Patent Application
20230415130
The present disclosure relates to a catalyst for a working solution for hydrogen peroxide synthesis, a method of preparing the same catalyst, and a method of regenerating a working solution. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to a palladium catalyst using a spinel carrier, the catalyst used in a regeneration process of a working solution for hydrogen peroxide production, to a method of preparing the same catalyst, and to a regeneration technology for a working solution, using the same catalyst. The catalyst of the present disclosure exhibits high efficiency and high physical and chemical durability in a regeneration or hydrotreating reaction.
Hydrogen peroxide is a compound used in various fields such as semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, chemical synthesis, and the like. Hydrogen peroxide is produced either by a direct synthesis method using hydrogen and oxygen or by the anthraquinone method, which involves successive hydrogenation and oxidation processes from anthraquinone-based compounds. Hydrogen peroxide production technology using the anthraquinone method is described as follows.
Hydrogenation and oxidation processes are performed multiple times in a working solution (WS) in which alkyl anthraquinone (commonly referred to as 2-ethyl-anthraquinone, EAQ) is dissolved in a suitable organic solvent to produce hydrogen peroxide. When performing such hydrogenation and oxidation processes multiple times, tetrahydroanthraquinone (THAQ) and the like, which are by-products, are accumulated in the working solution. In addition, coke deposition in a catalyst leads to catalyst deactivation. As a result, hydrogen peroxide production and regeneration efficiency are degraded.
In particular, a palladium-based catalyst used in a process in which tetrahydroanthraquinone (THAQ), a by-product, is regenerated to anthraquinone is prepared by adding a promoter, such as magnesium, to control acid sites of a carrier. However, with catalytic reactions performed multiple times, there is a problem in that the activity of a regeneration reaction gradually decreases because the promoter fixed on the carrier is slowly detached from the catalyst. As a result, the adhesion of a metal to a carrier is becoming important for catalyst durability. Therefore, the technical problems to be solved by the present disclosure are to provide an acid-resistant and durable palladium catalyst available for a regeneration reaction of a working solution for hydrogen peroxide or a production process of hydrogen peroxide, and a method of preparing the same catalyst.
To solve the above problems, the inventors of the present disclosure particularly used a carrier with controlled catalytic acid sites and a pore structure, positioned a palladium active layer in the carrier in a ring-like form to increase the density of an active metal in the carrier, and introduced an auxiliary metal to improve the dispersion of palladium particles, resulting in an improvement of reaction activity. Furthermore, in a catalyst of the present disclosure, the active metal is positioned in the carrier, thereby inhibiting a loss of the active metal due to abrasion caused during the reaction and thus improving catalyst durability.
Thus, the above problems can be solved by an acid-resistant and heat-resistant palladium catalyst to which a spinel-structured carrier is applied. In addition, to increase the dispersibility of palladium, the above problems can be solved by the palladium catalyst to which an auxiliary metal supported on the spinel-structured carrier is applied. Furthermore, the palladium catalyst forming a ring structure in the carrier can improve durability and active stability.
The present disclosure provides a catalyst for regenerating a working solution for hydrogen peroxide synthesis, or for hydrogen peroxide synthesis, the catalyst being structured such that palladium and an auxiliary metal are supported on a carrier, and the carrier has a spinel structure. Without limitation, the spinel structure may be at least one of an aluminum-based spinel structure, selected from among MgAl2O4, ZnAl2O4, CaAl2O4, FeAl2O4, (Mg,Zn)Al2O4, and (Mg,Fe)Al2O4. In addition, the spinel structure may be an alumina-spinel composite oxide further containing alumina. In the catalyst of the present disclosure, the auxiliary metal may be selected from the group consisting of cerium, calcium, barium, strontium, zirconium, titanium, radium, silicon, and aluminum. The catalyst carrier of the present disclosure may further contain at least one halogen element selected from the group consisting of chlorine, phosphorus, and fluorine. In the present disclosure, palladium may be spaced inward from the surface of the carrier and present in a ring-like form in the carrier. Specifically, in the carrier, palladium may be spaced inward from the surface of the carrier by a distance in a range of 5 μm to 10 μm. In the catalyst of the present disclosure, palladium, serving as an active component, may be present in the carrier at an active density in a range of 0.005 wt %/m2 to 0.16 wt %/m2. In addition, the auxiliary metal may be uniformly present in the carrier at a density in a range of 0.0001 wt %/m2 to 0.002 wt %/m2. Optionally, the halogen element may be uniformly present in the carrier at a density in a range of 0.004 wt %/m2 to 0.04 wt %/m2. In the catalyst of the present disclosure, the carrier may have a pore size in a range of 7 nm to 14 nm, a pore volume in a range of 0.2 m3/g to 0.5 m3/g, and a specific surface area in a range of 70 m2/g to 200 m2/g.
