe0.40O3) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above-mentioned components are used.
Magnesium nitrate 0.100 mol in terms of Mg
Aluminum nitrate 0.100 mol in terms of Al
Iron nitrate 0.100 mol in terms of Fe
A powder of a composite oxide made of MgO(Al1.00Fe1.00O3) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above components are used and the heat treatment was conducted at 1000° C. for 1 hour.
Magnesium nitrate 0.1000 mol in terms of Mg
Aluminum nitrate 0.1588 mol in terms of Al
Iron nitrate 0.0397 mol in terms of Fe
An aqueous mixed salt solution was prepared by charging the above components in a 500-mL round-bottomed flask, adding 100 mL of deionized water thereto, and dissolving the mixture with stirring. Next, the aqueous mixed solution thus prepared was gradually added dropwise to an aqueous alkaline solution (neutralizing agent) which was prepared by dissolving 25.0 g of sodium carbonate in 200 g of deionized water, to give a coprecipitate. After the coprecipitate was washed with water and then filtered, vacuum drying was performed at 80° C. Subsequently, the resulting product was subjected to a heat treatment (primary baking) at 800° C. for 1 hour, to give a primary composite oxide.
An aqueous palladium nitrate solution (equivalent to 0.0015 mol of Pd) was added to the primary composite oxide, mixed with stirring and impregnated for 1 hour, to give a precursor composition.
The precursor composition was dried at 100° C. for 2 hours, and then subjected to a heat treatment (secondary baking) at 1000° C. for 1 hour, to give a powder of a heat-resistant oxide having a structure of MgO(Al1.588Fe0.397Pd0.015O3).
Magnesium nitrate 0.1000 mol in terms of Mg
Aluminum nitrate 0.09925 mol in terms of Al
Iron nitrate 0.09925 mol in terms of Fe
A primary composite oxide was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 using the above components.
An aqueous palladium nitrate solution (equivalent to 0.0015 mol of Pd) was added to the primary composite oxide, mixed with stirring and impregnated for 1 hour, to give a precursor composition.
The precursor composition was dried at 100° C. for 2 hours, and then subjected to a heat treatment (secondary baking) at 1000° C. for 1 hour, to give a powder of a heat-resistant oxide having a structure of MgO(Al0.9925Fe0.9925Pd0.015O3).
Magnesium nitrate 0.100 mol in terms of Mg
Aluminum nitrate 0.110 mol in terms of Al
Iron nitrate 0.110 mol in terms of Fe
A powder of a composite oxide made of MgO.1.1(Al1.00Fe1.00O3) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above components are used and the heat treatment was conducted at 1000° C. for 1 hour.
Magnesium nitrate 0.100 mol in terms of Mg
Aluminum nitrate 0.125 mol in terms of Al
Iron nitrate 0.125 mol in terms of Fe
A powder of a composite oxide made of MgO.1.25(Al1.00Fe1.00O3) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above components are used and the heat treatment was conducted at 1000° C. for 1 hour.
Magnesium nitrate 0.100 mol in terms of Mg
Aluminum nitrate 0.150 mol in terms of Al
Iron nitrate 0.150 mol in terms of Fe
A powder of a composite oxide made of MgO.1.5(Al1.00Fe1.00O3) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above components are used and the heat treatment was conducted at 1000° C. for 1 hour.
Magnesium nitrate 0.100 mol in terms of Mg
Aluminum nitrate 0.600 mol in terms of Al
Iron nitrate 0.600 mol in terms of Fe
A powder of a composite oxide made of MgO.6(Al1.00Fe1.00O3) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above components are used and the heat treatment was conducted at 1000° C. for 1 hour.
Magnesium nitrate 0.100 mol in terms of Mg
Aluminum nitrate 0.900 mol in terms of Al
Iron nitrate 0.900 mol in terms of Fe
A powder of a composite oxide made of MgO.9(Al1.00Fe1.00O3) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the above components are used and the heat treatment was conducted at 1000° C. for 1 hour.
Magnesium nitrate 0.10000 mol in terms of Mg
Aluminum nitrate 0.17479 mol in terms of Al
Iron nitrate 0.04367 mol in terms of Fe
A primary composite oxide was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 using the above components.
An aqueous palladium nitrate solution (equivalent to 0.0014 mol of Pd) was added to the primary composite oxide, mixed with stirring and impregnated for 1 hour, to give a precursor composition.