A catalyst of the present disclosure has high reaction selectivity by inhibiting acid sites that cause side reactions in a carrier and has a ring-shaped structure in which an active metal is integrated within the carrier. In addition, an auxiliary metal is introduced to induce high dispersion of palladium. In the catalyst according to the present disclosure, a magnesium aluminate spinel structure in which magnesium is positioned in a skeleton of the carrier is used to prevent magnesium from being detached when reusing the catalyst. In addition, the auxiliary metal is used to maximize reaction activity by positioning palladium on the auxiliary metal to improve the dispersion and increase the number of active sites of palladium. Furthermore, palladium, the active metal, can be preserved from physical abrasion of the catalyst caused during the reaction, thereby obtaining high durability.
Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be described in detail. A durable and acid-resistant catalyst disclosed in the present disclosure is developed as a catalyst for regenerating a working solution. However, the catalyst can be used as a hydrotreating catalyst for hydrogen peroxide production. In the present disclosure, the catalyst for regenerating the working solution is mainly described, but the field of application is not limited to the regeneration reaction. In the present disclosure, a catalyst active component is supported on a carrier, and the carrier is also referred to as a support.
The present disclosure relates to a palladium catalyst to which a carrier, a spinel structure, with controlled acid sites is applied. The spinel structure, used herein, typically means a structure in which metals X and Y are provided in a cubic crystal form of XY2O4, oxygen anions are arranged in a cubic close-packed lattice, and cationic metals X and Y occupy some or entire octahedral and tetrahedral sites in the lattice. In the present disclosure, the spinel structure particularly applicable to the catalyst for hydrogen peroxide production or regeneration of the working solution may be acid-resistant and heat-resistant, and examples thereof may be in the forms of MgAl2O4, ZnAl2O4, CaAl2O4, FeAl2O4, (Mg,Zn)Al2O4, and (Mg,Fe)Al2O4, which are aluminum-based spinel structures with surface basicity. Preferably, a composite oxide form of Al2O3—XY2O4 capable of simultaneously utilizing a large surface area of alumina and a basicity of the spinel structure is used.
In the palladium catalyst according to the present disclosure, an auxiliary metal may be further applied to the spinel-structured carrier to increase the dispersibility of palladium. The auxiliary metal is considered to increase the number of active sites and maximize reaction activity by positioning a catalyst active component on the auxiliary metal and increasing the dispersion. Cerium is a preferred example of the auxiliary metal that induces the high dispersibility of palladium. In addition, calcium, barium, strontium, zirconium, titanium, radium, silicon, or aluminum may be used as the auxiliary metal.
In the palladium catalyst of the present disclosure, palladium, the catalyst active component, forms a ring-shaped structure in the carrier. A ring-shaped structure is a structure in which a catalyst active component is crowdedly positioned within a predetermined range spaced inward from the periphery of a typical circular catalyst, and where the catalyst active component is not present at the periphery and the center of the catalyst. The ring thickness and whether the ring structure is formed or not are determined depending on the types and concentrations of reagents used in synthesis processes. In addition, due to the ring-shaped structure, the active metal can be preserved from physical abrasion of the catalyst during the reaction, thereby maintaining high durability.
The present disclosure relates to the palladium catalyst and a method of preparing the same catalyst, in which the palladium catalyst is obtained by supporting cerium on a magnesium aluminate carrier having a spinel structure prepared with heat treatment performed on a mixture of magnesium and alumina, performing firing to fix cerium, introducing palladium, and then performing reduction. When using the catalyst in a regeneration process of the working solution, an efficient regeneration conversion rate is to be confirmed.
Carrier preparation step: A carrier was prepared by using magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, purchased from Aldrich Co., Ltd.), aluminum nitrate (Al(NO3)3·9H2O, purchased from Aldrich Co., Ltd.), and ammonia water (28 wt % of NH4OH, purchased from Daejung Chemicals & Metals Co., Ltd.). First, magnesium nitrate was dissolved in distilled water, and aluminum nitrate was dissolved at an Mg/Al molar ratio of 0.5 to prepare an aqueous solution. Ammonia water was added to the aqueous solution to set pH to 10.5, and the resulting aqueous solution was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours to prepare moisture-free beads having a size of about 100 microns, using a spray dryer. Next, the beads were sufficiently dried at a temperature of 105° C. for 12 hours, using a dryer, and then subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of 900° C. for 10 hours to obtain the oxide carrier (magnesium aluminate) having spinel crystallinity.
Catalyst preparation step: Cerium nitrate (Ce(NO3)3·6H2O) was used as a precursor of cerium serving as an auxiliary metal, and tetrachloropalladinic acid (H2PdCl4) was used as a precursor of palladium serving as an active metal. First, the magnesium aluminate carrier was mixed in ionized water in which 0.25% of cerium, with respect to the total weight of a catalyst, was dissolved. Then, a cerium-supported composition was subjected to a heat treatment process at a temperature of 550° C. for 2 hours in an air atmosphere to fix the metal. Next, 1.0% of the palladium precursor, 1.0% of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and 0.2% of HCl, with respect to the total weight of the catalyst, were added and stirred while raising a temperature to 80° C. and maintaining the raised temperature for 1 hour.
Catalytic reduction step: A reducing agent was added to a composite on which cerium-palladium was supported to proceed. Sodium formate (NaCOOH) was used as the reducing agent. During reduction, the temperature was raised to 60° C. so that Na was ionized to generate sufficient hydrogen, and then the raised temperature was maintained for 1 hour so that the preparation of the catalyst illustrated in
Catalytic properties: Cerium was distributed uniformly inside the carrier, and palladium mainly showed a ring structure distributed in a thickness of 15 μm spaced inward from the periphery of the carrier. The active density of palladium in the catalyst was calculated to be 0.1559 wt %/m2. The active density mentioned in the present disclosure means an amount of active metal per surface area of the carrier where the active metal is positioned. A high value of the active density means that the number of metal active sites that can cause a reaction in the carrier having a predetermined volume is large, which is to be understood that the value is proportional to catalytic activity.
A catalyst was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the heat treatment temperature in the carrier preparation step of Example 1 was set to 700° C.
Catalytic properties: A crystalline phase of the carrier was in a form in which an alumina phase and a magnesium aluminate phase were mixed. In addition, the active metal showed a ring-shaped structure as in Example 1. Palladium mainly showed a ring structure distributed in a thickness of 16 μm spaced inward from the periphery of the carrier. The active density of palladium in the prepared catalyst was calculated to be 0.0679 wt %/m2.
A catalyst was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the heat treatment temperature in the carrier preparation step of Example 1 was set to 500° C.
Catalytic properties: A crystalline phase of the carrier was an alumina phase, in which the same active metal as in Example 1 showed a ring-shaped structure. Palladium mainly showed a ring structure distributed in a thickness of 14 μm spaced inward from the periphery of the carrier. The active density of palladium in the prepared catalyst was calculated to be 0.0646 wt %/m2.
A pure alumina carrier, not a spinel structured carrier, was used. Accordingly, magnesium was supported on the alumina carrier using an impregnation method. First, 4.5% of magnesium nitrate and 0.25% of cerium nitrate, with respect to the total weight of a catalyst, were mixed in ionized water. The alumina carrier was impregnated with the prepared magnesium-cerium composite solution using a dry-wetting method. A composition on which magnesium-cerium was supported was subjected to a heat treatment process at a temperature of 550° C. for 2 hours in an air atmosphere to fix the metal. Next, 100 g of the alumina composition on which magnesium-cerium was supported was added to 200 ml of water. Then, 1.0% of a palladium precursor, 1.0% of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and of HCl, with respect to the total weight of the catalyst, were added and stirred while raising a temperature to 80° C. and maintaining the raised temperature for 30 minutes.
A catalytic reduction process was performed by adding a reducing agent to a composite on which magnesium-cerium-palladium was supported. Sodium formate (NaCOOH) was used as the reducing agent. During reduction, the temperature was raised to 60° C. so that Na was ionized to generate sufficient hydrogen, and then the raised temperature was maintained for 1 hour.
Catalytic properties: Magnesium and cerium were distributed uniformly in the carrier. In addition, palladium mainly showed a ring structure distributed in a thickness of 16 μm spaced inward from the periphery of the carrier. The active density of palladium in the prepared catalyst was calculated to be 0.0491 wt %/m2.