The precursor composition was dried at 100° C. for 2 hours, and then subjected to a heat treatment (secondary baking) at 800° C. for 1 hour, to give a powder of a heat-resistant oxide having a structure of MgO.1.1(Al1.589Fe0.397Pd0.014O3)
Magnesium nitrate 0.1000 mol in terms of Mg
Aluminum nitrate 0.1985 mol in terms of Al
A primary composite oxide was obtained in the same manner as in Example 4 using the above components.
An aqueous palladium nitrate solution (equivalent to 0.0015 mol of Pd) was added to the primary composite oxide, mixed with stirring and impregnated for 1 hour, to give a precursor composition.
The precursor composition was dried at 100° C. for 2 hours, and then subjected to a heat treatment (secondary baking) at 1000° C. for 1 hour, to give a powder of a heat-resistant oxide having a structure of MgO(Al1.985Pd0.015O3).
One cycle was set as follows: exposure to an inert atmosphere for 5 minutes, exposure to an oxidizing atmosphere for 10 minutes, exposure to an inert atmosphere for 5 minutes and exposure to a reducing atmosphere for 10 minutes (30 minutes in total), and this cycle was repeated 10 times for 5 hours in total. In accordance with the above test, the powder obtained in each of Examples and Comparative Example was alternately exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere and a reducing atmosphere, and then cooled to room temperature while maintaining in the reducing atmosphere.
The inert atmosphere, the oxidizing atmosphere and the reducing atmosphere correspond to an exhaust gas atmosphere discharged when burning a mixed air in the stoichiometric state, the lean state, and the rich state, respectively.
Each of the atmospheres was prepared by supplying the gas of the composition shown in Table 2 containing high temperature steam at a flow rate of 300×10−3 m3/hr. The atmospheric temperature was maintained to approximately 1000° C.
Each of the powders after the endurance test was molded into, a pellet having a size in the range of 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm, to prepare a test sample. Each of the purifying rates of CO, HC, and NOx at 400° C. was measured using the model gas composition shown in Table 3. In the measurement, each of the samples of Examples 1 to 3 and Examples 6 to 10 weighted 1.0 g and each of the samples of Examples 4, 5, and 11 and Comparative Example 1 weighed 0.4 g. The flow rate was taken as 2.5 L/min. The results are shown in Table 1.
Each of the powders obtained in Examples (excluding Example 3 and Examples 6 to 10) was subjected to an oxidation treatment (a heat treatment in the atmosphere at 800° C. for 1 hour), then a reduction treatment (a heat treatment in N2 gas containing 10% H2, at 800° C. for 1 hour), and furthermore, a reoxidation treatment (a heat treatment in the atmosphere at 800° C. for 1 hour).
After each of the oxidation treatment, the reduction treatment, and the reoxidation treatment, an XAFS near the Fe—K absorption edge of each of the powders was measured. As for the XANES data resulted from the XAFS measurement, using a standard sample which contains an Fe foil and an oxide of a spinel type material without containing noble metals, the rate of solid solution (%) of Fe after each treatment was estimated by superposing both the respective sample data and the standard sample data. The results are shown in Table 1. Further, a precipitation rate of Fe during the reduction was calculated by subtracting the rate of solid solution after the reduction treatment from the rate of solid solution after the oxidation treatment. The results are shown in Table 1.
While the illustrative embodiments of the present invention are provided in the above description, such is for illustrative purpose only and it is not to be construed restrictively. Modification and variation of the present invention that will be obvious to those skilled in the art is to be covered by the following claims.
This Application corresponds to Japanese Patent Application Serial No. 2007-29653 filed on Feb. 8, 2007 and Japanese Patent Application Serial No. 2007-84543 filed on Mar. 28, 2007 with Japanese Patent Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
As described above, the catalyst composition of the present invention can be widely used as a reaction catalyst for vapor or liquid phase. In particular, the catalyst composition can realize excellent exhaust gas purifying properties over a long period of time, and therefore, the catalyst composition is suitably used as an exhaust gas purifying catalyst which is used for purifying exhaust gas discharged from internal combustion engines such as gasoline engine and diesel engine, and boilers.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2007-029653 | Feb 2007 | JP | national |
| 2007-084543 | Mar 2007 | JP | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind | 371c Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2008/050357 | 1/15/2008 | WO | 00 | 7/23/2009 |