A catalyst was prepared in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, except that hydrogen peroxide was not involved when supporting palladium.
Catalytic properties: All magnesium, cerium, and palladium were distributed uniformly in the carrier. The active density of palladium in the prepared catalyst was calculated to be 0.005 wt %/m2.
A catalyst was prepared in the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, except that cerium was not supported. Catalytic properties: Both magnesium and palladium were distributed uniformly in the carrier. The active density of palladium in the prepared catalyst was calculated to be 0.0051 wt %/m2.
The crystalline phases and pore structures of the carriers prepared in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 are shown in Table 1 and
As confirmed in Table 1 and
Table 2 shows measurement results of palladium dispersion and particle size, as well as palladium distribution in particles on the catalysts of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, using a chemisorption analyzer and an electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA).
The analysis of Table 2 showed that Comparative Example 3, on which cerium was unsupported, had a significantly lower palladium dispersion compared to Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 2. Except for Comparative Example 3, the results mostly showed that the palladium dispersion was high, and the palladium pore size was small. Based on the above results, it is confirmed that cerium performs a role of uniformly distributing the palladium metal to small particles by being positioned on the surface of the carrier. With hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid responsible for controlling the distribution of palladium in the catalyst particles, the palladium particles were able to be positioned in a ring type on the catalyst surface. In Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1, it was confirmed that the palladium metal was distributed in a ring-like form having a thickness in a range of 10 μm to 20 μm while being spaced inward from the periphery of the catalyst by a distance of 5 μm to 8 μm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and EPMA images are shown in
A reaction for regeneration evaluation was performed to measure regeneration efficiencies of the catalysts of Examples and Comparative Examples. An agitated reaction system made of SUS was used as a reactor for evaluation. A magnetic bar was placed in a circular stirring reactor. Then, 10 g of the catalyst was added to 50 g of a working solution, a by-product generated during a hydrogenation reaction, to measure the regeneration efficiency. The catalytic activity was expressed as a conversion rate. The calculation formula is as follows.
Conversion rate (%)=[(THAQ area value of working solution−THAQ area value of reactant)/(THAQ area value of working solution)]*100
Activity analysis was measured using a liquid chromatography (LC) analyzer, and palladium amount was measured using an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometer. The results are shown in Table 3, which shows the evaluation results of THAQ→EAQ conversion rate using the catalyst prepared in Examples and Comparative Examples.
The catalytic activity in Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Example 1, in which palladium was supported in a ring type, was evaluated to be excellent, compared to that in Comparative Examples 2 and 3, in which palladium was supported uniformly on the catalyst carrier. As a result, it was seen that the crowdedly positioned metal active sites on the catalyst surface increased the frequency of contact with the reactants, leading to an increase in the rate of catalytic reaction. Of all the ring-type catalysts, Example 1 exhibits the highest activity. Based on this, the results were obtained that the larger the pore size of the carrier, the easier the diffusion and movement of the reactants and products in the catalyst, thereby increasing the reaction rate. Next, the activity was evaluated after performing the catalytic reaction-catalyst regeneration (heat treatment at a temperature of 550° C. for 6 hours) 50 times to examine catalyst durability. The results showed the same order as in the initial activity, even though the values were lower than the initial activity. When it comes to the magnesium amount, there was almost no loss in the case of Example 1. On the other hand, the rest of Examples and Comparative Examples had some loss, so it was seen that there was a correlation between the amount of magnesium loss and the activity result.
Lastly, after applying a physical impact using a ball mill for 24 hours, only catalysts with predetermined sizes from which fine powder was removed were selected to evaluate the reaction. When continuously applying impact to the outside of the catalyst using the ball mill, particles on the catalyst surface are broken and damaged due to the physical impact from outside, which shows the same tendency found in commercial processes. As a result of evaluating the catalyst milled for 24 hours, it was confirmed that the catalyst in which palladium was present in the ring type maintained a performance not inferior to the initial performance. This means that the loss of palladium, the active material, is minimized even when the surface particles are damaged because palladium is not present on the outermost periphery of the ring-type catalysts. In the case of the uniform-type catalysts in which a palladium active layer is unspaced from the surface, the loss of the catalyst surface particles means the loss of palladium, the active material. This result was confirmed by analyzing the results of the loss rate of palladium amount in the catalyst.
| Number | Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10-2020-0152644 | Nov 2021 | KR | national |
| Filing Document | Filing Date | Country | Kind |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/KR2021/016340 | 11/10/2021 | WO |
